Engineer's Handbookleoservices Engineer's Handbook -- Mud Logging r SECTION 3 -- MONITORING THE DRILLING PROCESS TABLE OF CONTENTS The Five Most Important Monitoring Tasks ...... 3.1. Summary of Primary Drilling Incidents and Their Causes.. 3.2. Rate of Penetration Changes (Instantaneous) 3.3. Mud (pit) Level Changes During Orilling (instantaneous) 3.4, Pit Level Variations During Pipe Connection (instantaneous: 3.5, Pit Level Variations During Trip (instantaneous) ... 3.6, Variations in Total Gas/component Gases (lagged)... 3.7. Mud Density Changes (instantaneous In, lagged out) 3.8. Mud Conductivity/temperature Changes (instantaneous in, lagged out) 3.9. Miscellaneous Drilling Parameter Changes 3.10, Changes in Geological Parameters ... 3.11, Lag Time Calculation and Verification....... 3.12. Gas Calibration Schedules... 3.13, Updating Well Information. 3.13.1. Data Updating Schedules. 3.13.2, Managing Recorder Charts .. 3.13.3. Managing Other Instrument Charts 3.13.4, Final Well Report Types... 3.13.5. Organisation of the Final Well Report. 1 Issued by: Revision: 2 Date: 11/05/94GSeoservices Engineer's Handbook -- Mud Logging This Page Left Blank intentionally Reviewed by: Technical Date: 20/08/94 Issue: 1 Issued by: Operations Date: 11/05/94 Revision: 2Engineer's Handbook ~ Mud Logging SECTION 3 -- MONITORING THE DRILLING PROCESS Use the tables that follow to determine the appropriate reaction to drilling parameter changes. Follow safe procedures, even when you believe that a change may be due to equipment or sensor failure. Note that only some parameter changes, such as rate of penetration, pit levels and circulating pressures, are ‘instantaneous’ indicators of drilling events. Parameters dependent on the properties of the circulating drilling fluid are detected at surface only after a ‘lag time’ defined the rate of circulation. The lag time may be any value from a few minutes to several hours. Section 3.11, describes how to calculate and verify lag time. ALS-2 systems include a troubleshooting package to help diagnose suspected faults in sensors and cabling. THE FIVE Most IMPORTANT MONITORING TASKS In case of: 1. Rate of Penetration increase (drilling break) 2. Mud pit volume gain or loss 3. Mud flow rate change 4. Mud density variation 5. Indication of gas or oil... . . .inform the Driller, Client Representative and/or Well Site Geologist immediately. Issued by: Operations Reviewed by: Technical Date: 09/05/04 Date: 20/05/94 Issue: 1 Revision: 2Section 3 Engineer's Handbook -- Mud Logging Notes issue: 1 Issued by: Operations Reviewed by: Technical Revision: 2 Date: 09/05/94 Date: 20/05/94CSpecsanicas Engineer's Handbook ~ Mud Logging 3.4. Summary of primary drilling incidents and their causes: Section 3 Page 3 of 40 Drilling Break | Less-resistant formation (softer, increased porosity/permeability Undercompaction (abnormal pressure) | Reservoir zone Pit Level increase due {o fluid inflow (kick) increase/decrease Decrease due to loss to formation (lost circulation) Increase due to addition or dilution of fluid from surface Decrease due to surface losses Mud Flow Rate Increase due to fluid inflow (kick) Decrease due {o loss to formation (fost increase/decrease increase/decrease circulation Decrease due to pump failure Mud Density Variation due to addition/ditution of mud at surface Decrease due to fluid inflow (kick) Increase due to water ‘oss (filtration) Variation due to fluid contamination from formation Gas Increase Pipe connectionArip gas Liberated gas Produced gas Recycled gas Contamination gas Note: Any hydrogen sulphide (H2S) alarm must be considered rea! until proven otherwise! Issue: 1 Issued by: Operations Reviewed by: Technical Ravision: 2 Date: 09/05/04 Date: 20/05/04\dbook — Mud Logging A Drilling Break may indica the top of a ragarvoir or the onset of an overpressure zone. WHEN THE DAILL RATE DOUBLES (OR AS INSTRUCTED BY THE GEOLOGIST) ... TAKE THESE ACTIONS: “Notify Driller, then Geologist -If previously authorized by client, atop drilling and make tiow check ~Take spot sample at bottoms up Figure 3-1 -- What to do When a Drilling Break Occurs E ASSUMING CONSTANT WOB, RPM, ECD TRANBITION ABNORMAL ROP Figure 3-2 -- ROP Change Through Pressure Transition Zone Issue: 1 Issued by: Operations Reviewed by: Technical Revision: 2 Date: 09/05/94 Date: 20/05/94‘Sect Engineer's Handbook — Mud Logging Pages of to 3.2. Rate of Penetration Changes (instantaneous) Possible Origin Check/enquire Action/inform ‘Spurious signal Sensor cabie Less-resistant Previous lithological formation (sand, _| correlation salt, etc.) Undercompaction — Reservoir zone _ Description Drilling Break (ROP increase) According to Client instructions (flow check) As directed by Geologist {circulation bottoms up) Repair or reposition “Reverse” Stuck Rotoencoder — Drilling Break | cable or failed (ROP decrease) | sensor ‘Wor bit Torque (increase) Client Representative “Balled” bit Torque (decrease) Client Representative Geologist Formation change | Torque/previous cuttings Issue: 1 Issued by: Operations Reviewed by: Technical Revision: 2 Date: 09/05/94 Date: 20/05/94Section 3 Engineer's Handbook — Mud Logging Page 6 of 40 Notes issue: 4 Issued by: Operations Reviewed by: Technical Revision: 2 Date: 09/05/94 Date: 20/05/04Section 3 S leoservices Engineer's Handbook — Mud Logging Page 7 of 40 3,3. Drilling Mud (Pit) Level Changes During Drilling (instantaneous) Increase Description Possible Origin Check/enquire Action/inform Slow and regular | Water or mud Mud Pits/ Note volumes on -0.5to 3m3ihr | addition at surface | Derrickman charts (3 to 20 bbithr) Low-rate water or | Resistivity/gas/ Driller/Client cil inflow, or start | flow rate recordings | Representative of gas inflow Note volumes on chart Oscillations <1m3 | Floating Rig — swell | Dampening factor if necessary, {6 bbl) movements reposition sensor to Pit agitator minimize variation Fast but smalf | Water or oil inflow | Pump/pressure Note volumes and --1 to 3 m3 (6 to recordings pits concemed on 20 bbl) Driller/Derrickman | “arts Gas inflow ROP/gas/flow rate/ | Driller/Client (possibly preceded | density/resistivity’ | Representative/ bya slow, HS recordings Geologist progressive increase due to gas mer olumes on expansion) Fast andlarge | Pump shut- off Pump/pressure Note the volume > 20 m3 Mud Transfer recordings and pumps Derrickman concemed on charts Water or ail inflow | ROP/gas/fiow rate’ | Driller/Client density/resistivity/ | Representative/ H2S recordings Geologist; if necessary shut-in well and circulate on choke Gas inflow (preceded by progressive and regular increase) Table continued on next page... issue: 1 issued by: Operations Reviewed by: Technical Revision: 2 Date: 09/05/94 Date: 20/05/94Engineer's Handbook ~ Mud Logging papeserts Pit Level changes during drilling continued. . . Stability Description Possible Origin Check/enquire Action/inform No variation Very siow ROP recordings Clean, reposition or ROP/simuttaneous | jug pits repair sensors water addition Derrick Floats blocked ckman Sensors outside the active mud circuit Equipment breakdown Decrease Description Possible Origin Check/enquire Action/inform Slow and regular | Normal increase of | Ratio of drilled _ 0.5 to 3 m3/hr (6 | hole volume volume to mud to 20bbUhr) | Operation of solids } “lume decrease control equipment | Derrickman Loss due to — Mud Engineer filtration in open. hole Fast Transfer to a pit not | Pump/pressure Dritler/Derrickman equipped with a recordings Note volume on sensor, bypassing | perrickman charts of the normal active circuit Losses at surface (jetting, incorrect valve opened) Partial or total ROP/flow rate/ Drilter/Client losses to formation | density Representative! in open hole Mud Engineer Issue: 1 Revision: 2 Date: 09/05/94 Issued by: Operations | Note volume on charts Reviewed by: Technical Date: 20/05/04Section 3 Engineer's Handbook ~ Mud teasing 3.4. Pit Level Variations During Pipe Connection (instantaneous) Increase Checkienquire Action/inform Description Possible Origin Immediate Pump shut-off for Pumpipressure upto 3m%hr | connection recorders (20 bbWhr) After resumption | Mud mixing or Derrickman/ Driller of drilling and | transfer Mud Engineer Note volume gained stabilization of pit ‘on chart levels Swabbing during | Mud density/pipe —_| Driller connection velocity recordings | Note volume gained on charts and watch total gas chart for Pipe Connection gas Stability Description Possible Origin Check/enquire Actionfinform No change of Equipment Sensor Clean, reposition or volume when | breakdown position/operation —_| repair sensors Pumps are shut | Sensors outside off the active circuit Decrease Description Possible O1 Check/enquire Action/infor immediate - up | Re-starting of Pump/pressure oe to 4 m3/hr pumps recorders (25 bblfhr) After resumption | Losses on drill floor | Driller Note volume on of drilling and charts stabilization of pit levels Loss to formation Pump/pressure/ Driller/Geologist ous to postive flow rate recorders | Note volume on ferential charts pressure Issue: 1 Issued by: Operations Reviewed by: Technical Revision: 2 Date: 09/05/94 Date: 20/05/84Engineer’s Handbook ~ Mud Logging Notes. issue: 1 Revision: 2 Issued by: Operations Date: 09/05/94 Reviewed by: Technical ( Date: 20/05/04Sect 3.5. Pit Level Variations During Trip (instantaneous) increase Description Possible Origin Check/enquire Increase while | Mud mixing or Mud Engineer Note volumes on Pulling out of | transfer charts hole Start of kick (due to | Hole fill volume Dritler/Client negative differential | (compensated for Representative; if pressure or volume of steel Necessary shut-in swabbing) removed) well and circulate Hook velocity through choke increase while | Steel volume of Mud Engineer; Nate volume on running in hole _| string displacing Equivaience of stee! | charts mud volume and pit volume increase Start of Kick Displacement Driller/Client volume Representative; if necessary shut-in well and circulate through choke Stability —_—— Description Possible Origin Check/enquire Action/inform No volume One or more Trip tank/active mud | Repair sensors changes during | sensors out of circuit trip order Decrease Description Possible Origin Check/enquire Action/inform Decrease while | Failure to fill hole to | Driller; Equivalence | Note volumes on pulling out of — | replace reduced of steel volume and | charts hole steel volume pit volume decrease Decrease while | Surface losses Trip tank/active mud / Driller, running in hole circuit Note volumes on charts Loss to formation Displacement Driter/Geologist; (due to surge) volume; Hook Note volumes on velocity charts issue: 1 Issued by: Operations Reviewed by: Technical Revision: 2 Date: 09/05/94 Date: 20/05/94Section 3 Cars ao ag BORE HOLE DRILLING RATE TOTAL GAS FILTRATE. INIABION ZONE LG Lil RG = Recyc! © » Gontamination Gas A. Derivation of drilled gas measured at surface, where Bottomhole Circulating Preasure > Formation Preaaure. BORE HOLE DAILLING RATE TOTAL GAS: 0 1 2 a 4 8 PERCENT INFLUX FROM PEAWEARLE FORMATION 8G * Background Gas LG * Liberated Gas PG « Produced Gas RG = Recycied Gas B. Derivation of drilied gaa meaaurad at eurface, wher Bottomhole Circulating Pressure « ar * Formation Pressure. Figure 3-3 -- Expression of Drilled Gas at Surface Issue: 1 Issued by: Operations Reviewed by: Technical Revision: 2 Date: 09/05/94 Date: 20/05/94Engineer's Handbook ~ Mud Logging pagenoree 3.6. Variations in Total Gas/Component Gases (lagged) Description Possible Origin | Check/enquire Background Gas | Client Representative and Geologist should provide instructions indicating maximum tolerable background gas during drilling — note increases on charts for later follow-up Negative value | Detector failure; ‘Chromatograph Repair/recalibrate |. on. Thermal High mud viscosity; | Tota! Gas detector conductivity total | COz or No in gas 4 ait/gas mixture Connection gas | Swabbing action Gas line transit time; | Driller/Geologist (limited increase | during pipe Theoretical jag time; | (at first appearance one lag time after | movement Correlate size of and when peak size pipe connection, peak with changes) followed by return previous/following to normal connection gas background) Trip gas (gas | Swabbing action _| Gas Jine transit time; | Driller/Geologist; increase, one lag | during pipe Correlation with Watch for recycled time after movement previous/faliowing gas peak after one completion of trip gas peaks full cycle round trip) Increase one lag | Liberated gas, from | Cuttings Geologist/Client time after drilling | more porous lithology/Sample Representative; break (then retum | formation and fluorescence/ Note background/ to background | greater rock gas ratios MaximunV/average level) volume drilled values Increase one lag | Produced gas, from | Pit volumes/flow Drilter/Client time after drilling | negative differential | rate/mud Representative/ break (then pressure in density/sampie Geologist, note continued high | permeable fluoresence/ background/ level) formation Estimated formation | maximum values pressure No pipe Excessive mud Estimated Client connection gas | density; fracturation gradient | Representative/ Low formation Mud Engineer porosity/ permeability Slow increase, | Recycled gas/ Correlation with full | Note background/ then decrease, | Contamination gas | circulation cycle maximum values on (not correlated Mud Engineer charts with pipe connection or tilling break) Issue: 1 Issued by: Operations Reviewed by: Technical Revision: 2 Date: 09/05/94 Date: 20/05/94Section 9 Page 14 of 40 3.7. Mud Density Changes (Instantaneous In, lagged out) Description Unstable density Possible Origin Aerated mud Checklenquire Sensor position/conditon Actionlinform Mud Engineer Issue: + Issued by: Operations Revision: 2 Date: 09/05/04 in Pit agitation Repairireposition Sensor malfunction sensor Unstable density | Agitation Sensor Mud Engineer out | Vanable air or gas | Positiarvcondition Repair/reposition percentage sensor Sensor maitunction | Density out not | Cuttings Sensor Clear cuttings from constant, and not / sedimentation Positian/condition sensor following Sensor malfunction | Repait/reposition variation of sensor density in Sudden decrease | Gas Inflow Pil levels/fiow rate’ | Driller/Client in density out | Water or ot inflow | total gas/resistivity | Representative! Pipe connection or Geologist inp gas Note change on charts hi : Progressive | Water loss to ‘Mud viscosity Mud Engineer increase of | formation Shale shakers Note change on density out | Ratum flow loaded chants up with cuttings Decrease of Dilution (intentona! | Derrickman Mud Engineer density in or accidental) Note changa on chants Decrease of Addition of Derrickman Mud Engineer density in weighting material Note change on | charts Reviewed by Technical Date: 20/05/24ineer’s Handbook ~ Mud Logging 3a Mud Conductivity/Temperature Changes (Instantaneous In, lagged out} Conductivity Checkienquire Action/intorm Derrickman Possible Origin Mud additives Description Increase of conductivity in Mud Engineer Decrease of Water Derrickman conductivity in | addition/mixing Mud Engineer Increase of | Drilling of salt zone | ROP/pit levels/ Geologist’ conductivity out | Salt water inflow cuttings Mud Engineer/ Client Representative Decrease of Fresh water inflow | Pit levels/flow rate/ | Driller/Geologist/ conductivity out | oiygas iniow total gas Client ; Aerated mud Representative No variation (zero | Sensor above mud | Sensor Clean, reposition or or positive value) | level orbuned in | position/condition —_| repair eatinasi Mud Engineer Oi-based mud, ? Sensor maifunction Sudden Sensor partially Sensor position Reposition variations immersed Temperature Possible Origin | Check/enquire Actionlinform Description No variation of | Sensor above mud | Sensor Reposition or repair temperature in or | level position/condition out Sensor malfunction | Fast decrease of | Fluid addition at Derrickman —_— temperature in | surface Pit tevels Heavy rainfall with open pits increase in Reduced thermal ROP/d' Exponent Client thermal gradient | conductivity in | Representative/ {temperature out) | undercompacted Geologist shales Issue: 1 Issued by: Operations Reviewed by: Technical Revision: 2 Date: 09/05/94 Date: 20/05/04