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RESEARCH ARTICLE
ABSTRACT- A number of 18 adults male outbred albino rats, weighing between 133-137g were used to investigate the
drug susceptibility of Trypanosoma evansi strain isolated from naturally infected dromedary camels in Umbadir area,
North Kordofan State, Sudan. The rats were divided into 3 groups (C, D and F) of 6 animals each. Group C and D were
infected intraperitoneally with T. evansi (Umbadir stabilate) with 1104 Trypanosome for the inoculum. Group D rats
were given quinapyramine sulphate (20 mg/Kg bwt) after parasitaemia was evident. Group F was left as healthy
uninfected control for the stabilate. When parasite counts were one or more parasites per field, counting in
haemocytometer were used for exact number of parasite per cubic millimeter using Neubaeurs counter. Parasites from
tail blood were first fixed, stained and diluted in trypanosome diluting reagent. The parasites were diluted to the level that
can be easily counted in WBC counting chamber in the haemocytometer. The total number of parasites was expressed as
log10 number of parasites per ml of blood. The presence and degree of parasitaemia were determined daily for each rat by
examining tail blood. The identity of the local stabilates of Trypanosoma evansi was confirmed through adopting PCR
where primers that target the internal transcribed spacer one (ITS1) of the ribosomal DNA were used. There was
significant reduction in serum glucose and potassium as well as significant increase in total protein, urea, calcium,
albumin and cholesterol in group C. The Umbadir stabilate showed low mortality and high sensitivity to quinapyramine
sulphate.
Key-words- Drug susceptibility, T. evansi, Dromedary camels, Sudan
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Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res., 3(4) JULY 2017
elevated total protein and plasma cholesterol. There were Experimental animals
significant elevation of alkaline phospatase (ALP), Eighteen (18) adult male outbred Albino rats, weighing
aspertate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin and between 133 to 137 g were used in this study. The rats were
fluctuating changes in the levels of plasma alanine divided into 3 groups (C, D and F) each containing 6 rats
aminotransferase (ALT) and urea [7]. and were kept in a cage in the same environment with
The rats infected with Trypanosoma evansi resulted into controlled temperature (2530C) and relative humidity
significant reduction in serum glucose and phosphorus; around 60-70%.
compared to significant increase in Glutamate Oxaloacetate
Transaminase (GOT), Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase Experimental design and grouping
(GPT) and total protein. Microscopically, the brain tissues The experimental rats were distributed into 3 groups of 6
of the infected rats revealed acute congestion of the rats each. Group C, the control group as infected with T.
meningeal capillaries, perivascular oedema, neuronecrosis evansi (Umbadir stabilate) and left without treatment.
(vaculation), gliosis and trypomastigotes in dilated Group D was infected with T. evansi (Umbadir stabilate)
capillaries. The lung revealed oedema, congestion, and was treated with the quinapyramine sulphate (20mg/kg
multifocal alveolar emphysema, hyperplasia of the bwt), after the parasite was seen (at the patency). Group F
peri-bronchiolar lymphoid tissues and haemorrhages. The was uninfected healthy control for Umbadir Stock.
spleen showed extensive haemorrhages, haemosiderosis
and aggregation of histiocytes resulting in multinuclear Trypanosome sub-inoculation
giant cells formation. The kidneys showed acute congestion Sub-inoculation of the experiment group C and group D
of the glomerular tufts [8]. was carried out intraperitoneally with the use of a sterile
insulin syringe. Rat blood containing 1104 trypanosomes
MATERIALS AND METHODS in 0.2 ml volume was inoculated in each rat individually at
Ethics statement day zero. The numbers of inoculated flagellates were
The study protocol was approved by the Faculty of estimated by Neubauer Chamber and the dilutions to obtain
Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and the titre of the inoculum were made in sterile phosphate
Technology, according to their guidelines for sampling buffer saline with glucose (PSG).
domestic animals in Sudan and in compliance with the
Table 1. The experimental design of the Umbadir
animal welfare of Sudan.
stabilate and protocol of treatment with
Study area Quinapyramine sulphate
The Trypanosome strain used in this study was isolated
from a dromedary camel in Umbadir Area, North Kordofan Group Stabilate Parasite Treatment protocol
State, Sudan, while the rest of the experiment events were C Umbadir T. evansi Infected not treated
carried out in the premises of the College of Veterinary
Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, D Umbadir T. evansi Infected and Treated with
Khartoum North, Sudan. Q.S. (20mg/kgbwt)
F Uninfected Healthy Control for Umbadir Stock
Preparation of the inocula
A strain of T. evansi originated from a naturally infected
camel from Umbadir in North Kordofan State was used in Estimation of parasitaemia
this study. One albino rat was infected intraperitoneally All infected rats were bled daily, as recommended by Eisler
with blood that was cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen, et al. [10], from the tip of the tail for trypanosomes detection
containing 1104 parasites/animal to obtain a large amount using the following parasitological diagnostic methods:
of the parasite for blood inoculation of experimental
groups. Wet preparation
Parasitemia in the inoculated rat was regularly monitored A drop of blood was mounted on a microscope slide and
by collecting blood from the tail vein and analyzing it by covered with 22x22 mm glass cover slip. Counts of parasite
per field or per preparation were determined.
light microscopy. Blood samples showing actively motile
organisms with characteristic agellar movement were Haemocytometer count
considered as positive for the presence of T. evansi. At the The presence and degree of parasitaemia were determined
peak of parasitemia, the rat was anesthetized with daily for each rat by examining tail blood. A drop (5 l) of
chloroform inhalation and with the help of a disposable blood was collected from the tail and mixed with
syringe; blood was collected aseptically in EDTA trypanosome counting reagent (45 l). Parasitaemia was
anticoagulant by cardiac puncture. Using Neubaeurs counted as for WBC count using Neubeaur counter and the
counter the trypanosome titre was determined in order to be result was designated as a number of parasites per ml of
diluted to 1X104 trypanosoma for the inoculums [9]. blood. Parasitaemia was counted using 40 magnifications
during the 64 days of experiment.
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Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res., 3(4) JULY 2017
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Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res., 3(4) JULY 2017
Serum glucose
The mean serum values of glucose in group C were
decreased. The statistical analysis showed a means of
4518.4 mg/dl while group D was normal at all days of the
Fig. 1. Comparison of the means of parasitaemia levels experiment. The statistical analysis showed a means of
(log10) between rats infected with T. evansi (Umbadir 74.919.8 mg/dl (Table 4).
Stabilate) treated by Quinapyramine Sulphate at a dose
rate of 20mg/kgbwt and rats infected-not-treated Serum Urea
control The mean serum values of urea in group C were increased
during the study. The statistical analysis showed a means
Serum biochemical changes of 29.88.3 mg/dl. While group D were showed no
Serum total protein changes at all days of the experiment. The statistical
The mean serum values of total proteins in group C were analysis showed a means of 19.61.7 mg/dl (Table 4).
increased during the study. The statistical analysis showed a
means of 8.21.9 g/dl while group D has showed no Serum Albumin
changes at all days of the experiment. The statistical The mean serum values of albumin in group C were
analysis showed a means of 6.40.84 g/dl (Table 4). The increased. The statistical analysis showed a means of
normal ranges of some serum biochemical parameters of 4.70.88 g/dl. While group D were normal at all days of
rats are showed in Table 5. the experiment. The statistical analysis showed a means of
4.30.54 mg/dl (Table 4).
Table 4. Mean serum levels of biochemical changes in
rats infected with T. Evansi infected-not-treated control Serum calcium
and infected-treated with Quinapyramine Sulphate at a The mean serum values of calcium in group C were
dose rate of 20mg/kg bwt increased. The statistical analysis showed a means of
10.75.8 mg/dl while group D was normal at all days of
Parameters Units Group C Group D the experiment. The statistical analysis showed a means of
8.73.3 mg/dl (Table 4).
Total proteins g/dL 8.21.9 6.40.84
Serum sodium donkeys with low mortalities and high morbidity (100%).
The mean serum values of sodium in group C and group D The result also was in agreement with those reported by
showed normal levels at all days of the experiment. The Njiru et al. [15] and Tekle and Abebe [16] who encountered
statistical analysis in group C showed a means of low mortality and high morbidity among camels infected
147.64.7 mEq/l while group D showed a means of with T. evansi in Ethiopia. In the rats infected-treated with
148.83.5 mEq/l (Table 4). Quinapyramine Sulphate after the patency at a dose of 20
mg/kgbw (D group), a perpatent period of 3-4 days post
Serum potassium infection was recorded which is the similar to the result
The mean serum values of potassium in group C were reported by Da silva et al. [12] where all rats remained
decreased. The statistical analysis showed a means of negative and survived until the end of the study period
4.41.3 mEq/l. while group D was normal at all days of which was attributed to the effect of the drug used.
the experiment. The statistical analysis showed a means of The increase in serum urea in group C is in agreement with
60.62 mEq/l (Table 4). the result reported by Sivajothi et al. [17]; Ajakaiye et al. [18];
Arora and Pathok [19] and Samia et al. [20] who found a
Confirmation of the identity of the test Trypanosoma by
similar increase in the concentration of urea in rats
PCR
experimentaly infected with T. evansi. Megahed et al. [21]
The stabilate of Trypanosoms used in this study were
reported similar results when they found that the
confirmed to be Trypanosoma evansi by PCR using specific
concentration of urea was increased in pregnant camels
primers that specifically target the ITS1 region of the rDNA
infected with T. evansi compared to healthy pregnant
gene of T. evansi. Using this specific technique, the DNA
camels. More studies had similar results among which
extract from whole blood of rat infected with the
those conducted in T. b. brucei infected rabbits [22] and
Trypanosome yielded an amplicon of the size 151 bp; a
goats [23] and T. gambiense infected vervet monkeys [24].
PCR product size expected for this species of the
The elevated serum urea levels had been associated with
Trypanosome (Fig. 2).
kidney diseases such as glomerulonephritis, urinary tract
obstruction and excessive protein catabolism associated
with severe toxic and febrile conditions [25].
In the present study, the increase in the serum calcium in
group C was similar to the result of the study conducted in
sheep infected with T. congolense [26]. However, the levels
of calcium were not changed in camels infected by the
Trypanosome parasite as reported by Chaudhary and Iqbal
[27]
and Schenk et al. [28]. On the other hand, the result
reported by Egbe-Nwiyi et al. [29] showed that the level of
calcium was decreased in the rats infected with
T. congolense.
In the present study, the serum sodium levels in the group C
were found normal unlike the result reported in sheep
infected with T. congolense where it increased as reported
Fig. 2. The resultant amplicon of the ITS1 region of the by Tella [30]. The same also was found with the result
rRNA gene of Trypanosoma evansi as (arrow) 151 bp reported by Arora and Pattok [19]; Samia et al. [20] and
detected in the DNA harvest of the whole blood of rats Wolkmer et al. [31] who found that the concentration of
infected by this species of Trypanosome in samples 1 sodium was depressed in rats experimentally infected with
T. evansi.
DISCUSSION In the present study, the serum potassium levels in group C
In this study of Umbadir stabilated T. evansi which was were decreased which is in line with the result reported in
isolated from a camel at Umbadir, North Kordofan, Sudan sheep infected with T. congolense where it decreased as
(named as Umbadir stock; sensitive to Quinapyramine reported by Tella [30] as well as in sheep infected with T.
Sulphate) were investigated and studied. During this study, brucei [32]. Moreover, Arora and Pattok [19]; Samia et al. [31]
the local isolate of T. evansi stock was compared in also found that the concentration of potassium was
experimentally infected rats. Rats inoculated by 1X104 of depressed in rats experimentally infected with T. evansi,
the Umbadir stabilate of T. Evansi, but were not treated unlike the result obtained by Ikejiani [33] who found that
with Quinapyramine sulphate (group C), showed a serum potassium levels increased in T. equiperdum and
prepatent period of 3-4 days post infection which is similar T. brucei infection of rats; and also with the result reported
to the result reported by Da silva et al. [12]. The low by Moon et al. [34] in T. rhodesiense infected mice which
mortalities recorded during the experiment in group C were had the normal level of potassium.
in agreement with Faye et al. [13] while Desquesnes [14] In the present study, the serum cholesterol in group C was
reported that T. evansi (Sokoto isolate) was pathogenic to
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Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res., 3(4) JULY 2017
increased which is in agreement with the findings reported reported by Croof [50] who used molecular method (PCR) in
by Megahed et al. [21] who found that the concentration of his study of 40 camels which were tested parasitologically
cholesterol has increased in pregnant camels infected with and serologically where 90% of them were found to be
T. evansi compared with healthy pregnant camels. Similar positive. PCR has been used in detection of infection with T.
result was also reported by Sivajothi et al. [17] who found evansi in buffaloes [51-52], in horses [53] and in camels [54].
that cholesterol was increased in rats infected with T. evansi. There was no comprehensive data on the use of PCR for
However, the result reported by Egbe-Nwiyi et al. [29] in rats detection of infection in Sudanese breed of dromedary
infected with T. congolense and that reported by Barghash camels (Camelus dromedarius). Hunter [55] and Aradaib and
[35]
in rats infected with T. evansi, both showed that the level Magid [56] suggested the use of the reliable, easy to perform
of cholesterol was decreased which is not in line with our and less time-consuming PCR for accurate classification of
findings in this study. trypanosome species in Sudan where the morphological
The serum total proteins in group C were increased feature of the trypanosome is the main tool used for its
progressively during the study which disagreed with the classification.
results reported by Hussain et al. [36]; Sivajothi et al. [17];
Biryomumaisho et al. [37]; Katunguka-Rwakishaya [38], CONCLUSIONS
Allam et al. [39] and Megahed et al. [21]. Moreover, the result 18 adult male outbred albino rats were used to investigate
recorded in this study had contradicted the observations the drug susceptibility of Trypanosoma evansi strain
recorded in sheep infected with T. brucei studied by Taiwo isolated from naturally infected dromedary camels in Sudan.
et al. [40]. This increase of total protein was in agreement The rats were divided into 3 groups (C, D and F). Group C
with the result reported by Arora and Pathok [19] and Samia and D were infected intraperitoneally with T. evansi
et al. [20] who found that the concentration of total protein (Umbadir stabilate) with 1104 trypanosoma for the
was increased in rats experimentally infected with T. evansi. inoculum. Group D rats were given quinapyramine sulphate
Also, the increase in serum total proteins recorded in this (20 mg/Kg bwt) after parasitaemia was evident. Group F
study was in agreement with the result reported by Orhue et was left as healthy uninfected control for the stabilate.
al. [41]; Ekanem and Yusuf [42] and Sow et al. [43], who found Parasites from tail blood were first fixed, stained and diluted
that the concentration of total protein was increased in rats in trypanosome diluting reagent to the level that can be
experimentally infected with T. brucei. and easily counted in WBC counting chamber in the
T. brucei-infected rabbits. The increase in protein levels haemocytometer. The total number of parasites was
during the chronic phase of the infection is usually due to expressed as log10 number of parasites per ml of blood. The
the increase in globulin levels, as a result of the immune presence and degree of parasitaemia were determined daily
response by the animals to the infection [44-46]. In the present for each rat by examining tail blood. The identity of the
study, the serum glucose in group C has decreased during local stabilate of Trypanosoma evansi was confirmed
the study, which is in line with the result reported by through adopting PCR where primers that target the internal
Sivajothi et al. [17]; Sinha et al. [47]; Arora and Pathok [19] and transcribed spacer one (ITS1) of the ribosomal DNA were
Samia et al. [20] who found that the concentration of glucose used. There was significant reduction in serum glucose and
was decreased in rats experimentally infected with T. evansi. potassium as well as significant increase in total protein,
This situation could be explained by the parasites need for urea, calcium, albumin and cholesterol in group C. The
glucose for their cellular metabolism through their strain used in the study (Umbadir stabilate) showed low
glycolytic pathway [48]. However, this finding was not in mortality and high sensitivity to quinapyramine sulphate.
agreement with that reported by Youssif et al. [49] w h o
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