BREASTFEEDING PRACTICES OF TEENAGE MOTHERS IN

BARANGAY SAN DIONISIO, PARANAQUE CITY:

INPUTS TO APPROPRIATE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING PROGRAM

An Undergraduate Thesis

Presented to the Faculty of the

College of Health Related Sciences

Olivarez College of Paraaque

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Course

Bachelor of Science in Nursing

BY:

Araja, Cheyen Joyce Anne D.

Araneta, Jasmine Marian H.

Hope, Delie Joyce D.

Upao, Satra S.

March 2017
 Approval Sheet

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in

Nursing, this thesis entitled Breastfeeding Practices of Teenage Mothers in Barangay

San Dionisio, Paraaque City: Inputs to Appropriate Community Health Nursing

Program has been prepared and submitted by Araja, Cheyen Joyce Anne D, Araneta,

Jasmine Marian H, Hope, Delie Joyce D and Upao, Satra S.

DR. PAULO MANUEL L. MACAPAGAL, PhD, RPm, RPsy

Thesis Adviser

Approved by the committee in Oral Examination with grade of ________ %

Chairman

Member Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Nursing.

Ms. Jocelyn C. Colindres Dr. Eric L. Olivarez

Dean, College of Health Related Sciences VP for Academics and Services

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to extend their heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to

the peoplewho helped them bring this study into reality. The researchers would like to

extend their profound gratitude to the following:

To the Almighty God, whose powers shine on everything;

To our thesis adviser, Dr. Paulo Manuel L. Macapagal, to his consistent

guidance, patience and consistent advices that helped us bring this study into success;

To the Panel of Examiners, for their constructive comments and suggestions;

To the Dean of the College of Health Related Sciences, Ms. Jocelyn Colindres

for her favorable response regarding the study;

To the Barangay San Dioniso Health Workers, for their helped and guidance in

the area;

To the Teenage Mothers who participated in our survey, thank you for your

outmost cooperation;

And lastly, to our families and friends for their continuous support in their chosen

field of endeavor and for being there always whenever they needed them.
 Abstract

Title: Breastfeeding Practices of Teenage Mothers in Barangay San

Dionisio, Paraaque City: Inputs to Appropriate of Community

Health Nursing Program

Researchers: Araja, Cheyen Joyce Anne D.

Araneta, Jasmine Marian H.

Hope, Delie Joyce D.

Upao, Satra S.

Degree: Bachelor of Science in Nursing

School: Olivarez CollegeParaaque

Adviser: Dr. Paulo Manuel L. Macapagal, PhD, RPm, RPsy

The researchers, BSN III students from Olivarez College of Nursing, have

decided to work on this study with expectations and hopes that the teenage mothers of

Barangay San Dionisio, Paraaque City will become aware in the importance of

practicing breastfeeding. The researchers utilized self-made questionnaires for

obtaining the data needed for this study. It was compromised with 5 items in part I that

will reveal the profile of the respondents and in Part II Before Breastfeeding practices,
composed of 20 items that will reveal how they prepare themselves before engaging in

breastfeeding; part II During breastfeeding practices,composed of 20 items which will

determine how teenage mothers perform the breastfeeding practices; part II After

breastfeeding practices is composed of 20 items, that will determine the practices that

teenage mothers do after they initiated breast feeding and in Part III consist of 15 items

to determine the level of knowledge and awareness, attitudes and beliefs of teenage

mothers about breastfeeding. The researchers sought for validation and approval of

questionnaires from three experts.

In this study the researchers will determine the relationship of breastfeeding

practices of teenage mothers towards their demographic profile.

The researchers, therefore, conclude that there is a relationship between

breastfeeding practices and the profile of teenage mothers in terms of age, educational

attainment, family income and number of children. Most of teenage mothers ages 17 to

18 are graduated or undergraduate of high school level that would be hard for them to

support the needs of their own family and most especially to the needs of their baby.

The researchers recommend to the respondents to take alternatives that is suited to

their profile to satisfy their daily needs.

 Table of Contents

Title

Approval Page

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of Contents

List of Tables

Chapter

I THE PROBLEM AND A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Background of the Study

Review of Related Literature

Synthesis

Theoretical Framework

Conceptual Framework

Statement of the Problem

Hypothesis
 Significance of the Study

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

Definition of Terms

II METHODOLOGY

Research Design

Research Locale

Instrumentation

Validation of Instrument

Data Gathering Procedures

Sampling Technique

Respondents of the Study

Statistical Treatment

III PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

Problem No. 1

Problem No. 2

Problem No. 3
 Problem No. 4

IV SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings

Findings

Conclusion

Recommendations

References

Appendices

Appendix A

Appendix B

Appendix C

Curriculum Vitae
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Frequency and Distribution of Respondents According to Age

2 Frequency and Distribution of Respondents According to Educational

Attainment

3 Frequency and Distribution of Respondents According to Family Income

Of Respondents

4 Frequency and Distribution of Respondents According to Number of

Children

5 Practices of Teenage Mothers Before Breastfeeding

6 Practices of Teenage Mothers During Breastfeeding

7 Practices of Teenage Mothers After Breastfeeding

8 Factors that Contribute to the Respondents Practices of Breastfeeding

According to Level of Knowledge and Awareness

9 Factors that Contribute to the Respondents Practices of Breastfeeding

According to Attitude

10 Factors that Contribute to the Respondents Practices of Breastfeeding

According to Beliefs

11 Relationship of Breastfeeding Practices to Respondents Age

12 Relationship of Breastfeeding Practices to Respondents Educational

Attainment

13 Relationship of Breastfeeding Practices to Respondents Income

14 Relationship of Breastfeeding Practices to Respondents Number of

Children
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Background of the Study

One in ten youthful Filipino women age 15 to 19 years of age has begun

childbearing and 8 percent are presently mothers as of now. Review likewise uncovers

that one in five 19 percent young adult Filipino women has initiated sexual activities

before the age of 18 and is more normal among youthful grown-up women with less

education and those in poorer household which causes lower rates of breastfeeding

initiation. A wide assortment of reasons applies why mothers chooses not to start

breastfeeding or suspend breastfeeding early, (Thurman and Allen 2008). In support,

RA 10028 or Expanded Breastfeeding Promotion Act of 2009 is a law that adopts

rooming-in as a national policy to encourage, protect and support the practice of

breastfeeding. It shall create an environment where basic physical, emotional, and

psychological needs of mothers and infants fulfilled through the practice of rooming-in

and breastfeeding.Nevertheless, it is fitting for infants to breastfeed as opposed to

formula or bottle-feeding since it contains every fundamental supplement and different

elements vital for development and advancement, whichcant be reproduced by any

formula milk. In this way, infant feeding is a key device in enhancing child survival

(Veneman, 2008).

According to Adolescent Friendly Reproductive Health Services, last year (2014)

with total of 1345 (5.5%) this year (2015) a total of 353 (2.6%) got pregnant at an early
age from 10 years old to 19 years old. There is a big decreased of (2.3%) teen-age

pregnancy, an achievement indeed for the campaign of decreasing teenage pregnancy.

In addition, 17-19 years old adolescent leads the number of pregnant women. This is

the distribution of number of teenage pregnancy on the different barangays of the City.

San Dionisio is leading followed by BF and San Isidro is 3 rd, three largest Barangay of

Paraaque City. A total number of 486 for the unprotected sex start at age 14 years old,

almost adolescent females (468) agree to have sex to the opposite gender without

protection. Sexually active (467) rank second and school drop- out (283) third. Having

this as top three among the others can attribute to the increasing number of adolescent

being pregnant at an early age. Thus, community health workers play a vital role for

teenage mothers such as educating breastfeeding interventions and services for

pregnant and/or parenting students that should be likewise age appropriate and

culturally sensitive. Adequate support is critical for achieving successful parenting. The

interventions provided by community health nurses may include assistance in

pregnancy identification, referral or provision of quality prenatal care, childcare referrals,

parenting education, and education regarding prevention of future pregnancy, referral to

clinical services and healthcare, as well as leadership on interdisciplinary teams.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDY

Breastfeeding

The current statistical report about breastfeeding shows that the 7 th National

Nutrition Survey (DOST-FNRI) revealed that among infants 0-5 months old, only 36 out
of every 100 were exclusively breastfed; only 37 of every 100 were breastfed at the

same time given a complementary food and as many as 27 out of every 100 infants

were given other milk and other foods.

On the other hand, the World Health Organization has developed set of

indicators to assess breastfeeding practices among infants and young children. The two

core indicators for children less than 6 months of age are exclusive breastfeeding and

early initiation to breastfeeding. Exclusive breastfeeding the first 6 months of life has

been associated with reduced risk of infectious diseases and reduced mortality rates.

It was emphasized by the International Breast Feeding Journal (2017) the

importance of breast feeding. According to IBFJ,the infants who do not receive breast

milk will most likely to experience poorer health outcomes than those who are breastfed.

Thus, mothers who do not breastfeed their baby will increase their own health risks.

In order to help women breastfeed successfully, there is a need to understand

both the physiology of lactation and the social and cultural context within which

breastfeeding occurs. The journal addresses all of these aspects, including identifying

women who are at increased risk of not breastfeeding; the impediments to

breastfeeding and the health effects of not breastfeeding for infants and their mothers;

interventions to increase breastfeeding initiation and duration; and the management of

breastfeeding problems.

Hence, studies have shown that breastfed infants do better on intelligence and

behavior tests into adulthood than formula-fed babies (Unicef.org). This, together with

its other important effects on the prevention of infections, on the health and well-being
of the mother, on child-spacing, on family welfare, on family and national economics,

and on food production, makes it a key aspect of self-reliance, primary health care and

current development approaches.

In support, Boseley (2015) studied that breastfeeding can increase a childs IQ.

The long-term effects of breastfeeding proved that child is more intelligent and they are

improving in their educational attainment and they are excelling in school.

Moreover, this association supports, protects, and promotes breastfeeding as the

ideal and normative method for feeding infants, including the provision of human milk for

preterm and other vulnerable newborns (Association of Womens Health Estates that

Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses, 2017).

In the same, proper breastfeeding practices are effective ways for reducing

childhood morbidity and mortality. While many mothers understand the importance of

breastfeeding, others are less knowledgeable on the benefits of breastfeeding and

weaning (Gov.ph).

Furthermore, to save the Children (2012) states that breastfeeding is also

beneficial to the environment and does not require manufacturing plants, packaging,

storage, transportation, or refrigeration; it generates no waste and is a renewable

resource.

Moreover, Breastfeeding can save lives and boost the economy but mothers

need more support. Hence, World Health Organization Member states have endorsed a

global target to increase the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months to at

least 50% by 2025. But beyond health interventions, it requires a political and societal
shift for example, adequate maternity protection policies, and breastfeeding friendly

workplaces and public spaces (WHO 2017).

As a society, we have a duty to ensure that breastfeeding is encouraged,

supported and celebrated. The cost of not doing so in lives and dollars is far too

high.

The Republic Act No. 10028, this act shall be known as the Expanded

Breastfeeding Promotion Act of 2009, state adopts rooming-in as a national policy to

encourage, protect and support the practice of breastfeeding. It shall create an

environment where basic physical, emotional and psychological needs of mothers and

infants are fulfilled through the practice of rooming-in and breastfeeding (CHN, 2014).

Pursuant to Republic Act (RA) 10028, otherwise known as the Expanded

Breastfeeding Promotion Act of 2009, August of every year is Breastfeeding Awareness

Month. This observance aims to raise public awareness on the importance of and

further promote breastfeeding in the country.

Moreover, various laws, such as the Expanded Breastfeeding Promotion Act of

2009 and the Milk Code of the Philippines (Executive Order 51), protect in the

Philippines, breastfeeding. Mothers are allowed to breastfeed in public. Employers are

required to allow lactating employees breaks to breastfeed or express breast milk. The

law also states that the intervals should not be less than a total of forty (40) minutes for

every eight (8) hour working period. Offices, public establishments such as malls and

schools and government institutions are required to establish lactation stations separate

from the bathroom, where mothers can breastfeed their babies or express milk. The
milk Code prohibits the advertising of infant formula or bottle teats for infants under two

years old, (OMICS International 2014).

However, Breastfeeding in public is the practice of feeding children with breast

milk in public through suckling. Views on acceptability of the practice differ, and are

related but not entirely tied to views concerning toplessness. Breastfeeding in public is

forbidden in some jurisdictions, not addressed by laws in others, and recognized as a

legal right in public and workplace in others. Where it is legal or tolerated, some

teenage mothers may nevertheless be reluctant to breastfeed in public and some

people may object to the practice, even when it is legal.

La Leche League international (2016) biologically speaking adolescents can

lactate. Although teen mothers are capable of breastfeeding, most do not choose to try.

Fewer than eighteen percent of pregnant adolescents say that they plan to breastfeed,

and, of these, even fewer actually follow through on their decision. Most teens have

little, if any, knowledge about breastfeeding, and those who think they know something

about it often mention common misconceptions and old wives' tales. To combat these

negative forces, teens need to know about the physiological and psychological benefits

of breastfeeding to both mother and baby.

Also in International Breastfeeding Journal (2012) studies stated that Teen

mothers in the US face many challenges to successful breastfeeding that are unique to

their age and situation including: coping with the stigma and embarrassment related to

being a teen mother; lack of parenting readiness; need for peer acceptance; and

dependence on social support systems that may not be supportive of breastfeeding. A

significant number of teen mothers have a low income and there is a strong association
between living in poverty, crime, poor educational opportunities, teen pregnancy and

low breastfeeding

Breast Milk

According to Tsogbayar (2016) breast milk is the best option for feeding

newborns. Thus Government Health Offices encourage all the mothers to participate in

breastfeeding program because the breast milk they have contained essential nutrients

to satisfy the babies need. It is naturally and directly coming from mothers breast and

does not undergo in the factory.

Furthermore, WHO (2017) a recent study by the governments food and nutrition

research institute showed that exclusive breastfeeding giving babies only breast milk

for the six months of life, which boosts their immunity to childhood diseases has risen

from 36% in 2008 to 47% last year in the Philippines. Breastfeeding a baby within one

hour of being born, proven to reduce infant deaths, increased from 32% in 2008 to 52%

last year.

But in the Philippines, only 34% of infants under 6 months are exclusively

breastfed. The Unicefs (2014) State of the Worlds Children report also shows that only

34% continue breast milk intake until two years old. Most mothers opt to use milk

formulas for various reasons such as alleged inability to produce breast milk and time

constraints. These findings still put the country among the top nations with most

children not exclusively breastfed. Recent data on child malnutrition in the country can

be attributed to the low number of children breastfed as infants. The 8 th National

Nutritional Survey of the Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNR) shows that almost

20% of children under 5 years old are considered malnourished.

Moreover, the situation of the Philippines breastfeeding culture is ironic since it is

one of the 37 countries that fully implement the International code of Marketing of

Breast-Milk substitutes through its milk code. The Unicef and the World Health

Organization (WHO) recommend that infants be fed only breast milk for the first 6

months of their lives, (UNICEF 2017).

Milk Formula

According to Live Strong (2017) there are disadvantages of formula feeding,

breastfed babies can nurse on demand. If you bottle feed the infant, preparation is

required. You need to regularly wash and sterilize the bottles, find time to express your

milk or prepare the formula, store the bottles at the proper temperature, and warm them

before feeding your baby. In formula feeding, your baby might also result in an

increased risk of obesity during early childhood. Besides, breast milk boosts your babys

immune system. Formula milk does not contain the immunity-boosting elements of

breast milk.

In addition Mannel, Martens, Walker (2013) studies stated that the formula

feeding related illnesses can be acquired, not only from water and poor sanitation, but

also from the powdered infant formula itself. Powered Infant formula is not a sterile

product; infant formula is frequently recalled, it has been reported contaminated with

pathogen and other microorganism

 Formula-fed babies can develop certain illnesses such as diarrhea, or a chest,

ear or urine infection and bottle-finding is an added expense. In addition to purchasing

and replacing bottles and nipples, you will either need to invest in an effective breast

pump, if you plan to express your milk, or buy formula on a regular basis.

NCBI (2017) formula feeding is associated with adverse health outcomes for both

mothers and infants, ranging from infectious morbidity to chronic disease. Given the

compelling evidence for different in health outcomes, breastfeeding should be

acknowledging as the biologic norm for infant feeding. Physician counseling, office and

hospital practices should be aligning to ensure that the breastfeeding mother-infant

dyad has the best chance for a long, successful breastfeeding experience.

In addition, formula milk increases health risks to children when it unnecessarily

replaces breast milk since milk formula is not that advisable for the infants unless the

mother breast cannot provide milk. Thus, milk formula will be harder for the baby to

digest and it takes time for the infant stomach to adjust in digesting.

Many studies indicate that adolescents who choose formula feeding did so

because they thought breastfeeding would make it more difficult to return to school or

work, and that they schools lack of support, limited space for pumping, lack of time to

breastfeed or pump throughout the daddy, and lack of on-site childcare all make

breastfeeding more difficult.

Compared with breastfed infants, formula fed infants face higher risks of

infectious morbidity in the first year of life. These differences in health outcomes can be

explained, in part by specific and innate immune factors present in human milk.
Age

According to Watts, Liamputtong and Mcmichael (2015) early motherhood was

often marred by a sense of loss. Being a mother in adolescent age would be so hard

and it will affect most of all your preparations for your future life. Thus, study shows that

teenage mothers were not able to complete their school education and obtain job.

As a result, some teenage parents of the teenage mother did not accept their

daughters decision that will to the loss of support from parents. However, it is a choice

to be a mother at that age. Hence, in every decision that we make there is always a

consequence. Given these points, mothers should learn to adjust themselves in

parenting and responsible mother and wife.

Educational Attainment

According to NCBI (2017) Education status of the mother has been identified as

an important social determinant of health for children. The role of maternal education on

infant feeding behavior is an interesting area to explore. Womens education in Nepal

has long been neglected and remains much lower than men. In recent years, there has

been an improvement in womens education status. Therefore, the effect of maternal

education might also impart effect on health and infant feeding behavior.
 Consequently, high adolescent fertility rate is link to low education attainment

and poverty, education is positively associated with contraceptive use by increasing

awareness, acceptability and utilization. Teenagers with some secondary education are

more likely to have a child. Due to lack of knowledge, the adolescent mothers are more

likely to experience poverty because they could not find a job to support for their

everyday needs. Adolescent pregnancy is one of the variables associated with greater

infant fertility.

Family Income

Women with higher family incomes are those who had or whose partners had

higher education levels, had professional or executive occupations were more likely

than their counterparts to breastfeed mothers with higher education were more likely to

initiate breastfeeding with the first hour of childbirth. Future interventions should focus

on increasing girls and womens education program through formal or non-formal

education programs, respectively. While school education is feasible for a girl child,

adult learning approaches using literacy programs for adults, counseling, peer

educations using through peer education would be more suitable for adult women who

did not have a chance to go to school during their childhood.

Before Breastfeeding Practices

Paige Smith, Sheryl Coley, Miriam Labbok, Susan Cupito and Eva Nwokah

(2012) studies shows that many teen mothers do not have skills to incorporate

breastfeeding or milk expression into their lifestyle as students and/or employees.

This is a normal physiological process, and as part of this process the breasts

become heavy and swollen, but under normal circumstances the breasts should not be

painful and hard. Breast engorgement occurs if the baby removes less milk from the

breast when feeding than the amount that the mother produces. As well as causing

breast engorgement, inadequate emptying of breasts can result in problems such as

plugged milk ducts, breast infection and insufficient milk supply and breast milk should

be given on breast engorgement.

On the other hand heat application can be used for breastfeeding mothers in the

form of hot compresses, hot showers or hot soaks is poorly researched and has usually

been more of a comfort measure to activate the milk ejection reflex, rather than a

treatment for edema. Some mothers complain that heat exacerbates the engorgement,

causes throbbing and an increased feeling of fullness.

Moreover, breastfeeding can initiate pain and you may feel fleeting pain in your

breasts when your milk lets down. The letdown reflex, also called the milk ejection

reflex, is set off by the hormone oxytocin. It stimulates the muscle cells in your breasts

to squeeze out milk. Mothers often say that as soon as they sit back. Mother sit straight

and well-supported back the shoulder and neck tension melt away. Nipple pain is often

alleviated immediately and this may happen because gravity is not dragging the baby
down the upright maternal midriff (WHO 2012). Applying a very warm moist compress to

your breast works really well. You may also immerse your breasts in sick full warm

water or shower before dumping thus can initiate milk flow.

When the breast has pain and there is an engorgement a woman can take

ibuprofen in over the counter recommended amounts would deliver far less than the

recommended single dose of ibuprofen for an infant over a 24 hour period. The

LactMed ibuprofen fact sheet further notes that adverse effects in infants of mothers

taking ibuprofen have not been reported in at least 23 cases found in the medical

literature, and there is no information regarding the medication having an effect on

breastfeeding. Because it has been shown to be safe for both the mom and baby and

has not shown negative effects on the ability to breastfeed, its recommended agent to

help with pain or inflammation in nursing mothers (LactMed, 2015).

Therefore the study of Joan MukiibiNamakula (2015), at International Hospital

stated that mothers do not wash their breasts and nipples properly, would expose their

babies to various diseases and infections. A dirty breast harbors germs and when an

infant suckles it, there are high chances that they will get sick. Some of the common

conditions that can result from a child suckling dirty breasts include fever, diarrhea,

vomiting, developing a gaseous abdomen and loss of appetite by the baby. But, it is not

advisable for breastfeeding mothers to wash their breast with soap or any harmful

chemicals that can cause irritation to the breasts.

In addition, the study of Donna Pravel (2012), found out that moringa leaf has a

high calcium and potassium content. Moringa leaf tea is used specifically by midwifes to

increase breast milk production in lactating mothers. According to an Agriculture

Business Week news article, moringa leaf has been promoted by the World Health

Organization (WHO) for years as an inexpensive health booster for poor countries.

Besides, the United States Department of Agriculture recognizes that moringa

leaf for its high vitamin A, C, Iron and HDL cholesterol levels. The herb has been

scientifically proven as an anti-bacterial agent, and as a way to improve glucose

tolerance in diabetic rats. Moringa root bark has been clinically demonstrated to be an

effective treatment for post-menopausal ovarian cancer, but should not be used by

women of childbearing age.

Also ginger is listed amongst popular lactogenic foods effectively increases

production of breast milk. The elements or the ketones present in ginger boosts the

immune system and reduce conditions of inflammation. Additionally, ginger helps

reduce the health discomforts of nausea, vomiting, and cell death (Joan

MukiibiNamakula, 2015).

However, the study of Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group (2017), found

out that cabbage leaves can be used for breast engorgement. Based on the scientific

evidenced, the cabbage leaves may reduce pain of engorgement without side effects,

and that use of cabbage leaves increases breastfeeding duration. In addition, the advice

to avoid squeezing out milk will be retained since this tends to increase milk supply and

cause engorgement to persist.

According to CHW, Babies of mothers who smoke are more likely to get respiratory

(breathing) infections, and also have a higher risk of SIDS (Sudden Infant Death
Syndrome). Babies of mothers who breastfeed are protected against respiratory

infections, and also have a lower risk of SIDS. So mothers who have not yet been able

to quit smoking should definitely breastfeed because it helps the baby. It is always a

good idea for your own health to quit smoking.

Hence, drinking a moderate amount of coffee or other caffeinated beverages

does not affect your baby. If you drink a cup of coffee and breastfeed shortly after you

might notice the baby is not ready to go to sleep, so have your caffeine earlier in the

day, it is okay to have up to 2-3 cups of coffee or caffeinated drinks each day and

breastfeed. However, which could lead to decrease milk supply overtime due to

decrease nursing, rather than the mothers caffeine intake.

During Breastfeeding Practices

According to Edwards Rosann (2014), unique bond and attachment was the

primary motivator to initiate breastfeeding by young mothers. Attachment to infants

through breastfeeding is very important especially for the infants because they will feel

the love, and protection of the mother, that will help to their development. The time that

the mothers will spend in doing breastfeeding was the best decision that she will going

to make. Mothers body can help to regulate her infants temperature.

Additionally, the study of California Pacific Medical Center (2015) stated that the

most breastfeeding sessions should take 20-45 minutes during the newborn period.

However, because newborn babies are often sleepy, this length of time may require

patience and persistence. Feed on the first side until your baby stops suckling, hands
are no longer fisted, and your baby appears sleepy and relaxed. When these occur,

break the suction, burp the baby and go to the other side. Continue to feed your baby

until he/she stops the feeding at the second breast. Alternate the side you start with for

the next feeding. While most babies will feed from both breasts at each feeding, some

babies will be satisfied after one breast. Watch for long, slow sucks with swallows by the

baby.

However, a technique called alternate breast massage has been shown to

significantly reduce the incidence and severity of engorgement while simultaneously

increasing milk intake, the fat content of the milk, and infant weight gain. Alternate

massage involves massaging and compressing the breast when the baby pauses

between sucking bursts. Massage alternates with the babys sucking and is continued

throughout the feeding on both breasts.

You can use a laid back breastfeeding, this position involves lying back in a

comfortable position while allowing baby to lie against your body with his head just

above and between breasts. Gravity and contact with your body stimulates babys

inborn feeding reflexes and allows him to find his own way to the breast. I also bring

babys tongue down and his lower jaw forward and helps him to achieve a deeper latch.

In this position, help your baby to do what he is trying to do but let him do much of the

work to get your breast. This position allows both you and your baby to rely on instinct

rather than following prescribed steps latching (Suzanne Colson, 2011).

 Likewise, your babys neck straight or bent slightly back and body straight there are

a number of good breastfeeding positions. The trunk facing forward and lap flat you may

try a few of them to see which is most comfortable. Descriptions of four popular

positions are described here. Many mothers find the cross cradle and clutch of football

positions to be easiest with a newborn since these two positions give mothers the most

control over their babies head. Baby should whole body supported (Roizen 2010-2016).

Furthermore, many mothers find lying down to nurse in comfortable position,

especially at night. Both mother and baby lie on their sides facing each other. You can

use pillows behind you back and behind or between your knees to help get comfortable.

A pillow or rolled blanket behind the babys back will keep him from rolling away from

you. The baby can be cradled in your arm with his back along your forearm. Having his

hips flexed and his ear, shoulder and hip in one line helps your baby get milk more

easily. Some mothers find that practicing with this position during daytime is very

helpful.

Nevertheless, the process of nursing a new baby can be both beautiful and difficult,

so the job of a nursing pillow is to provide the best support with the least amount of

effort so you can focus 100% on baby. The primary function of nursing pillow is to

provide both mother and baby with proper positional support and comfort during

breastfeeding. Thus, it has benefits for mother that gives her dual arm support, lumbar

support, snug fit, foot support. Babys mouth needs to be at the level of mothers breast.

Mom should not be bending over. And its benefits for the babys head, neck and

body/back will get support with babys nose and mouth positioned level to and facing

mothers nipple. Baby will need to lead with its chin and open mouth widely to initiate a
nice good latch. Pillows that provided adequate are rest on each side as well as a space

for moms arms to cradle baby while feeding will be a great help (Meg Benedik and

Juliet Spurrier, 2015).

According to Public Health (2014), Baby should close to mothers body and

facing the breast. It can be helpful to have a few reminders to help you develop the skill

of helping your baby attach well and recognizing when your baby is getting milk.

Also Skin to skin contact will promote stable temperature, heart rate, breathing

and blood sugar. This allows your baby to be in the most receptive state for learning to

breastfeed. Babies in skin to skin contact are more likely to latch and breastfeed well,

right from the start (Jean Cotterman, 2012).

Therefore, baby should be awake during feeding until they are full, fall into a

relaxed mode at the breast, and shut their eyes to sleep. For almost all babies, nursing

becomes associated with sleep. It is not a bad idea to start putting the baby down for a

nap or sleep when the baby appears drowsy but not fully asleep yet. This will help the

baby learn to transition him/herself to sleep without nursing (Anne Eglash, 2012).

The mother-child interaction based on vision is referred to as eye-to-eye contact.

In most cases, the eyelids are slightly swollen so many times you hear the mother

calling her babys name and asking her baby to open his/her eyes. In time, the baby

opens his/her eyes and the mother will peer into his/her small round eyes and be filled

with a joyous sensation only she can describe. This initial eye contact is somewhat like

an initiation for the mother reassuring her that she has indeed become a mother to her

child.
 Furthermore, baby is helpful when very close to your body; there should be no

gaps between you and your baby. When latching, babys chest should be in full contact

with your ribs and /or lower side of the breast from which he is feeding. If his hands are

in the way, he is not being help closely enough. Leaning back can help to open your lap

and allows baby to be help as vertically as possible. Babys body is tucked under your

opposite breast or draped along your torso and snuggled in very close. Babys arms can

hug your breast (Laura Spitzfaden, 2011).

Moreover, Fleur Bickford (2011), your babys whole body should be turned

towards you, so that your baby is not having to turn his head to find the breast. One

thing that I often see is babys head and chest is turned towards mom, but babys hips

are not, which tends to pull baby away from the breast. If your babys body is turned

completely towards you and you are sitting back, then the gravity helps to keep your

baby in place. In this position, your baby feels secure, and it helps to release those

newborn reflexes that help with breastfeeding.

Babys wide open mouth is the most important part of latch-on. If baby takes the

breast as her mouth is closing, or if she slurps the nipple in through partially open lips,

she wont get enough breast tissue in her mouth. If baby sucks only on the nipple,

mother will get very sore nipples and baby wont get enough milk. You have to wait

patiently for baby to open her mouth wide and then act quickly when she does even if

you have to start over several times.

You can also increase the depth of babys latch by using the breast sandwich

technique of compressing breast with fingers on one side of the breast, well back from

the areola and thumb on the other side near the areola. Your fingers are placed on the
side of babys lower jaw and the opposite hand from breast is holding baby. Be sure that

the compression is parallel to babys lips. Bring baby to the breast leading with the chin,

nose to nipple and latch with the lower jaw first and then push the nipple into babys

mouth (Laura Sptzfaden, 2011).

Thus, lightly touch the nipple against the midpoint of your babys lower lip to

stimulate her to open her mouth wide. Lightly tickle her lip and patiently wait until she

opens very wide. Then quickly pull her toward you so she grasps your breast. A baby

who grasps the nipple without opening wide will end up grasping only the tip. Correct

latch-on involves taking the entire nipple plus about one to one and a half inches of

surrounding areola and breast. She must grasp sufficient areola and breast to allow her

jaws to be positioned over the location of the dilated milk ducts. Since the size of the

areola can vary tremendously from woman to woman, a baby may need to take it all into

her mouth (if the areola is small) or may leave a margin visible beyond her lips (if areola

is large)( Fen, 2016).

Furthermore, the areola should be inside of your babys mouth along with the

nipple. Your babys tongue movement on the areola is said to create stimulus to fasten

up the flow of the milk. Putting only the nipple will end up making it sore and they will

eventually bleed. Remember that breastfeeding is not supposed to cause you pain and

discomfort, other than in the first few weeks when you are new to this (Newborn hub,

2012).Be sure that the baby is latched asymmetrically with more areola covered by the

lower jaw than the upper and be sure that lower and upper lips are turned outward.

Babys chin should be buried in mothers breast with his nose barely touching or not

touching the breast. When your nipple is released by baby, it should be in round, regular
shape. It should not be pinched, flattened, creased or bruised (Cameron Spitzfaden,

2012).

After Breastfeeding Practices

According to Australian Breastfeeding Association (2015), exercise is an

important part of their life for many breastfeeding mothers. With a little planning they

manage to fit in with the demands of a young family, walking with group, while others

choose to walk to the local caf or shops to meet up with friends in the area.

Thus, some research has looked at the level of lactic acid in mothers breast milk

after exercise. While lactic acid can increase in breast milk following maximal exercise,

mild or moderate exercise does not cause lactic acid to increase breast milk and does

not affect a baby taking the milk. Since most mothers only wish to exercise to a

moderate intensity to lose weight, and improve/maintain fitness and general well-being.

Most would say that maximal exercise is not relevant anyway. Regardless, there is no

evidence to suggest that breast milk with increased lactic acid levels may harm a baby

in anyway.

In addition, increasing breastfeeding rates would improve maternal and childs

health but multiple barriers to breastfeeding persist. Breast pump provision has been

used as an incentive for breastfeeding, although effectiveness is unclear. Womens use

of breast pump is increasing and a high proportion of mothers to express breast milk.

No research has yet reported womens and health professionals perspectives on breast

pumps as an incentive for breastfeeding (Wiler Library, 2016).

 Also expressing milk by hand is cheap and convenient method. Once you master

the skill, you can express your milk any time. It also means that you dont have to buy or

hire any expensive special equipment.

Rest is important in sore breasts, plugged ducts or breast infections. To do this

try in bed with baby cuddled next to you. This will also encourage frequent

breastfeeding sessions to drain the breast. Keep supplies such as diaper, toys, books,

the telephone, a glass and pitcher of water nearby to minimize trip out of bed (Lili.org,

2016).

In addition to the practices after breastfeeding, Kids health study stated that

burping should be done after each feeds. All babies swallow air during feedings.

Burping gets rid of this air, making the baby more comfortable as they grows older, that

there is no need to worry if he doesnt burp during feedings or following each feeding.

This merely means that the baby has learned to eat without swallowing so much air

(kids Health 2015).

However in some Researches Journal, massaging your breast after

breastfeeding will clear the milk ducts and cause the milk flow more freely, which will

help empty the breast and therefore trigger a higher milk production (Health UtanGov,

2016).

Thus, breast milk should be thawed and heated correctly to reduce the potential

for bacterial growth.

 Moreover, stress can certainly slow the flow of the breast milk. But as long as a

mother continues to nurse her baby, stress is not likely to stop her milk production, plus

research has found that breastfeeding reduces negative moods and stress, so nursing

your baby can actually help mothers to get through stressful time (Baby Center, 2016).

Lots of researchers say that breastfeeding mothers should try to stay away from

tight fitting bra, tops, and blouses. Pressure from tight clothing on your breasts can be

uncomfortable and could lead to sore nipples, plugged milk ducts or mastitis.

Some researchers believe that nursing bras should fit comfortable. Bras that are

too tight can leave you vulnerable to plugged ducts and breast infections in the parts of

the breast where straps or under wires block the flow of milk. Mothers should avoid

under wires, especially in the early postpartum weeks.

Also, breast pad can help a mother stay dry and comfortable if she experience

leaking pregnancy or during breastfeeding. Using the wrong breast pads can cause

sore nipples, particularly if the nipples stay too moist. You can use disposable nursing

pads or washable nursing pads.

Besides, you can easily find numerous breast enhancement creams, gels and

lotions on the market. These are composed of substances that when mother applied

and massage it onto breast area can increase the blood circulation and trigger the

multiplication of growth tissues with regular application of breast firming creams, the

breast tissues develop dramatically and women get curvier and fuller breasts.

Also, there are studies shows that alcohol can affect babies eating and sleeping

pattern. During the four hours after a breastfeeding mother consumes an alcoholic
beverage such as 4 ounces of wine, one mixed drink, or one can of beer babies who

nurse consume about 20 percent less milk.

Knowledge and Awareness

Teenage breastfeeding mothers may feel that they not have enough knowledge

to be a mother and may not attend her duties as a mother. Thus, they think that they

have fewer career opportunities such as lack of financial support and not getting respect

from family and friends. Hence, it increases the risk of medical complication and may

suffer from huge emotional crisis that will affect the well-being of the infant if the

teenage mothers did not fulfill their duties and responsibilities to take care of their family

especially to their baby.

Many teen mothers do not have the skills to incorporate breastfeeding or milk

expression into their lifestyle as students and/or employees. This stems, in part, from

their lack of knowledge of, and/or discomfort with, milk expression by pump or hand; not

having a private place to express milk or feed their baby at school or other places; and

not having the skills to prevent or manage common problems like pain or leaking.

Moreover, International Breastfeeding Journal (2012) practices and cessation

were closely connected with their experiences as new mothers in the context of going

multiple roles, complex living situations, youth and dependency, and poor knowledge of

the fundamentals of breastfeeding and infant development. Breastfeeding cessation

was influenced by inadequate breastfeeding skill, physically unpleasant and painful

early experiences they were unprepared to manage, and inadequate health care

response to real problems.

According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Breastfeeding

jaundice may occur in the first week of life in more than 1 in 10 breastfed infants. The

cause is to be inadequate milk intake, leading to dehydration or low caloric intake.

Breast milk jaundice is far less common and occurs in about 1 in 200 babies. Here the

jaundice isn't usually visible until the baby is a week old. It often reaches its peak during

the second or third week. Breast milk jaundice can be caused by substances in mom's

milk that decrease the infant's liver's ability to deal with bilirubin. Breast milk jaundice

rarely causes any problems, whether it is treated or not. It is usually not a reason to stop

nursing.

In addition AbdulbariBener, Mohammad S. Ehlayel; Hatim M. Abdulrahman

(2011), study found out that breast feeding reduces the incidence and severity of

diarrhea in infants, although this effect may be less pronounced in areas with better

water supply and sanitation facilities. In a recent meta-analysis of data from six

developing countries, breast feeding provided a greater degree of protection against

diarrhea attributable to acute respiratory infection in the first six months of life, whereas

the level of protection was similar for infants who were 6 to 11 months of age.

Moreover, breastfeeding can work well as a method of birth control, like any

other form of contraceptive. Breastfeeding delays the return of your periods. However,

you'll ovulate before you have your first period. So there is a chance that you could

become pregnant if you rely on your periods returning as a sign that you're fertile
again. Frequent and regular breastfeeding is a form of contraception. Once baby stops

exclusive breastfeeding, it will become less effective as a contraceptive method (Baby

Center.Com, 2013).

Moms who decide to breast-feed might be reflecting a general tendency of

mothers to be more empathetic to their infants or perhaps they were more able to bond

easily with their fetus when they were making the decision about wanting to breast-feed,

says Kim.

Furthermore, the secret to mother-baby bonding might be breast milk, according

to new research that determines that breast-feeding mothers are more likely helpful

than formula-feeding moms to bond with their infants in months after the baby are born.

They also demonstrate stronger brain responses when they hear their baby cry (Bonnie

Rochman , 2011).

Attitude

According to Jessica Lietz (2017) Diarrhea is very common and occurs for a

variety of reasons. In the weeks after giving birth, diarrhea may be due to taking

laxatives to relieve postpartum constipation. The stresses of having a newborn might

also be a factor. Neither of these common causes of diarrhea poses a problem in terms

of continuing to breastfeed your baby. Breastfeeding moms can also develop infectious

gastroenteritis, the most common cause of sporadic diarrhea among adults. Most cases

are viral, although bacteria and parasites can also cause gastroenteritis. The organisms
responsible for infectious gastroenteritis cannot be passed to your baby through breast

milk. Therefore, you need not worry that breastfeeding could infect your baby. In fact,

breastfeeding reduces your baby's risk of contracting infectious gastroenteritis.

Studies have shown that most healthy breastfeeding women maintain an

abundant milk supply while taking in 1800-2200 (or more) calories per day. Consuming

less than 1500-1800 calories per day (most women should stay at the high end of this

range) may put your milk supply at risk, as may a sudden drop in caloric intake. In

general, you should simply listen to your body and eat to appetite this is usually all

you need to do to get the calories you need. When exclusively nursing a young baby, it

is very common to feel hungry much of the time listen to your body. Mothers of older

babies may feel hungrier when baby temporarily increases his or her milk intake (for

example, during a growth spurt) again, listen to your body. Counting calories is rarely

necessary unless you are having problems maintaining a healthy weight. An exclusively

breastfeeding mother, on average, needs to take in 300-500 calories per day above

what was needed to maintain pre-pregnancy weight. Since the recommended added

calories during the last two trimesters of pregnancy is 300 calories/day, an exclusively

breastfeeding mother will typically need either the same amount of calories she was

getting at the end of pregnancy, or up to 200 additional calories per day. Thats the

equivalent of adding 1-2 healthy snacks per day (Kelly Bonyata, 2016).

According to Rakhee M (2015) breastfeeding women need additional calories to

produce sufficient milk for their baby. To maintain your childs and your health through

breastfeeding, you need to eat good food. For a sufficient supply of breast milk, you
need to make sure your fluid consumption is also enough for your bodys needs. Water

and healthy juices will give your body much needed fluid.

Moreover, breast milk may be tremendously important to mother-baby bonding.

New research shows that breast-feeding mothers are more likely than formula-feeding

moms to bond with their infants, and also demonstrate stronger brain responses when

they hear their baby cry. Breastfeeding your baby is an experience that no words can

explain. Most moms who breastfeed their baby will more than likely agree with that

statement. A bond between a breastfed baby and a mother is amazing. As you snuggle

your baby close to your breast, you are not only providing him or her with the best

nutrition possible but an indescribable nurturing relationship (Time Magazine, 2011).

Thus, Women who breastfeed for over 6 months are less likely to develop

early breast cancer than women who do not breastfeed - as long as they do not smoke -

a nurse-led study suggests. Breastfeeding is a potential ally in the fight against breast

tumors (Markus Mc Gill, 2013).

However, the secondhand smoke will contribute to babies to have more health

problems. The first milk (colustrum) appears to be safe, without serious side effects.

But, long term use may induce mild side-effects such as anxiety, logorrhea, and

insomnia, and subsided spontaneously within a short period of time most probably

around 3 4 days (Zhion, 2011).

Beliefs
 According to Michael Kramer and Wendy Oddy (2014) breastfeeding is directly

linked to a higher IQ is the subject of significant debate. This is largely because it's

difficult for researchers to filter out the myriad of factors other than breastfeeding,

which many breastfed babies are exposed to, that could potentially influence a child's

IQ. These factors include the mother's IQ and level of education, home environment,

family income, or simply how the mother interacts with the child.

Thus, feeding time is an important opportunity for a mother and baby to

connect with one another. Health professionals consider breastfeeding to be the best

choice for baby. But for first-time mothers, it can take a few weeks for a mother and

her newborn to get the hang of breastfeeding, as both of them are learning the

process together and they haven't established a predictable feeding schedule. When

a woman is first starting to breast-feed, her nipples can become tender and her

breasts sore as the baby latches on and nurses, and feedings may be painful and

hurt. Unlike bottle-feeding, it can be hard to tell how much a breast-fed baby has

eaten and whether a little one has had enough milk (Cari Nierenberg, 2015).

Babies who are breastfed for the first year of life seem to grow more rapidly in

the first three or four months and then more slowly for the rest of their first yea. On

average, breastfed babies weigh less at age 1 than formula fed babies. However, by the

time theyre 2, the gap closes and breastfed and formula fed babies weigh about the

same (Baby Center, 2014)

Furthermore Joan Wolf (2011), Thousands of studies find that the average

breastfed baby is healthier than the average formula fed baby. What they havent found
is compelling evidence that breastfeeding causes better health. In fact, if you do the

research, youll find that its not uncommon for scientists to stress the benefits of

breastfeeding and at the same time acknowledge that its not clear whether some

babies are better off because they are or were breastfed of because they have

caretakers who are willing and able to promote good health in other ways.

Support

Women are need of encouragement and support to exclusively breastfeed for the

first six months of an infants life and continue to breastfeed for the first year and

beyond. Additionally, mothers who feel empowered to breastfeed successfully are more

likely to breastfeed exclusively and continue breastfeeding.

Social support from family, friends and partners are among the most important

factors affecting young mothers infant feeding choices, yet most do not receive this

support, and many are encouraged to bottle and formula feed by family member.

Continuity of care and support by the health care system, those skilled in lactation, and

the school system are also important.

Young women who received support and instruction in breastfeeding and pumping

from healthcare professionals or the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for

Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) were not only more likely to begin breastfeeding,

but were also more likely to maintain breastfeeding after hospital discharge.

Peer counseling may support and encourage women to breastfeed and

normalize breastfeeding. Similarly, other interventions may contribute to improve

exclusive breastfeeding practice is prenatal and postnatal lactation instruction provided

by a lactation consultant in the hospital.

Henceforth, it is very important for young mothers under the age of 15 19 the

peer support. Sarah Scott and her colleagues (2016) study stated that genuine support

and encouragements from peers will show their support and that her decision for herself

would be acceptable when she magnifies her duties and responsibilities as a mother.

Community Health Nursing Program

Formal breastfeeding education has a great impact which is provided over and

above the breastfeeding information given as part of standard antenatal care, and which

may include individual or group education sessions led by peer counselors or health

professionals, home visits, lactation consultation, distribution of printed/written

materials, video demonstrations and inclusion of prospective fathers in learning

activities.

For this reason, because the decision to breastfeed are often made already

before a woman becomes pregnant, breastfeeding promotion programs should focus on

educating women during their pre-conceptual years for it will facilitate positive attitudinal

changes in individuals, health care professionals with adequate knowledge and positive

attitudes about breastfeeding.

Synthesis
 Synthesis

The aim of this study is to determine the relationship of breast feeding practices

and the profile of the respondents. The research literature and studies included in this

section were found relevant to the present study of the researchers, revealing that the

simple implementations of breastfeeding can save lives and boost the economy.Hence,

proper breastfeeding practices are effective ways for reducing childhood morbidity and

mortality. While many mothers understand the importance of breastfeeding, others are

less knowledgeable on the benefits of breastfeeding and weaning (Gov.ph).

The related studies and present study are similar because they discuss the

practices of breastfeeding. Both foreign and related studies had similarities than

differences, because they are all concerned with the breastfeeding practices of teenage

mothers and in quality of care. Based on the article from La Leche League international

(2016) Most teens have little, if any, knowledge about breastfeeding, and those who

think they know something about it often mention common misconceptions and old

wives' tales. To combat these negative forces, teens need to know about the

physiological and psychological benefits of breastfeeding to both mother and baby.

Also in International Breastfeeding Journal (2012) studies stated that Teen

mothers in the US face many challenges to successful breastfeeding that are unique to

their age and situation including: coping with the stigma and embarrassment related to

being a teen mother; lack of parenting readiness; need for peer acceptance; and

dependence on social support systems that may not be supportive of breastfeeding. A

significant number of teen mothers have a low income and there is a strong association
between living in poverty, crime, poor educational opportunities, teen pregnancy and

low breastfeeding

Most importantly, both related literatures and studies collected enhanced their

knowledge and background, giving them courage in proceeding with their present study.

Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework used by the researchers for this study is social

cognitive learning theory with a concept of self-efficacy, was introduced by a

Psychologist Albert Bandura (1925) this asserts the human behavior is self-regulated.

Self-efficacy plays a role in humans self-regulation of behavior that refers to a

persons beliefs about what he or she is capable of doing based on the expectations of

the outcomes that will result when engaging in a certain task. An individual cognitively

processes the information from these sources and will be influenced to make decisions

and choices whether to attempt the task, how much effort to expend, how much

perseverance to have, and affect their emotional reactions.

This is done by focusing on the mothers confidence in her ability to breastfeed

her infant and it predicts:(1) whether a mother chooses to breastfeed or not; (2) how

much effort she will expend; (3) whether she will have self-enhancing or self-defeating

thought patterns; and (4) how she will emotionally respond to breastfeeding difficulties.

Self-Efficacy is influenced by four main sources of information: (1) performance

accomplishments (past breastfeeding experiences); (2) vicarious experiences (watching

other women breastfeed); (3) verbal persuasion (encouragement from influential others
such as friends, family, and lactation consultants); and (4) physiological

responses (fatigue, stress, anxiety). The theory shows accuracy in relation towards

practices of teenage mothers towards breastfeeding to their infants since it presents

and proves that self-efficacy is more about on how mothers carry out themselves on

following the right standards of breastfeeding that is connected with their level of

knowledge, skills and attitude. Moreover, throughout the years this theory is conducive

in the nursing profession when it comes to their level of expertise.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework represents the research towards the objective of the

study. Illustrated below are the variables, (A) contains the demographic profile of the

respondents in terms of age, educational attainment, family income and number of

children (B) includes the practices of teenage mothers before, during and after

breastfeeding (C) factors that contribute to the respondents practices of breastfeeding

(D) relationship between breastfeeding practice. This study aims to improve the

breastfeeding practices of Teenage Mothers.

A. Profile of Teenage Mothers in

terms of
- Age
- Educational Attainment
- Family Income
- Number of Children

D. Relationship Breastfeeding
between the Practices of B. Practices of
breastfeeding Teenage Mothers teenage
practices mothers before
during and after
breastfeeding in
Brgy.San
Dionisio
C. Factors that ParaaqueCity
contribute to the
respondents practices
of Breastfeeding
 Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm of the Study

Statement of the Problem

This study was conducted to identify the Breastfeeding practices of teenage

mothers in Barangay San Dionisio, Paraaque City specifically the researchers would

seek the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the teenage mothers in terms of

1.1Age

1.2Educational Attainment

1.3 Family Income

1.4Number of Children

2. What are the practices of teenage mothers before, during and after

breastfeeding in Barangay San Dionisio, Paraaque City?

3. What are the factors that contribute to the respondents practices of

breastfeeding?

3.1 Level of Knowledge and Awareness

3.2 Attitudes

3.3 Beliefs

4. Is there a relationship between the breastfeeding practice and the profile of the

respondents?

5. Based on the findings, what appropriate Community Health Nursing Program

can be proposed to address the standards of breastfeeding?

Hypothesis

The following will be tested @ 0.05 level of significance of error

Ho;

There is no significant relationship between the breastfeeding practices and the

profile of the respondents in terms of age, educational attainment, family income and

number of children.

Significance of the study

This study will conduct to provide facts, ideas and information that will enhance

the understanding and knowledge of the following:

Teenage mother: This study will motivate them as to breastfeeding can promote

healthy benefits to both of them not only that but will also create emotional bonding.

Community health nurses. This also help the researchers use the findings found in

community in formulating more practical and effective ways in motivating and

encouraging the mothers to breastfeed.

Health care provider: This study will able to impact a mothers decision towards

breastfeeding. Thus, health care providers have a unique position of educating, training

and preparing the environment for change in addition to influencing national health care

policy that will influence the choice of every breastfeeding mothers.

Nursing student: This study will be able to contribute to an effective promoter of

breastfeeding campaign in which they are obliged to apply their knowledge and skills in

the care of patients/residents under the guidance of an instructor and/or preceptor.

Researcher: This study will provide adequate recommendation for strengthening

breastfeeding implementation promotion and engendering on the part of the health care

providers a sense of worship of those recommendation and commitment to

implementing them.

Future researcher: This study will give them insights to conduct future research related

on their studies.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study was limited only to teenage mother aging 15 to 19 years old,

identifying the educational attainment, family income, and number of children. It was

also focused on the breastfeeding practices of the teenage mothers in Barangay San

Dionisio Paraaque City. The researchers used purposive sampling to test the validity

of the conclusion and inference from the sample population.

Definition of terms

Teenage Mothers. It refers to the respondents ages 15 to 19 years of age, who

become a mother at their very young age.

Breastmilk. It is milk that is naturally produced by the mothers. And they used it

to feed their babies for them to receive the important nutrients that they needed as they

grow.

Practices. It is the actual application of ideas, beliefs and method of a mother

towards breastfeeding.

Attitudes. It refers to the behavior or manner of teenage mothers which

influence their breastfeeding practices and bonding to their baby.

Awareness. It is a feeling and understanding of a teenage mother in some

situations that will harm their baby if they will not participate in breastfeeding.

Beliefs. It gives motivation for the teenage mothers to do breastfeeding through

the example and experiences of their mothers.

 CHAPTER II

Methodology

This chapter included research design , population and sampling, respondents of

the study, research instruments, validation of instruments, data gathering procedure and

statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

The Researchers used the Descriptive research as their research design in the

study. The purpose of descriptive study is to observe, describe, and document aspects

of a situation. Sometimes, a report refers to the study design as descriptive

correlational, meaning that researchers where interested in describing relationships

among variables.

The main objective of descriptive research is the accurate portrayal of the

breastfeeding practices of teenage mother ages from 15-19 years old. This is applicable

to the main objective of the researchers.

The researcher used basic research design to give purpose for our knowledge

for its own sake- the study itself as our decision making. The relationship of the

variables of this study is discussed by the descriptive design.

According to Helen L. Dulocks, RN, DNS (1993) have been identified in

the literature which describe systematically and accurately the facts and characteristics

of a given population, it also provide an accurate portrayal account of characteristics of

a particular individual, situation or group. Thus, it also portray the characteristics of

persons, situations or groups and the frequency with which certain phenomenon occur.

It is also associated to discover relationships between or among selected variables.

Research Locale

The study was conducted in Brgy, San Dionisio. It is one of the earliest barrio in

Paraaque following the Spanish customs of naming people and places after patron

saints; this barrio was named after St. Dionyssius. Saint Dionyssius was a bishop who

defied death in order to propagate Christian Faith. In the previous years, the barrio had

a large area consisted of rice fields, salt beds and irrigable lands until they have been

converted into several subdivisions.

Barangay San Dionisio is located at the southernmost part of Paraaque

bounded by La Huerta in the north, Tambo and Balong in the east, Las Pinas in the

south and manila bay in the west. The old name of San Dionisio was simply Palanyag

or Paraaque. The place was become known as San Dionisio, when the image of its

patron saint, Tata dude or San Dionisio was brought it from manila in early 1800s.

Thus, the researchers chose Barangay San Dionisio because it has the highest

succeeding rates of teenage pregnancy confirmed by the City Health Office of

Paraaque City. Likewise, the researchers will be measuring breastfeeding practices of

teenage mothers from the year 2015 to 2016 that ages from 15-19 years of age with a

total number of 135 confirmed teenage mothers.

Instrumentation

The tool that was used by the researchers in gathering information for the study

is through survey questionnaires. It is a self-made questionnaire that has 3 Parts. Part 1

contains the profile of the respondents which is name, age, educational attainment and

family income. Part 2 are the 60 statements that pertains to the breastfeeding practices

of teenage mothers which is divided into three categories, before, during and after

breast feeding and in Part 3, it has 15 statements regarding the factors that contribute to

the respondents practices of breastfeeding and it pertains to knowledge and level of

awareness, attitudes and beliefs

This enable the researchers to gather sufficient data to support our study with

validated informations gathered..

Validation of the Instrument

The research instrument was subjected for content validation by some expert in

the field of maternal and child nursing, experienced in community health nursing. After

considering the experts recommendation, the researchers conducted the pilot test in

Barangay Baclaran Paraaque City to establish the reliability of the instrument.

The test reliability ensures that the instrument is consistent, accurate and

dependable in terms of yielding the same group of people under the same conditions.

After finding the instrument to be reliable, the researchers were able to start in

data gathering in Barangay San Dionisio.

Data Gathering Procedures

A permission to conduct the research study was obtained from the head of City

Health Office to the Head of San Dionisio Health Center and teenage mothers. The
researchers utilized varied methods like doing house to house visit, during postpartum

check-up and spending time to assess the teenage mothers in practicing breastfeeding.

The researchers oriented the teenage mothers regarding the purpose and

procedure of answering the survey questionnaires provided for them. After giving the

questionnaires, the researchers are guiding the respondent for clarification of the

content in survey questionnaires. The respondents were given 10-20 minutes to answer

the survey questionnaires and data were gather and tabulated using frequency and

percentage distribution and mean weighted average.

Sampling Technique

The study focuses on teenage mother from 15-19 years of age. The researchers

were able to select 135 registered teenage mothers in health center statistics from 335

mothers that performed breastfeeding practice.

For the selection of respondents of this study, purposive sampling procedure was

employed. The age as well as the ways of their breastfeeding practices of teenage

mother is the elements from which the sample is categorized in our survey datas that

will be taken.

After purposive sampling has been completed, the procedures are briefly

described so that we can understand what is involved.

Respondent of the study

The respondents of this study were the 135 Teenage Mothers ages 15-19 years

old.

Statistical Treatment

Several statistical techniques were used to make the generated and organize

data comprehensive and meaningful. These were as follow:

Problem #1. Frequency and percentage was used to describe the profile of the

respondents as to the following personal and demographic variables: age, educational

attainment, family income and # of children.

Problem #2. Mean and weighted average was used to describe the results on the

extent of and breastfeeding practices teenage mother.

Problem #3. Pearson correlation coefficient was used as helpful statistical formula that

measures the strength between variables and relationships.

M =X

N
 Chapter 3

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

This chapter presents the findings, analysis, and interpretation of data gathered from

the respondents. The data were presented in tables to give a clear illustration of the

answers to the research questions. The data were gathered through a survey

questionnaire and presented following the arrangement of the research problems of the

study.

Problem # 1: What is the profile of the teenage mothers in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Educational Attainment

1.3 Family Income

1.4 Number of children

Table 1

Frequency and Distribution of Respondents According to age

Age Frequency Percentage

19-20 44 32.58%
17-18 69 51.11%
15-16 22 16.29%
Total 135 100%
 As presented in Table 1 above shows the frequency and percentage distribution

of the respondents according to age and the majority belongs to ages 17-18 comprising

of 51.11% with a respondents of 69, followed by 19-20 years old, which has a frequency

of 44 with a percentage of 32.58%. Lastly, were 15-16 years old with a frequency and

percentage of 22 or 16.29%.

Teenage mother is defined as teenage girl usually within the ages of 13-19 years

old becoming pregnant. However, there is a legal definition whereby a woman is

considered to be a pregnant teenage if she conceived before her 18th birthday. The term

in everyday speech usually refers to women who have not reached age majority legal

adulthood, which varies across the world who become teenage mother.

Table 2

Frequency and Distribution of Respondents According to Educational

Attainment

Educational Attainment Frequency Percentage

College unit 1 0.74%

High school graduate 14 10.37%
High school level 56 41.48%
Elementary level 34 25.18%
N/A 30 22.22%
Total 135 100%

Table 2 illustrate that most of the respondents educational attainment belongs in

high school level with a total frequency and percentage of 56 or 41.48% followed by 34
respondents who has a distribution of 25.18%, which belongs to the category of

elementary level. Not far behind of those respondents who does not want to disclose

their level in education with a frequency and percentage of 22.22%. Followed by,

respondents who graduated from high school with a total frequency of 14 and a

percentage distribution of 10.37% and the remaining shows that out of 135 respondents

only 1 reached the highest level of educational attainment with a percentage of 0.74%

which belongs to the college unit.

Numerous studies of child development have shown that growing up as the child

of a single parent is linked with lower levels of academic achievement having to repeat

grades in school or receiving lower marks and in class standing will increased levels of

depression, stress, and aggression; a decrease in some indicators for physical health;

higher incidence if needing the services of mental health professional; and other and

behavioral problems. All these effects are linked with lifetime poverty, poor

achievement.

Research shows that a teenage mother, are likely to complete high school.

Children are born from teenage mother will also experience poorer health outcome,

lower educational attainment, and higher rates of adolescent childbearing themselves

when compared to children born to older mothers.

 Table 3

Frequency and Distribution of Respondents According to Family Income of

Respondent

Family Income Frequency Percentage

10,500- above 1 0.74%
7,500-10,499 7 5.18%
5,000-7,499 39 28.89%
2,500-4,999 37 27.40%
2,499-below 51 37.78%
Total 135 100%

Based on the data presented in Table 3 showing the frequency and percentage

distribution of the respondents it reveals that the respondents with the highest

percentage belongs to families with the highest family income belongs to 2,499 and

below that comes with 37.78% with a frequency of 51 respondents. Then followed by

the families with a total income of 5,000-7,499 with the second highest according to

percentage with a total of 28.89% and a frequency of 39 respondents, followed by an

income of 2,500-4,999 with a frequency of 37 respondents with a percentage of

27.40%. Not far by, families who have an income of 7,500-10,499 with a total of 5.18%

and a frequency of 7 and lastly among the others only 1 respondent with a percentage

of 0.74% is the only one who has a total income of 10,000 and is above from others.

This indicates that the respondents belonged to the marginalized sector of the

society or below poverty line. The family of teenage mothers monthly income is allotted

only to their basic needs rather than spending in things that they need. The

disadvantage of this is having a low quality of life and might be difficult to send their

children for better education.

 Table 4

Frequency and Distribution of Respondents According to Number of Children

Number of Children Frequency Percentage

3 1 0.74%
2 29 21.48%
1 105 77.77%
Total 135 100%

According to the data, presented table 4 shows that the distribution according to

their number of children reveals that majority most of teenage mothers has only 1 child

with frequency of 105 and a total percentage of 77.77% which comprises almost half of

the respondents population. Followed with frequency and percentage of 29 or 21.48%

that comprised of 2 children and lastly goes with a frequency of 1 and distribution of

0.74% that has 3 children.

The researcher come up with the majority of the respondents participated in this

study have one child, for many reasons of curiosity of the teenager to deal with intimate

relationship, influence of peers and poverty.

Problem No. 2 what are the practices of teenage mothers before, during, after

breastfeeding in Barangay San Dionisio Paraaque City?

Table 5

Practices of Teenage Mothers Before Breastfeeding

 Before breastfeeding Weighted mean Verbal
interpretation
1. I breastfeed my baby with an 3.05 often
interval of 20 minutes in each
breast
2. I take fruit juice or milk before I 2.70 Sometimes
perform breastfeeding
3. I breastfeed my baby when I feel 2.82 Sometimes
my breast engorged
4. I wash my breast with warm water 2.55 Sometimes
before breastfeeding
5. I eat malunggay soup before 3.11 Often
initiating a breastfeed
6. I perform hot compress on my 2.25 Sometimes
breast
7. I keep water nearby when I perform 2.67 Sometimes
breastfeed
8. I consume coffee or caffeinated 2.06 Sometimes
drinks before breastfeed
9. I seat comfortable and I maintain 3.11 Often
proper posture
10. I drink ginger on my diet especially 1.74 Never
before feeding my Baby
11. I use cabbage leaves before breast 1.66 Never
engorgement
12. I perform massage in my both 2.50 Sometimes
breast
13. I take ibuprofen to reduce pain 1.54 Never
before breastfeeding
14. I alternate my breast every 20-30 2.99 Often
minutes
15. I check my breast before I initiate 2.80 Sometimes
the breastfeeding
16. I smoke before feeding my infant 1.68 Never
with breastmilk
17. I take alcohol before initiating 1.72 Never
breastfeeding
18. I take a bath before starting 2.62 Sometimes
breastfeed to promote relaxation
19. I discard the first few drops of milk 2.51 Sometimes
on my breast before I initiate
breastfeeding
20. I eat nutritious food before 2.89 Sometimes
breastfeeding
Weighted Mean 2.45 Sometimes
 Legend

3.80 4.80 High extent

2.81 3.80 Moderate extent

1.81 2.80 Low extent

1.00 1.80 Not extent

Based on table 5 data gathered and presented with regards to practices

of teenage mothers before breastfeeding the highest number of respondents that often

practices the following questions which are shown below therefore includes question no.

5 wherein they eat malunggay soup before initiating breastfeed to their baby with a

weighted mean of 3.11, question no. 9 that they often seat comfortably and maintain

proper posture with a weighted mean of 3.11, question no.1 that teenage mothers

breastfeed their baby with an interval of 20 minutes in each breast with a mean of 3.05,

question no. 14 that they alternate their breast every 20-30 minutes with a weighted

mean of 2.99. However, results reveals that these are the following questions that are

sometimes practiced by the respondents which involves question no. 20 that they eat

nutritious food before breastfeeding with a weighted mean of 2.89, comes next is

question no. 3 wherein they breastfeed their baby when they feel that their breast is

engorged with a weighted mean of 2.82, followed by question no. 15 that teenage

mothers check their breast before they initiate the breastfeeding to their baby with a

mean of 2.80, next is question no. 2 that teenage mothers take fruit juice or milk

sometimes before they perform breastfeeding with a mean of 2.70, question no.7 that
they keep water nearby when they perform breastfeeding to their baby with a mean of

2.67, following by question no. 18 that teenage mothers take a bath sometimes before

starting breastfeed to promote relaxation with a mean of 2.62, then question no. 4 that

they wash their breast with warm water before breastfeeding their baby with a mean of

2.55, succeeding with question no.19 that teenage mothers discard the first few drops of

milk on their breast before they initiate breastfeeding with a mean of 2.52, question

no.12 that they perform massage in both breast sometimes before breastfeed their baby

with a mean of 2.50, question no. 6 that they perform hot compress on their breast with

a mean of 2.25, along with question no. 8 that teenage mothers consumes coffee or

caffeine before breastfeeding their baby with a mean of 2.06. Nevertheless, these are

the respondents that never practices the following question which comprises with

questions no.10 that they never drink ginger on their diet especially before feeding their

baby with a mean of 1.74, question no.17 that they take alcohol before initiating

breastfeeding to their baby with a mean of 1.72, question no.16 that teenage mother

never smoke before feeding their infant with breast milk with a mean of 1.68, question

no.11 that teenage mother never use cabbage leaves before breast engorgement with a

mean of 1.66 and the last or the lowest includes no.13 that teenage breastfeeding

mothers never take ibuprofen to reduce pain with a mean of 1.54. The total weighted

mean presented in this table is 2.45 which is verbalized as low extent.

Based on the data the highest number of respondents often practice to question

no. 5 that they eat malunggay soup before initiating breastfeeding with a weighted mean

of 3.11 compared with the lowest number of respondents that never practice the
following question presented which involves to question no. 13 wherein breastfeeding

mothers never take ibuprofen to reduce pain before breastfeed their baby with a mean

of 1.54.

Nevertheless, the process of nursing a new baby can be both beautiful and

difficult so the job of a nursing pillow is to provide the best support with the least amount

of effort so you can focus 100% on baby. The primary function of a nursing pillow is to

provide both mother and baby with proper positional support and comfort during

breastfeeding. Thus, it benefits for Mom are the Dual arm support, lumbar support, snug

fit, foot support. Baby's mouth needs to be at the level of mother's breast. Mom should

not be bending over. And its benefits for the Babys Head, neck, and body/back will get

support with baby's nose and mouth positioned level to and facing mother's nipple.

Baby will need to lead with its chin and open mouth widely to initiate a nice good

latch. Pillows that provided adequate arm rest on each side as well a space for mom's

arms to cradle baby while feeding will be a great help, (Meg Benedik and Juliet Spurrier

2015).

Moreover, when the breast has pain and there is an engorgement a woman can

take ibuprofen in over-the-counter recommended amounts would deliver far less than

the recommended single dose of ibuprofen for an infant over a 24-hour period. The

LactMed ibuprofen fact sheet further notes that adverse effects in infants of mothers

taking ibuprofen have not been reported in at least 23 cases found in the medical

literature, and there is no information regarding the medication having an effect on

breastfeeding. Because it has been shown to be safe for both the mom and baby and
has not shown negative effects on the ability to breastfeed, ibuprofen is a recommended

agent to help with pain or inflammation in nursing mothers, (LactMed 2015).

 Table 6
Practices of Teenage Mothers During breastfeeding

During breastfeeding Weighted mean Verbal

interpretation
1. I maintain eye to eye contact and 3.23 Often
talk with my baby during
breastfeed
2. I make sure that my baby is awake 3.15 Often
during breastfeeding until he gets
full
3. I perform a massage on my other 2.56 Sometimes
breast while feeding the baby
4. I use pillow to support my breast 2.41 Sometimes
5. I perform a laid-back position for 2.52 Sometimes
feeding
6. I pay attention to support my 3.16 Often
babys back with my hand
7. I initiate skin-to-skin contact during 3.32 Often
breastfeed
8. My body is close enough to my 3.45 Often
baby during breastfeeding
9. I use cross-cradle during 3.07 Often
breastfeeding
10. I check if my baby is facing on my 3.32 Often
breast
11. I use my whole body and turn 2.98 Often
towards my baby during
Breastfeeding
12. I sit back and relax while feeding 2.94 Often
13. I use a side-lying position during 2.73 Sometimes
breastfeeding
14. I look into my babys mouth if it is 3.25 Often
open and widened during
Breastfeeding
15. I check if the Areola the dark area 2.87 Sometimes
around the nipple) is inside the
baby's mouth properly
16. I tilt my nipple to my babys mouth 2.69 Sometimes
17. I assess if my both areolas are soft 2.76 Sometimes
18. I use breast sandwich during 1.38 never
breastfeeding
19. I lightly touch my nipple area 2.63 Sometimes
against the midpoint in my baby's
lower lip
20. I check from time to time if I 2.77 Sometimes
 produce enough breast milk during
breastfeeding
Weighted mean 2.86 Sometimes

According to the data presented in table 6 concerning to practices of teenage

mothers during breastfeeding reveals that highest number of respondent and often

practices the following questions displayed below which consists of question no. 8 that

their body should be close enough to their baby during breastfeeding with a weighted

mean of 3.45, coming next is question no. 7 that they initiate skin-to-skin contact during

breastfeed their baby with a weighted mean of 3.32, followed by question no. 10 with a

weighted mean of 3.32 wherein they make sure that they check on their baby while

facing on their breast, succeeding with question no. 14 which presents that most

respondents breastfeed their baby while looking on their babys mouth if it is open and

widened during breastfeeding with a weighted mean of 2.25, followed by question no.1

that they often maintain eye to eye contact and talk with their baby during breastfeeding

with a weighted mean of 3.23, next is question 6 wherein respondents pay attention

while supporting their babys back with their hand with a weighted mean of 3.16,

question no. 2 that teenage mothers make sure their baby is awake while breastfeeding

until he/she gets full with a weighted mean of 3.15, question no. 9 reveals that teenage

mothers use cross-cradle during breastfeeding with a weighted mean of 3.07, following

by question no. 11 with a weighted mean of 2.94 and reveals that they often use their

whole body and turn towards their baby during, next is question no. 12 reveals that they

often sit back and relax while feeding their baby. However, these are the respondents

that sometimes practicing the following question presented and comprises with question

no. 15 that they check the Areola (the dark area around the nipple) whether it is properly
inside on their babys mouth with a weighted mean of 2.87, followed by question no. 20

that they check their breasts from time to time if they produce enough breast milk during

breastfeeding with a weighted mean of 2.77, comes along with question no. 17 wherein

they assess if both areolas are soft with a weighted mean of 2.76, question no. 13

reveals that these are the respondents that use a side-lying position during

breastfeeding with a weighted mean of 2.73, following by question no.16 that they

practice tilting their nipple sometimes to their babys mouth with a weighted mean of

2.69, question no. 19 that teenage mother lightly touch their nipple area against the

midpoint in their baby's lower lip with a weighted mean of 2.63, question no. 3 that they

perform a massage on their other breasts while feeding the baby with a weighted mean

of 2.56, question no. 5 reveals that they perform a laid-back position for feeding with a

weighted mean of 2.52, question no. 4 reveals that they use pillow to support their

breast during breastfeeding with a weighted mean of 2.41 and the lowest number of

respondents belongs to question 18 wherein teenage mothers never use breast

sandwich during breastfeeding with a weighted mean of 1.38. The total weighted mean

presented in this table is 2.86.

Based on the data the highest number of respondents often practices to question

no. wherein the body should be close enough to their baby during breastfeeding in

contrast with the lowest number of respondents with a weighted mean of 1.38 and

reveals that they never used breast sandwich during breastfeeding.

 Moreover, Baby is held very close to your body, there should be no gaps

between you and your baby. When latching, babys chest should be in full contact with

your ribs and/or lower side of the breast from which he is feeding. If his hands are in

the way, he is not being held closely enough. Leaning back can help to open your lap

and allows baby to be held as vertically as possible. Babys body is tucked under your

opposite breast or draped along your torso and snuggled in very close. Babys arms can

hug your breast, (Laura Spitzfaden, 2011).

You can also increase the depth of babys latch by using the, breast sandwich

technique of compressing breast with fingers on one side of the breast, well back from

the areola and thumb on the other side near the areola. Your fingers are placed on the

side of babys lower jaw and the opposite hand from the breast is holding baby (cross

cradle). Be sure that the compression is parallel to babys lips. Bring baby to the breast

leading with the chin, nose to nipple and latch with the lower jaw first and then push the

nipple into babys mouth, (Laura Spitzfaden, 2011).

 Tabe 7

Practices of Teenage Mothers after breastfeeding

 After breastfeeding Weighted mean Verbal
interpretation
1. I give my baby a bath after feeding 2.82 Sometimes
2. I perform burping after feeding my 3.40 Often
baby
3. I cleanse my breast after feeding 2.99 Often
my baby
4. My baby should make a sleep after 3.03 Often
feeding
5. I wear bra that fits properly on my 2.58 Sometimes
breast after breastfeeding
6. I exercise after breastfeeding to 2.03 Sometimes
enhance the milk of my breast
7. I apply moisturizer on my breast to 1.64 Never
avoid sagging and stretch Marks
8. I avoid wearing tight clothes that 2.41 Sometimes
prevent my breast from breathing
9. I change my nursing pads regularly 3.20 Often
10. I avoid using soap, alcohol or other 2.19 Sometimes
products that can cause Irritation
11. I wear loose fitted bra with under 2.46 Sometimes
wiring
12. I use breast pump after initiating 1.63 Never
breast feeding
13. I avoid stress or suppression of 2.70 Sometimes
emotions after breastfeeding
14. I rest or sleeping after 2.92 Sometimes
breastfeeding my baby
15. I use medication for irritation after 1.63 Never
breastfeed
16. I squeeze my milk by hand after 2.65 Sometimes
breastfeeding
17. My Breast milk is thawed and 2.11 Sometimes
heated correctly
18. I drink caffeine after breastfeeding 1.50 Never
my baby
19. I apply warm compress to lessen 2.12 Sometimes
my breast engorgement after
breastfeed
20. I massage my breasts after 2.47 Sometimes
breastfeeding to check if there is
pain or engorgement
Weighted mean 2.42 Sometimes
 Table 7 reveals the results related to practices of teenage mothers after

breastfeeding. Likewise, among all of the questions these are considered as the highest

respondents when it comes to practicing standards of breastfeeding which includes

question no. 2 that teenage mothers allow their child to perform burping after feeding

their baby with a weighted mean of 3.40, succeeding with question no.9 that they

change their nursing pads regularly with a weighted mean of 3.20, next is question no. 4

that they make sure that after feeding their child should sleep with a weighted mean of

3.03, question no.3 that teenage mothers cleanse their breast after feeding their baby

with a weighted mean of 2.99, followed by question no.15 that they use medication for

irritation after breastfeed their baby with a weighted mean of 1.63. Nonetheless, These

are the questions that are sometimes practiced by the respondents which contains

question no.14 that teenage mothers rest or sleeping after breastfeed their baby with a

weighted mean of 2.92, following by question no.1 that they give their baby a bath after

feeding with a weighted mean of 2.82, next is question no.13 that teenage mothers

avoid stress or suppression of emotions after breastfeeding with a weighted mean of

2.70, followed by question no.16 that teenage mothers squeeze their milk by hand after

breastfeeding with a weighted mean of 2.65, question no. 5 that teenage mothers wear

bra that fits properly on their breast after breastfeeding with a weighted mean of 2.58,

succeeding with question no. 20 that teenage mothers massage their breasts after

breastfeeding to check if there is pain or engorgement with a weighted mean of 2.47,

question no.11 that teenage mothers wear loose fitted bra with under wiring with a

weighted mean of 2.46, question no. 8 that they avoid wearing tight clothes that prevent
their breast from breathing with a weighted mean of 2.41, question no. 10 that teenage

mothers avoid using soap, alcohol or other products that can cause irritation with a

weighted mean of 2.19, followed with question no.19 that teenage mother apply warm

compress to lessen their breast engorgement after breastfeeding with a weighted mean

of 2.12, question no.17 that teenage mothers thawed and heat their breast milk

correctly with a weighted mean of 2.11, next is question no. 6 that they exercise after

breastfeeding to enhance the milk of their breast with a weighted mean of 2.03.

However, these are the following question who got the lowest among others which

involves question no. 7 that they never apply moisturizer on their breast to avoid

sagging and stretch marks with a weighted mean of 1.64, question no.12 that they use

breast pump after initiating breast feeding with a weighted mean of 1.63, comes next is

question no.18 that they never drink caffeine after breastfeed their baby with a mean of

1.50. The total weighted mean presented in this table is 2.42 verbalized as low extent.

Based on the data the highest numbers of respondents often practice to

question no. 2 and according to the results most of teenage mothers allow their child to

burp after breastfeeding their baby with a weighted mean of 3.40, while the lowest

number of respondents involves question number 8 wherein it shows that they never

drink caffeine after breastfeeding their baby with a weighted mean of 1.50.

Burping should be done after each feeds all babies swallow air during feedings.

Burping gets rid of this air, making the baby more comfortable as the baby grows older,

that there is no need to worry if the he doesn't burp during feedings or following each
feeding. This merely means that the baby has learned to eat without swallowing so

much air, (Kids Health, 2015).

Hence, drinking a moderate amount of coffee or other caffeinated beverages

does not affect your baby. If you drink a cup of coffee and breastfeed shortly after you

might notice the baby is not ready to go to sleep- so have your caffeine earlier in the

day, it is ok to have up to 2-3 cups of coffee or caffeinated drinks each day and

breastfeed. However, which could lead to decrease milk supply overtime due to

decrease nursing, rather than the mothers caffeine intake.

Problem # 3 what are the factors that contribute to the respondents practices of

breastfeeding?

A. Knowledge and Awareness

B. Attitude

C. Beliefs

Table 8

Factors that contribute to the respondents practices of breastfeeding

Knowledge and Awareness Weighted mean Verbal

interpretation
1. Breastfeeding decreases diarrhea 2.99 Agree
2. Breastfeeding is a good 2.76 Disagree
contraceptive method
3. Breastfeeding promote mother- 3.47 Agree
baby bonding
4. Feeding infant formula keeps the 3.03 Agree
body well shaped and prevent over
weigh

5. Frequent breastfeeding in the early 2.94 Agree

period can help reduce Jaundice

Weighted mean 3.04 Agree

The above data shows in regards to the knowledge and awareness of teenage

mothers. The highest weighted mean among the question that the respondent agrees is

in question no 3 in which breastfeeding can promote mother-baby bonding at 3.47,

followed by question number 4 that the respondents agrees in feeding infant formula

will keep the body well shaped and prevent over weigh with weighted mean of 3.03,

then question no. 1 that breastfeeding decreases diarrhea with weighted mean of 2.99,

lastly in the question that the respondents agree, is in frequent breastfeeding in the

early period can help reduce Jaundice that have a weighted mean of 2.94. Above them

all, there are respondents who disagree on question number 2 in which breastfeeding is

a good contraceptive method having a weighted mean of 2.76. This gathers a total

weighted mean of 3.04 that is verbalized as agree.

In view on the data interpreted, the respondents are more aware that

breastfeeding practices will promote better bonding between the mother and the baby,

align with that it gives them motivation and encouragement to make breast feeding as

their priority.
 According to Edwards Rosann (2014) unique bond and attachment was the

primary motivator to initiate breastfeeding by young mothers. Attachment to infants

through breastfeeding is very important especially for the infants because they will feel

the love, and protection of the mother, that will help to their development. The time that

the mothers will spend in doing breastfeeding was the best decision that she will going

to make. Mothers body can help to regulate her infants temperature.

Table 9

Factors that contribute to the respondents practices of breastfeeding

Attitude Weighted mean Verbal

interpretation
1. Mother should not feed the child 2.27 Disagree
when she/he has diarrhea
2. Do you think breast feeding helps in 3.34 Agree
mother and child bonding?
3. High calorie diet is taken by all 2.74 Disagree
mothers at the time of lactation
4. Breast feeding can prevent 3.03 Agree
diseases affecting breast
5. Colostrum is bad for childs health 1.55 Strongly disagree
Weighted mean 2.59 Disagree

Based on the data presented in the attitude of teenage mother, there are

respondents that agree on question number 2 that they think breast feeding helps in

mother and child bonding having a weighted mean of 3.34 then. They also agree on

question no 4 in which breast feeding can prevent diseases that will affect the breast
gathering a weighted mean of 3.03. Above all, there are respondents who disagree on

statement number 3 that high calorie diet is taken by all mothers at the time of lactation

that have a weighted mean of 2.74 then they also disagree on question number 1 that

mother should not feed the child when she has diarrhea that gathers a weighted mean

of 2.27. There are also respondents who strongly disagree on statement number 5 in

which colostrum is bad for childs health that got a weighted mean of 1.55. The attitude

of teenage mother gathers a total weighted mean of 2.59 which is interpreted as low

extent.

It shows in the interpretation that the respondents are weighing the things that

they must do for the health of their babies considering the wellness that it will give in

growth and development of their child.

According to international Breast Feeding Journal (2017), breastfeeding is highly

recognized as an important public health issue with immense social and economic

implications. Infants who do not receive breast milk will most likely to experience poorer

health outcomes than those who are breastfed. Thus, mothers who do not breastfeed

their baby will increase their own health risks.

Table 10

Factors that contribute to the respondents practices of breastfeeding

Beliefs Weighted mean Verbal

interpretation
1. Babies tend to be intelligent 3.29 Agree
2. Breastmilk is more nutritious than 3.37 Agree
bottle formulas
3. Breast feeding has financial benefit 3.31 Agree
over bottle feeding
4. Children are healthier when given 3.42 Agree
breastmilk
5. Children will walk fast 2.88 Disagree
Weighted mean 3.25 Agree

Based on the Beliefs of teenage mothers the highest number of respondents

agree to question 4 that their children are healthier when given breastmilk with a

weighted mean of 3.42, along with question 2 most of the respondents agree that

breastmilk is more nutritious than bottle formulas with weighted mean of 3.37. Likewise,

Breast feeding has financial benefit over bottle feeding which also made them agree

with weighted mean of 3.31, question 1 teenage mother believes and agrees that

babies tend to be intelligent if they are breastfed with a weighted mean of 3.29 and the

lowest among wherein the results presents that they disagree towards believing that a

child could walk fast if they are breastfeeding.

Based on the Beliefs of teenage mothers the highest number of respondents

agree to question 4 that their children are healthier when given breastmilk with a

weighted mean of 3.42, while the lowest among wherein the results presents that they

disagree towards believing that a child could walk fast if they are breastfeeding

weighted mean of 2.88.

According to Joan Wolf (2011), Thousands of studies find that the average

breastfed baby is healthier than the average formula fed baby. What they havent find is
compelling evidence that breastfeeding causes better health. As the old saying goes,

correlation does not equal causation. The better health of breasted babies could well be

due, in part or completely, to other things that breastfeeding moms are doing, not to the

breast milk itself. In fact, if you do the research, you will find that its not uncommon for

scientists to stress the benefits of breastfeeding and at the same time acknowledge that

its not clear whether some babies are better off because they are or were breast fed or

because they have caretakers who are willing and able to promote good health in other

ways.

Problem # 4 Is there a significant relationship between breastfeeding practices

and profile of respondents?

Table 11

A. Relationship of Breastfeeding Practices to Respondents Age

R Coefficient Relationship Significance

Variable Strength
of Correlation Direction (0.5 level)
Breast feeding
Practices
of Teenage Mothers
Strong Very
Respondents R=0.9782
Positive Significant

With the value of R is 0.9782, and the value of R2, the coefficient of

determination of 0.9569. There is a strong positive correlation between breastfeeding

practices and teenage mothers age. Therefore, the null hypothesis rejected.
 Table 12

B. Relationship of Breastfeeding Practices to Respondents Educational

Attainment

R Coefficient Relationship Significance

Variable Strength
of Correlation Direction (0.5 level)
Breastfeeding
Practices
of Teenage Mothers
Strong Very
Respondents R=0.9631
Positive Significant

With the value of R is 0.9814, and the value of R2, the coefficient of

determination of 0.9631. There is a strong positive correlation between breastfeeding

practices and teenage mothers educational attainment. Therefore, the null hypothesis

rejected.

Table 13

C. Relationship of Breastfeeding Practices to Respondents Income

R Coefficient Relationship Significance

Variable Strength
of Correlation Direction (0.5 level)
Breastfeeding
Practices
of Teenage Mothers
Strong Very
Respondents R=0.9513
Positive Significant
 With the value of R is 0.9513, and the value of R2, the coefficient of determination

of 0.905. There is a strong positive correlation between breastfeeding practices and

Teenage mothers income. Therefore, the null hypothesis rejected.

Table 14

Relationship of Breastfeeding Practices to Respondents No. of Children

R Coefficient Relationship Significance

Variable Strength
of Correlation Direction (0.5 level)
Breastfeeding
Practices
of Teenage Mothers
Strong Very
Respondents R=0.8523
Positive Significant

With the value of R is 0.8523 and the value of R2, the coefficient of determination

of 0.7367. There is a strong positive correlation between breastfeeding practices and

teenage mother no. of children. Therefore, the null hypothesis rejected.

 CHAPTER 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter will present the summary, findings, conclusions and

recommendation of the study.

Summary of the findings:

In analyzing the study, the researchers main purpose of this study will focus and

determine the relationship of breastfeeding practices of teenage mothers in Barangay

San Dionisio towards their demographic profile that was based on the data presented

and categorized in the study.

The study utilized a self-made questionnaire. Furthermore, the chosen

respondents were teenage mothers aged 15 to 19 years old who are currently

breastfeeding their infants to complete the required necessary data.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following sub problems:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Educational Attainment

1.3 Family Income

1.4 Number of Children

2. What are the practices of teenage mothers before, during and after breastfeeding in

Barangay San Dionisio, Paraaque City?

3. What are the factors that contribute to the respondents practices of breastfeeding?

3.1 Level of Knowledge and Awareness

3.2 Attitudes

3.3 Beliefs

4. Is there a relationship between the breastfeeding practices and the profile of the

respondents?

5. Based on the findings, what appropriate Community Health Nursing Program can be

proposed to address the standards of breast feeding?

Findings

After thorough validation and tabulation of data, the following findings were

interpreted:

1. Majority of the respondents belongs to the age group of 17 to 18 years old with

the frequency distribution of 69 or 51.11%.

2. In educational attainment category, the highest among all belongs to high school

level with the mean of 41.48 %.

3. The highest family income ranges from 2,499 or below with a total of 37.78 %.
4. In the number of children category result shows that the highest among all

comprises of 105 respondents having 1 child with a percentage of 77.77%.

5. The subscale based on what teenage mothers practices before breastfeeding

has an overall of 2.45, while in during has a total mean of 2.86 and the after

breastfeeding practices is composed of 2.42.

6. The respondents perceived that breastfeeding is not a good contraceptive

method and most of them disagree with regards to their knowledge and

awareness with a weighted mean of 2.76.

7. Based on the attitude of breastfeeding mothers, high calorie diet is taken at a

time of lactation which they disagree with a weighted mean of 2.74

8. The respondents beliefs that a child cannot walk fast with a weighted mean of

2.28.

9. According to the age, the value of R is 0.9782 and the value of R2 and the

coefficient of determination of 0.9569.

10. According to educational attainment, the value of R is 0.9814 and the value of R2

the coefficient determination of 0.9631 there is a strong positive correlation

between practices of teenage mothers.

 11. According to the family income, the value or R is 0.9513 and the value of R2 the

coefficient determination of 0.905 there is a strong positive correlation between

breastfeeding practices towards teenage mothers income.

12. According to the number of the children, the value of R is 0.8523 and the value of

R2 the coefficient of determination of 0.7367 there is a strong positive correlation

between breastfeeding practices and teenage mother in number of children.

Conclusions

The following conclusions were drawn in light of the aforementioned

findings:

1. Teenagers are vulnerable and has a lot of curiosity towards engaging sexual

activities. It is show above that 17-19 years old is the peak stage of teenage

pregnancy.

2. Educational status has a great impact towards the knowledge, maturity, beliefs

and attitude, hence the higher the educational attainment the higher the

possibility of deciding at ones self which involve a good decision making.

3. Since they are teenage mothers and facing the adversities of being a mothers at

a young age. It is likely to be difficult doing the role at the same time.

4. The researchers conclusion is that they already have the knowledge of the

hardships of being a mother and how to control themselves when engaging with

sexual activities to prevent early pregnancy.

5. The respondents lacks knowledge and awareness towards the proper standards

of breastfeeding. Hence, teenage mothers are most likely to engage itself if

necessary information is obtained when it comes to breastfeeding.

6. It depends on the mothers belief and its action towards engaging sexual

activities with regards on using contraceptive or not.

7. The researchers conclusion is based on the needed nutrition of mothers that it

should be rich in protein not in calories.

8. Their family culture and belief is a great factor concerning with the facts provided

by others or themselves.

9. There is a significant relationship between age educational attainment, family

income and number of children towards breastfeeding practices of teenage

mothers.
Recommendation

Based on the conclusions, the following recommendations were drawn:

1. Encouragement and support is needed to increase the confidence of teenage

mother to define their role.

2. Families and the Government should establish free program and seminar for

those teenage mothers who wants to go back to school.

3. Teenage mother should take alternatives such as searching for a suited job that

is easy for them while they are taking care of their baby to satisfy their daily

needs.

4. Effective prevention and strategies of pregnancy which are based on the best,

most effective practices as determine by evaluation and research. It includes

accurate, balance, and realistic sexuality education, youth development and

confidential, low cost access to contraceptive services or natural family planning

method.

5. Barangay San Dionisio should conduct seminar or educational fliers towards

breastfeeding practices of teenage mothers. It will help them to boast their

confidence and be aware of the consequences if breastfeeding is not practice.

6. The Barangay also need to conduct different kinds of programs not only

concerning health but also on how to improve the quality of living.

References

Adele Pillitteri, PhD. RN, PNP, 2014 Maternal and Child Health Nursing,Volume 1,
Seventh Edition p492-495

Helen L. Dulock, RN, DNS (October 1993) Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing,
Research Desing: Descriptive Research, Retrieved 25 April 2017 from
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/104345429301000406?journalCode
=jpob

Amy Braglia-Tarpey,Ms,R (2015) How to switch a baby from formula to milk,

http://www.livestrong.com/article/201573-how-to-switch-a-baby-from-formula-to-
milk/

Eric Boodman, (2016). Increased breastfeeding could save lives if Governments step
up their game, http://www.statnews.com/2016/01/28/breastfeeding-saves-lives

Increased breastfeeding could save lives if governments step up their gameBy ERIC
BOODMAN @ericboodmanJANUARY 28,
2016https://www.statnews.com/2016/01/28/breastfeeding-saves-lives/

How to Switch a Baby From Formula to Milkby AMY BRAGLIA-TARPEY, MS, R Last
Updated: Aug 22, 2015http://www.livestrong.com/article/201573-how-to-switch-a-baby-
from-formula-to-milk/

International Breastfeeding Journal20127:13DOI: 10.1186/1746-4358-7-13 Smith et

al.; licensee BioMed Central
Ltd. 2012Received: 17 January 2012Accepted: 26 September 2012Published: 29 Se
ptember 2012https://internationalbreastfeedingjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.11
86/1746-4358-7-13

Penny Van Esterik and Shelley Butler for the World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action
(WABA). Further information can be obtained from: Penny Van Esterik Women and
Work Task Force Faculty of Arts, Department of Anthropology York University 4700
Keele Street, North York,
Ontario,http://www.waba.org.my/resources/activitysheet/acsh5.htm
An official position statement of the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and
Neonatal Nurses Approved by the AWHONN Board of Directors, November
2014.AWHONN 2000 L Street, NW, Suite 740, Washington, DC 20036, (800) 673-8499
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1552-6909.12530/full
 Appendix A

SELF SURVEY TOOL ON BREASTFEEDING PRACTICES

DIRECTION: This contains question on breastfeeding practices for teenage mothers

Part I: Demographic Profile

Name (optional) ______

Age ______ Family income _______

Educational Attainment ________ Number of Children ________

Part II:

INSTRUCTION:

Put a check mark under the corresponding column of your choice that

are appropriate in your practices before, during and after breastfeeding. Use the rating

scale below.

Legend:

4-Always

3-Often
 2-Sometimes

1-Never

Before Breastfeeding Always Often Sometimes Never

(4) (3) (2) (1)
1 I breastfeed my baby with an interval of
20 minutes in each breast
2 I take fruit juice or milk before I perform
breastfeeding
3 I breastfeed my baby when I feel my
breast engorged
4 I wash my breast with warm water
before breastfeeding
5 I eat malunggay soup before initiating a
breastfeed
6 I perform hot compress on my breast
7 I keep water nearby when I perform
breastfeed
8 I consume coffee or caffeinated drinks
before breastfeed
9 I seat comfortable and I maintain
proper posture
10 I drink ginger on my diet especially
before feeding my Baby
11 I use cabbage leaves before breast
engorgement
12 I perform massage in my both breast
13 I take ibuprofen to reduce pain before
breastfeeding
14 I alternate my breast every 20-30
minutes
15 I check my breast before I initiate the
breastfeeding
16 I smoke before feeding my infant with
breastmilk
17 I take alcohol before initiating
breastfeeding
18 I take a bath before starting breastfeed
to promote relaxation
19 I discard the first few drops of milk on
my breast before I initiate
breastfeeding
20 I eat nutritious food before
breastfeeding
 During Breastfeeding Always Often Sometimes Never
(4) (3) (2) (1)
1 I maintain eye to eye contact and talk
with my baby during breastfeed
2 I make sure that my baby is awake
during breastfeeding until he gets full
3 I perform a massage on my other
breast while feeding the baby
4 I use pillow to support my breast
5 I perform a laid-back position for
feeding
6 I pay attention to support my babys
back with my hand
7 I initiate skin-to-skin contact during
breastfeed
8 My body is close enough to my baby
during breastfeeding
9 I use cross-cradle during breastfeeding
10 I check if my baby is facing on my
breast
11 I use my whole body and turn towards
my baby during Breastfeeding
12 I sit back and relax while feeding
13 I use a side-lying position during
breastfeeding
14 I look into my babys mouth if it is open
and widened during Breastfeeding
15 I check if the Areola the dark area
around the nipple) is inside the baby's
mouth properly
16 I tilt my nipple to my babys mouth
17 I assess if my both areolas are soft
18 I use breast sandwich during
breastfeeding
19 I lightly touch my nipple area against
the midpoint in my baby's lower lip
20 I check from time to time if I produce
enough breast milk during
breastfeeding
 After Breastfeeding Always Often Sometimes Never
(4) (3) (2) (1)
1 I give my baby a bath after feeding
2 I perform burping after feeding my
baby
3 I cleanse my breast after feeding my
baby
4 My baby should make a sleep after
feeding
5 I wear bra that fits properly on my
breast after breastfeeding
6 I exercise after breastfeeding to
enhance the milk of my breast
7 I apply moisturizer on my breast to
avoid sagging and stretch Marks
8 I avoid wearing tight clothes that
prevent my breast from breathing
9 I change my nursing pads regularly
10 I avoid using soap, alcohol or other
products that can cause Irritation
11 I wear loose fitted bra with under wiring
12 I use breast pump after initiating breast
feeding
13 I avoid stress or suppression of
emotions after breastfeeding
14 I rest or sleeping after breastfeeding
my baby
15 I use medication for irritation after
breastfeed
16 I squeeze my milk by hand after
breastfeeding
17 My Breast milk is thawed and heated
correctly
18 I drink caffeine after breastfeeding my
baby
19 I apply warm compress to lessen my
breast engorgement after breastfeed
20 I massage my breasts after
breastfeeding to check if there is pain
or engorgement
Part III.

This contains question on knowledge and awareness, attitudes and beliefs of the

teenage mother about breastfeeding.

4-Strongly agree

3-Agree

2-Disagree

1-Strongly Disagree

Factors Statement Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly

Agree (3) (2) Disagree
(4) (1)
Knowledge and Awareness
1 Breastfeeding decreases diarrhea
2 Breastfeeding is a good contraceptive
method
3 Breastfeeding promote mother-baby
bonding
4 Feeding infant formula keeps the body
well shaped and prevent over weigh
5 Frequent breastfeeding in the early
period can help reduce jaundice
Attitude
6 Mother should not feed the child when
she has diarrhea
7 Do you think breast feeding helps in
mother and child bonding?
8 High calorie diet is taken by all mothers
at the time of lactation.
9 Breast feeding can prevent diseases
affecting breast
10 Colostrum is bad for childs health
Beliefs
11 Babies tend to be intelligent
12 Breastmilk is more nutritious than bottle
formulas
13 Breast feeding has financial benefit
 over bottle feeding
14 Children are healthier when given
breastmilk
15 Children will walk fast
 Appendix B

Letter of Instrument Validation

 Appendix C

Request Letter
 Curriculum Vitae

ARAJA, CHEYEN JOYCE ANNE D.

18 Bernabe St. Greenheights Village, San Isidro, Paranaque City
Contact Number: 0927-698-0123
Email Address: cheyenjoyce@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA

Date of birth: November 25, 1994 Civil Status: Single

Place of Birth: Alfonso, Cavite

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary
Olivarez College Paranaque
Dr. A Santos Ave. Sucat Road Paranaque City
2016-Present
Bachelor of Science in Nursing

St. Augustine College

2-year Diploma in Practical Nursing
2011 2013
Secondary
Paranaque National High School - Baclaran
Dimasalang Ext. Baclaran, Paranaque City
2007 - 2011
Primary
Baclaran Elementary School Unit I
Dimasalang Ext. Baclaran, Paranaque City
2007

TaywanakIbaba Elementary School, 2004

Alfonso, Cavite
ARANETA, JASMINE MARIAN H.
Fatima Village, Tagbak, Jaro Iloilo City
Contact Number: 0995-955-3622
Email Address:

PERSONAL DATA
Date of birth: September 8, 1997
Place of Birth: Iloilo City
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary

Olivarez College Paranaque

Dr. A Santos Ave. Sucat Road Paranaque City
2016-Present
Bachelor of Science in Nursing

St. Paul University Iloilo

2014-2016
Secondary
Angelicum School Iloilo
2010 2014
Primary
Angelicum School Iloilo
2006 2010
HOPE, DELIE JOYCE D.
Blk.21 Lot 5 3rd street, Golden Gate Subdivision Las Pinas City
Contact Number: 09073086137
Email Address: deliejoyce_hope@yahoo.com

PERSONAL DATA

Date of birth: August 23, 1997

Place of Birth: Mercedes Medical Clinic Las Pinas City
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary
Olivarez College Paranaque
Dr. A Santos Ave. Sucat Road Paranaque City
2010-Present
Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Secondary
Las Pinas East National High School Talon Village Annex
Rose of Heaven Drive Las Pinas City
2006-2009
Primary
Talon Elementary School
Las Pinas City
2005
UPAO, SATRA S.
786 Purok 6, Cupang, Muntinlupa City
Contact Number: 0935-482-9986
Email Address: satraupao@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA

Date of birth: August 08, 1988

Place of Birth: LangilTuburan Basilan
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Islam

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary
Olivarez College Paranaque
Dr. A Santos Ave. Sucat Road Paranaque City
2015 -Present
Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Adamson University
2013 - 2015
Bachelor of Science in Nursing
Secondary
Lamitan National High School, 2004 - 2005
Lamitan, Basilan
Primary
Magsaysay Elementary School, 1999-2000
BatoLamitan, Basilan