Unit 1 RF & MW

1
AAMEC/ECE-VII SEM/ EC 6701 (RF AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERING)
UNIT I:TWO PORT NETWORK THEORY

Review of Low frequency parameters: Impedance, Admittance,
Hybrid and ABCD parameters, Different types of
interconnection of Two port networks, High Frequency
parameters, Formulation of S parameters, Properties of S
parameters, Reciprocal and lossless Network, Transmission
matrix, RF behavior of Resistors, Capacitors and Inductors.
INTRODUCTION RADIO FREQUENCY WAVES:

Electromagnetic waves (EM) are generated when electrical signal pass through a conductor.
EM waves start to radiate from a conductor when signal frequency is higher than the highest
audio frequency, which is approximately 15 to 20 KHz. Due to this radiating property signals of
such or higher frequencies are known as (RF) signals.
RF SPECTRUM BANDS
Because it is not practical either to design a circuit that covers the entire frequency range or to
use all radio frequencies for all purposes, the RF spectrum is broken into various bands. Each
band is used for a specific purpose and usually RF circuits are designed to be used in one
particular band. Table 1-1 shows the most common assignment of RF commercial bands.
Table 1-1 COMMERCIAL RADIO FREQUENCY BANDS
DEFINITION OF MICROWAVES
When the frequency of operation starts to increase toward approximately 1GHz and above, a
whole set of new phenomena occurs that is not present at lower frequencies.
The radio waves at frequencies have wavelengths that range from 30cm (at 1 GHz) to 1
millimeter (300 GHz). The special frequency range from 30 GHz to 300GHz has a wavelength in
the millimeter range; thus it is referred as millimeter waves.
The microwave frequency range consists of three commercial bands-(UHF, SHF & EHF) can
further be subdivided into several specific frequency ranges, each with its own band
designation. This band subdivision and designation facilitate the use of microwave signals for
specific purposes and applications.
In electronics industries and academic institutions, the most commonly used microwave bands
are set forth by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE); they are shown in
Table 1-2. In this table the Ka to G are the millimeter-wave (mmw) bands.
UNIT I: TWO PORT NETWORK THEORY

2
TABLE 1-2 IEEE AND COMMERCIAL MICROWAVE BAND DESIGNATIONS
REASONS FOR USING RF/MICROWAVES

Wider bandwidths due to higher frequency
Smaller component size leading to smaller systems
More available and less crowded frequency spectrum
Better resolution for radars due to smaller wavelengths
Lower interference due to lower signal crowding
Higher speed of operation
Higher antenna gain possible in a smaller space
RF/MICROWAVES APPLICATIONS
The major applications of RF/Microwave signals can be categorized as follows:
COMMUNICATION: This application includes satellite, space, long-distance telephone, marine,
cellular telephone, data, mobile phone, aircraft, vehicle, personal, and wireless local area
network (WLAN), among others. Two important subcategories of applications need to be
considered: TV and radio broadcast, and optical communications.
TV AND RADIO BROADCAST: In this application, RF/microwaves are used as the carrier signal
for audio and video signals. An example is the Direct Broadcast System (DBS), which is
designed to link satellites directly to home users.
OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS: In this application, a microwave modulator is used in the
transmitting side of a low-loss optical fiber with a microwave demodulator at the other
end. The microwave signal acts as a modulating signal with the optical signal as the
carrier. Optical communication is useful in cases where a much larger number of
frequency channels and less interference from outside electromagnetic radiation are
desired. Current applications include telephone cables, computer network links, low-noise
transmission lines, and so on.

3
RADAR: This application includes air defense, aircraft/ship guidance, smart weapons, police,
weather, collision avoidance, and imaging.
NAVIGATION: This application is used for orientation and guidance of aircraft, ships, and land
vehicles. Particular applications in this area are as follows:
Microwave Landing System (MLS), used to guide aircraft to land safely at airports
Global Positioning System (GPS), used to find ones exact coordinates on the globe
REMOTE SENSING: In this application, many satellites are used to monitor the globe constantly
for weather conditions, meteorology, ozone, soil moisture, agriculture, crop protection from
frost, forests, snow thickness, icebergs, and other factors such as monitoring and exploration
of natural resources.
DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS: This application includes microwave ovens, microwave
clothes dryers, fluid heating systems, moisture sensors, tank gauges, automatic door openers,
automatic toll collection, highway traffic monitoring and control, chip defect detection, flow
meters, power transmission in space, food preservation, pest control, and so on.
MEDICAL APPLICATIONS: This application includes cautery, selective heating, heart stimulation,
hemorrhage control, sterilization, and imaging.
SURVEILLANCE: This application includes security systems, intruder detection, and Electronic
Warfare (EW) receivers to monitor signal traffic.
ASTRONOMY AND SPACE EXPLORATION: In this application, gigantic dish antennas are used to
monitor, collect, and record incoming microwave signals from outer space, providing vital
information about other planets, stars, meteors, and other objects and phenomena in this or
other galaxies.
WIRELESS APPLICATIONS: Short-distance communication inside as well as between buildings in a

local area net-work (LAN) arrangement can be accomplished using RF and microwaves.
Connecting buildings via cables (e.g., coax or fiber optic) creates serious problems in congested
metropolitan areas because the cable has to be run underground from the upper floors of one
building to the upper floors of the other. This problem, however, can be greatly alleviated
using RF and microwave transmitter/receiver systems that are mounted on roof tops or in
office windows .
1.1 REVIEW OF LOW FREQUENCY PARAMETERS

RF/microwave devices, circuits, and components can be classified as one-, two-, three-, or -
port networks. A majority of circuits under analysis are two-port networks.
DEFINITION-A TWO-PORT NETWORK: A network that has only two access ports, one for input
or excitation and one for output or response.
To characterize a linear network at low frequencies, several different sets of parameters are
available, where one may be selected to fit the application to obtain optimum results.

4
Voltages and currents at each port provide us with four variables of interest: , , and .
There are six ways of picking two out of a set of four variables, but only four combinations
(or sets) will yield nontrivial and unique parameters. These are called -, -, -, and -
parameters.
A two-port network with terminal voltages and currents is shown in Fig. 1-1. These four sets of
parameters are defined as follows;
Fig. 1-1 A block diagram of a two-port network.
IMPEDANCE OR PARAMETERS
= + -------- (1.1 a)
= + -------- (1.1 b)
Or in matrix form:
[] = [][]
-------- (1.2)

[] = [ ]
-------- (1.3 a)

[] = [ ]
-------- (1.3 b)

[] = [ ]
-------- (1.3 c)
ADMITTANCE OR PARAMETERS
= + -------- (1.4 a)
= + -------- (1.4 b)
Or in matrix form:
[] = [][] -------- (1.5)
where [] and [] are defined as before and [] as follows;

[] = [ ]
-------- (1.6)
HYBRID OR PARAMETERS

[ ] = [ ][ ] -------- (1.7)

TRANSMISSION OR PARAMETERS

[ ] = [ ][ ] -------- (1.8)


5
EXAMPLE 1.1 : Find the -parameters and of the two-port network shown in Fig. 1-2.
Solution:
Using KVL, the following can be written:
= +
= +
Fig. 1-2
Thus, the [] matrix is given by;

[] = [
[ ] = [ ][ ] ]

EXAMPLE 1.2 : Find the []-matrix for a series impedance element as shown in Fig. 1-3.
Solution:
Using KVL and KCL, the following can be
written:

= =

= =
Fig. 1-3

[ ] = [ ][ ]

[ ]=[ ]

EXAMPLE 1.3 : Find the []-matrix for a shunt element as shown in Fig. 1-4.
Solution:
written:
= = +
= ( + ) =
Fig. 1-4

[ ] = [ ][ ]

[ ]=[ ]


6
EXAMPLE 1.4 : Find the []-matrix for a circuit of a series element and a shunt element
as shown in Fig. 1-5.
Solution:
The []-matrix for the whole circuit, which is a
cascade of a series and a shunt element, is a
multiplication of the two matrices as follows ;
Fig. 1-5
EXAMPLE 1.5 : Find the []-matrix for a transformer as shown in Fig. 1-6.
Solution:
written:
= = +

= =

Fig. 1-6

Thus, the [] matrix is given by; [ ] = [ ][ ] [ ] = [ ]

EXAMPLE 1.6 : Find the []-matrix for a lossless transmission line of length () and
characteristic impedance ( ) as shown in Fig. 1-7.
Solution:
From the fundamental concepts in wave
propagation, the output voltage or current has the
same magnitude as the input but lags behind in
phase .
Fig. 1-7

7
AND MATRIX FORMULATION OF MULTI-PORT NETWORK.
An -port network with terminal voltages and currents is shown in Fig. 1-8.
Fig. 1-8 Basic voltage and current definitions for multiport network
The voltage at each port = , is given by;
For port ; = + + +
-------- (1.9 a)
For port ; = + + +
-------- (1.9 b)
For port ; = + + +
-------- (1.9 c)
Or in matrix form:
-------- (1.10)
Or in matrix notation;
[] = [][] -------- (1.11)
where [] and [] are vectors of voltages , , , and currents , , , respectively, and
[] is the impedance matrix.
Each impedance element in Eqn. (1.10) can be determined via the following protocol;

= |
-------- (1.12)
= ( )
where the indices and range between and .
Instead of voltages as the dependent varaiable, we can specify currents;
-------- (1.13)
Or in matrix notation;
[] = [][] -------- (1.14)
where [] and [] are vectors of voltages , , , and currents , , , respectively, and
[] is the admittance matrix.

8
Each admittance element in Eqn. (1.14) can be determined via the following protocol;

= | -------- (1.15)

= ( )
Comparing Eqn. (1.10) and (1.13) , it is evident that the impedance and admittance matrices
are inverse of each other.
[] = [] -------- (1.16)
1.2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTERCONNECTION OF TWO PORT NETWORKS

SERIES CONNECTION OF NEWORKS
A series connection consisting of two two-port networks is shown in Fig. 1-9. The individual
networks are shown in impedance matrix representation.
Fig. 1-9 Series connection of two two-port networks.
In this case the individual voltages are additive while the currents remain the same. This
results in;
-------- (1.17)
where [] is given by ;
-------- (1.18)
When the two networks are connected with the output interchanged, as in Fig. 1-10, the most
suitable representation is the hybrid form.
In the network connection that is shown in Fig. 1-10, the voltages on the input ports and
currents on the output ports are additive (i.e., = + and = + ), while the
voltages on the output ports and currents on input ports are the same (i.e., = =
and = = ),
The resulting -matrix for the overall system is equal to the sum of the -matrices of the
individual network.

9
Fig. 1-10 Connection of two-port networks suitable for hybrid representation.
-------- (1.19)
PARALLEL CONNECTION OF NEWORKS

A parallel connection of two dual-port networks is shown in Fig. 1-11. The individual
networks are shown in admittance matrix representation.
Fig. 1-11 Parallel connection of two two-port networks.
In this case the individual currents are additive while the voltages remain the same. This
results in;
-------- (1.20)
where [] is given by ;
-------- (1.21)
CASCADING NEWORKS
The -parameter description is most suitable when cascading networks, as shown in
Fig. 1-12 for the example of a two-transistor configuration.
In this case the current on the output of the first network is equal in value, but opposite in
sign, to the input current of the second network (i.e., = ).

10
The voltage drop across the output port of the first network is equal to the voltage drop
across the input port of the second network. Thus, we can write the following relations;
Fig. 1-12 Cascading two networks.
-------- (1.22)
The overall system -matrix is equal to the product of the -matrices of the
individual networks.
1.3 HIGH FREQUENCY PARAMETERS

The -, -, -, and -parameters are based on the following considerations at each of the
network ports:
Net voltage () and net current (),
Short and open circuit terminations
Simple observations at high RF/microwave frequencies reveal the following:
(Limitations of -, -, -, and -parameters)
At high RF/microwave frequencies, the net voltage (or net current) is a combination of
two or more voltage (or current) traveling waves. Equipment is not readily available to
measure total voltage and total current at the ports of the network.
Short and open circuit terminations are difficult to implement over a broad range of
frequencies.
Presence of active devices makes the circuit unstable for a short or open circuit.
Based on these observations, the -, -, -, and -parameters cannot be accurately
measured at these higher frequencies; therefore, we have to use the concept of propagation
or travelling waves to define the network parameters.
The network representation of a two-port network at high RF/microwave frequencies is
called "scattering parameters" (or "-parameters" for short).

11
When cascading networks, a variation of -parameters called chain scattering parameters

(or -parameters) are used to simplify the analysis.
These two types of high-frequency parameters are very popular and are primarily used at
the high RF/microwave frequencies.
1.4 FORMULATION OF S PARAMETERS

The high frequency - and -parameters are used to characterize high RF/microwave two-port
networks (or -port networks, in general). These parameters are based on the concept of
traveling waves and provide a complete characterization of any two-port network under
analysis or test at high RF/microwave frequencies.
While the lower-frequency network parameters (such as - or -matrices, etc.) are defined in
terms of net voltage and currents at the ports, these concepts are not practical at high
RF/microwave frequencies.
-parameters are power wave descriptors that permit us to define the input-output relations
of a network in terms of incident and reflected power waves. The matrix describing this linear
relationship is called the scattering matrix," or [].
To characterize a two-port network that has identical characteristic impedances ( ) at both
the input and output ports, let us consider the incident and reflected voltage waves at each
port, as shown in Fig. 1-13.
Fig. 1-13 A two-port with incident and reflected waves at each port.
To define the S-parameters accurately, we will consider a voltage phasor [ + ] incident on and
a voltage phasor [ ] reflected from the terminals of a two-port network ( = , ) as shown
in Fig. 1-12.
The scattering matrix, [], is now defined to describe the linear relationship between the
incident voltage wave phasor matrix [ + ] and the reflected wave phasor matrix [ ] at any
of the two ports as follows ;
= + + +
= + + +
Or in matrix form:
+
[ ] = [ ][ ] -------- (1.23)
+
Or,
[ ] = [][+ ] -------- (1.24)

12
where;

[ ] = [ ]

+
[+ ] = [ + ]

and

[] = [ ] -------- (1.25)

This linear relationship is expressed in terms of a ratio of two phasors that are complex
numbers with the magnitude of the ratio always less than or equal to 1. Each specific element
of the [] matrix is defined as:
-------- (1.26)
-------- (1.27)
-------- (1.28)
-------- (1.29)
-parameters, have many advantages at high RF/microwave frequencies that can be briefly
stated as follows: (Advantages of -parameters)
-parameters provide a complete characterization of a network, as seen at its two
ports.
-parameters make the use of short or open (as prescribed at lower frequencies)
completely unnecessary at higher frequencies. It is a known fact that the impedance of
a short or an open varies with frequency which is one reason why they are not useful
for device characterization at high RF/microwave frequencies & Furthermore, the
presence of a short or open in a circuit can cause strong reflections which usually lead
to oscillations or damage to the transistor circuitry.
-parameters require the use of matched loads for termination and because the loads
absorb all the incident energy, the possibility of serious reflections back to the device
or source is eliminated.

13
1.5 PROPERTIES OF S PARAMETERS

The -parameters of an -port network, in general, have certain properties and
interrelationships among the parameters themselves.
Depending on whether the network is reciprocal or lossless, the -parameters will have
different properties.
ZERO DIAGONAL ELEMENTS FOR A PERFECT MATCHED NETWORK

For an ideal -port network with matched termination at all the ports, = ,since there is
no reflection from any port. Therefore, under perfect matched conditions, the diagonal
elements of [] are equal to zero.
RECIPROCAL NETWORKS
A reciprocal network is defined to be a network that satisfies the reciprocity theorem, which is
defined as follows;
DEFINITION-RECIPROCITY THEOREM: Is a theorem stating that the interchange of electromotive
force at one point (e.g., in branch , ) in a passive linear network, with the current produced at
any other point (e.g., branch , ) results in the same current (in branch , ) when the same
electromotive force is applied in the new location (branch , ); that is
-------- (1.30)
Networks that satisfy this condition include all passive networks that contain linear passive
elements including resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers except independent or
dependent sources, nonlinear elements, and/or active solid-state devices such as diodes,
transistors, and so on.
It can be shown that for all reciprocal networks, the [] matrix is symmetrical:
= -------- (1.31 a)
For an -port network;
-------- (1.31 b)
A SPECIAL CASE: A SYMMETRICAL RECIPROCAL NETWORK.

A special case of a reciprocal network is a symmetrical network. These networks have identical
size and arrangement for corresponding electrical elements in reference to a plane or line of
symmetry.
Due to symmetry of the network topology, the input impedance obtained by looking into the
input port is equal to the impedance looking into the output port.

14
The equality of input and output impedances leads to the equality of input and output
reflection coefficients in addition to equality of and as required by the reciprocity
theorem stated earlier. Therefore, for symmetrical networks, we can always write:
-------- (1.32 a)
-------- (1.32 b)
-------- (1.33 a)
-------- (1.33 b)
PROOF -THE SYMMETRY PROPERTY OF [] MATRIX:

This property states that if a network satisfies reciprocity condition, then the -parameters are
equal to their corresponding transpose. To satisfy the reciprocity condition, the microwave
network has to be linear and passive and should not contain any active device.
Thus, if [] is the scattering matrix and [] is its transpose, [] is symmetric provided it
satisfies the condition of reciprocity, i.e., [] = [] . Alternatively, if is an element of [] and
is an element of [] , then = . Thus, if a network is reciprocal, its [] matrix is
symmetric.
The proof of the symmetry property of the scattering matrix is obtained by utilizing the known
symmetry property of the impedance matrix. Thus the symmetry of the scattering matrix is
basically a consequence of reciprocity.
Using the definition of [],

[] = [][]
[+ ] + [ ] = []([+ ] [ ]) -------- (1.34 a)
[]([+ ] + [ ]) = []([+ ] [ ]) -------- (1.34 b)
which can be written as
-------- (1.34 c)
[ ]([] + []) = [+ ]([] [])
[] is the unit or identity matrix.
The scattering matrix, [], is now defined as;

[ ] = [][+ ] -------- (1.34 d)
Comparing Eqns. (1.34 c) with (1.34 d)
[] = ([] + []) ([] [])

-------- (1.35 a)
Taking the transpose of Eqn. (1.35 a);
[] = {([] + []) } ([] []) -------- (1.35 b)

15
Now [] is diagonal, so [] = [], and if the network is reciprocal, [] is symmetric [] =

[]. The above equation reduces to;
[] = ([] + []) ([] [])

-------- (1.35 c)
which is equivalent to Eqn. (1.35 a). Thus,
[] = [] -------- (1.35 d)
So the scattering matrix is symmetric for reciprocal networks.
LOSSLESS NETWORKS
For a lossless passive network (i.e., one containing no resistive elements), the power entering
the circuit will always be equal to the power leaving the network, i.e., the power is conserved.
This condition will impose a number of restrictions on the -parameters that give rise to the
unity and zero properties as follow:
THE UNITY PROPERTY OF [] MATRIX: This property states that for a passive loss less -port
network, the sum of the products of each term of anyone row (or any one column) multiplied
by its own complex conjugate is unity, i.e.,
-------- (1.36)
For a two-port network, Eqn. (1.36) yields two equations:

-------- (1.37 a)
-------- (1.37 b)
Furthermore, if the lossless network is also reciprocal (i.e., = ), these two equations are
greatly simplified as follows:
-------- (1.38 a)
-------- (1.38 b)
-------- (1.38 c)
THE ZERO PROPERTY OF [] MATRIX: This property states that for a passive lossless -port
network, the sum of the products of each term of any row(or any column) multiplied by the
complex conjugate of the corresponding terms of any other row(or column) is zero:
-------- (1.39)
For a two-port network, Eqn. (1.39) yields two equations:

-------- (1.40 a)
-------- (1.40 b)

16
Furthermore, if the lossless network is also reciprocal (i.e., = ), these two equations are
greatly simplified as follows:
-------- (1.41 a)
-------- (1.41 b)
NOTE: A matrix satisfying the zero and unit property is called a unitary matrix.
ANALYSIS OF RECIPROCAL LOSSLESS NETWORKS: From the zero and unity properties of the
-matrix, the -parameters of a reciprocal loss less network are constrained by Eqns (1.37),
(1.38) and (1.41) as follows:
-------- (1.42 a)
-------- (1.42 b)
-------- (1.42 c)
-------- (1.42d)
Then, Eqns (1.42 c) and (1.42 d) give:

-------- (1.43 a)
-------- (1.43 b)
Eqns (1.43 a) and (1.43 b) provide the magnitude and phase of (or ) in terms of
magnitude and phase of and .
Therefore, from a measurement knowledge of and , we can completely describe and
specify a reciprocal lossless two-port network.
SHIFTING REFERENCE PLANE : (THE PHASE SHIFT PROPERTY OF [] MATRIX)

The -parameters relate amplitude and phase of traveling waves that is incident on,
transmitted through, or reflected from a network terminal.
Therefore, the location of the reference plane must be known precisely to calculate or measure
the exact phase of the -parameters.

17
Fig. 1-14 A two-port with new reference planes.
Consider a two-port network in which the reference plane at has moved a distance
to . Similarly, the reference plane at has moved a distance 2 to as
shown in Fig. 1-14. The phasors for voltage waves at each new port (i,e and ) can now be
written as ;
+
= +

, = , -------- (1.44 a)

=

, = , -------- (1.44 b)
where = ( = , ) is the electrical length corresponding to the reference plane shift at

each port.
Inverting Eqn. (1.44) ,we can write:
+
+
=

, = , -------- (1.45 a)

=

, = , -------- (1.45 b)
Upon substitution of Eqn. (1.45) in:
[ ] = [][+ ]
and further mathematical manipulation, we obtain [], which is the shifted -parameters as:
( + )
[ ] = [ ][ + ], [ ] = [ ]
( + ) -------- (1.46)
or conversely
( + )
[] = [ ( + ) ]
-------- (1.47)
To summarize this analysis, we note that:

= , = ,
-------- (1.48)
= ( + ) , , = ,
-------- (1.49)
Eqn. (1.48) shows that the phase of is shifted by twice the electrical length, because the
incident wave travels twice over this length upon reflection. On the other hand, at ( =
, ), Eqn. (1.49) shows that ( ) is shifted by the sum of the electrical lengths because
the incident wave must pass through both lengths in order to travel from one shifted port to
the other.

18
GENERALIZED SCATTERING MATRIX REPRESENTATION

The scattering matrix defined earlier was based on the assumption that all the ports have the
same characteristic impedance .
Under more general conditions the characteristic impedance on the input side differ from the
characteristic impedance on the output side.
In this case, we have to modify our ordinary definition for the [] matrix to include the
different characteristic impedances at each port (see Fig. 1-15).
Fig. 1-15 Normalized incident and reflected waves.
Taking each ports characteristic impedance into account, we need to define two normalized
voltage waves as follows;
= +
/ , = , -------- (1.50 a)
=
/ , = , -------- (1.50 b)
where "" is the port number, represents the normalized incident voltage, represents the
normalized reflected voltage wave from the port and is the characteristic impedance
at the port.
Thus, the total volatage and current at each port can now be written as;
= +
+ = ( + ) -------- (1.51 a)
+

( )
= +
= = -------- (1.51 b)

The average power delivered to the port can now be expressed in terms of and :

= { } = (| | | | ) -------- (1.52)

The scattering matrix [], of each element can be expressed as a general equation by ;

= | , for , , = , and -------- (1.53)

=
The generalized scattering matrix [] can now be defined in terms of the normalized voltage
waves as follows;
[] = [][] -------- (1.54 a)

[ ] = [ ][ ]
-------- (1.54 b)
where each element of the generalized scattering matrix [] can now be defined as;

19

= | = reflection coefficient at port 1 with
= -------- (1.55 a)
port 2 matched

= | transmission coefficient from port 2
= -------- (1.55 b)
to port 1 with port 1 matched

= | transmission coefficient from port 1
= -------- (1.55 c)
to port 2 with port 2 matched

= | = reflection coefficient at port 2 with
= -------- (1.55 d)
port 1 matched
SCATTERING MATRIX REPRESENTATION FOR MULTIPORT NETWORK

For a multiport (say ) microwave function, equations of -parameters are expressed as;
-------- (1.56)
LOSSES IN NETWORK:
() = | |
() = | |
() = ( | | )
() = (( | | )/| | )
1 = (( + | |)/ | |)
RELATIONS - WITH -PARAMETERS

EXAMPLE 1.7 : Given the []-matrix for a two-port network, derive its []-matrix.
(see Fig. 1-16).
Consider the two-port network as shown in Fig. 1-16.
PARAMETERS

[ ] = [ ][ ]

= ; =

Fig. 1-16
To obtain , we terminate port-2 in a matched load and find the input reflection coefficient
as follows:

= = ; =

20

= =
+
( )

( ) +
= =
( ) ; =
+
( ) + + +

To obtain , we terminate port-1 in a matched load and find the output reflection
coefficient as follows:

= = = = ; =
+
( )

( ) + +
= =
( ) ; =
+
( ) + + +

Similarly, and can be found as follows:
( )
= =
;
+ + + + + +


+ ( )

[ ]= ; = + + +

+ +

[ ]
EXAMPLE 1.8 : Consider a two-port network characterized by a scattering matrix [] driven by a

source with an internal impedance of ( ) and terminated in a load impedance ( ) as shown in
Fig. 1-17. Calculate: a. The input reflection coefficient b. The output reflection coefficient.
Fig. 1-17
Solution:
With reference to Fig. 1-17, the reflection coefficient seen looking toward the load is;

=
+

21
while the reflection coefficient seen looking toward the source ;

=
+
where is the characteristic impedance reference for the scattering parameters of the two-port
network.
In general, the input impedance of the terminated two-port network will be mismatched with a
reflection coefficient given by , which can be determined by the following analysis.
From the definition of the scattering parameters, and the fact that we have + =
= + + + = + + ( ) ()
= + + + = + + ( ) ()
Eliminate , and solving for / + gives ;

+
() =
1
Sub in Eqn. (1) ;

= + = +
1
where is the impedance seen looking into port 1 of the terminated network.
Similarly, the reflection coefficient seen looking into port 2 of the network when port 1 is
terminated by is given by considering + =

= + = +
1
EXAMPLE 1.9 : A shunt element is connected across a transmission line with characteristic
impedance . Find the -matrix of the junction.
Solution:
Fig. 1-18 Circuit for Example 1.9

22
EXAMPLE 1.10 : The -parameters of a two-port network are given by ;

= . = .
= . = .
a. Prove that the network is reciprocal but not lossless.
b. Find the return loss at port 1 when port 2 is short circuited.
Solution:
a. Network is reciprocal but not lossless.
Since [] is symmetric, the network is reciprocal. For lossless, the scattering parameters
must satisfy;

23
b. If the port 2 is terminated with a short circuit, what is the return loss seen at port 1?
EXAMPLE 1.11 : A two-port network is known to have the following scattering matrix:
a. Determine if the network is reciprocal and lossless.

b. If the port 2 is terminated with a matched load, what is the return loss seen at port 1?
c. If the port 2 is terminated with a short circuit, what is the return loss seen at port 1?
Solution:
a. Determine if the network is reciprocal and lossless.
Because [] is not symmetric, the network is not reciprocal. To be lossless, the scattering
parameters must satisfy;
b. If the port 2 is terminated with a matched load, what is the return loss seen at port 1?
c. If the port 2 is terminated with a short circuit, what is the return loss seen at port 1?

24
1.6 TRANSMISSION MATRIX

When cascading a number of two-port networks in series, a more useful network
representation is needed to facilitate the calculation of the overall network parameters.
This new representation should relate the output quantities in terms of input quantities. Using
such a representation will enable us to obtain a description of the complete cascade by simply
multiplying together the matrices describing each network.
At low frequencies, the transmission matrix (also known as the matrix) is defined in
terms of the net input voltage and current as the independent variables and output net voltage
and current as the dependent variables.
At high RF and microwave frequencies, however, the transmission matrix [] is expressed in
terms of the input incident and reflected waves as the independent variables and the output
incident and reflected waves as the dependent variables.
Using the latter definition at RF/microwave frequencies, the transmission matrix formulation
becomes very useful when dealing with multistage circuits (such as filters, amplifiers, etc.) or
infinitely long periodic structures such as those used in circuits for traveling wave tubes, etc.
The transmission matrix (also called chain scattering parameters or scattering Transfer
parameters) for a two-port network, as shown in Fig. 1-19, is defined as:
Fig. 1-19 A two-port with network.

+ -------- (1.57)
[ ] = [ ][ ]
+
The relationship between - and - parameters can be derived using the above basic definition
as follows:
1
-------- (1.58)
[ ] =

[ ]
The reverse relationship expressing [] in terms of [] matrix can also be derived with the
following result:

-------- (1.59)
[ ] =
1
[ ]
For a cascade connection of two-port networks, as shown in Fig. 1-20, the overall -matrix can
be obtained as follows:

25

+
[ ] = [ ][ ] -------- (1.60 a)
+

+
-------- (1.60 b)
[ ] = [ ][ ]
+
Fig. 1-20 Cascade of two-port networks.

But we note that:

+ = , -------- (1.61 a)
+
=
-------- (1.61 b)
Therefore, combining Eqns. (1.60) and (1.61), yields:

+
[ ] = [ ][ ][ ] -------- (1.62)
+
Thus, the total -matrix is the multiplication of the two -matrices:

[] = [][ ] -------- (1.63)
EXAMPLE 1.12 : The two-port devices represented by the following matrices are cascaded. Find
the Scattering matrix of the resulting device. Determine its properties (symmetry, reciprocity,
losses and match).
. . . .
[1] [ ] [2] [ ]
. . . .
Solution:
The relationship between - and - parameters can be derived using the above basic definition
as follows:
1
. .
[ ] = =[ ]
. .

[ ]
1
/ /
[ ]= =[ ]

/ /

[ ]
/
Cascade : [] = [][ ] [ ][ ]=[ ]
/ /

26
The Scattering matrix of the resulting device:

. .
[ ] = =[ ]
1 . .
[ ]
Since = , the network is reciprocal. , the network is not symmetrical.
For lossless, the scattering parameters must satisfy;
The diagonal elements are not equal to zero, so the network is not perfectly matched two-
port network.
1.7 RF BEHAVIOR OF RESISTORS, CAPACITORS AND INDUCTORS

RF BEHAVIOR OF PASSIVE COMPONENTS
Lumped components (wires, resistors, capacitors, inductors, connectors etc.) behave
differently at low and high frequencies.
Why?
Current and voltage vary spatially over the component size.
Leads to the concept of distributed components.
The KCL and KVL are no more applicable.
From conventional AC circuit analysis we know that a resistance is frequency independent

and that a capacitor and an inductor can simply be specified by their reactances and
as follows;
-------- (1.64 a)
-------- (1.64 b)
Capacitor behaves as open circuit at DC and low frequencies whereas an Inductor behaves as
short circuit at DC and low frequencies.
At low frequency, resistances, inductances, and capacitances are not only formed by wires,
coils, and plates etc. Even a single wire or a copper line of a printed circuited board ()
possesses resistance and inductance. For instance, a cylindrical copper conductor of radius ,
length , and conductivity has a DC resistance of ;
-------- (1.65)

27
At DC, current flows uniformly distributed over the entire conductor cross-sectional area. The
current density at DC is given by:
-------- (1.66)
=

At AC, the alternating charge carrier flow establishes a magnetic field that induces an electric
field (Faradays Law) whose associated current density opposes the initial current flow. This
effect is very strong at the center ( = ) where the impedance is substantially increased, as a
result the current flow resides at the outer periphery with the increasing frequency (skin
effect).
The current density at AC is given by:
-------- (1.67)
-------- (1.68)
HIGH FREQUENCY - RESISTORS

Perhaps the most common circuit element in low-frequency electronics is a resistor whose
purpose is to produce a voltage drop by converting some of the electric energy into heat.
We can differentiate among several types of resistors:
Carbon-composite resistors of high-density dielectric granules
Wire-wound resistors of nickel or other winding material
Metal-film resistors of temperature stable materials
Thin-film chip resistors of aluminum or beryllium based materials
Carbon-composition resistors are notoriously poor high-frequency performers. A carbon-

composition resistor consists of densely packed dielectric particulates or carbon granules.
Between each pair of carbon granules is a very small parasitic capacitor. These parasitics, in
aggregate, are not insignificant, however, and are the major component of the device's
equivalent circuit.
The equivalent circuit of a resistor at radio frequencies is shown in Fig. 1-21. is the resistor
value itself, is the lead inductance, and is a combination of parasitic capacitances which
varies from resistor to resistor depending on the resistor's structure.
Fig. 1-21 Resistor equivalent circuit at RF

28
Wire-wound resistors tend to exhibit widely varying impedances over various frequencies.
The inductor , shown in the equivalent circuit of Fig. 1-21, is much larger for a wire wound
resistor than for a carbon-composition resistor. Because wire-wound resistors look like
inductors, their impedances will first increase as the frequency increases. The equivalent
circuit of a wire-wound resistor at radio frequencies is shown in Fig. 1-22, where is the
capacitance between windings capacitances, is the lead inductance, is the inductance of
resistive wires and is the interlead capacitance.
Fig. 1-22 Electric equivalent circuit representation of a wire-wound

resistor at high frequency.
A metal-film resistor seems to exhibit the best characteristics over frequency. Its equivalent
circuit is the same as the carbon-composition and wire-wound resistor, but the values of the
individual parasitic elements in the equivalent circuit decrease. The equivalent circuit of a
metal-film resistor at radio frequencies is shown in Fig. 1-23, where models charge
separation effects and models interlead capacitance.
Fig. 1-23 Electric equivalent circuit representation of a metal-flim

resistor at high frequency.
Thin-film chip resistors find application now a days in RF and MW circuits as surface
mounted devices (SMDs). This is due to the fact that they can be produced in extremely small
sizes. The idea is to eliminate or reduce the stray capacitances associated with the resistors.
Good enough up to 2 GHz. Fig. 1-24 Cross-sectional view of a typical chip resistor.
Fig. 1-24 Cross-sectional view of a typical chip resistor.

29
A metal flim (usually nichrome) layer is deposited on this ceramic substrate (usually
aluminum oxide). This resistive layer is trimmed to the desired nominal value by reducing its
length and inserting inner electrodes. Contacts are made on both ends of the resistor that allow
the component to be soldered to the board. The resistive flim is coated with a protective layer
to prevent environmental interferences.
HIGH FREQUENCY - CAPACITORS

In most RF circuits chip capacitors find widespread application for the tuning of filters and
matching networks as well as for biasing active components such as transistors. It is therefore
important to understand their high frequency behavior.
Elementary circuit analysis defines capacitance for a parallel plate capacitor whose plate
dimensions are large compared to its separation as follows:
-------- (1.69)
where is the plate surface area and denotes the plate separation.
Ideally there is no current flow between the plates. However, at high frequencies the dielectric
materials become lossy (i.e., there is a conduction current flow). The impedance of a capacitor
must thus be written as a parallel combination of conductance and susceptance :
-------- (1.70)
-------- (1.71)
The corresponding electric equivalent circuit with parasitic lead inductance , series
resistance describing losses in the lead conductors, and dielectric loss resistance =
/ , is shown in Fig. 1-25.
Fig. 1-25 Electric equivalent circuit for a high-frequency capacitor.
In a perfect capacitor, current will lead the applied voltage in phase by 90. In a real world
capacitor (practical capacitor), the phase angle () will be less than 90 ( < 90). The reason
( < 90) is the existence of and combine into one equivalent resistor.
Equivalent series resistance (ESR) This resistance is the combined equivalent of and
and is the ac resistance of a capacitor. It is denoted by .

30
In a practical capacitor , is the power factor (PF) can be written as;
-------- (1.72)
Quality Factor: A measure of the ability of an element to store energy, equal to 2 times the
average energy stored divided by the energy dissipated per cycle. is a figure of merit for a
reactive element and can be shown to be the ratio of the elements reactance to its equivalent
series resistance. For a capacitor, is given by:

= = -------- (1.73)

From the above equation it can be observe that for a practical capacitor, as the equivalent
series resistance ( ) decreases, Q will increase until = , which corresponds to a
perfect capacitor having = , i.e.,
= = , = (a perfect capacitor) -------- (1.74)
The effect of these imperfections in a capacitor is shown in Fig. 1-26.
Fig. 1-26 The behavior of a capacitor versus frequency
The two distinct regions in the frequency response plot of a capacitor can be identified. These
two regions straddle the resonance frequency ( ) as follows:
< : In this region, as frequency increases, the lead inductances reactance goes up
gradually, cancelling the capacitors reactance and thus causing resonance ( ).
> : In this region the capacitor behaves like an inductor, and is no longer
performing its intended function.
HIGH FREQUENCY - INDUCTORS

An inductor is nothing more than a wire wound or coiled in such a manner as to increase the
magnetic flux linkage between the turns of the coil as shown in Fig. 1-16. This increased flux
linkage increases the wire's self-inductance.

31
Inductors are used extensively in RF design in resonant circuits, filters, phase shift and delay
networks, and as RF chokes used to prevent, or at least reduce, the flow of RF energy along a
certain path.
Fig. 1-27 shows what an inductor really looks like at RF frequencies. Whenever we bring two
conductors into close proximity but separated by a dielectric, and place a voltage differential
between the two, we form a capacitor.
Fig. 1-27 Distributed capacitance and series resistance in the inductor coil.
The equivalent circuit model of the inductor at high frequency is shown in Fig. 1-28. The
distributed capacitance exists due to a voltage drop in the coil caused by internal resistance
. The voltage drop causes a voltage difference between two turns of the coil separated from
each other. The aggregate of s and s provides the equivalent circuit.
Fig. 1-28 Equivalent circuit of the high-frequency inductor.
The effect of on an inductors frequency response is shown in Fig. 1-29.
Fig. 1-29 Effect of parasitic on an inductors reactance.

32
From this Fig. 1-29, there are two regions that straddle the resonant circuit. These two regions
can be defined as,
< : In this region, the inductors reactance ( = ) increases as frequency is
increased.
> : In this region the inductor behaves like an capacitor, and as the frequency is
increased the reactance decreases.
At = , resonance takes place in an inductor (inductor's reactance is cancelled by
parasitic distributed capacitor) and theoretically the inductor's reactance is infinity,
however in practice, the total impedance of the element is finite due to a non-zero
series resistance.
The quality factor of an inductor is defined as:

= -------- (1.75)

For a perfect inductor the series resistance is zero.
= = (a perfect inductor) -------- (1.76)
CONVERSION BETWEEN DIFFERENT NETWORK PARAMETERS.

Table 1-3 summarizes the formulas for the previously defined four network parameter sets.
TABLE 1-3 CONVERSION BETWEEN DIFFERENT NETWORK PARAMETERS

33
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AND - MATRIX

[] matrix is given by;
( )( + )

[ ]=
( + )( )
[ ]
where = ( + )( + )
ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS
EXAMPLE 1.13 : A attenuator is specified as having VSWR of . . Assuming that the device
is reciprocal, find the -parameters.
Solution:
Attenuation in () for any device = | |

| | = = . | | = . = .

1 = (( + | |)/ | |)

| | = = .
+
The device is reciprocal, the scattering matrix is given by = ;
Assume the device is also symmetric ; = ;
. .
[] = [ ]=[ ]
. .
EXAMPLE 1.14 : A four port network has the scattering matrix shown below:
(1) Is this network lossless?

(2) Is this network reciprocal?
(3) What is the return loss at port 1 when all the ports are matched?
(4) What is the insertion loss and phase delay between ports 2 and 4 when all other
ports are terminated with matched loads? - Justify your answer.
Solution:
1) The network is lossless.
To be lossless, the scattering parameters must satisfy;
| | + | | + | | + | | =
|. | + |. | + |. | + || = .
2) The network is Reciprocal.

The S-matrix is symmetric , so the network is reciprocal.
34
3) If the port 2,3 and 4 is terminated with a matched load, what is the return loss seen at
port 1?
4) When 1 and 3 is terminated with a matched load, what is the insertion loss between
ports 2 and 4?
() = | | = 4.43
Phase delay= +45
EXAMPLE 1.15 : Find the S-parameters for the following network.
The []- matrix for the above two cases;

[] = [ ] [] = [
]

( )( + )

[ ]=
( + )( )
[ ]
where ; = ( + )( + )
a) [] = [. . . . ]
. . . .
/ /
b) [] = [ ]=[ ]
/ /
EXAMPLE 1.16 : The input of an amplifier has a of and the output has a of
, find the magnitudes of the -parameters and under matched condition.
Solution:
Since the input is equal to , we conclude ;
+ | |
= = | | = =
| | +

35
Since the output is equal to , we conclude ;

+ | |
= = | | = =
| | +
The input reflection coefficient is expressed as;

= +

Since, the system is symmetric we can write an almost identical expression for the output
reflection coefficientof the amplifier;

= +

In the general case, where all -parameters and source and load reflection coefficients are
nonzero, we cannot estimate the values of the and parameters of the amplifier solely
based on the values of the input and output reflection coefficients. However, if the load and
source reflection coefficients are equal to zero, i.e., load and source impedances are matched to
the characteristic impedance of the system, then | | = | | and | | = | |.
EXAMPLE 1.17 : The impedance matrix of a certain lumped element network is given by

[ ] = [ ]. Determine the equivalent scattering parameter matrix [ ] = [ ]for the

[ ]. (or) If the impedance matrix of a simple device is [ ], find its Scattering matrix.

Solution:
Note: is not specified in the problem, so the given [ ] matrix is normalized [] ;
( )( + )

[ ]=
( + )( )
[ ]
where ; = ( + )( + )

[ ] = [ ]

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1. Evaluate the -parameters from the -parameters.
+
[] = [ ] , =

0 1
2. Which component is represented by the scattering matrix [ ]?
1 0
36
3. The S-parameters of a two-port network are given by ;

= . = .
= . = .
(i) Determine whether the network is lossy or not?
(ii) Is the network symmetrical and reciprocal? Find the insertion loss of network.
4. Identify the component with S-parameters of = = , .

3.2 1
5. Given [] = [ ] find -parameters.
1 3.2
6. What are the -parameters of a series element as shown below.
7. Find the , and matrices for the two-port network shown below.
8. Express power input and power output under matched conditions for a two-port network in
terms of wave components.
QUESTION BANK
PART A:
1. Mention the limitations in measuring , and parameters at Microwave
[N/D frequencies.
2011] 2. A attenuator is specified as having VSWR of . . Assuming that the device is
reciprocal, find the -parameters.
[M/J 3. What are the advantages of Scattering parameters?
2012] 4. Which component is represented by the scattering matrix [
0 1
]?
1 0
[N/D 5. Name the properties of -parameters.
2012] 6. Draw the equivalent circuit of a practical capacitor.
7.7. Define reciprocal and symmetrical networks.
[M/J 8. Express power input and power output under matched conditions for a two-port network
2013]
in terms of wave components.
[N/D 9.8. Draw the equivalent circuit of an inductor at radio frequency.
2013] 10. What is ESR?
[M/J 11.9. List any four reasons for the wide use of RF.
2014] 12. Give the relationship between [] and [].
[N/D 13. What are the high frequency limitations of conventional tubes?
2014] 14.
3.2 1
Given [] = [ ] find -parameters.
1 3.2
37
[M/J 15. Mention any four differences between low and high frequency microwave circuits.
2015] 16. Draw the high frequency equivalent circuit of the resistor and inductor.
[N/D 17. Find the S-parameters for the following network.
2015]
18. Identify the component with S-parameters of = = , .

[M/J 19. Mention any four differences between low and high frequency microwave circuits.
2016] 20. Draw the high frequency equivalent circuit of the resistor and inductor.
PART B:
1. i. A shunt impedance is connected across a transmission line with characteristic
impedance . Find the -matrix of the junction. (8)
ii. List and explain the properties of -parameters. (8)
[N/D 2. The -parameters of a two-port network are given by ;
2011]
= . = .
= . = .
c. Prove that the network is reciprocal but not lossless.
d. Find the return loss at port 1 when port 2 is short circuited. (16)
3. i. Explain the properties of -matrix and hence -matrix representation of -port
networks. (8)
[M/J ii. If the impedance matrix of a simple device is [

], find its Scattering matrix. (8)
2012]
4. i. Derive the -matrices of linear lossless Microwave devices. (8)
ii. What are transmission matrices? Explain them and obtain their relationship with -
matrix. (8)
5. i. Formulate scattering matrix for a -port microwave network. (8)
ii. Give the [] matrix for a two-port network and derive its [] matrix. (8)
6. The S-parameters of a two-port network are given by ; (16)
[N/D = . = .
2012] = . = .
(i) Determine whether the network is lossy or not?
(ii) Is the network symmetrical and reciprocal? Find the insertion loss of network.
7. State and explain the properties of -parameters. Derive the -parameters of a Directional
[M/J
Coupler. (16)
2013]
8. Formulate -matrix for a -port network compute for a -network. (16)
9. i. Write a detailed note on -parameters. (8)
ii. The input of an amplifier has a of and the output has a of , find the
magnitudes of the -parameters and under matched condition. (8)
10. i. A four port network has the scattering matrix shown below: (10)
[N/D . . .
2013] [] = [. . ]
. .
. .
(1) Is this network lossless? (2) Is this network reciprocal? (3) What is the
return loss at port 1 when all the ports are matched?
- Justify your answer.

38
ii. Find the -parameters and of the two-port network shown in Fig. (6)
11. With the help of -matrix concept prove the following properties. (44=16)
i. Symmetry ii. Unity iii. Zero and iv. Phase Shift
12. i. When do you prefer transmission matrix? Obtain the matrix of a transformer
with turns ratio N:1. (8)
[M/J ii. The impedance matrix of a certain lumped element network is given by
2014] [ ] = [

].

Determine the equivalent scattering parameter matrix [ ] = [ ] for the [ ].

(8)
13. i. Discuss the importance of low frequency and high frequency parameters of RF two
port networks. (8)
ii. The two-port devices represented by the following matrices are cascaded. Find the
Scattering matrix of the resulting device. Determine its properties (symmetry,
[N/D reciprocity, losses and match). (8)
2014] . .
[2] [ ]
. .
. .
[3] [ ]
. .
14. Verify the lossless and reciprocity properties of any two-port network using scattering
matrix. (16)
[M/J 15. i. Derive and matrix formulation of multi-port network. (8)
2015] ii. State and prove the symmetry property of -matrix for a reciprocal network. (8)
16. Explain the scattering matrix for lossless junction. (16)
[N/D 17. i. State and verify the symmetry property of the reciprocal networks. (8)
2015] ii. Find the S-parameters for the following network. (8)
18. i. Draw the high frequency equivalent of wire, resistor, inductor and capacitor and
explain. (8)
ii. Evaluate the -parameters from the -parameters. (8)
+
[] = [ ] , =

19. i. Derive and matrix formulation of multi-port network. (8)
[M/J ii. State and prove the symmetry property of -matrix for a reciprocal network. (8)
2016]
20. Explain the scattering matrix for lossless junction. (16)

Unit 1 RF &amp; MW

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Unit 1 RF &amp; MW

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

1

AAMEC/ECE-VII SEM/ EC 6701 (RF AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERING)

UNIT I:TWO PORT NETWORK THEORY

INTRODUCTION RADIO FREQUENCY WAVES:

UNIT I: TWO PORT NETWORK THEORY

TABLE 1-2 IEEE AND COMMERCIAL MICROWAVE BAND DESIGNATIONS

REASONS FOR USING RF/MICROWAVES

UNIT I: TWO PORT NETWORK THEORY

WIRELESS APPLICATIONS: Short-distance communication inside as well as between buildings in a

1.1 REVIEW OF LOW FREQUENCY PARAMETERS

UNIT I: TWO PORT NETWORK THEORY

Fig. 1-1 A block diagram of a two-port network.

UNIT I: TWO PORT NETWORK THEORY

UNIT I: TWO PORT NETWORK THEORY

UNIT I: TWO PORT NETWORK THEORY

AND MATRIX FORMULATION OF MULTI-PORT NETWORK.

where the indices and range between and .

Instead of voltages as the dependent varaiable, we can specify currents;

UNIT I: TWO PORT NETWORK THEORY

1.2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTERCONNECTION OF TWO PORT NETWORKS

Fig. 1-9 Series connection of two two-port networks.

UNIT I: TWO PORT NETWORK THEORY

Fig. 1-10 Connection of two-port networks suitable for hybrid representation.

PARALLEL CONNECTION OF NEWORKS

Fig. 1-11 Parallel connection of two two-port networks.

UNIT I: TWO PORT NETWORK THEORY

Fig. 1-12 Cascading two networks.

1.3 HIGH FREQUENCY PARAMETERS

UNIT I: TWO PORT NETWORK THEORY

When cascading networks, a variation of -parameters called chain scattering parameters

1.4 FORMULATION OF S PARAMETERS

UNIT I: TWO PORT NETWORK THEORY

UNIT I: TWO PORT NETWORK THEORY

1.5 PROPERTIES OF S PARAMETERS

ZERO DIAGONAL ELEMENTS FOR A PERFECT MATCHED NETWORK

A SPECIAL CASE: A SYMMETRICAL RECIPROCAL NETWORK.

UNIT I: TWO PORT NETWORK THEORY

PROOF -THE SYMMETRY PROPERTY OF [] MATRIX:

Using the definition of [],

[] is the unit or identity matrix.

The scattering matrix, [], is now defined as;

Comparing Eqns. (1.34 c) with (1.34 d)

[] = ([] + []) ([] [])

UNIT I: TWO PORT NETWORK THEORY

Now [] is diagonal, so [] = [], and if the network is reciprocal, [] is symmetric [] =

[] = ([] + []) ([] [])

For a two-port network, Eqn. (1.36) yields two equations:

For a two-port network, Eqn. (1.39) yields two equations:

UNIT I: TWO PORT NETWORK THEORY

Then, Eqns (1.42 c) and (1.42 d) give:

SHIFTING REFERENCE PLANE : (THE PHASE SHIFT PROPERTY OF [] MATRIX)

UNIT I: TWO PORT NETWORK THEORY

Fig. 1-14 A two-port with new reference planes.

where = ( = , ) is the electrical length corresponding to the reference plane shift at

To summarize this analysis, we note that:

UNIT I: TWO PORT NETWORK THEORY

GENERALIZED SCATTERING MATRIX REPRESENTATION

Fig. 1-15 Normalized incident and reflected waves.

UNIT I: TWO PORT NETWORK THEORY

SCATTERING MATRIX REPRESENTATION FOR MULTIPORT NETWORK

RELATIONS - WITH -PARAMETERS

Similarly, and can be found as follows:

Thus, the [] matrix is given by;

EXAMPLE 1.8 : Consider a two-port network characterized by a scattering matrix [] driven by a

Unit 1 RF & MW

Unit 1 RF & MW