2017618 Newton'sInterpolationFormulae

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Newton'sInterpolationFormulae
Asstatedearlier,interpolationistheprocessofapproximatingagivenfunction,whosevaluesareknownat
tabularpoints,byasuitablepolynomial, ofdegree whichtakesthevalues at
for Notethatifthegivendatahaserrors,itwillalsobereflectedinthepolynomialso
obtained.

Inthefollowing,weshalluseforwardandbackwarddifferencestoobtainpolynomialfunction
approximating whenthetabularpoints 'sareequallyspaced.Let

wherethepolynomial isgiveninthefollowingform:

(11.4.1)

forsomeconstants tobedeterminedusingthefactthat for

So,for substitute in(11.4.1)toget Thisgivesus Next,

So, For orequivalently

Thus, Now,usingmathematicalinduction,weget

Thus,

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2017618 Newton'sInterpolationFormulae

Asthisusestheforwarddifferences,itiscalledNEWTON'SFORWARDDIFFERENCEFORMULAfor
interpolation,orsimply,forwardinterpolationformula.

EXERCISE11.4.1Showthat

and

andingeneral,

Forthesakeofnumericalcalculations,wegivebelowaconvenientformoftheforwardinterpolation
formula.

Let then

Withthistransformationtheaboveforwardinterpolationformulaissimplifiedtothefollowingform:

(11.4.2)

If =1,wehavealinearinterpolationgivenby

(11.4.3)

For wegetaquadraticinterpolatingpolynomial:

(11.4.4)

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2017618 Newton'sInterpolationFormulae

andsoon.

Itmaybepointedoutherethatif isapolynomialfunctionofdegree then coincideswith

onthegiveninterval.Otherwise,thisgivesonlyanapproximationtothetruevaluesof

Ifwearegivenadditionalpoint also,thentheerror,denotedby is
estimatedby

Similarly,ifweassume, isoftheform

thenusingthefactthat wehave

Thus,usingbackwarddifferencesandthetransformation weobtaintheNewton'sbackward
interpolationformulaasfollows:

(11.4.5)

EXERCISE11.4.2DerivetheNewton'sbackwardinterpolationformula(11.4.5)for

Remark11.4.3Iftheinterpolatingpointliesclosertothebeginningoftheintervalthenoneusesthe
Newton'sforwardformulaandifitliestowardstheendoftheintervalthenNewton'sbackwardformulais
used.

Remark11.4.4Foragivensetofntabularpoints,ingeneral,allthenpointsneednotbeusedfor
interpolatingpolynomial.InfactNissochosenthat forward/backwarddifferencealmostremains
constant.ThusNislessthanorequalton.
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2017618 Newton'sInterpolationFormulae

EXAMPLE11.4.5

1.ObtaintheNewton'sforwardinterpolatingpolynomial, forthefollowingtabulardataand
interpolatethevalueofthefunctionat

x 0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005

y 1.121 1.123 1.1255 1.127 1.128 1.1285

Solution:Forthisdata,wehavetheForwarddifferencedifferencetable

0 1.121 0.002 0.0005 0.0015 0.002 .0025

.001 1.123 0.0025 0.0010 0.0005 0.0005
.002 1.1255 0.0015 0.0005 0.0
.003 1.127 0.001 0.0005
.004 1.128 0.0005
.005 1.1285

Thus,for where and weget

Thus,

2.Usingthefollowingtablefor approximateitsvalueat Also,findanerrorestimate(Note

).

0.70 72 0.74 0.76 0.78

0.84229 0.87707 0.91309 0.95045 0.98926

Solution:Asthepoint liestowardstheinitialtabularvalues,weshalluseNewton'sForward
formula.Theforwarddifferencetableis:

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2017618 Newton'sInterpolationFormulae

0.70 0.84229 0.03478 0.00124 0.0001 0.00001

0.72 0.87707 0.03602 0.00134 0.00011
0.74 0.91309 0.03736 0.00145
0.76 0.95045 0.03881
0.78 0.98926

Intheabovetable,wenotethat isalmostconstant,soweshallattempt degreepolynomial

interpolation.

Notethat gives Thus,usingforwardinterpolating

polynomialofdegree weget

Anerrorestimatefortheapproximatevalueis

Notethatexactvalueof (upto decimalplace)is andtheapproximatevalue,

obtainedusingtheNewton'sinterpolatingpolynomialisveryclosetothisvalue.Thisisalsoreflected
bytheerrorestimategivenabove.
3.Apply degreeinterpolationpolynomialforthesetofvaluesgiveninExample11.2.15,toestimate
thevalueof bytaking

Also,findapproximatevalueof
Solution:Notethat isclosertothevalueslyinginthebeginningoftabularvalues,while
istowardstheendoftabularvalues.Therefore,weshalluseforwarddifferenceformulafor
andthebackwarddifferenceformulafor Recallthattheinterpolatingpolynomial
ofdegree isgivenby

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2017618 Newton'sInterpolationFormulae

Therefore,
1.for and wehave Thisgives,

2.for and wehave Thisgives,

Note:as iscloserto wemayexpectestimatecalculatedusing

tobeabetterapproximation.
3.for weusethebackwardinterpolatingpolynomial,whichgives,

Therefore,taking and wehave This

gives,

EXERCISE11.4.6

1.Followingdataisavailableforafunction

x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

y 1.0 0.808 0.664 0.616 0.712 1.0

Computethevalueofthefunctionat and

2.Thespeedofatrain,runningbetweentwostationismeasuredatdifferentdistancesfromthestarting
station.If isthedistancein fromthestartingstation,then thespeed(in )ofthe
trainatthedistance isgivenbythefollowingtable:

x 0 50 100 150 200 250

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2017618 Newton'sInterpolationFormulae

v(x) 0 60 80 110 90 0

Findtheapproximatespeedofthetrainatthemidpointbetweenthetwostations.

3.Followingtablegivesthevaluesofthefunction atthedifferentvaluesofthe

tabularpoints

x 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20

S(x) 0 0.00003 0.00026 0.00090 0.00214 0.00419

Obtainafifthdegreeinterpolatingpolynomialfor Compute andalsofindanerror

estimateforit.

4.Followingdatagivesthetemperatures(in )between8.00amto8.00pm.onMay10,2005in
Kanpur:

Time 8am 12noon 4pm 8pm

Temperature 30 37 43 38

ObtainNewton'sbackwardinterpolatingpolynomialofdegree tocomputethetemperaturein
Kanpuronthatdayat5.00pm.

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