Jou r n al of Ma te r ials Pr oce ssin g Te ch n ology 2 2 3 (2 0 1 5 ) 3 4 3 8

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Jou rn al of Mate rials Processin g Te ch n ology

j o u r n al h o m ep ag e: w w w .el sev i er .co m /l o cat e/j m at p r o t ec

De form a t ion -in d u ce d m a rt e n sit ic t ran sform a t ion b e h avior of t yp e

3 04 st a in le ss st e e l sh ee t in d raw -b e n d in g p roce ss
E. Ish im a ru a,, H. Ham a sa ki b , F. Yosh id a b
a
Nippon Steel & Su m ikin Sta in less Steel Corpora tion , 3434, Shim a ta , Hika ri 743- 8550, Ya m a gu chi, Ja pa n
b
Depa rtm en t of Mecha n ica l Scien ce a n d En gin eerin g, Hiroshim a Un iversity, 1-4-1, Ka ga m iya m a , Higa shi- Hiroshim a 739-8527, Hirosh im a , Ja pa n

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: De for m a t io n - in d u ced m art en sit ic t r an sfor m at ion a n d w orkh ard e n in g b eh avior in d r aw b e n d in g p ro -
Re ce ive d 2 6 Oct ob e r 2 0 1 4 cess w as in vest igat e d , on a Typ e 3 0 4 st a in less st e e l sh e e t , in com p ar iso n w it h t h a t in u n iaxial t e n sion
Re ce ive d in r e vise d for m 2 5 Ma r ch 2 0 1 5 exp e rim e n t s. Th e Vicke rs h ard n e ss o f t h e d ra w - b en t sh ee t at t h e su r fa ce is m u ch large r t h an t h at at t h e
Acce p t e d 2 7 Mar ch 2 0 1 5
m id - p lan e , an d it b e com e s re m arkab ly large r w it h in cr ea sin g b la n k h old er for ce . Th e sign ifican t in cr ea se
Availab le on lin e 7 Ap r il 2 0 1 5
of h ard n e ss in t h e d e fo rm ed sh e e t is d u e t o -m ar t e n sit ic t ra n sfor m at io n . Th e volu m e fract ion o f -
m a rt e n sit e in t h e d r aw - b e n t sh e e t is sm alle r t h an t h at in t h e u n ia xially p u lle d sh e e t w it h t h e sam e
Keyw ords:
p last ic st r ain . In u n iaxia l t e n sion t h e sh e et is p la st ically d e for m e d in on e d ir ect ion m on ot on ica lly, b u t in
St a in le ss st e e l
Dr aw -b e n d in g con t ra st , in d r aw -b e n d in g t e n sion -t o-co m p r e ssion (i.e ., b e n d in g-t o -u n b e n d in g) d e form at ion t ake s p la ce
Ma rt e n sitic t r an sfor m a tion w h e n t h e sh e et is d raw n o ve r t h e d ie - co rn e r. Th e d iffe r en ce in t h e e vo lu t ion o f t h e m ar t e n sit e b et w e en
W or kh a rd e n in g d ra w - b en d in g an d u n iaxial t e n sio n is e xp lain ed fro m su ch a d iffe r en ce in d e for m a t io n m od e . Un d e r cyclic
De fo rm at ion m icro st r u ct u r e d e fo rm at ion , in t h e re ver se d e fo rm at ion , t h e m art en sit ic t ra n sform at io n st agn a t e s in a ce rt ain ext e n t of
p last ic st r ain b e ca u se o f t h e Bau sch in ge r e ffe ct . In clu d in g su ch a case of st r e ss re ve rsal, t h e evolu t ion
of t h e m ar t e n sit ic t ran sfo rm at ion is give n as a u n iq u e fu n ct ion o f t h e e ffe ct ive st ress, ra t h er t h an t h e
effe ct ive p last ic st r ain . Th u s t h e b e h avio r o f t h e m art en sit ic t r an sfo rm at ion of t h e m at e rial d u r in g p la st ic
d e fo rm at ion w ou ld b e u n d e rst o od fr om t h e st r e ss- in d u ce d p h a se t ra n sfor m a t io n m ech an ism .
2 0 1 5 Else vie r B.V. All righ t s re se rve d .

1 . In t r o d u ct io n t h e d e form a t ion -in d u ce d m a rt e n sit ic t r a n sfo rm at io n w a s first p ro -

Au st e n it ic st a in le ss st e e ls a re w id e ly u se d in m an y fie ld s of
in d u st r y b e ca u se of t h e ir e xce lle n t m e ch a n ica l an d fu n ct io n a l p ro p -
e rt ie s, su ch a s h igh d u ct ilit y a n d h igh st re n gt h , a s w e ll a s e xce lle n t
co rrosion an d h e a t r e sist a n ce s. Typ e 3 0 4 st e e l, o n e o f t h e m ost p o p -
u la r a u st e n it ic st a in le ss st e e l, h as a ve r y h igh form a b ilit y, e .g., ove r
5 0 % e lon ga t ion is p ossib le u n d e r u n ia xia l t e n sion (Fu ka se e t a l.,
1 9 6 8 ), ow in g t o t h e d e form a t ion -in d u ce d -m a rt e n sit ic t ra n sfo r-
m a t ion (Ta m u r a e t a l., 1 9 6 6 ). Ho w eve r, w h e n u sin g su ch a h a rd
sh e e t m e t a l for p re ss form in g op e ra t io n , on e m a y e n co u n t e r som e
d ifficu lt ie s, su ch a s la r ge sp rin gb a ck (Oh a sh i e t al., 1 9 7 7 ) a n d d ie
ga llin g (Hya sh i, 1 9 7 7 ). In a d d it ion , t h e risk o f d e la ye d cra ckin g in
d e e p - d ra w n cu p s b e com e s h igh e r w it h in cre a sin g -m a r t e n sit e
volu m e in t h e for m e d p rod u ct s (Su m it om o e t a l., 1 9 7 6 ).
Th e re fo re , in ord e r t o p r e d ict t h e form a b ilit y of t yp e 3 0 4 st a in -
le ss st e e l sh e e t , it is of vit a l im p or t an ce t o h a ve a m o d e l d e scrib in g
t h e e volu t ion o f -m a rt e n sit ic p h a se . A m od e l of t h e kin e t ics for
Co rr e sp on d in g au th or . Te l.:+8 1 8 3 3 7 1 5 11 8 ; fa x: +8 1 8 3 3 7 1 5 1 6 6 .
E- m a il a ddress: ish im a r u .e iich iro .7 q 7 @n ssc.n ssm c.com (E. Ish im a ru ).
p o se d b y Olso n a n d Co h e n (1 9 7 5 ), an d la t e r t h e st ra in ra t e e ffe ct
w a s co n sid e re d in t h e m od e l b y St rin gfe llow e t al. (1 9 9 2 ). In t h e se
m od e ls t h e volu m e fra ct io n of t h e t ra n sfo rm a t io n - in d u ce d m ar -
t e n sit e is e xp re sse d a s a fu n ct ion of a ccu m u la t e d p la st ic st ra in .
How e ve r , t h e re a re som e a rt icle s re p ort in g t h at t h e e volu t ion of
t h e m a rt e n sit e is n ot on ly a u n iq u e fu n ct ion of p la st ic st ra in b u t
it is a lso d e p e n d e n t on d e form a t ion m od e . Ham asa i e t a l. (2 0 1 4 ),
re ce n t ly fou n d t h at t h e m a rt e n sit ic p h ase t r an sfor m a t ion b e h a v-
ior u n d e r cyclic d e form a t ion is n ot t h e sam e a s on e u n d e r u n iaxial
t e n sion .
Accord in gly, in t h e p r e se n t st u d y, t h e m ar t e n sit ic t ra n s-
for m at ion b e h a vior of t yp e 3 0 4 st a in le ss st ee l sh e e t s d u rin g
d ra w -b e n d in g p roce ss, w h e re a sh e e t is su b ject e d t o b e n d in g-
u n b e n d in g w h e n t h e sh e e t is d r aw n ove r t h e d ie corn e r, is
in ve st iga t e d . Th e Vicke rs h a rd n e ss d ist rib u t ion s a lon g t h e sh e e t
t h ickn e ss w e r e d e t e rm in e d for d r a w n sh e e t s for se ve ra l le ve ls of
b la n k h old e r fo rce (BHF). Th e volu m e fr a ct ion s of -m a rt e n sit e
w e re m e a su r e d b ot h a t t h e su r fa ce a n d t h e m id - p la n e of t h e d ra w n
sh e e t for va r io u s BHFs, a n d t h e y w e r e com p a r e d t o t h ose ob t a in e d
fro m u n ia xia lly p u lle d sp e cim e n s. Fro m t h e se , t h e e ffe ct of st re ss
re ve rsa l o n t h e m a rt e n sit ic t ra n sform a t ion is d iscu sse d .

h tt p ://d x.d oi.or g/1 0 .1 0 1 6 /j.jm at p r ot e c.2 0 1 5 .03 .0 4 8

0 9 2 4 - 0 1 3 6 / 2 0 1 5 Else vie r B.V. All righ t s r e se r ve d .
 E. Ishim a ru et a l. / Jou rn a l of Ma teria ls Processin g Techn ology 223 (2015) 34 38 35

Ta b le 1
Ch e m ical co m p osition s (w t %).

C Si Mn Ni Cr Cu N

0 .0 5 0 .5 1 .1 8 .0 1 8 .0 0 .3 0 .0 4

Ta b le 2
Te n sile p ro p e rt ie s (te st sp e cim e n : JIS 1 3 B).

0 .2 % Pro of st re ss Te n sile str e ss Elon gat io n (%) n Va lu e

(MPa) (MPa ) (1 0 3 0 %)

313 750 56 0.4 5

2 . Exp e r im e n t a l p r o ce d u r e
Fig. 2 . Lo ca tion s for m icr o- Vicke r s h ar d n e ss m e a su r e m en t (a) in th e lon git u d in a l
d ire ct ion ; (b ) in t h e t h ickn e ss d ir e ct ion .
2.1. Specim en

Typ e 3 04 st a in le ss st e e l sh e e t s of 1 m m t h ick (as an n e ale d ) w a s
u se d for t h e e xp e rim e n t . Ta b le s 1 a n d 2 sh ow t h e ch e m ica l com p o-
sit ion s (w t %) of t h e sh e e t a n d it s te n sile p rop e rt ie s (t e st sp e cim e n :
JIS 1 3 B) in t h e rollin g d ire ct ion , resp e ct ive ly.
2.2. Dra w -ben din g
Th e e xp e r im e n t al se t - u p for d ra w -b e n d in g a n d t h e sp e cim e n is
sch e m a t ica lly illu st ra t e d in Fig. 1 .
Th e d ra w - b e n d in g e xp e rim e n t s w e re con d u ct e d for t h re e le v-
e ls of BHFs, (1 0 , 3 0 an d 5 0 kN). Th e sp e cim e n w a s d r aw n ove r
t h e d ie - corn e r (d ie - corn e r ra d iu s w a s 3 m m ) at a p u n ch sp e e d of
0 .1 6 7 m m /s u p t o 4 0 m m p u n ch t ra ve l, w h e re a lu b r ica n t w it h h igh
viscosit y (Joh n son w ax n o. 1 2 2 ) w a s a p p lie d on t h e d ie a n d b la n k
h o ld e r su rfa ce s.
2.3. Eva lu a tion of m a t eria ls com pleted testin g
Th e vo lu m e fr a ct ion o f t h e d e fo rm a t io n - in d u ce d m a rt e n sit e a t
t h e su r fa ce of t h e sp e cim e n w a s m e a su r e d u sin g a fe r rit e m e t e r
(MP-3 0 , Fisch e r Co. Lt d .). For a n accu ra t e d e t e rm in a t io n o f t h e
volu m e fra ct ion of t h e m a rt e n sit e p h ase , t h u s m e a su re d volu m e
fr a ct ion of t h e m a r t e n sit e h a d be e n ca lib ra t e d u sin g t h e X-r a y
a n a lysis. Fo r ca lib r at ion , co ld - rolle d sa m p le s w it h d iffe r e n t
m a r t e n sit e volu m e fr act ion s w e r e e m p loye d . In t h e X-ra y a n a lysis,
t h e volu m e fra ct io n w a s calcu la t e d fr om in t e gr at e d st r e n gt h of
(2 0 0 ) a n d (2 1 1 ) u sin g t h e t a rge t Cr- K lin e w it h a m icr o p oin t
X-ra y st re ss m e a su r e m e n t d e vice (PSPC- MSF, Riga ku Co. Lt d .).
In t h e a n a lysis of -m a rt e n sit ic t ra n sfo rm a t io n b e h a vior in
t h e t h ickn e ss d ire ct ion , se p a ra t ion of t h e fe rr it ic p h a se from t h e
a u st e n it ic p h a se w a s p e rform e d b y t h e Ele ct r on b e a m Ba cksca t -
t e r Diffr act ion (EBSD) m e t h od u sin g a fie ld e m ission -t yp e sca n n in g
e le ct r on m icr oscop e (JSM-7 00 0 F FE-SEM, JEOL Co . Lt d .). Th e EBSD
m e asu re m e n t w a s con d u ct e d w it h a n a cce le rat ion volt a ge of 2 5 kV
a t se ve ra l loca t ion s alon g t h e sh e e t t h ickn e ss d ir e ct ion st a rt in g
fro m n e a r t h e sh e e t su r fa ce (a p p roxim a t e ly 1 00 m a w a y fro m t h e
sh e e t su rfa ce ) t o t h e m id - p lan e of t h e sh e e t w it h an in t e r va l of
0 .5 m .
Fu rt h e rm o re , h a rd n e ss d ist rib u t ion s in t h e sh e e t , b ot h in t h e
lon git u d in a l a n d t h ickn e ss d ir e ct ion s, w e r e d e t e r m in e d b y t h e
m icro -Vicke rs h a rd n e ss m e a su r e m e n t (HV0 .1 ), a s sch e m a t ica lly
illu st r a t e d in Fig. 2 . In t h e lon git u d in a l d ire ct ion , t h e h a rd n e ss at
t h e m id -p oin t of t h e sh e e t w as m e a su re d t h rou gh ou t t h e sid e - w a ll
of t h e d ra w - b e n t sh e e t (fr om t h e fla n ge t o t h e p u n ch -cor n e r) w it h
a n in t e r va l of 1 m m . In t h e sh e e t t h ickn e ss d ire ct ion , t h e m e a su re -
m e n t w a s con d u ct e d a t a p osit ion of 1 0 m m aw a y fr om t h e e n d of
d ie - corn e r w it h a n in t e rva l of 1 0 0 m in t h e t h ickn e ss d ire ct ion
fro m t h e su rfa ce t o t h e m id - p lan e of t h e sh e e t .
3 . Re su lt s a n d d iscu ssio n
3.1. Workha rden in g of dra w - ben t sheet
Th e sp e cim e n s a ft e r d r a w -b e n d in g e xp e rim e n t s a re sh ow n in
Fig. 3 , w h e re on e ca n se e t h a t t h e sid e -w a ll cu rl d e cre ase s sign ifi-
- ca n t ly w it h in cre a sin g BHF sin ce it give s a t e n sile loa d t o t h e sh e e t ,
t h u s in cr e a sin g t e n sion ove r t h ickn e ss a n d sh ift in g t h e n e u t r a l lin e
t ow ar d t h e d ie .
Th e h a rd n e ss d ist r ib u t io n s of d ra w - b e n t sh e e t s a re su m m a rize d
in Fig 4 (a ) a n d (b ), w h e re Fig. 4 (a ) sh ow s t h e h a rd n e ss a t t h e m id -
p la n e , a n d Fig. 4 (b ) t h e r e su lt in t h e t h ickn e ss d ire ct ion , for t h re e

Fig. 1 . Exp e rim e n t al se t - u p an d sp e cim e n for d r a w - b e n d in g. Fig. 3 . Ou t look of sp e cim e n s afte r d r aw -b e n d in g e xp e rim e n t s.
36 E. Ishim a ru et a l. / Jou rn a l of Ma teria ls Processin g Techn ology 223 (2015) 34 38

(a) d iffe r e n t BHFs, 1 0 , 3 0 a n d 5 0 kN. In d r a w -b e n d in g, t h e sh e e t is su b -

400
je ct e d t o b e n d in g st ra in t oge t h e r w it h st re t ch in g st ra in . Fro m t h e se
BHF 10kN, 30kN, 50kN figu re s, it is cle a r t h a t t h e ove ra ll w or kh a rd e n in g in cr e a se s w it h
350 in cre a sin g BHF b e ca u se o f a la rge r st re t ch in g st ra in . Un d e r a lo w
Die R BHF (se e Fig. 4 (b ) for BHF = 1 0 kN), t h e b e n d in g st r ain is d om in an t
Hardness HV(0.97N)

com p a re d t o t h e st re t ch in g st ra in , t h u s t h e h a rd n e ss va lu e s at t h e
300 Punch R sh e e t su rfa ce s a re m u ch la rge r t h an t h a t at t h e m id p la n e . In con -
t ra st , u n d e r a la rge BHF (se e Fig. 4 (b ) for BHF = 5 0 kN), t h e d iffe re n ce
in h a rd n e ss b e t w e e n a t t h e su r fa ce an d a t t h e m id -p la n e is n o t so
250 lar ge , sin ce a la rge st re t ch in g st r a in is in d u ce d b y t h e BHF.

3.2. Rela t ion ship bet w een volu m e fra ction of m a rten site a n d t he
200
ha rdn ess

150 Th e volu m e fra ct ion s of -m ar t e n sit e w e re m e a su r e d w it h

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 e it h e r t h e fe r rit e m e t e r or t h e EBSD a n a lysis. EBSD im age s for
Distance from end of die corner (mm) t h e d r a w -b e n t sh e e t s a t t h e su rfa ce s on p u n ch - sid e , d ie - sid e a n d
t h e m id -p la n e , t e st e d u n d e r BHF = 1 0 , 3 0 a n d 5 0 kN, ar e sh o w n in
(b) 400 Fig. 5 . Th e re su lt for t h e u n ia xia lly p u lle d sp e cim e n , a t 2 2 % t e n -
BHF 10kN, 30kN, 50kN sile st r a in , is a lso sh ow n in t h e figu r e . From t h e se im a ge s, on e
ca n cle a r ly se e t h a t -m a rt e n sit e volu m e fr act ion in cr e a se s w it h
350 in cre a sin g BHF. Th e d iffe re n ce in ap p e a r an ce of t h e m a rt e n sit e
Hardness HV(0.97N)

p h a se a m on g b ot h sid e s of t h e sh e e t a n d m id -p lan e is n ot so ob vi-

ou s for BHF = 5 0 kN, co m p a re d t o t h e ca se of BHF = 1 0 kN, w h ich is
300
cor re sp on d in g t o t h e a for e - m e n t io n e d re su lt of h a rd n e ss d ist rib u -
t ion . Th e re lat ion sh ip b e t w e e n volu m e fra ct ion of t h e m a rt e n sit e
250 a n d t h e Vicke rs h ar d n e ss in t h e d ra w - b e n t sh e e t s, t oge t h e r w it h
t h e re su lt in t h e u n iaxia lly p u lle d sp e cim e n , is sh ow n in Fig. 6 ,
w h e re t h e h a rd n e ss is fo u n d t o b e e xp re sse d as a u n iq u e fu n c-
200 t ion of t h e volu m e fra ct ion of m a rt e n sit e . From t h is, it w ou ld b e
con clu d e d t h at t h e m a jor m e ch a n ism of w o rkh a rd e n in g of t yp e
3 0 4 st a in le ss st e e l is t h e e volu t ion of m a rt e n sit e d u r in g p la st ic
150 d e fo rm a t io n .
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Distance from surface of Punch side (mm) 3.3. Effect of ben din g-u n ben din g on t he m a rt en sitic
tra n sform a t ion
Fig. 4 . Har d n e ss d ist rib u t io n s in t h e d r a w - b e n t sh e e t s: (a ) in t h e lon git u d in a l d ir e c-
t io n (m e asu r e d a t t h e m id - p la n e ); (b ) in t h e th ickn e ss d ire ct io n (m e a su r e d a t 1 0 m m
Ba se d on t h e kin e t ics fo r t h e d e for m at ion -in d u ce d m ar t e n sit ic
a w a y fro m th e e n d of d ie cor n e r ).
t ra n sform a t ion Olson a n d Coh e n (1 9 7 5 ) p re fo rm e d t h e u n iaxial

Fig . 5 . Th e EBSD an alysis on th e d e fo rm at io n - in d u ce d tr a n sfor m a t io n of th e sa m p le s a fte r d ra w - b e n d in g an d t e n sile t e st.

 E. Ishim a ru et a l. / Jou rn a l of Ma teria ls Processin g Techn ology 223 (2015) 34 38 37

350

300
Hardness HV(0.97N)

250
Draw-bending
surface of Punch side
mid-plane
200
surface of Die side
Tensile test
mid-plane
150
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Volume fraction of martensite (%)

Fig. 6 . Re lat ion sh ip b e t w e e n t h e vo lu m e fr act io n of - m a rt e n site a n d t h e Vicke r s

h a rd n e ss.

t e n sion t e st for a n a u st e n it ic st ain le ss st e e l, a n d p r e su m e d t h a t

t h e vo lu m e fra ct ion o f - m a rt en sit e is give n a s a u n iq u e fu n c-
t ion o f a ccu m u la t e d p last ic st ra in (i.e ., e ffe ct ive p la st ic st ra in ). To
ve r ify t h e e ffe ct ive p la st ic st r a in of t h e d ra w - b e n t sh e e t w a s cal-
cu la t e d w it h a d yn a m ic e xp licit FE cod e PAM-STAMP 2 G (ESI Co.
Lt d .). Fig. 7 sh o w s t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e t w e e n t h e volu m e fra ct io n
o f t h e m a rt e n sit e o b t a in e d fr om EBSD a n a lysis a n d t h e e ffe c-
t ive p la st ic st r ain in t h e d ra w -b en d in g e xp e rim e n t , t oge t h e r w it h
t h e re su lt of u n ia xia l t e n sio n e xp e r im e n t . On e ca n se e t h a t t h e
r e su lt of a m a t e r ia l e le m e n t a t t h e m id - p la n e of t h e d ra w -b e n t
sh e e t is a lm o st id e n t ica l w it h on e of u n ia xia l t e n sion . Con t ra r y
t o t h is, it sh ou ld b e n ot e d t h a t t h e e volu t ion o f t h e m a rt e n s-
it e of a m a t e ria l e le m e n t a t t h e su rfa ce of t h e d ra w - b e n t sh e e t ,
w it h in cre asin g e ffe ct ive p la st ic st r ain , is sign ifi ca n t ly slow e r
t h a n t h a t in u n iaxial t e n sion . In d r aw -b e n d in g, t h e sh e e t is su b - Fig. 8 . Be h a vio r o f cyclic te n sion co m p r e ssion t e st s; (a) str e ss st ra in cu r ve s: (b )
je ct e d t o st re t ch b e n d in g- u n b e n d in g w h e n it is d ra w n ove r t h e m a r te n sit e volu m e fr a ct ion vs. p la stic str a in am ou n t.
d ie -cor n e r. Th e re fore , a m a t e r ia l e le m e n t a t t h e sh e e t su r fa ce is
su b je ct e d t o se ve re t e n sion -t o-co m p re ssion (or com p r e ssion -t o- 3.4. Evolu tion of m a rten sit ic tra nsform a t ion under cyclic
t e n sion ) p la st ic d e for m a t ion , b u t in con t ra st , a m a t e ria l e le m e n t a t t en sion com pression
t h e m id - p la n e of t h e sh e e t is m ost ly su b je ct e d t o m o n o t o n ica lly
in cre a sin g t e n sile st r a in . Su ch a d iffe r e n ce in d e for m a t ion m od e , Fro m t h e a b o ve d iscu ssion , it w a s fou n d t h a t t h e e vo lu -
b e t w e e n a t t h e su r face a n d t h e m id -p la t e , w o u ld b e t h e re a so n t ion o f t h e m a rt e n sit e is st ron gly a ffe ct e d b y t h e d e for m a t ion
w h y t h e e vo lu t ion of m a r t e n sit e is so slo w a t t h e su rfa ce o f t h e m od e . To e xa m in e t h e m a rt e n sit ic t r an sfor m at ion b e h a vior u n d e r
sh e e t . cyclic d e form a t ion , cyclic t e n sion com p r e ssion e xp e r im e n t on t h e
m a t e r ia l w as con d u ct e d . Th e st re ss st ra in re sp on se u n d e r cyclic
t e n sion com p re ssion is sh ow n in Fig. 8 (a ), w h e re t h e Ba u sch in ge r
e ffe ct is cle a rly se e n in t h e re ve rse d e fo rm a t io n . In Fig. 8 (b ) t h e e vo-
0.30 lu t ion of t h e m ar t e n sit e d u r in g t h e cyclic d e for m a t ion is d e p ict e d .
Draw-bending Fr om t h is figu r e , it sh ou ld b e n ot e d t h a t t h e evo lu t io n o f t h e m ar -
surface of Punch side t e n sit e st a gn a t e s in a ce rt a in e xt e n t of re ve r se d e form a t ion e ve n
Volume fraction of martensite (%)

0.25
mid-plane t h ou gh t h e p la st ic st ra in p ro gre sse s. Th is p h e n om e n on is con sist e n t
surface of Die side
0.20 w it h t h e m ar t e n sit ic t ra n sform at ion b e h avior in d r a w -b e n d in g.
Tensile test
mid-plane Th e flow st r e ss in a re ve rse d e form at ion is r e m a rkab ly low e r
0.15
t h a n t h a t in t h e p re ce d in g for w a rd d e form a t ion , in a ce r t a in e xt e n t
of t h e re ve r se d st ra in , b e cau se o f t h e Ba u sch in ge r e ffe ct . If it
w ou ld b e a ssu m e d t h a t t h e st re ss is t h e m a jor d rivin g force of t h e
0.10
d e form a t ion -in d u ce d m a rt e n sit ic t ra n sfo rm at io n , su ch b e h avior
of t h e st a gn at ion of m ar t e n sit ic t ra n sfo rm a t io n in a st ra in re ve r -
0.05
sa l w ou ld b e e a sily u n d e rst ood . To valid a t e th is, t h e re la t io n sh ip
b e t w e e n t h e volu m e fr act ion of t h e m a rt e n sit e an d t h e m axim u m
0.00
e ffe ct ive st r e ss w h ich a m a t e ria l e le m e n t h a s e ve r b e e n su b je ct e d
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
t o is sh ow n in Fig. 9 . Fr om t h is figu re , it w ou ld b e con clu d e d t h at
Plastic strain
t h e volu m e fr act ion of m a rt e n sit e is give n a s a u n iq u e fu n ct ion of
Fig. 7 . Evolu tion o f volu m e fr action o f m ar t e n site w ith in cr e asin g e ffe ct ive p la stic
t h e e ffe ct ive st re ss, in o t h e r w o rd s, t h e m a jor m e ch a n ism of t h is
st ra in u n d e r d r aw - b e n d in g a n d u n ia xia l te n sion . p h e n om e n on w ou ld b e t h e st r e ss-in d u ce d p h ase t ra n sform a t io n .
38 E. Ishim a ru et a l. / Jou rn a l of Ma teria ls Processin g Techn ology 223 (2015) 34 38

0.30 re su lt in u n ia xia l t e n sion . Th is sh ow s t h a t be n d in g u n b e n d ig

Cyclic tension-compression test p roce ss st ron gly a ffe ct s t h e e vo lu t io n of m a rt e n sit e . Th is
volume fraction of martensite (%)

Draw-bending
0.25 p h e n om e n on ca n n o t b e d e scr ib e d b y t h e Olse n St r in gfe llo w
m od e l w h ich a ssu m e s t h a t t h e volu m e fr act ion of t h e m ar -
0.20 t e n sit e is give n a s a u n iq u e fu n ct ion of a ccu m u la t e d p la st ic
st ra in .
0.15 (3 ) From cyclic t e n sion com p re ssion e xp e rim en t s, it w a s fou n d
t h a t t h e e volu t ion of t h e m a rt e n sit e st a gn a t e s in a ce r t ain
0.10 e xt e n t of re ve rse d e form a t ion e ve n t h o u gh t h e p la st ic st r ain
p rogre sse s. Th is p h e n o m e n on is con sist e n t w it h t h e m ar t e n sit ic
t r an sfor m a t ion b e h a vior in d ra w - b e n d in g. Th e vo lu m e fra ct ion
0.05
of m a rt e n sit e w as fou n d t o b e give n as a u n iq u e fu n ct io n of
t h e m a xim u m e ffe ct ive st re ss w h ich a m a t eria l e le m e n t h a s
0.00
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 e ve r b e e n su b je ct e d t o . Su ch b e h a vior o f t h e m a r t e n cit ic t ra n s-
form a t ion w ou ld b e u n d e rst ood from t h e st re ss- in d u ce d p h a se
Maximum equivalent stress (MPa)
t r an sfor m a t ion m e ch a n ism .
Fig. 9 . Re lat io n sh ip b e t w e e n m a r te n sit e volu m e fra ction an d m a xim u m e q u iva le n t
st re ss in cyclic t e n sion com p re ssio n . Re fe r e n ce s

Fu ka se , Y., Eb at o, K., Oku b o, N., Mu r a o, S., 1 9 6 8 . On th e an om a lu s b e h avior o f

4 . Co n clu sio n s
De form at ion -in d u ce d m a rt e n sit ic t ra n sform a t ion b e h a vior d u r-
in g d ra w - b e n d in g w a s in ve st igat e d on t yp e 3 0 4 st a in le ss st e e l. Th e
p re se n t fi n d in gs a re su m m a rize d a s fo llow s:
(1 ) For t h e h a r d n e ss d ist rib u t ion in t h e sh e e t t h ickn e ss d ire ct ion ,
t h e h a rd n e ss a t t h e su rfa ce is h igh e r t h an t h a t a t t h e m id -p la t e
b e ca u se of t h e b e n d in g e ffe ct . Th e h a rd n e ss is give n a s a u n iq u e
fu n ct ion of t h e volu m e fra ct ion of -m a rt e n sit e . From t h is fa ct ,
it is con clu d e d t h a t t h e m a jor m e ch an ism o f w or kh a rd e n in g of
t h e m a t e r ia l is t h e e volu t ion o f t h e m a rt e n sit ic p h a se .
(2 ) Th e e volu t ion o f t h e m a rt e n sit e of a m a t e r ia l e le m e n t a t t h e
su r face of t h e d ra w -b e n t sh e e t , w it h in cre a sin g e ffe ct ive p la s-
t ic st ra in , is sign ifican t ly slow e r t h a n t h at in u n ia xia l t e n sion ,
a lt h ou gh a t t h e m id -p la n e it is a lm ost id e n t ica l w it h t h e
m e ch a n ica l p r op e r tie s in m e t asta b le Cr Ni au st e n it ic st ain le ss st e e ls at a m b ie n t
te m p e r at u r e s. J. Jp n . In st . 3 2 (1 ), 3 8 4 4 .
Ha m a sai, H., Ish im ar u , E., Yosh id a , F., 2 0 1 4 . Cyclic str e ss st r ain re sp on se a n d
m a rt e n sitic t r an sfor m a t io n b e h avior fo r t yp e 3 0 4 st ain le ss st e e l. Ap p l. Me ch .
Ma t e r. 5 1 0 , 1 1 4 1 1 7 .
Hyash i, H., 1 9 7 7 . Sh e e t for m in g o f st ain le ss st e e ls. Cu r r . Ad v. Ma te r . Pr oc 1 0 ,
11851188.
Oh a sh i, N., On o, Y., Noh a r a, K., 1 9 7 7 . Pr e ss fo rm a b ility of sta in le ss st e e l sh e e t s. Te tsu -
To- Ha gan e 6 3 (5 ), 8 1 2 8 2 3 .
Olson , G.B., Co h e n , M., 1 9 7 5 . Kin e tics o f str a in - in d u ce d m ar t e n sit ic n u cle a tion . Me t-
all. Tr an s. A 6 A, 7 9 1 7 9 5 .
St rin gfe llow , R.G., Pa rks, D.M., Olson , G.B., 1 9 9 2 . A con st it u t ive m o d e l fo r tr a n sfo r-
m a tion p la st icity a ccom p an yin g st r ain -in d u ce d m a rt e n sitic t ra n sfor m a tion s in
m e t ast ab le au st e n it ic st e e ls. Act a Me t all. Mat e r . 4 0 (7 ), 17 0 3 1 7 1 6 .
Su m it om o , H., Ar a ka w a, M., Saw a ta n i, T., Oh oka, T., 1 9 7 6 . De laye d cra ckin g o f d e e p -
d ra w n cu p o f m a r ast ab le a u st e n it ic st a in le ss st e e l. J. Jp n . So c. Te ch n ol. Pla st .
Sose i-To- Ka ko 1 7 (1 1 ), 8 9 1 8 9 8 .
Tam u r a, I., Ma ki, M., Hat o, H., Ab u r a i, K., 1 9 6 6 . On t h e p la sticity in d u ce d b y m ar t e n -
sit ic t r an sfor m a tion in Fe Ni a lloys a n d Fe Cr Nu a lloys. J. Jp n . In st . Me t . 3 3 (1 2 ),
13831389.