MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

MECHANICS
Force
Movement

DEFORMATION
Elongation
Shortening
Displacement

Body may deform due to its properties

Elasticity- property of material to regain its original length after removal

of deforming load
Length
Area

Applied Load
1. Axial Load/Axial Force -is the measure of push and pull on section
Tension- represent pull that tends to elongate

Compression- represent a push that tends to shorten the body

2. Shear Force- force that tends to slide one of the side of the portion of
the other exploratory section
3. Torque- force that tends to twist the member
 .
4. Moment- bending force

SIMPLE STRESS
Stress () - force acting on a unit area of the section
= P/A
NORMAL STRESS

STRESS is the expression of force applied to a unit area of surface. It is

measured in psi (English unit) or in MPa (SI unit). Another unit of stress which is
not commonly used is the dynes (cgs unit). Stress is the ratio of force over area.

stress = force / area

Simple Stresses

Normal Stress the resisting area is perpendicular to the applied force, thus
normal. There are two types of normal stresses; tensile stress and compressive
stress. Tensile stress applied to bar tends the bar to elongate while compressive
stress tend to shorten the bar.

Where:
P is the applied normal load in Newton
A is the area in mm2.

EXAMPLE :
= P/A
Given:
= 248 MPa
A= 16mm
Find the load capacity
248Mpa= P/ 16 mm
P= 49863.36 N or 49.863 KN
EXAMPLE:

= P/A
= 120KN (1000) = 250 N/2 = 250 MPa
6 x 8 mm

EXAMPLE:
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of
100 mm must carry a tensile load of 400 kN.
Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the
stress is limited to 120 MN/m2.
Soln:

Example

A composite bar consist of an aluminium section rigidly fastened between

bronze section and steel section as shown. Axial load as applied at the position
indicated. Determine the stress in each section.
Solution:

40 (1000)
=
800

= 50 MPa

60 (1000)
=
1000

= - 50 MPa (compression)
 80 (1000)
=
1000

= 80 MPa

EXAMPLE:
A rod is composed of an aluminum section rigidly attached between steel and
bronze sections, as shown in Fig. P-107. Axial loads are applied at the positions
indicated. If P = 3000 lb and the cross sectional area of the rod is 0.5 in2,
determine the stress in each section.

Soln:

Shearing Stress forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing
stress. It differs to tensile and compressive stresses, which are caused by forces
perpendicular to the area on which they act. Shearing stress is also known as
tangential stress.

Where:
V is the resultant shearing force which passes which passes through the
centroid of the area A being sheared.
Example:

What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25

mm thick? The shear strength is 350 MN/m2.

Bearing Stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies.

Note: bearing stress differs from compressive stress, as it is an internal stress
caused by compressive forces.
Example:
If the diameter of rivet is 20mm and plate is 110mm wide, the allowable stress
are 120MPa for bearing on plate material and 60MPa for shearing of rivets.

a. Determine the minimum thickness of plate.

b. Largest average tensile stress in plate.

Soln:
 TRUSSES
TWO FORCE MEMBER

Example:
Determine the stress on members AB, BE, and EG, if the area of all
members is 1200mm2.

MR1=0
40(4)+80(12)-R2(16)=0
R2=70kN
MR2=0
-R1(16)+40(12)+80(4)=0
R1=50kN

Get the internal force:

Consider Joint A
Fv=0
50kN+ABV=0

AB=-83.33kN (C)
83.33(1000)
AB=
1200
=-69.44N/mm3
=-69.44MPa

Fv=0
3
50-40- BE=0
5

BE=16.67kN
16.67(1000)
BE=
1200
=13.89MPa
For EG
MF=0
50(12)-40(8)-EG(3)=0
EG=63.33kN
63.33(1000)
EG=
1200
=77.78MPa
Thin-walled Pressure Vessels
TANGENTIAL STRESS (Circumferential Stress)

LONGITUDINAL STRESS, L

P=A

P=
It can be observed that the tangential stress is twice that of the longitudinal
stress.
t = 2 L
 Strain

Simple Strain strain is the ratio of the change in length caused by the applied
force, to the original length.

Where:
is the deformation
L is the original length, thus is dimensionless.

STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM

Proportional Limit- the end of proportional line that beyond this point the
stress is not proportional to the strain.
Elasticity- is a property of materials to regain its original shape upon removal
of deforming body or load.

Elastic Limit- the stress beyond which material deform (elongate) will not
return to its original shape when loaded but will retain permanent
deformation, called permanent set.
Yield Point- a point at which there is an appreciable elongation or yielding of
material without any corresponding increase in load
Ultimate Strength- highest strength

Rupture Strength- strength at failure

HOOKES LAW: AXIAL DEFORMATION

E=

Modulus of Elasticity (E) is the slope of the line that is ration of strain to strain.

Hookes Law defines that stress is proportional to the strain.

to make it equal there is constant proportionality E

therefore E= ; modulus of elasticity in the slope.

If = P/A G= /L
P/A : /L (G)

Restriction of Hookes Law

The load must be axial

They have constant cross section and homogeneous
The stress does not exceed the proportional limit
SHEARING FORCE

Tan =

Since is very small tan =

Hookes Law

S= EG axial

S= G shear

S= =

EXAMPLE:
 = ?

Solution:

=

(60)(1000)(6)(1000)
= (25)2
(87)(1000)
4

= 8.43 mm

Example:The rigid bar ABC is supported by a 12 mm diameter that is 4m long. If

the allowable vertical movement of C is limited to 10 mm, Determine the value
of P acting at Point C. E= 67GPa

Solution:

= .

=

()(4000)
6.67 mm=(12)2
(67)(1000)
4

P= 12.64 KN

Example:

The rigid bar AB is attached to two vertical rod as shown is horizontal before P is applied.
Determine the vertical movement of P if its magnitude is 50 KN.

Solution:

Ma=0

50(3.5)-Ps(6)=0
Ps=29.17KN

(29.171000)(4000)
s=
(300)(2001000)

s=1.94 mm

Pa= 50KN- 29.17KN

Pa=20.83KN

(20.831000)(4000)
a=
(500)(701000)

a=1.78 mm

1.94 1.78
=
3.5 6

y=.093

p= a+y

p=1.78+.093

p=1.873 mm

Example:

The rigid bar ABC is horizontal when P is applied. Determine the vertical movement of
P= 80 KN
Solution:

MB=0

80(3)-Ps(2)=120KN

(1201000)(4000)
s=
(500)(2001000)

s= 4.8 mm
 4.8
=
3 2

a=7.2mm

(801000)(3000)
a=
(800)(701000)

s=4.3 mm

p= a + a

p= 7.2 mm + 4.3 mm

p= 11.5 mm

Example:

An aluminium bar having a cross-sectional area of 0.5 in2 carries the axial loads applied
at the positions. Compute the total change in length of the bar if E = 10 10 6 psi.
Assume the bar is suitably braced to prevent lateral buckling.

Soln:
Statically Indeterminate Member

When the available equation of static equilibrium is not sufficient for a solution fV=0
fH=0 M=0. When the number of reactive force or internal forces exceed the number of
independent equations of equilibrium which requires additional relation that depended
on elastic deformation in the member.

Conditions
1. To a free body diagram of structures or a part if it applies equation if static
equilibrium.
2. If there are more unknowns than independent equations, obtain additional
equation produced by load.

fV=0 Available equation

fH=0 Not applicable
M=0 Not applicable

Obtain equation from deformation

Statically determinate

EXAMPLES:

Concrete
AC=4000mm2
L=3m
E=20GPA
()(3000)
3mm=(4000)(20000)
P=80000
P=80KN

STEEL
L=3m
A=1000mm
E=200GPA
()(3000)
3mm=(1000)(200000)
P=200KN
Statically Indeterminate

Examples:

STEEL CONCRETE
A=1000mm2 A=4000mm2
Es=200GPA Ec=20GPA

A. Determinate the deformation

B. Determinate the stress in each member
SOLUTION:

fV=0
Pc+PS= 280 KN
()()
c=()()

()()
s=()()
 Solution

c= s
()() ()()
=
()() ()()

Ps=250Pc
Pc+2.5Pc=280KN
Pc=80KN
Ps=280+80=200KN

()()
s=()()
=3mm

()()
c=()()
=3mm

TORSION

Torsion=Twisting of body
Torque=Twisting of force
=Force applied on a certain distance from center of rotation

ASSUMPTION

1. Circular section remains circular.

2. Plain section remains plain and do not warp.
3. The projection upon the traverse section of straight line in the section remains
straight.
4. Shaft is loaded by twisting and twisting couples in the plane that are
perpendicular to the axis of the shaft.
5. Stress does not exceed the proportional limit.

Deformation DE=

Strain =

From Hookes Law
Stress

Equation of compatibility determines the relations between the stress that are
compatible with deformation produced by specific load plus the application of
Hookes law.
 Therefore, we can conclude that the shearing stress at any interval fiber is
determined by the product of constant and vertical radial distance that is the
stress distribution along the radius distance from the axis of the shaft.

internal fiber

Power transmitted by constant torque T rotating a constant angular speed W is given by

P=TW
Where:
W=2 f = in radians means that the shaft is rotating with a frequency of f revolution per
unit time.
P=T2 f

T=
2 f

But W=P

T=
2 f

W=2T f

Given:

D=200mm
G=83GPA
D=150mm
G=39GPA
Determine the rotation of end of bronze
For steel
T=40+20=60KN.m

180
s= ( )

60 106 (4000) 180

= 200^4 ( )
(83000)
32

=1.05
For bronze

180
B= ( )

20 106 (3000) 180

= 150^4 ( )
(39000)
32

=1.77
Total rotation: 2.82
FLANGE BOLT COUPLING

The force is transmitted by shearing forced P created in the bolts.

For maximum P stress, should not exceed the allowable, the use allowable stress
to get the maximum value of D

allow=

P= (aallow)A

Assuming that stress is uniformly distributed, the load in any boat is given by the
sample stress.

P=A
2
P=
4

D=diameter of the bolt

The force pacts to the center of the bolt and tangent to the bolt circle with radius
R or diameter D.

The torque resisted by one bolt is

TBOLT=PR

For n the number of bolt

T=PRn

T= or Rn

When the bolt has two concentric rows of bolt.

Moment of P1
T1=P1R1

Moment of P2
T2=P2R2

Equation of static equilibrium

Torque applied= torque resisting
Moment applies=moment resisting

T= P1R1N1 =P2R2N2

By Ratio and proportion

1 2
=
2 1

R21
2 =
1

P2= 2Ab
2
P 2= 2Ab
1
 2
P 2= P1
1

2
T= P1R1N1+ P 2R 2N 2
1
2 2
T= P1(R1N1+ (( ) )N2
1
1
T= (R1 N1+22 N2)
2
1

Example:
A flanged bolt coupling consist of six bolt spaced evenly around bolt circle
400mm in diameter. Determined the torque capacity of the allowable shearing
stress on bolt is 40MPa.

T=?
N=6
d=20mm
D=400 mm

Solution:

T=PRn
R=200

202
P=40N/mm2 X
4
=12566.37KN

T=(200)(6)(12566.37)
=15079644.74 N.mm

1
T=15049644.74N.mm( )( )
1000 1000
=15.079 KN.m
 Example 2

102
P1= (60)=4712.39N
4
150
P2= (4712.39)=3534.29
200

T=4712.39(200)(8)+3534.29(150)(6)
T=10.72KN.m

Types of beam according to support

1. Simple beam
2. Cantilever beam
3. Simple beam with over hang
4. Restrained
5. Propped
6. Continuous

SHEAR AND MOMENT

Free body diagram of left segment of section a-a

SHEAR

The condition of static equilibrium must be maintained and the resisting force necessary
to satisfy the condition of static equilibrium must be satisfied.

= 0

= 0

A vertical unbalance caused by R, requires the fiber in section a-a to create a resisting
force. This is shown at and is called as resisting shear.

V= shearing force is the vertical unbalanced shear, and may be determined by the
summation of vertical components.

Vr=Fy

V=R1

Assign of shear

Positive (upward)

Negative (downward)

MOMENTS

The summation of moment must also balance, R, at a distance x from a-a produce
moments.
M=R1x and the fiber in the section must create a numerically resisting moment Mr.

BENDING MOMENT

It is defined as the summation of moments about the centroid axis at any selected
section of all loading acting either to the left or to the right side of the reaction.

Moment caused by loading

ML= R1a-P1(a-x1)-P2(a-x2)-P3(a-x3)

SIGN OF BENDING MOMENT

EX:
Determine the shear of the ff.

1. 3m
2. 5m
3. 7m

Solution:

MB=0 (CW +)

RA(8)-40(6)-60(2)=0

RA=45 KN

FV=0

RA+RB-40-60=0
RB=55 KN

Shear

1. V3m

=45-10(30

=15KN (upward)

2. V5m

=45-10(4)

= 3 KN (upward)

3. V7m

45-10(4)-60

=55 KN (downward)

Relations among Load

 V-Wdx-(V+dv)
V-wdx-V-dv=0
dv=-Wdx

The slope of the shear at that point is equal to magnitude of load

2 2
=
1 1
2 1 = [2 1]
[ ]2= [ ]2
1 1

V= Area of load

The change of the slope is equal to the area of load

M+Vdx-Wdx (M+dm)=0
2

Vdx- Wdx dm=0
2
dM=vdx

The slope of moment is equal to magnitude of shear

 2 2
=
1 1

M2-M1=V[2 1]

M= Area of Shear

EXAMPLE:

SOLVE FOR REACTIONS

M@R2=0
6R1-18(4)-12(2)=0
R1=16KN
R2=14 KN

0 = 0
0 =0+16=16
2 =16+0=16
2 =16-18=-2
4 =-2+0=-2
4 =-2-12=-14
6 =-14+0=-14
6 =-14+14=0

0 =0
2 =0+16(2)=32
4 =32-12(2)=28
6 =28-14(2)0
 MOVING LOADS
- A truck load or other vehicle rolling across a beam or girder constitute
a system of load at fixed distance from each other.

SINGLE MOVING LOAD the maximum moment occurs when the load is
at the midspan and the maximum shear occurs when the load is very
near the support (usually assumed to lie over the support).
TWO MOVING LOADS the maximum shear occurs at the reaction when
the larger load is over that support. The maximum moment is given by

where Ps is the smaller load, Pb is the bigger load, and P is the total load (P =
Ps + Pb).

HALLOW SHAFT

J= (R4-44)/2
J= (D4-d4)/32
Tmax=2TR/ (R4-r4)
=16TR/ (D4-d4)

Power transmitted by constant torque T rotating a constant angular speed

W is given by:
 P=TW
Where:
W=2 f in radians means that the shaft is rotating with a frequency
of f revolution per unit time.
P=T2 f
T=P/2 f
But W=P
T=W/2
W=2T f

Problem:
The 3m length steel shaft has modulus of rigidity of 830GPa. What is
the maximum diameter of shaft so that the rotation will not exceed 6 when
torque is applied.

=TL/JG
T= 20kN-m L=3m
D=150mm G=83GPa
 20,000(1000)/(3000)
= ( ) 83000
( )
32 2
=0.0145rad
180
=0.0145( )=0.83

20,000(1000)75
Tmax=
(
)

40106 (3000)
6( )=
(,)( )

d=108.90mm

BEAM DEFLECTION

dy
0=
dx

2
EI =M
2

EI = + slope equation of beam

Eiy= + + 2 deflection equation

Example no 1:

Consider slope equation

dy
0= not sure
dx

Consider deflection

X=0 ; y=0 substitute

2(03 ) <03>4
0= - + C1(0) + C2
3 12

If the value isnegative, neglect it becauseit does not exist

C2=0

MR2=0

R1(a)= 2(6)(3)

R1=4
3
M=4X-2<X-3>< >
2

=4X-(X-3)2
<3>3
EI =2 2 +C1
3

<3>3
EI = 2 2 +C1x
3

2 3 <3>4
EIy= + 1 + 2
3 12
C2=0

Y=0; L=9

Subtitute to deflection equation

293 <93>4
EIy= + 19 + 0
3 12

C1=-42

Final slope equation

2 3 <3>4
EI= -42x
3 2

Ymax if slope is 0
dy
Y=max 0=
dx

Assume it will occur 0-3

0=2 2 42

X=4.58 outside the limit not accepted

Assuming Ymax is 4-9

<3>3
0=2 2 42
3

X=4.67m is accepted because within the limit

2(4.67)3 4.6734
EIymax= 42(4.67)
3 12

=128.89

Example no. 2 :
 2
EI =4x-8<x-2>
2

EI =2 2 4 < 2 >2 +C1

2 3 4<2>3
EIy= + 1 + 2
3 3

dy
0= ; x=2
dx

0=2(22 )-0+C1

C1=-8

X=0 ; y=0 substitute

0= 2(03 ) + 1(0) + 2

C2=0
2 3 4<2>3
EIy= 8
3 3

Ymax at x=2
2(2)3 4<22>3
EIy= 8(2)
3 3

10.67
Y=

Y=
48

8(4)3
Y=
48
 10.67
=

54
Y=
384

3
Y=
48
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAM EXAMPLES

MR2=0
R1(12) = 40 (9)+ 61.76 (7)+ 80(3)
R1= 86.03 KN
R2+ 95.73 KN

Vo= 86.03 KN
Vo-3 = 86.03 M=86.03(0)=0
M0-3= 86.03 x x=3
V3-5 = 86.03 -40
= 46.03
M3-5 = 86.03x -40 (x-3)
=46.03x-120

V5-9= 86.03-40-61.76
=-15.23
M = 86.93x-40(x-3)-61.76(x-5)
= -15.73 x + 428.8

V9-12 = 86.03 - 40 - 61.76 80

= -95.73
M9-12 = 86.03x -40(x-3) -61.76(x-5)-
80(x-9)
= -95.73x + 1148.8
M12= -95.73 + 95.73
=0
MR1 = 0

P2(10) = 5(4)(2)+61.76(8)+20(12)

R2= 77.41

R1 = 24.35

V=24.35

V0-4 = 24.35 -5x =4.35

5 2
M0-4 = 24.35x -
2

=57.4

V4-8= 24.35-5(4) = 4.35

M4-8 = 24.35x -20(x-2)

=4.35x+40

V8-10 = 24.35 20 61.76 = -57

M8-10 = 24.35x -20(x-2) 61.76(x-

80

= -57.41x + 534.08

V10-12 = 24.35 -20 61.76 + 77.41 = 20

M10-12 = 24.35x- 20(x-2) 61.76(x-8)) + 77.41(x-10)

= 20x -240
MA=0

10RC=2(80)+5[10(10)]

RC=66kN

MC=0

10RA=8(80)+5[10(10)]

RA=114kN

VAB=11410xkN

MAB=114x10x(x/2)

MAB=114x5x2kNm

VBC=1148010x

VBC=3410xkN

MBC=114x80(x2)10x(x/2)

MBC=160+34x5x2kNm
MA=0

6RD=4[2(30)]

RD=40kN

MD=0

6RA=2[2(30)]

RA=20kN

VAB=20kN

MAB=20xkNm

VBC=2030(x3)

VBC=11030xkN
MBC=20x30(x3)(x3)/2
MBC=20x15(x3)2kNm

VCD=2030(2)

VCD=40kN
MCD=20x30(2)(x4)
MCD=20x60(x4)kNm

Jeanette Costales
Elsie Sestuso
Aeraleen Caladiao
Nicole Perez