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INTRODUCTORY
TO THE
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
BOOK 1 FOR BEGINNERS
LEVEL I
SECOND EDITION
Edited by:
Students name:
______________________________
Address:
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
Phone number:
______________________________
June 4, 2013
REFERENCE PAGES
Vocavulary: At school ------------------------------------------------ 123
Vocavulary: At work ------------------------------------------------ 124
Vocavulary: At home ------------------------------------------------ 125
Sentence formulas of the verb to be ----------------------------- 127
Lesson 1
Greetings, ABCs, Numbers, & Vocabulary
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
i bi ci di i ef Lli ich i lli ki el em en
O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
u pi qui ar es ti i vi dbliu eks guai zi
EXERCISE 1: SPELLING
Directions: Spell the words indicated bellow.
EJERCICIO 1: DELETREANDO
Direcciones: Deletrea las palabras indicadas en seguida.
Example: Please spell your first and last names. J-O-S-E V-E-R-T-I-Z H-E-R-N-A-N-D-E-Z
Ejemplo: Por favor deletrea tu nombre y apellidos.
1. Please spell your first name for me. _____________________________________________
Por favor deletreame tu primer nombre
2. Please spell your last name for me. _____________________________________________
Por favor deletreame tu apellido
3. Please spell your fathers first name. _____________________________________________
Por favor deletrea el nombre de tu pap (el primer nombre)
4. Please spell your mothers first name. _____________________________________________
Por favor deletrea el nombre de tu mam (el primer nombre)
5. Please spell the name of your sister (your sisters name). ________________________________
Por favor deletrea el nombre de tu hermana
6. Please spell the name of your brother (your brothers name). __________________________
Por favor deletrea el nombre de tu hermano
7. Please spell your teachers name. ____________________________________________
Por favor deletrea el nombre de profesor (marstro)
8. Please spell the name of the street where you live. ____________________________________
Por favor deletrea el nombre de la calle donde vives
9. Please spell the word: table. _________________________________________________
Por favor deletrea la palabra table
10. Please spell the word: work. _________________________________________________
Por favor deletrea la palabra work
Next there is a clue to read and write big numbers correctly lake next. The words and are optional.
En seguida hay una clave (ayuda) para leer y escribir nmeros grandes correctamente. Las palabras and son opcionales.
254,971,363,194,358
hundred and hundred and hundred and hundred and hundred and
2 5 4, 9 7 1, 3 6 3, 1 9 4, 3 5 8
trillion billion million thousand
Reading: Two hundred and fifty four trillion, nine hundred and seventy one billion, three hundred
and sixty three million, one hundred and ninety four thousand, three hundred and fifty eight.
Lectura: Docientos cincuenta y cuatro trillones, novecientos setenta y un billones, trecientos sesenta y tres millones,
ciento noventa cuatro mil, tres cientos cincuenta y ocho.
________________________________________________________________________________
100
________________________________________________________________________________
105
________________________________________________________________________________
175
________________________________________________________________________________
249
________________________________________________________________________________
448
________________________________________________________________________________
637
________________________________________________________________________________
2,473
________________________________________________________________________________
9,795
________________________________________________________________________________
29,990
________________________________________________________________________________
51,924
________________________________________________________________________________
158,471
________________________________________________________________________________
278,451
________________________________________________________________________________
89,359,486
________________________________________________________________________________
415,159,474
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
56,972,004,069
________________________________________________________________________________
We talk to people everyday, so its very important to know how to say hello to somebody and start a
conversation.
Todos los das, hablamos con gente. As es que, es muy importante saber cmo decir "Hola" a alguien y empezar una
conversacin.
VOCABULARY VOCABULARIO
Good morning/good afternoon Buenos das/buenas tardes
Good evening/good night Buenos noches/buenos noches al despedirse
Hi, Hello, Hi there? Hola, cmo ests?
How are you? Cmo ests? Como te va?
How do you do? Cmo ests? Como te va?
How are you today? Como ests hoy?
How are you this morning? Cmo ests esta maana?
How are you this afternoon? Cmo ests esta tarde?
Im fine thank you. And you? Estoy bien gracias. Y t?
Im fine too. Thank you. Estoy bien tambin. Gracias.
My name is Joe. Its nice to meet you. Mi nombre es Joe. Gusto en conocerte.
My name is Susan. Its nice to meet you too. Mi nombre es Susan. Gusto en conocerte tambien.
Whats up? Hola, que pasa? Que pas? Que onda?
Whats up man? Qu pasa compa? Qu onda compa?
Whats up guy/guys? Qu onda chavo/chavos?
Let me introduce myself Permtame presentarme
My name is Joe. Mi nombre es Joe (Pepe / Jos)
Its nice to meet you. Nice to meet you. Gusto en conocerte
Where are you from? De dnde eres?
Im from Mexico City. What about you? Soy de la ciudad de Mxico. (Soy de Mxico, D.F.)
Y t? Y que de ti? Y que en tu caso?
Where do you live? Donde vives?
Where are you living? Donde estas viviendo? Donde vives?
What are you doing? Qu ests haciendo?
Im working. Im studying. Im eating. Estoy trabajando, estudiando, comiendo
Where are you going? A dnde vas?
Im going to work. Im going to my English class. Voy a trabajar. Voy a mi clase de Ingls.
What are you up to? Que haces? En que andas? Que estas por hacer?
Im going to the cafetera. Im going to eat. Voy a la cafetera. Voy a comer.
Im going to my place. Im going to my office. Voy a mi lugar. Voy a mi oficina.
My family and I are going to the movie. Mi familia y yo vamos a ir al cine.
Im going to my house. Im going home. Voy a mi casa. Voy a casa.
Whats the meaning of (chair) in Spanish? Cul es el significado de (chair) en Espaol?
Whats the meaning of (silla) in English? Cul es el significado de (silla) en Ingls?
How do you say (table) in Spanish? Como se dice (table) en Espaol?
How do you say (mesa) in English? Como se dice (mesa) en Ingls?
How do you Spell the Word ( . . . )? Como deletreas/escribes la palabra ( . . . )?
How do you pronounce the word T-I-E? Como se pronuncia la palabra (T-I-E)?
How do you say the word T-I-E Como se dice (se pronuncia) la palabra (T-I-E)?
EXERCISE 2: GREETINGS.
Directions: Pair up with a classmate and practice some words and phrases from the previous
vocabulary.
EJERCICIO 2: SALUDOS.
Direcciones: Juntate con uno de tus compaeros de clase y practica algunas palabras y frases del vocabulario anterior.
B: Im from Guanajuato. How about you Joe? Where are you from?
Spanish: Soy de Guanajuato. Y t Joe? De dnde eres?
A: Im from Mexico, City.
Spanish: Yo soy de Mxico, D.F.
B: Well, see you later Joe. Nice meeting you.
Spanish: Bueno, nos vemos Joe. Gusto en conocerte.
A: My pleasure Susan. See you.
Spanish: Fu un placer Susan. Hasta luego.
Whats the meaning of office in Spanish? Whats the meaning of oficina in English?
Spanish: Cul es el significado de Office en Ingls?
How do you say felz in English? How do you pronounce the word felz in English?
Spanish: Cmo se dice felz en Ingls? Cmo se pronuncia la palabras felz en Ingls?
Am I correct? (em i correct?) Am I right? (em i ruit?) Spanish: Estoy en lo correcto / bien?
Yes, you are. No, youre not. Spanish: Estoy bien? Estoy bien? S, lo ests. No, no ests bien.
A: () Can you help me? Would you help me please? Could you help me please?
Spanish: (Sofia), puedes ayudarme? Podras ayudarme por favor? Podras ayudarme por favor?
B: Yes, I would. Sure, I can. Yes, I could. Okay. What do you need?
Spanish: S podra. Seguro. S podra. Est bien. Qu necesitas?
B: I dont know that word, but let me ask someone else (somebody else). ( ,,, ) Could you help us?
Spanish: No conozco esa palabra, pero dejame preguntarle a alguien ms.
(Karen), puedes ayudarnos?
C: Sorry. I dont know the meaning either. Let me ask our teacher.
Spanish: Lo siento, yo no s el significado tampoco. Dejenme preguntarle a nuestro professor.
Teacher: Sure, I would. What do you want to know? What do you need? What do you need to know?
Spanish: Seguro que s. Qu quieren saber? Qu necesitan? Qu necesitan saber?
Spanish: Estoy trabajando. Estoy estudiando. Estoy hacienda un report. Estoy leyendo. Estoy
pensando.
Spanish: Voy al trabajo (a trabajar). Voy a mi clase de Ingls. Voy a comer. Voy a la cafeteria. Y t?
Spanish: A las 12:30. Mi clase es a las 12:30 de la tarde. Mi hora de comida es a la 1:45 de la tarde.
A: See you later. See you around. See you soon. See you tomorrow. See you next class / next week.
Spanish: Hasta luego. Nos vemos. Te veo pronto. Nos vemos maana. Nos vemos la prxima clase.
B: Okay, see you. Dont work too hard. Muy bien, nos vemos. No trabajes demasiado.
1. How many seconds are there in a minute? There are sixty seconds in a (one)minute.
Cuntos segundos hay en un minuto? Hay sesenta segundos en un minuto
2. How many minutes are there in an hour? There are sixty minutes in an (one)hour.
Cuntos minutos hay en una hora? Hay sesenta minutos en una hora
3. How many hours are there in a day? _____________________________________
Cuntas horas hay en un da? Hay venticuatro horas en un da
4. How many days are there in a week? _____________________________________
Another expression of time is when you want to know the hour and minutes on a clock.
Otra expresin del tiempo es cuando quieres saber la hora.
For example: You can ask for the time this way:
What time is it? Or, what time is it right now? Or, what time do you have in your watch?
Por ejemplo: Tu puedes preguntar la hora de este modo:
Qu hora es? O, Qu hora es en este momento? O, Qu hora tienes en tu reloj?
Its six fifty two Its one twenty five Its six oclock
Its eight before seven Its twenty five after one
Its eight minutes 'til seven Its twenty-five minutes after one
Its eight to seven Its twenty-five minutes past one
1. What time is it? 2. What time is it? 3. What time is it? 4. What time is it?
Its ____________ Its ____________ Its ____________ Its ____________
5. What time is it? 6. What time is it? 7. What time is it? 8. What time is it?
Its ____________ Its ____________ Its ____________ Its ____________
9. What time is it? 10. What time is it? 11. What time is it? 12. What time is it?
13. What time is it? 14. What time is it? 15. What time is it? 16. What time is it?
17. What time is it? 18. What time is it? 19. What time is it? 20. What time is it?
21. What time is it? 22. What time is it? 23. What time is it? 24. What time is it?
3. The post office opens at (9:00) ___________________ and closes at (5:00) ___________________
6. Aurrera store opens at (8 A.M.) ______________________ and closes at (10) ______________ P.M.
7. A: What time do you wake up, and get up to get ready for work every day?
and then I take a shower at (5:20) _________________________ and I take the bus at (5:55)
_________________________.
1.8 MY BACKGROUND
EXERCISE 8: MY BACKGROUND.
Directions: Write on the lines some information about you and introduce yourself to the class.
EJERCICIO 8: MI EDUCACION Y EXPERIENCIA.
Direcciones: Escribe en las lineas algo de informacin acerca de ti; y presntate con el grupo.
END OF LESSON 1
Lesson 2
Vocabulary: Colors, Family, Food, Etc.
2.1 THE COLORS LOS COLORES
English Sound Spanish English Sound Spanish
Beige beich color crema Maroon marrn guinda (o)
Black black negro Orange ranch naranja
Blackish blackish negriso/negroso Light orange lit ranch naranja claro
Blue blu azul Dark orange dark ranch naranja obscuro
Blueish bluish azulado Pink pink rosa
Dark. blue dark blu azul obscuro Light pink lit pink rosa claro
Lightt blue lait blu azul claro Dark pink dark pink rosa obscuro
Brown braon caf Red red rojo
Brownish braonish cafetoso Redish rdish rojiso
Dark brown dark braon caf obscuro Light red lit red rojo claro
Light brown lait braon caf claro Dark red dark red rojo obscuro
Gray gri gris Pearl perol perla
Grayish grish grisseo Purple parpol morado, prpura
Dark gray dark grei gris obscuro Silver silver plata
Lightt gray lait grei gris claro Tan ten bronceado
Green grin verde Turquoise to/ercois turquesa
Greenish grnish verdoso Violet vaiolet violeta
Dark green dark grin verde obscuro Yellow ilou amarillo
Lightt green lait grin verde claro Yellowish ilouish amarrillento
Gold gold oro Golden golden dorado
Brass/bronze bras/branz bronce White juit blanco
Copper cper cobre
EXERCISE 1: VOCABULARY.
Directions: Write on the lines the translation to Spanish or English whatever the case is.
EJERCICIO 1: VOCABULARIO.
Direcciones: Escribe en las lineas la traduccin al Ingls o Espaol, cualquera que sea el caso.
________Blue___________ __________Rojo____________ _________________________
Azul red black
____________________ ______________________ _____________________
Yellow caf pearl
____________________ ______________________ _____________________
verde plateado naranja
____________________ ______________________ _____________________
bronce oro crema
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
4. Javier, I told you to buy (rojas) _______________ roses, not (amarillas) _________________.
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
5. Mix the paint with the colors (Negro, amarrillo y verde) ______________________________.
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 3: VOCABULARY.
Directions: Write on the lines the translation to Spanish or English whatever the case is.
EJERCICIO 3: VOCABULARIO.
Direcciones: Escriba en las lineas la traduccin al Ingls o Espaol, cualquiera que sea el caso.
Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________
5. I was baptized in the Catholic Church, so now I have (un padrino y una madrina)
________________________________________________.
Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ________________________________________________________________________
FRUTAS Y VERDURAS
1. A banana
A
2. An onion
B
3. A corn
C
4. A watermelon
D
5. Pineapple
E
6. Bread and tomatoes
F
7. A couple of cherries
G
8. Apricot
H
9. A hamburger and an apple
I
10. A peach
11. Tomatoes.
K
12. A pear.
L
13. Grapefruit.
M
14. A lemon.
N
15. A carrot.
O
16. A banana, a pear, and an apple.
P
17. Grapes.
Q
18. Green and red peppers.
R
19. Peanuts.
S
20. Mushrooms
1. A piece of cheesecake A
2. A couple of eggs B
3. A cup of coffee C
4. Black bread D
5. A cup of tea E
6. A hot dog F
7. A couple of hamburgers G
8. A cake H
9. Cheese I
11. A cocktail K
15. Pizza O
18. A sausage R
19. A fish S
20. A hamburger T
22. A turkey V
SICKNESS DEFINITION
Backache bakeick dolor de espalda Stomachache stomakeick dolor de estomago
Headache jedeick dolor de cabeza Stroke stroke ataque de apopleja
The cold tdi cold resfriado the flu tdi flu gripa
Cough cof tos chest pain chest pein dolor de pecho
HIV eich-ai-vi (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
AIDS eids (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) Cida
END OF LESSON 2
Lesson 3
The Nouns: Singular and Plural
3.1 COMMON AND PROPER NOUNS
Nouns are commonly defined as words that name people, places, or things. Although this definition is
rather limited, it does contain a key word name. Anything in the physical and mental words can be
named with a noun.
Los Sustantivos son comunmente definidos como palabras que nombran personas, lugares, o cosas. Aunque
esta definicin es practicamente limitada, contiene la palabra clave: nombre.
Proper nouns are all official names, such as names of people, organizations, geographical locations,
holidays, languages, and historical events. You can easily recognize proper nouns because they begin
with capital letters.
Nombres propios son todos los nombres oficiales, as como nombres de gente, organizaciones, lugares
geogrficos, das festivos, idiomas, y eventos histricos. Tu puedes reconocer fcilmente los nombres propios por
que comienzan con mayscula.
Common nouns are all other nouns that are usually not capitalized unless they appear as the first word
in sentences.
Common nouns, son los otros sustantivos que se llaman nombres communes y no se escriben con mayscula al
menos que vayan al principio de la oracin.
restaurant
neighborhood
8. _____________________ go to school.
Los nios
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________
3.3 A vs. AN
a and an are used in front of a noun (e.g., person, apartment, building). It means one (singular male
and female).
a y an son usados antes de un noun (nombre o sustantivo) (e.g., (por ejemplo,) persona, apartmento,
edificio, etc). significa un, una (singular macho o hembra)
If a singular noun is modified by an adjective (e.g., small, big, high, low, young, old, etc.), a or an
comes in front of the adjective, as in c) and d).
Si un noun (nombre) singular es modificado por un adjetivo (e.g., small, big, high, low, young, old,
etc.), a o an se escribe antes del adjetivo, como en el case de c) y d).
a is used in front of a word that begins with a consonant (b, c, d, f, g, etc.): a boy, a bad day, a cat, a
cute baby (except h).
a se usa antes de cualquier palabra que comienza con una consonante (b, c, d, f, g, etc.): a boy, a bad
day, a cat, a cute baby (excepto h).
an is used in front of words that begin with vowels a, e, i, o (except u): example: an apartment, an
angry man, an elephant, an empty room, etc.
an se usa antes de cualquier palabra que comienza con una vocal a, e, i, o (excepto u): ejemplo: an
apartment, an angry man, an elephant, an empty room, etc.
a) I have a pencil.
b) I live in an apartment.
c) I have a small apartment.
d) I live in an old building.
e) I have an umbrella.
f) I saw an ugly picture.
g) I attend a university.
h) I had a unique experience.
3. _____ dream. 11. _____ untrue story. 19. _____ interesting dream
4. _____ hill 12. _____ urgent message. 20. _____ handsome man.
5. _____ box. 13. _____ universal poem. 21. _____ honest man.
6. _____ empty box. 14. _____ unhappy child. 22. _____ honor.
Spanish: __________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________
Professor, Jos Vrtiz H. 47
JV ENGLISH COLLEGE
INTRODUCTORY TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR LEVEL I
Rule 1: Most nouns form their plural by adding one -s at the end.
Regla 1: La mayora de los sustantivos forman su plural aadiendo una -s al final.
Rule 2: Nouns ending in: ch, sh, s, x, z, form their plural by adding es at the end
Regla 2: Los sustantivos que terminan en: ch, sh, s, x, z, forman su plural aadiendo es al final.
Rule 3: Nouns ending with -y and only if the letter before is a consonant, change the -y for the -i and
add -es.
Regla 3: Las plabras que terminan en -y y solo si la letra anterior es una consonante, canbia la -y por la i y agrega -es
City-cities county-counties country-countries
Party-parties panty-panties beauty-beauties
Candy-candies mommy-mommies Industry-industries
Rule 4: Nouns ending in f and fe, change the f for the -v and add -es. In the case of fe, change the f
for the v and add only s
Regla 4: Los nombres que terminan en f y -fe cambia la f por la v y agrega -es. En el case de fe, cambia la f por la v i
agrefa solo s
One knife two knives one shelf two shelves one wife two wives
One leaf five leaves one calf two calves yourself yourselves
EXCEPTIONS: beliefs, chiefs, roofs, cuffs, cliffs
Rule 5: For nouns that end in o sometimes you add es and sometimes only s.
Regla 5: Para las palabras que terminan en o algunas veces agregas es y otras veces agregas -s.
Some nouns have irregular plural form. They are called: irregular nouns. This means that they dont
follow any rules for their plural form. They are unpredictable.
Algunos sustantivos tienen forma irregular en plural. Son llamados sustantivos irregulares. Esto significa que a ellos no
aplica ninguna regla gramatical para formar su plural. Los irregulares son impredecibles.
Some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have a foreign plural form.
Algunos sustantivos que el Ingls a tomado de lenguages de otros pases tienen plurales forneos.
2. There are six gifts for your family in this box. 8. That boy is smart.
Spanish: ____________________________ Spanish: ___________________________
Change form: ____________________________ Change form: ___________________________
6. Shes a pretty woman. 12. The plates are in the kitchen cabinet.
Spanish: ____________________________ Spanish: ___________________________
Change form: ____________________________ Change form: ___________________________
When a sentence begins with a plural noun as the main subject, most of the time you dont need to write
the article the. When the subject is plural, the verb must be in the plural form (original-base).
Cuando un enunciado comienza con un sustantivo plural como el sujeto principal, la mayora del tiempo no necesitas escribir
el artculo the. Cuando el sujeto es plural, el verbo debe escribirse en plural (original-base)
1. Chicago has busy street and highway. Corrected: Chicago has busy streets and highways.
Streets highways
Corrected: _______________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________
Corrected: _______________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________
Corrected: _______________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________
Corrected: ____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
Corrected: ____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________
Corrected: _______________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________
Corrected: _______________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________
10. Gorilla are big monkey. They have large arm and big tooth.
Corrected: _______________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
END OF LESSON 3
Lesson 4
The Auxiliary Verb To Be
4.1 The simple present form: (am-is-are) El tiempo presente simple del verbo: to be.
Very often, the personal pronouns (subject pronouns) are used in sentences. Here they are:
Muy seguido, los pronombres personales (pronombres sujetos) son usados en enunciados. Aqu estn:
Pronouns Sound Spanish Definition
I ai yo first person singular primer persona singular
You iu tu second person singular/plural segunda persona sing/plural
He ji l third person singular tercera persona singular
She shi ella third person singular tercera persona singular
It it ese-eso third person singular tercera persona singular
We ui nosotros first person plural primer persona plural
They dei ellos-ellas third person plural tercer persona plural
He He
3rd person singular She is She is not
It It
You You
1st, 2nd, and 3rd person plural We are We are not
They They
Mike and Joe are good friends. Miguel y Joe (Jose) son buenos amigos.
S V O
Spanish: _________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________
To create a sentence in the negative form, you write the subject + the verb to be + the negative word:
not + the object.
Mike and I are not bad designers. Miguel y yo no somos malos dibujantes.
S be Neg O
Spanish: _________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________
8. He _________________ my brother.
Spanish: _________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________
To form questions, you place the verb to be before the main subject.
Formula: Be (am-is-are) + S + O?
Questions Answers
He? he he
Is she? Yes, she is. No, she is not
It? it it
We? we we
Are they? Yes, they are. No, they are not.
S V O
Examples: Statement: Martha is the school nurse.
V S O
Question: Is Martha the school nurse?
S V O
Statement: Those girls are the school cheerleaders.
V S O
Question: Are those girls the school cheerleaders?
SV O
Statement: I am the baby-sitter
V S O
Question: Am I the baby-sitter?
S V O
Statement: You are a good talker.
V S O
Question: Are you a good talker?
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________
4. Today is Monday.
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________
To give an affirmative answer, you write the word: Yes, plus the personal pronoun of the subject, plus
the verb be in this case.
Para dar una respuesta afirmativa, se escribe la palabra: Yes, ms el pronombre personal del sujeto, ms el verbo be en este
caso.
Yes, + Pronoun + (am-is-are).
To give a negative answer, you write the word: No, plus the personal pronoun of the subject, plus the
verb: be, plus the word not.
Para dar una respuesta negativa, se escribe la palabra: No, ms el pronombre personal del sujeto, ms el verbo: be, ms la
palabra not.
No, + Pronoun + (am-is-are) + not.
Question: Answers:
Are you in the round table? Yes, I am. No, I am not.
Is your brother a lawyer? Yes, he is. No, he is not.
Am I your teammate? Yes, you are. No, you are not.
3. I am your friend.
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________
Question: ____________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________
Question: ____________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________
Question: ____________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________
Question: ____________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________
Question: ____________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________
Question: ____________________________________________________________
The verb have follows the subject in a Sentence Structure Agreement: S (subject) + V (verb) + O
(object-complement)
El verbo have/has/had sigue al sujeto en una estructura de oraciones en armona (con logica).
Next, there are the formulas that will help you in your writing and speaking.
En seguida, hay formulas que te ayudarn en tu escritura y conversacin.
FORMULAS: AFFIRMATIVE: S + V (have-has-had) + Object
NEGATIVE: S + dont / doesnt + V base form (have) + Object
QUESTION: Do / Does + S + V base form (have) + Object
ANSWERS: Yes, + pronoun + auxiliary No, + pronoun + auxiliary + not
I have . . . I do not have . . . Do I have . . .? Yes, you do. No, you do not.
You have . . . You do not have . . . Do you have . . .? Yes, I do. No, I do not.
He has . . . He does not have . . . Does he have . . .? Yes, he does. No, he does not.
She has . . . She does not have . . . Does she have . . .? Yes, she does. No, she does not.
It has . . . It does not have . . . Does it have . . .? Yes, it does. No, it does not.
We have . . . We do not have . . . Do we have . . .? Yes, you do. No, you do not.
They have . . . They do not have . . . Do they have . . .? Yes, they do, No, they do not.
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
2. Teresa has a good dictionary.
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
3. Kate _______________ a blue pen. And she _______________ a new notebook too.
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
7. Anna and Ralph __________ a notebook and a pen, but they (not) _______________ a pencil.
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
10. I _______________ a red grammar book too. It _______________ white letters on the cover.
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
11. You and I are students at this school. We _______________ our own books on our desk.
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
14. Nadia isnt in class today because she __________ to go to a doctors appointment. She ________
the flu.
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
18. The two girls _______________ ham and eggs for breakfast every afternoon.
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
Examples:
INCORRECT: I have 25 years old. CORRECT: I am 25 years old. Tengo 25 aos de edad.
INCORRECT: I have hungry. CORRECT: I am hungry. Tengo hambre.
INCORRECT: I have sleepy. CORRECT: I am sleepy. Tengo sueo.
INCORRECT: It has hot. CORRECT: It is hot. Hace calor.
INCORRECT: It has cold. CORRECT: It is cold. Hace frio.
INCORRECT: I have hot. CORRECT: I am hot. Tengo calor.
INCORRECT: I have cold. CORRECT: I am cold. Tengo frio.
INCORRECT: I have scare. CORRECT: I am escared. Tengo miedo.
5. Melanie and I are going to Joes restaurant. If you ________ hungry, youre welcome to come along.
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
11. If you _______________ cold, put a jacket on. No, I _______________ not cold. Thanks.
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
12. After I eat this hot dog, if I _______________ still hungry, I will eat another.
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
Spansih: ____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________________
To create the past tense of: be you write: the subject + the verb to be in past + the object.
Para crear el tiempo pasado del verbo to be, escribes el sujeto + el verbo to be en pasado + el
complemento.
He He
3rd person singular She was She was not
It It
You You
1st, 2nd, and 3rd person plural We were We were not
They They
Formula: S + was/were + O
Examples:
Gloria was in the same class with me.
I was in Canada a year ago.
You were a good help for the people.
She was in College last year.
They were engineers at FCI Electronics.
We were chosen for the new project.
Mario and I were in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas a month ago.
Spanish: _____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _____________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _____________________________________________________________________
10. Sam, Fabian, and Servando _____________ in the class yesterday around 5:30 p.m.
Spanish: _____________________________________________________________________
To create a sentence in the negative form, you write the subject + was/were not + O.
Para crear enunciados negativos, escribes el sujeto was/were not + el complemento.
EXERCISE 8: NEGATIVE
Directions: Write on the blanks the correct form of the verb to be in the past negative form.
Write them in Spanish.
EJERCICIO 8: NEGATIVA.
Direcciones: Escribe en las lineas la forma correcta del verbo to be en el pasado negativo. Escribelas en Espaol.
Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________
To form questions, you place the verb to be before the main subject.
Para formar preguntas, escribes el verbo to be antes del sujeto principal.
Question: Was/Were + S + O?
Questions Answers
He? he he
Was she? Yes, she was. No, she was not
It? it it
We? we we
Were they? Yes, they were. No, they were not.
EXERCISE 9: QUESTION
Directions: Write the following sentences in Spanish and change them to questions.
EJERCICIO 9: QUESTION
Direcciones: Escribe las siguientes oraciones en Espaol y cambialas a preguntas.
Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________
Question: ___________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________
Question: ___________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________
Question: ___________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________
Question: ___________________________________________________________________
6. Susie and Cecilia were in this English class long time ago.
Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________
Question: ___________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________
Question: ___________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ___________________________________________________________________
Question: ___________________________________________________________________
ANSWERS RESPUESTAS
To give an affirmative answer, you write Yes, plus the personal pronoun, plus the verb: be.
Para dar una respuesta afirmativa, escribes Yes, ms el pronombre personal ms el verbo be
To give a negative answer, you write: No, plus the personal pronoun, plus be not.
Para dar una respuesta negativa, escribes No, ms el pronombre personal, ms be not.
The present and past progressive is form with the verb to be plus an action verb with termination ing.
El presente y pasado progresivo se forma con el verbo to be ms un verbo de accin con terminacin ing.
La terminacin del verbo en accin en Espaol es: ando, endo, indo, etc.
The meaning of the present progressive refers to a situation or event that it is happening at the time that
the speaker is talking. Some of the common phrases to identify the present pregressive are: right now,
at this moment, at this second, and at this very moment.
Formula of the present progressive: S + BE (are-am-is) + V-ing + O
Negative formula of the present progressive: S + BE (are-am-is) + not + V-ing + O
Question formula of the present progressive: (Are-Am-Is) + S + V-ing + O?
El significado del presente progresivo se refiere a una situacin o evento que est sucediendo al tiempo en que la persona est
hablando. Algunas de las frases communes para identificar el presente progresivo son: ahora mismo, en este momento, en
este segundo, en este preciso momento.
The meaning of the past progressive refers to an event or situation that occurred in the past.
El siginificado del pasado progresivo se refiere a un evento o situacin que ocurri en el pasado.
Answer: ___________________________________________________________
Answer: ___________________________________________________________
Answer: ___________________________________________________________
Answer: ___________________________________________________________
Answer: ___________________________________________________________
Answer: ___________________________________________________________
To form the future tense with be + going to, you must write the verb to be in present (am-is-are) after
the subject + the phrase going to + the object or another verb and an object.
Para formar la negacin escribes el sujeto + el verbo to be en presente (am-is-are) + la negacin not + la
frase going to + el objeto (complemento) o otro verbo y un objeto.
Affirmative: Negative:
I I
You You
He He
She (am-is-are) going to She (am-is-are) not going to
It It
We We
They They
Questions Answers
Is he going to? he he
Is she going to? Yes, she is. No, she is not
Is It going to? it it
FORMULAS:
S + be + going to + place
S + be + going to + V-base form + O
Examples: I am going to be in Florida next week. Yo voy a estar en Florida la prxima semana.
I am going to Florida next week. Yo voy a (ir a) Florida la prxima semana.
Thomas is going to go to the airport at 5:00. Thomas va a ir al aeropuerto a las 5:00.
Thomas is going to the airport at 5:00. Thomas va (a ir) al aeropuerto a las 5:00.
Veronica is going to work in this company. Veronica va a trabajar en esta compaia.
Veronica is going to the plant. Veronica va (a ir) a la planta.
We are going to dance in the wedding. Nosotros vamos a bailar en la boda.
We are going to the wedding. Nosotros vamos a (ir) la boda.
1. All Students (be) ______are going to be______ in the next level next semester.
Spanish: Todos los estudiantes van a estar en el siguiente nivel el semester que viene.
5. It _______________________________ (be) all right if you bring the paper plates and glasses to the
party this Saturday.
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
To form the negative form you write the verb the subject + the verb to be in present (am-is-are) + the
negative not + the phrase going to + the object or another verb and an object.
Para forma el tiempo futuro con be + going to, tienes que escribir el verbo to be en presente (am-is-are)
despus del sujecto + la frase going to + y el objeto (complemento) o otro verbo y un objeto.
FORMULAS:
S + be + not + going to + place or S + be + not + going to + V-base form + O
Examples: I am going to be in Florida next week. Yo voy a estar en Florida la prxima semana.
I am not going to be in Florida next week. Yo no voy a estar en Florida la prxima semana.
Thomas is going to the airport at 5:00. Thomas va a ir al aeropuerto a las 5:00.
Thomas is not going to the airport at 5:00. Thomas no va a ir al aeropuerto a las 5:00.
Veronica is going to work tomorrow. Veronica va a trabajar maana.
Veronica is not going to work tomorrow. Veronica no va a trabajar maana.
We are going to dance at the wedding. Nosotros vamos a bailar en la boda.
We are not going to dance at the wedding. Nosotros no vamos a bailar en la boda.
7. The house _______________________________ locked when you come back from work.
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________
Negative: _____________________________________________________________
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________________
Question: _________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________________
Question: _________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________________
Question: _________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________________________________________
Question: _________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________
Question: _________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________
Question: _________________________________________________________________
To give the short answers you write: Yes/No, plus the personal pronoun, plus the auxiliary.
Para dar respuestas cortas escribes: Yes/No, mas el pronombre personal, mas el auxiliar.
OPTIONAL
1. Angel and I ___are going to go____ (go) to the seconds this morning.
Spanish: ___Angel y yo vamos a ir a las segundas sta maana.___
Negative: ___Angel and I are not going to go to the seconds this morning.___
Question: ___Are Angel and you going to go to the seconds this morning?_____
Answers: ___Yes, we are___ ___No, we are not__
Spanish: ________________________________________________________________
Negative: ________________________________________________________________
Question: ________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ________________________________________________________________
Negative: ________________________________________________________________
Question: ________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ________________________________________________________________
Question: ________________________________________________________________
Contracted phrases are shorter than normal phrases, and they are used very commonly.
Las frases abreviadas son ms cortas que las normales y su uso es ms comn.
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________
Contracted: ___________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________
Contracted: ___________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________
Contracted: __________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________
Contracted: __________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________
Contracted: __________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________
Contracted: __________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________
Contracted: __________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________
Contracted: __________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________
Contracted: __________________________________________________________
Spanish: ____________________________________________________________
END OF LESSON 4
Lesson 5
Demonstrative Pronouns:
this/that these/those
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS PRONOMBRES DEMOSTRATIVOS
The speaker uses this/these when he/she is talking about a thing that is near to him/her.
El que habla (conferenciante) usa this/these cuando est hablando de una cosa que est cerca de l/ella.
Most of the time, this, that, and their plurals are commonly followed by the verb to be in present (is),
and past (was).
La mayora del tiempo, this, that, y sus formas plurales son comunmente seguidos por el verbo to be en presente (is), y en
pasado (was).
This book = the book is near me That book = the book is not near me
This is a chair sta es una silla That is a chair esa / aquella es una silla.
This is a table sta es una mesa That is a table esa / aquella es una mesa.
This is a desk ste es un escritorio That is a desk ese / aquel es un escritorio.
This is an office sta es una oficina That is an office esa / aquella es una oficina.
This is a book ste es un libro That is a book ese / aquel es un libro.
This is a blue pen sta es una pluma azul That is a blue pen esa aquella es una pluma azul.
This is an apple sta es una manzana That is an apple esa / aquella es una manzana.
To create negative sentences with this/that, remember to write the negation not after the auxiliary verb
be (is) or do (does). In this case is be.
Para crear oraciones negativas con this/that, recuerda que se escribe la negacin not en seguida del verbo auxiliar be o do.
En ste caso es be.
This is not a chair sta no es una silla. That is not a chair esa / aquella no es una silla.
This is not a table sta no es una mesa. That is not a table esa / aquella no es una mesa.
This is not a desk ste no es un escritorio. That is not a desk ese / aquel no es un escritorio.
This is not an apple sta no es una manzana. That is not an apple esa / aquella no es una manzana.
This is not a radio ste no es un radio. That is not a radio ese / aquel no es un radio.
In cases when the noun-subject follows this/that, you also write the negation not after the auxiliary
verbs be (is) or do (does).
En cases donde el sustantivo-sujeto sigue this/that, tambin escribes la negacin not en seguida del verbo auxiliar be (is) o
do (does).
5.3 THE USE OF THESE & THOSE THE PLURAL FORM LA FORMA PLURAL
The speaker uses these or those plus a noun in plural, when he/she is talking about things that are near
him/her.
El que habla (conferenciante) usa these o those y un sustantivo en plural cuando est hablando de cosas que estn cerca de
l/ella.
Singular Plural
Este (a) esto this these estos (as)
Ese (a), eso, aquel (lla) that those esos (as), aquellos (as)
Es, est is are son, estn
No es / no est is not are not no son / no estn
Most of the time, these, those, and their plurals are commonly followed by the verb to be in present
(are), and past (were).
La mayora del tiempo, this, that, y sus formas plurales son comunmente seguidos por el verbo to be en presente (are), y en
pasado (were).
PLURAL PLURAL PLURAL PLURAL
PRONOUN VERB PARTICLE NOUN
These/Those + are + two-five-some + cars radios desks TVs
many a lot of * houses apples oranges etc.
These are the chairs for the conference room. Estas son las sillas para la sala de conferencias.
Those are a lot of tables. Esas son muchas mesas.
Those are many files. Esos son muchos archivos.
These are some lessons for the class. Estas son algunas lecciomes para la clase.
These are the new articles. Estos son los artculos nuevos.
These are 15 questions. Estas son 15 preguntas.
Those are the new people for this line. Esas son las personas nuevas para esta lnea.
SINGULAR AND PLURAL OF THAT/THOSE
Affirmative: Negative: Question: Answers:
That is a table. That isnt a table. Is that a table? Yes, it is. No, it isnt.
That is a bedroom. Thats not a bedroom. Is that a bedroom? Yes, it is. No, it isnt.
That is a tree. Thats not a tree. Is that a tree? Yes, it is. No, it isnt.
Thats a building. Thats not a building. Is that a building? Yes, it is. No, it isnt.
Those are tables. Those arent tables Are those tables? Yes, they are. No, they arent.
Those are bees. Those arent bees. Are those bees? Yes, they are. No, they arent.
Those are chairs. Those arent chairs. Are those chairs? Yes, they are. No, they arent.
*Meanings: = nothing (nada) some = algunos algunas algo algo de
many = muchos (as) a lot of = mucho mucha muchos muchas
Example: What are these (trees)? Answer: These are trees. Those are trees.
1: (pencils) __________________________ 2: (horses) ____________________________
Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________
Negative: __________________________________ ______________________________________
Spanish: ___________________________________ ______________________________________
1. (This/These) These books belong to me. (That/Those) That book belongs to Kate.
Translation: __________________________________________________________________
3. (This/These) ____________ earrings are gold. (That/Those) ____________ earrings are silver.
Translation: __________________________________________________________________
4. (This/These) __________ pencil belongs to Angel. (That/Those) _________ pencil belongs to Alex.
Translation: __________________________________________________________________
5. (This/These) ____________ words are easy to understand, but (That/Those) ____________ words on
the board are hard.
Translation: __________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
7. (This/These) ____________ exercise is easy. (That/Those) ____________ exercises on the board are
very difficult.
Translation: __________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
8. Some students are sitting on (This/These) ____________ chairs, but (That/Those) ____________
chairs are empty.
Translation: __________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ________________________________________________________
Question: _______________________________________________________
Answers: _____________________ _______________________________
Spanish: ________________________________________________________
Question: _______________________________________________________
Answers: _____________________ _______________________________
1. ___________________ an apple.
Negative: _______________________________________________________
Spanish: ________________________________________________________
2. ___________________ a dozen of eggs.
Negative: _______________________________________________________
Spanish: ________________________________________________________
Negative: _______________________________________________________
Spanish: ________________________________________________________
Negative: _______________________________________________________
Spanish: ________________________________________________________
Negative: _______________________________________________________
Spanish: ________________________________________________________
Negative: _______________________________________________________
Spanish: ________________________________________________________
Negative: _______________________________________________________
Spanish: ________________________________________________________
NOTE: When you change sentences or phrases from singular to plural or vice verse, you need to
change the verb and all other words that need to be changed in order to have the whole sentence in
agreement and common sense.
NOTA: Cuando cambies enunciados o frases de singular a plural o vice versa, necesitas cambiar el
verbo y cualquier otra palabra que sea necesario cambiar para que la oracin tenga armonia y
sentido comn.
Example: (singular) This is my book. (plural) These are my books.
7. This is a truck.
Change form: _________________________________________________________________
In this case, the verb to be is the one that shows the time of the sentences.
Singular Plural
Este (a) esto this these estos (as)
Ese (a), eso, aquel (lla) that those esos (as), aquellos (llas)
Era, estaba was were eran, estaban
In a), b), c), and d), the verb is in the past time singular and negative forms.
In e), f), g), and h), the verb is the past time, plural, and negative, forms.
a) This was a good present.
b) Was this a good present? Yes, it was. No, it was not / wasnt.
c) This wasnt a good present.
d) That was a good present.
e) Was that a good present? Yes, it was. No, it was not / wasnt.
f) That wasnt a good present.
g) These were good presents.
h) Were these good presents? Yes, they were. No, they were not / werent.
i) These werent good presents.
j) Those were good presents.
k) Were those good presents? Yes, they were. No, they were not / werent.
l) Those werent good presents.
EXAMPLES: EJEMPLOS:
END OF LESSON 5
Lesson 6
The Existance of Things:
There is / There are
6.1 THE USE OF: THERE IS AND THERE ARE EL USO DE HAY (SINGULAR Y PLURAL)
SINGULAR FORM
SINGULAR SINGULARE COMPLEMENT - SINGULAR
SINGULAR VERB ARTICLE NOUN AND ADJECTIVES
There + is + a / an / one / 1 + nice house for sale at the corner of the street.
ADJ N
There is a nice house for sale at the corner. Hay una casa bonita en venta en la esquina.
There is a chair you can use to sit down. Hay una silla que puedes usar para sentarte.
There is one bread on the table. Hay un pan en la mesa.
There is a blue car outside the house. Is it yours? Hay un carro azul en frente de la casa. Es tuyo?
There is a computer left for this project. Hay una computadora sobrante para ste proyecto.
There is an old woman crossing the street. Hay una ancianita cruzando la calle.
There is an orange box with new scissors. Hay una caja anaranjada con tijeras.
PLURAL FORM
PLURAL PLURAL COMPLEMENT - PLURAL
PLURAL VERB PARTICLE NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
There + are + two-five-some + cars radios desks TVs
many a lot of * houses apples oranges etc.
There are some nice houses for sale at the corner. Hay algunas casas bonitas en venta en la esquina.
There are many chairs you can use to sit down. Hay muchas sillas que puedes usar para sentarte.
There are candies on the table. Hay dulces en la mesa.
There are blue cars in the Lincoln showroom. Hay carros azules en la sala de exibicin de Lincoln
There are a lot of computers left for this project. Quedan muchas computadoras para ste proyecto.
There are many people crossing the street. Hay muchos ancianitos cruzando la calle.
There are some bananas and apples in this basket. Hay algunos pltanos y manzanas en esta canasta.
* means = nothing El cero significa que nada va en el espacio
The negative form is created by placing the negation not/no after the auxiliary. Most of the time, the
word any is used after the negation not in plural. In this case, the auxiliary verb be will be used.
La forma negative es creada colocando la negacin not/no en seguida del auxiliar. La mayora del tiempo, la palabra any es
usada despus de la negacin not en plural. En ste caso, el verbo auxiliar to be sera usado.
The word no is commonly used for negative sentences in informal speech. The word no is used after
the verb. Negations not and no are not supposed to be used together.
La palabra no es comunmente usada para oraciones negativas en habla informal. La palabra no se usa despu del verbo.
Las negaciones not y no nunca van juntas.
There arent any nice houses for sale. No hay casas bonitas en venta.
There isnt any more sugar for the coffee. Ya no hay (no hay ms) azucar para el caf.
There is no more bread on the table. Ya no hay pan en la mesa.
There arent any DVDs for sale in Best Buy. No hay ni un DVD en venta in BestBuy.
There are no more items for this meeting. No hay ms artculos para esta junta.
There arent any chairs or tables for that room. No hay ninguna silla o mesas para esa sala.
There arent pictures in this album. No hay fotos en este album.
There isnt a chair that match our table. No hay una silla que combine con nuestra mesa.
Singular Plural
Es is are son
Era was were eran
Hay (singular) there is there are Hay (plural)
No hay (singular) there is not there are not No hay (plural)
Haba (singular) there was there were Habia (plural)
No haba (singular) there was not there were not No habia (plural)
Spanish: _____________________________________________________________
Negative: _____________________________________________________________
Spanish: _____________________________________________________________
Negative: _____________________________________________________________
Spanish: _____________________________________________________________
Negative: _____________________________________________________________
Spanish: _____________________________________________________________
Negative: _____________________________________________________________
Spanish: _____________________________________________________________
Negative: _____________________________________________________________
Spanish: _____________________________________________________________
Negative: _____________________________________________________________
Spanish: _____________________________________________________________
Negative: _____________________________________________________________
Spanish: _____________________________________________________________
Negative: _____________________________________________________________
Is there a good movie on TV right now? Yes, there is. No, there isnt.
Are there good shows at the movies? Yes, there are. No, there arent
Is there a chair in the other room? Yes, there is one. No, there isnt any.
Are there some tools I can use? Yes, there are some. No, there arent any.
Is there a video camera in that store? Yes, there is one. No, there isnt any.
Verb to be
There was haba past time (singular)
There were haba past time (plural)
In a) and b), the verb is in the past time singular, and negative forms.
In c) and d), the verb is the past time plural, and negative, forms.
Singular Plural
Habia (de existencia) singular there was there were Habia (de existencia) plural
Affirmative Negative
There was a nice office upstairs. There wasnt a nice office upstairs.
There were some nice offices upstairs. There werent any nice offices upstairs.
There were 2 opinions about the solution. There werent 3 opinions about the solution.
There was one solution to the problem. There wasnt a solution to the problem.
Were there good movies on TV? Yes, there were. No, there werent.
Was there a good movie on TV? Yes, there was. No, there wasnt.
Was there an apple left in the bowl? Yes, there was. No, there was not.
Were there 2 reports on your desk? Yes, there were. No, there were not.
Were there any tables in cafeteria? Yes, there were. No, there werent.
Were there any chairs in that room? Yes, there were. No, there werent.
Was there any sugar for the coffee? Yes, there was. No, there was not.
Spanish: _____________________________________________________________
Negative: _____________________________________________________________
Question: _____________________________________________________________
Spanish: _____________________________________________________________
Negative: _____________________________________________________________
Question: _____________________________________________________________
Spanish: _____________________________________________________________
Negative: _____________________________________________________________
Question: _____________________________________________________________
Spanish: _____________________________________________________________
Negative: _____________________________________________________________
Question: _____________________________________________________________
END OF LESSON 6
Lesson 7
Adjectives & Nouns
7.1 USING ADJECTIVES TO DESCRIBE NOUNS
USANDO ADJETIVOS PARA DERCRIBIR SUSTANTIVOS
(a) Las palabras que describen sustantivos se llaman adjetivos. En (a): "good" es un adjetivo pero algunas veces
es usado como adverbio cuando se usa despus del verbo to be. Describe (califica) a la parabra (noun) book.
Describe que clase de libro es.
(b)(c)(d) Decimos que los adjetivos modifican a los nombres (sustantivos). Modificar significa un pequeo
cambio. Un adjetivo cambia el singificado de un sustantivo, dando ms informacin acerca de l.
(e) Los adjetivos no son ni singular ni plural. Ellos NO TIENEN la forma plural. Vea el ejemplo e).
(f)(g)(h) Los adjetivos usualmente se colocan inmediatamente antes del nombre (sustantivo), como se indica en f).
Los adjetivos pueden tambien estar en seguida del verbo principal be, como en g) y h).
Note: Adjectives must be always written before the noun except for the verb to be. In this case the
adjective comes after the verb to be as in the second example, but they are AND NEVER in plural.
Nota: Los adjetivos siempre deben escribirse antes del sustantivo excepto por el verbo to be. En
este caso el adjetivo va en seguida del verbo to be, pero NUNCA en plural.
Adj N Adj N
Examples: Thats a tall tree. Thats a glass door.
Adj Adj N Adj Adj N
Thats a tall and wide tree. Thats a nice blue door.
EXERCISE 1: Adjectives.
Instructions: Underline and identify adjectives (ADJ) in the sentences. Translate the sentences to
Spanish.
EXERCISE 1: Adjectivos.
Instrucciones: Subraya e identifica los adjectivos (ADJ) en las oraciones. Tradcelas a Espaol
ADJ
1. The students wrote long compositions.
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________
Spanish: _________________________________
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________
10. Before the development of agriculture, primitive people gathered wild plants for food.
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________
11. Old people walk slower than when they were young people.
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________
16. Lets go swimming. Bring your red and nice bathing suit.
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________
19. Yesterday, Narciso couldnt stop at the stop sign, so he got a ticket and paid a fine.
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________
20. In the future, he will be careful with the stop signs and with traffic lights.
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________
24. Mercie is going to the grocery store to buy milk, bread, eggs, and some ham.
Spanish: _______________________________________________________________________
EXERCISE 2: Adjectives.
Instructions: Make sentences, using TWO adjectives. Choose two out of the three adjectives
from each item and translate the created sentences to Spanish.
EXERCISE 2: Adjectivos.
Instrucciones: Construye oraciones, usando DOS adjetivos. Escoge dos de los tres adjetivos de cada artculo y
traduce los enunciados creados al Espaol.
1. Roses are flowers. (Beautiful, safe, red) Red roses are beautiful flowers.
Las rosas son flores. Rosas rojas son flores hermosas.
4. The girl in the dress was looking for a telephone. (Easy, blue, young)
Created: __________________________________________________________________
Spanish: __________________________________________________________________
6. Mrs. Fox gave the children some fruit. (Fresh, low, hungry)
Created: __________________________________________________________________
Spanish: __________________________________________________________________
7. When Tom was getting a haircut, the barber accidentally cut Toms ear with the scissors.
(blue, unexperienced, right)
Created: __________________________________________________________________
Spanish: __________________________________________________________________
PART I
1. An adjective _____________________ 6. An adjective ______________________
PART II
Write the words on your list in the blanks. Some of your completions might be a little old and funny.
Read your completed passage aloud to the rest of the class.
One day, a/an ______________ girl was walking in the city. Her name was _______________.
1 2
She was carrying a package for her grandmother. It contained some _________________________,
3
As she was walking down the street, a/an ____________________ thief stole her package. The
6
_______________________ girl pulled out her cell phone and called the police, who caught the thief
7
_______________________ a nearby building and returned her package to her. She took it
8
immediately to her ________________________ grandmother, who was glad to get the package.
9
IMPORTANT NOTE: Most of the time, when a sentence begins with a common noun (not an
official proper noun), it is supposed to be in plural form and the verb is in its original base form.
NOTA IMPORTANTE: La mayora del tiempo, cuando un enunciado comienza con un nombre
(sustantivo) comn (no un nombre propio-oficial), se supone que debe estar en su forma plural y
el verbo est en la forma base (plural-original.)
3. Bird hatch from egg. Baby bird stay in their nest for several
week or month. Their parent feed them until they can fly.
Fixed sentence: __________________________________
Spanish: ________________________________________
5. Fox and snake are natural enemy of bird. They eat bird and their egg.
Fixed sentence: _________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
6. Some bird eat only seed and plant. Other bird eat mainly insect and earthworm.
Fixed sentence: _________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
7. Weed are unwanted plant. They prevent farm crop or garden flower from growing properly. Bird
help farmer by eating weed seed and harmful insect.
Spanish: _________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
8. Rat, rabbit, and mouse can cause huge loss on farm by eating stored crop. Certain big bird like hawk
help farmer by hunting these animal.
Spanish: _________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
9. The feather of certain kind of bird are used in pillow and mattress. The soft feather from goose are
often used for pillow and quilt. Goose feather are also used in winter jacket.
Spanish: _________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
10. The wing feather from goose were used as pen from
the sixth century to the nineteenth century, when steel pen were
invented.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: _______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Whale look like fish, but they arent fish. They are mammal. Mouse, tiger, and human being are
other example of mammal. Whale are intelligent animal like dog and chimpanzee. Even though they live
in sea, ocean, and river, whale are not fish. Fish lay egg and do not feed their offspring. Mammal give
birth to live to their offspring and feed them.
There are many kind of whale. Most whale are huge creature. The largest whale are called Blue
Whale. They can grow up to 100 foot (30 meter) in length and can weigh up to 150 ton (135,000
kilogram). Blue whale are much larger than elephant and larger than any of the now extinct dinosaur.
The heart of an adult blue whale is about the size of a compact car. Its main blood vessel, the aorta, is
large enough for a person to crawl through.
Human being have hunted and killed whale since ancient times. Aside from people, whale have no
natural enemy. Today many people are trying to stop the hunting of whale.
Instructions Part II: Write the story in the correct form. Escribe en seguida, la historia en la forma
correcta.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
1. I have a ___big and green tree_________ in front of my house. (Big, tree, green)
Spanish: Yo tengo un rbol grande y verde en my casa.
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
13. Please give me the (keys, car) ________________________. Im going to the store.
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
Spanish: ______________________________________________________________________
END OF LESSON 7
Professor, Jos Vrtiz H. 122
JV ENGLISH COLLEGE
INTRODUCTORY TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR LEVEL I
VOCABULARY: AT WORK
VOCABULARY: AT HOME
QUICK REFERENCE
FORMULAS OF THE VERB TO BE FOR THE PRESENT-PAST-FUTURE SIMPLE & PROGRESSIVE
Simple Present
Affirmative: S + be (am-is-are) + O
Negative: S + be (am-is-are) not + O
Question: Be (am-is-are) + S + O?
Answer: Yes, + Pronoun + be (am-is-are). No. + Pronoun + be (am-is-are) + not.
Present Progressive
Affirmative: S + be (am-is-are) + V-ing + O
Negative: S + be (am-is-are) not + V-ing + O
Question: Be (am-is-are) + S + V-ing + O?
Answer: Yes, + Pronoun + be (am-is-are). No. + Pronoun + be (am-is-are) + not.
Simple Past
Affirmative: S + be (was-were) + O
Negative: S + be (was-were) not + O
Question: Be (was-were) + S + O?
Answer: Yes, + Pronoun + be (was-were). No. + Pronoun + be (was-were) + not.
Past Progressive
Affirmative: S + be (was-were) + V-ing + O
Negative: S + be (was-were) not + V-ing + O
Question: Be (was-were) + S + V-ing + O?
Answer: Yes, + Pronoun + be (was-were). No. + Pronoun + be (was-were) + not.
Simple Future
Affirmative: S + be (am-is-are) + going to + O (place / V-base form)
Negative: S + be (am-is-are) not + going to + O (place / V-base form)
Question: Be (am-is-are) + S + going to + O (place / V-base form)?
Answer: Yes, + Pronoun + be (am-is-are). No. + Pronoun + be (am-is-are) + not.
Future Progressive
Affirmative: S + be (am-is-are) + going to + be + O (place / V-ing form)
Negative: S + be (am-is-are) not + going to + be + O (place / V-ing form)
Question: Be (am-is-are) + S + going to + be + O (place / V-ing form)?
Answer: Yes, + Pronoun + be (am-is-are). No. + Pronoun + be (am-is-are) + not.