International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume2, Issue 2, April 2017, ISSN: 2399-450
The Characteristic of Li-Fi Technology
Comparing with Wi-Fi
Dr. Hussam Dheaa Kamel, Hadi Jameel Hadi
Abstract The operation of widespread is currently wireless
transmission methods, such as Wi-Fi, WiMAX, LTE, etc., based
on the use of radio frequency channels. This mechanism has
several disadvantages. In particular, band limitation, several
interference sources in the same frequency band, data rate
dependent on the number of users and others. These technologies
have less widespread nowadays, but a promising alternative Li-
Fi, which is based on the energy of light.
Index Terms Optical communication equipment, Optical
transmitters, Optical receivers, Wi-Fi, Light Fidelity (Li-Fi),
transceiver module, modulation, Visible light communication,
OFDM.
I. INTRODUCTION
W ireless technologies are relevant in various active at the
present time. It is interesting to compare the wireless
Wi-Fi technology and Li-Fi to expand the areas of their
application.
Use of wireless data transfer increases in geometrical
progression every year, but the range of available frequencies
not fixable and becomes less. Li-Fi is a wireless
communication system which used a light to bring a signal
instead of customary radio frequencies in Wi-Fi Technology.
Li-Fi is a technology which used light of LEDs for wireless
data transfer. Visible Light Communication (VLC) uses
superfast pulses of light for transfer information which remain
imperceptible for human eyes.
Most of us are familiar with the Wi-Fi, which operates at a
frequency of 2.4 - 5 GHz, implementing wireless access to the
Internet at home, schools, offices and in other public places.
The Wi-Fi technology became are very dependent on this
ubiquitous technology. But, as well as the majority of
technologies, it has restrictions.
Wi-Fi can cover the whole house, otherwise its speed of
connection is restricted 50-100 MB a second, using
IEEE802.11n. It is a good index for many modern services,
but there isn't enough for trensfer a huge data packets as HD
movies, qualitative music and video games. What to become
more dependent on "cloud" or "media services" for storage a
personal files, including movies, music, photos and games,
required high data transfer rate. Therefore, the technology
based on radio frequency, such as, Wi-Fi - is not the best
solution. Moreover, Wi-Fi may not be the most efficient
solution to provide advanced features, such as Indoor
positioning system and Gesture recognition.
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Wi-Fi - a wireless data transmission technology over the air.
The principles of Wi-Fi is closed as the following, Wi-Fi
adapter converts flow data into an electric signal and transmits
it through an antenna [1]. The router of Wi-Fi receives the
radio signal and decodes it, sends the data via the physical,
wired connection. And the signal conversion may also occur
in the backwards direction. The router receives the
information from the Internet and translates it into a radio
signal, which is then transmitted to a wireless computer
adapter. To use Wi-Fi must be the appropriate equipment
wirelessly. All equipment is divided into two groups: Access
point and a wireless router.
In our University (University of Technology, Iraq) our
researchers try hard to investigate in most/all branches of
science [12-38]
Optical wireless communications (OWC), and recently Li-
Fi, offer absolutely new approach to wireless technologies
from the point of view of data transmission rate, flexibility and
comfort of operation.
II. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LI-FI AND WI-FI
TECHNOLOGY
Li-Fi - is a developed wireless data transmission technology
using light. Li-Fi consists of four main components: an LED
lamp, a radio frequency power amplifier, the printed circuit
board and Cases [2]. The printed circuit board controls the
electrical inputs and outputs of the microcontroller and the
lamp is used for controlling a variety of lamp functions. The
RF signal generated in the RF power amplifier and sent to the
electric field of the lamp. The high concentration of energy in
an electric field vaporizes the contents of the flask into a
plasma state in the center of the lamp; the plasma generates an
intense light source. All of them are contained in an aluminum
casing.
The principle of Li-Fi is to change the settings of the LED
lamps with a very high speed, which is not visible to the
human eye. The process controls the special microchip that
encodes information. A particular photo-detector detects light
beams and performs inverse data conversion.
The Li-Fi technology used transceiver instead modems in Wi-
Fi, it's equipped with LED lamps that can transmit and receive
information, and at the same time be used for room lighting.
LED lamps are the access point to any number of users.
Currently, the transmission rate of this technology is 10Gbit/s;
in laboratory conditions have reached 15Gbit/s [3]. But the
data stream can be interrupted by any obstacle. This
 International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume2, Issue 2, April 2017, ISSN: 2399-450

disadvantage can be an advantage if you do not want the data everywhere and creation of the Li-Fi networks will require
network used by outsiders. only use for lighting of LED lamps with coders (with
While the operating range of frequencies of networks on the modulators). At the same time there is need for big additional
basis of Wi-fi and WiMax technologies is loaded by users, and power expenses that also considerably reduces the price of its
congestion of any transmission channel leads to a natural operation.
speed reduction of data transfer on this channel, because of The comparative characteristics of the considered technologies
need of serial use of this channel, the Li-Fi networks can (Tab. I, II).
transmit a signal to unlimited number of users in a cover zone According to the creator Harald Haas Li-Fi technology in a
without negative interference at each other of the signals short time reach data transfer speeds of over 100 Gb/s, and
accepted by users. completely replace Wi-Fi technology [4].
Clients of radio-frequency data communication networks can
create noises in the network to other its users or create noises III. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS STANDARD IEEE 802.15.7
to other networks which are crossed on operating range of Li-Fi and Wi-Fi Technologies based on similar protocols
frequencies. Collisions of signals from different networks can IEEE 802.11.However, Li-Fi uses electromagnetic waves of
result from such intersections. If signals of one network visible light, while Wi-Fi - the radio waves.
interfere with different productions of the enterprises or will Due to this, the first technology gains an advantage in terms
put in data communication networks of medical institutions,
TABLE I
transport and scientific organizations and on a network of COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS
mass media, then it can lead to serious negative consequences. Operating Modes
that is quite possible because for example, the Wi-fi networks Technologies
(frequency) Data Rate
on the basis of standards 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n of 2,4 Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz 11-300Mbit / s
GHz which are on operating frequency can be crossed with the Li-Fi 100 MHz, 10 Gbit / s
LTE networks which operating range of frequencies is defined
in an interval from 0,7 GHz to 2,7 GHz in the Russian
Federation today. The operating range of the Li-Fi networks is
far beyond these limits therefore the VLC networks on the
TABLE II
basis of LEDs of visible radiation are suitable for use in zones ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE OF LI-FI
sensitive to radio waves. On the radio-frequency data Technologies Advantages disadvantages Common
communication networks there is a need of paid extension of signs
admissible frequency band which is restricted, and for the Li- Wi-Fi without paving the operation remote
Fi networks separation of an additional band is free and cable network with 2.4 GHz access
doesn't require the procedure of licensing that simplifies use of access to any small networks
Li-Fi technology. Besides, radio-frequency technologies of network devices electromagnet
data transfer can exert a negative impact on a human body ic capacity
[11] and though influence of the Li-Fi networks isn't studied, component
there are researches showing that LED light is the most the free movement low reliability
comfortable for human eyes. Radius of action of networks on of consumers, the
Li-Fi technology allows covering completely with a signal the creation of groups
closed target location (an office, audience, the hall) and won't of users
begin to quit out of its limits, unlike radio-frequency Li-Fi cheap components data transfer transceive
technologies that speaks about higher level of confidentiality radio access can be carried r module
of data, about easier way of their protection against illegal underwater and in out only
access. Engineers of institute of telecommunications of the air within the
Fraunhofer are capable to transfer data with speed safety effects on line of sight
800mbit/sec. in a sq. m zone 10 on this technology. It does Li- human health
Fi technology by the excellent decision for deployment of Provide
wireless network in house conditions. information
Influence of the noise created by environmental light restricts Security
use of technology in the locations which are well lit by a
sunlight, on open spaces and creates need of observance of
conditions for good transparency between a LED radiator and of higher bandwidth.
the photodiode, so, for example if in between there is a hand, IEEE 802.15.7 standard defines for Li-Fi physical layer
then transmission will be interrupted. network model OSI PHY (Physical layer), and a MAC address
It is much simpler to Li-Fi network to build in the existing (Media Access Control). Working version of the IEEE
infrastructure, than the majority of data communication 802.15.7 identifies three the PHY with different bandwidth,
networks on the basis of other technologies. Exponentiation of which are presented in Table 3.
base stations isn't required, and lighting engineering is present

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 International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume2, Issue 2, April 2017, ISSN: 2399-450

Light Fidelity has a significantly higher data rate compared via wireless technology refers to the OWC, its high capacity
with Wi-Fi,. However, Li-Fi technology is able to distribute allows to compete with Wi-Fi technology. Li-Fi is faster and
the signal a smaller range than radio waves. cheaper version of Wi-Fi, which operates in the visible
Most likely, complete extrusion of Wi-Fi Light Fidelity wavelength range. The Visible light communication is a data
technology won't happen. Li-Fi developers assume that the communications medium using visible light between 400 THz
product will come to the mass market not earlier, than in 3-4 (780 nm) and 800 THz (375 nm) at the same time as the
years. LED routers will be used in a combination with Wi-Fi. optical medium of data and lighting of location [2].
It is caused by presence at luminous technology of data Visible light is not harmful to vision. A typical example of use
transfer of unresolved problems. visible light communications is shown in Fig.2.
In particular, it is difficult to Li-Fi to apply on the street Using a microlED lamp, it was succeeded to reach data
transmission rate of 3, 5 Gbit/sec. through each of three
flowers - red, green and blue, - which together make up the
TABLE III white light [9]. This means that the folding of the spectral
PHYSICAL LAYER CHARACTERISTICS STANDARD IEEE 802.15.7 channels can transfer data at a total rate of 10 Gbit / s. Reset
PHY I PHY II PHY III signal from the LEDs and photodiodes used fast enough in
Application External indoors Multiple sources order not to pause as for its reliable attenuation.
area application. and For the organization of fedback data network based on Li-Fi
Applications receiversRGB technology requires the combined use with other transmission
with a small technologies such as PowerLAN(direct Lan, or PLC - Power
amount of data Line Communication), the essence of which lies in the
Speed, 0,012 0,268 1,25 - 96 12 - 96 transmission of data on the power lines or high-speed infrared
Mbit / s data transmission Very Fast Infrared (VFIR) or Ultra-Fast
Error Convolutional. Reed Reed Solomen Infrared (UFIR).
correction Reed Solomen Solomen Fig. 2 shows schematically shown local data network based
algorithm on a combination of technology Li-Fi technology and VFIR
modulatio OOK (On-off OOK (On-off CSK (Colour feedback where LiFi-transmitter contains a photodiode
n Types keying). keying). shift keying)
VPPM VPPM Server
(Variable pulse (Variable
position pulse position
modulation) modulation) Streaming Lamp Lamp
Fig. 2. Schematical representation of a local area network of Li-Fi content Driver Led
therefore this section can be serviced by Wi-fi. If Harald
Haas's vision also is realized and any bulb will be able to Internet
distribute a signal, then you shouldn't expect it in the near
future. The most probable scenario is complex use of Li-Fi
and Wi-Fi.
In the licensed and unlicensed frequency ranges (the Power
technology HetNet, LWA, LAA, eLAA, Multefire and others)
can get acquainted with technical features of functioning of
networks of mobile communication in the book of "Mobile
Communication on the Way to 6G".
Receiver Photo
IV. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF LI-FI Dongle Detector
The heart of Li-fi technology is high brightness LEDs.
These Light Emitting Diodes can be switched on and off very
quickly which gives you the opportunities for transmitting
data since operating speed of an LED is less than
1s.Iimperceptible for a human eye therefore for the person Receiving Amplification
will seem as if light works permanently. This invisible on/off PC
App Data & Processing
switching allows transferring data with use of the binary code.
Switching on logical "1", switching off logical "0". Such
principle allows encoding data in light by change of speed of
flicker of a LED. Modulation happens so quickly that a human
eye doesn't manage to note it. The photo-sensor element
receives a signal and will transform it back to basic data. This Fig.1 Working of Li-Fi
method is the use of fast light pulses to transmit information

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 International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume2, Issue 2, April 2017, ISSN: 2399-450
receiver, decoder, infrared emitter, as well as USB-interface.
V. REVOLUTION OF LI-FI TECHNOLOGY IN WIRELESS DATA
TRANSMISSION
The ancestor of luminous technology Haas believes that the
advantages of Li-Fi will make a luminous network demanded
in the digital world. According to him, Wi-Fi won't be able to
conform to requirements of mobile data transfer which are
imposed by the concept of the Internet of things. By 2020,
each user will account for approximately three network
devices. In real indices about 20,8 billion connections. If all
devices begin to use the same frequencies of Wi-Fi, then on a
network there will be noises that negatively will affect data
transmission rates. For the second half of the third decade the
situation will only become aggravated. An effective solution
would be, according to Haas, Light Fidelity technology by
which to distribute the signal to be adapted to any given
function lamps.
VI. TERMS OF REALIZATION OF LI-FI TECHNOLOGY
Today the speech about commercial start of Li-Fi doesn't
go. However the higher the frequency of use of LED lamps,
the great opportunities open for distribution of luminous data
transfer. Any LED can light at the same time location and
broadcast arrays of binary data. According to the researches
Grand View Research, by 2024 the market of luminous
technology of data transfer will grow to 100 bln. dollars.
PureLiF founded by Harald Haas is considered the main
company which is engaged in a research, development and
advance of Li-Fi. However interest in technology is shown by
other commercial structures. For example, tests of Li-Fi
carried out by Beam caster, having reached 1,25 Gbit\s, and
the Sisoft company which transferred data with speed of 10
Gbit\s.
In the fall of 2016 there was information that the Lucibel
company specializing in LED lighting with which PureLiF
cooperates is ready to realize the project on equipment of the
first-ever office double-side data transfer on Li-Fi technology.
It is planned to implement the decision in Paris.
Other French company, Oledcomm, according to the
OFDM Frame (90ms)
Channel
Estimation Data and Pilots
synchronizatio
n Training
Sequence
4 Symbol 4 Symbol OFDM
OFDM
Fig. 4. OFDM frame structure
received tender, shall equip over 60 stations of the Parisian
subway of 250 thousand LED light sources. In this project the
54
Li-Fi technology will use one-sided communication. For
example, to transfer information on layout of objects.
Also information on testing of data transfer by means of the
luminous radiation of Li-Fi is found in a code of the iOS
operating system of the Apple Company.
VII. OFDM IN VISIBLE LIGHT SYSTEM MODEL
The main building blocks of an OFDM-based transmitter and
receiver systems are illustrated in Fig. 3. Since OFDM is
based on IFFT and FFT algorithms, the implementation on the
DSP is straightforward. On the OFDM Tx board, FEC coding
is implemented. This is based on a rate 1/2 convolution
encoder. A time interleave is applied. At the receiver, Viterbi
decoding with hard decision output is used.
In general a time varying, flat fading channel is assumed. It is
further assumed that the channel remains constant within one
OFDM frame. Since, however, no well established models for
this particular propagation system exist, some
overprovisioning in the system design is accepted. With this
approach the above made assumptions are to be confirmed.
For the purpose of channel estimation and synchronisation,
training sequences and pilots are used [6].
Concretely, the OFDM frame as implemented in the
experimental system is formed by a time synchronization
signal (sinusoidal signal), four OFDM symbols for the training
sequence, and 20 OFDM symbols with data sub-channels
carrying the modulated information (see Fig. 4). The channel
transfer factors are obtained using the training sequence and
averaging over the four training sequence periods for every
subcarrier [7, 8].
In the Fig. 4, OFDM frame structure: Four OFDM symbols
carrying a training sequence are used for channel estimation.
The data symbols are transmitted in the consecutive 20 OFDM
symbols. Each of these symbols uses four subcarriers for pilot
transmission.
Maximum speed of switching of LEDs is restricted to a
method of their production which defines their resistance to
burnout; the same stability doesn't allow using luminescent
lamps and glow lamps for data transfer on VLC technology.
QPSK modulation on the luminous flux radiated by white
LEDs superimposing of data by means of modulations
happens by method of optical multiplexing to orthogonal
frequency de-multiplication of channels Optical orthogonal
frequency-division multiplexing (O-OFDM) with the
quadrature phase manipulation. In practice the O-OFDM
method is implemented by means of an algorithm of FFT, that
is the discrete transform of Fourier.
VIII. CONCLUSION
The Li-Fi technology uses the visible light instead of radio
waves, it has a high data transmission rate. If to take as a basis
224 GB/S, then Li-Fi exceeds the speed limit of the IEEE
802.11ax Wi-Fi-standard by 22,4 times, and IEEE 802.11ac
by 30 times.
The Li-Fi technology is its rather high security from hacker
penetration. The matter is that light which is been the basis for
transmission doesn't pass through walls. Therefore for
 International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume2, Issue 2, April 2017, ISSN: 2399-450

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