IHCQUCGIAHNI

TRNGIHCKHOAHCTNHIN
o0o

NGUYNTHVIN

OLIUBCXMITRNGBNG
DETECTORNHITHUNHQUANGLiF(Mg,Cu,P)

LUNVNTHCSKHOAHC
 HNI2012
IHCQUCGIAHNI
TRNGIHCKHOAHCTNHIN
o0o

NGUYNTHVIN

OLIUBCXMITRNGBNG

DETECTORNHITHUNHQUANGLiF(Mg,Cu,P)

Chuynngnh:Vtlnguynthtnhnvnnglngcao
Ms:604405

LUNVNTHCSKHOAHC
 NGIHNGDNKHOAHC:PGS.TS.NGUYNQUANGMIN

HNI2012
LICMN

Liutintixincbytlngbitnchnthnh
nbcsinhthnh,nhngnginuidngvtomi
iu kin ti n hc thnh ngi, ngi bn i v
nhngngithntronggianh bnvngvinti
trongsutqutrnhtinghincuvhctp.Ticngxin
cm nccthycgiokhoaVtltrngihckhoa
hct nhinHNi.cbittixingilicm nchn
thnhtiPGS.TSNguynQuangMinngithytntm
hngdn,gip vch bochotitrongqutrnhthc
hinlunvnny.
Tis c gngvndng cckinthcmmnh
ctrangb phcv ttnhimv trongcngtcca
mnh.
 MCLC
Trang

Trangphbn
Licmn
Mclc
DANHMCCCBNG..............................................................................................1
DANHMCCCHNHVVTH.................................................................2
MU.........................................................................................................................4
CHNG1:CSKHOAHCCAPHNG
PHP......................................5
1.1 Phnbccnguyntphongxtrongmi
trng..............................................5
1.1.1 Phnbphongxtrongt
nhin...............................................................5
 1.1.2 Tngtccacctiaphngxvivt
cht..............................................7
1.2 Liubcxmi
trng.........................................................................................8
1.2.1 Tcdngcatiabcxivisckhecon
ngi.................................8
1.2.2 Mtsktquoliutrnth
gii.........................................................10
1.2.3 Ccnvoliubcxmi
trng.....................................................11
1.2.3.1Liuchiuvsutliu
chiu...................................................................11
1.2.3.2Liuhpthvsutliuhp
th............................................................12
1.2.3.3Liutngngvhsphm
cht....................................................12
1.3 Hintngnhithunh
quang............................................................................13
1.3.1 Lchspht
trin.....................................................................................13
1.3.2 Cchhotngnhithunh
quang.......................................................14
1.4 LiuknhithunhquangLiF(Mg,Cu,
P).......................................................16
1.4.1 ctrngnhithunhquangcaLiF(Mg,Cu,
P).................................16
1.4.1.1NhmvtliugcLithium
Florua.........................................................16
1.4.1.2Phphtxnhithunh
quang..............................................................17
 1.4.1.3png
liu...........................................................................................17
1.4.2 Xlnhitchovtliunhithunh
quang.............................................18
1.4.3 Mtsctrngcbncavtliunhithuyngf
quang.......................19
1.4.4 Nguynlchungvotnhiunhithunh
quang................................21
1.5 TnhhnhnghincuvvnquantmcaLun
vn...................................21
1.5.1 Tnhhnhnghincungoi
nc............................................................21
1.5.2 Tnhhnhnghincutrongnc............................................................23
1.5.3 NhngvnquantmcaLun
vn....................................................23
CHNG2:THCNGHIMOLIUBCXMITRNGBNG
LIUKNHITHUNHQUANGLiF(Mg,Cu,
P).......................................................25
2.1 Giacngchtomu
o....................................................................................25
2.1.1 ChunbbtmuLiF(Mg,Cu,
P).........................................................25
2.1.2 TocapsulengbtLiF(Mg,Cu,
P)....................................................26
2.1.3 Xlnhitvchunliuchiu
x......................................................26
2.1.4 Xydngngchun
liu.....................................................................27
2.1.5 tliuknhithunhquangoliubcxmi
trng.......................28
2.2 Xydngcuhnhphponhithunh
quang..................................................29
2.2.1 GiithiuhonhithunhquangRGD
3A......................................29
2.2.2 CcctrngkthutcbncahoRGD
3A..............................30
2.2.3 Phnmmiukhinvxltnhiu
o...............................................31
2.2.4 XydngcuhnhphpotrnhoRGD
3A..................................33
2.3 otnhiunhithunhquangtrnhoRGD
3A.........................................34
2.4 Dngphcanhithunhquangtliuk
chun.............................................35
2.5 Phnhithunhquangcaccliukobcxmi
trng...........................39
CHNG3:KTQUVTHO
LUN..............................................................43
3.1 Xcnhnhynhithunhquangcaphp
o.............................................43
3.2 Xcnhtngliuchiuxlnmumi
trng................................................43
3.3 Xcnhsutliumi
trng.............................................................................44
3.4 Mtsnhnxtrtratthc
nghim................................................................45
KTLUN...................................................................................................................47
TILIUTHAMKHO...........................................................................................49
PH
LC......................................................................................................................51
 DANHMCCCBNG

CHNG1:CSKHOAHCCAPHNGPHP

..................................

5

1.1.Phnbccnguyntphngxtrongmitrng

.................................

5
1.1.1.Phnbphngxtrongtnhin

..............................................................

5

Trongtnhin,ngoibadyphngxtrncnmtsccnguyntphngx
tnhinkhckhngtothnhdyphngxnhK40.Ngoiracncccng
vC14,H3,Cs137....ylloingvchnhthnhdostngtcgia
tiavtrvinhngnguynttrongkhquyn.

................................................

7

1.1.2.Tngtccatiaphngxvivtcht

...................................................

7

1.2.Liubcxmitrng.

............................................................................

8

14

1.3.Hintngnhithunhquang.

.................................................................

14

1.3.2.Cchhotngnhithunhquang

.....................................................

15

1.4.LiuknhithunhquangLiF(Mg,Cu,P)

...............................................

17

1.4.4.Nguynlchungvotnhiunhithunhquang

..................................

21

1.5Tnhhnhnghincuvvnquantmcalunvn

.......................

22
1.5.1Tnhhnhnghincungoinc

.............................................................

22

1.5.2Tnhhnhnghincutrongnc

..............................................................

24

1.5.3Nhngvnquantmnghincucalunvn

....................................

25

CHNG2:.........................................................................................................
26

THCNGHIMOLIUBCXMITRNGBNGLIUKNHIT
HUNHQUANGLiF(Mg,Cu,P)

............................................................................

26

2.1.Giacngchtomuo

........................................................................

26
2.1.1.ChunbbtmuLiF(Mg,Cu,P)

............................................................

26

2.2.Xydngcuhnhphponhithunhquang

.......................................

30

2.2.1.GiithiuhonhithunhquangRGD3A

.....................................

30

1
 2.2.2.CcctrngkthutcbncahoRGD3A

................................

31

2.2.3.Phnmmiukhinvxltnhiuo

.............................................

32

2.2.4.XydngcuhnhphpotrnhoRGD3A

......................................

34

2.3otnhiunhithunhquangtrnhoRGD3A

.............................

35
2.4.Dngphcanhithunhquangtliukchun

.................................

36

Hnh 2.12:Biudinmiquanh giatnhiunhithunhquangvliu

chiucumuchunLiF(Mg,Cu,P)tcqutnhit60C/s

......................

40

Ktquxydngnghiquytuyntnhchothy,cstngquantt
giasmtnhiunhithunhquangvmcliuchiu.Phngtrnhbiu
dinmitngquantuyntnhgiamcsmtnhiunhithunhquang
thucvmcliuchiul:........................................................................
40

y=1228x+1294

...............................................................................................

40

trong:ylsm
;.....................................................................................

40

xlliuchiu(mGy)

.......................................................................................

40

2.5Phnhithunhquangcaccliukobcxmitrng

..................

40

CHNG3:KTQUVTHOLUN

........................................................

45

DANHMCCCHNHVVTH

2
 MU

Tchicabcx mitrngnsckho conngilhtscnguy

him.Ccbcxcthlmchonhiumensngquantrng,nhiutuyntrong
cthvcctbob hu hoi.bitcnhngtcngchicabc

3
xlncthngitacnc voccyutnhv trtcng,liulngtc
ng,trngthi.
Ccnhkhoahccnhboiucnthitvcpbchlphiiutra,nh
giphngbcx t nhinmitrngnhmxcnhgitr tngliutng
ngtrungbnhnmcabcx t nhinlncngngdnc.Vingha
thitthc,tinytptrungvovicxcnhliubcxmitrngda
voDetectornhithunhquang.Thngquavicxcnhny,saraccnh
gic th vmtsnhnxtv ktqu vimcchlmchnhxchaliu
bcxmitrnghngnmlmtinchoccnghincuchnhxchntrong
tnglai.
HintngnhithunhquangTL(Thermoluminescence),haycngil
qutrnhphtquangcngbcnhit,lhintngvangthucnhiu
thnhcngtrongcclnhvcnh (xcnhtui,kimsotliubcx mi
trng,oliucnhn,nghincucutrcvtliu...)
Cnhiuvtliucsdngoliubcxnhcchpchtlitiflorua
(LiF),litiborat(Li2B2O7),canxiflorua(CaF2).Trong tinghincuv o
liu bc x mi trng ny ti la chn liu k nhit hunh quang
LiF(Mg,Cu,P) o. Vicnghincuccctnh cavtliunycngs
manglinhiuiub chvthitthcnggpvovicnghincuthc
nghimcacccngtrnhsauny.

4
 CHNG1:C S KHOA HC CA PHNG
PHP

1.1. Phnbccnguyntphngxtrongmitrng

1.1.1.Phnbphngxtrongtnhin
Nh bit,sauskinBigBanglqutrnhhnhthnhmttrivh
thnghnhtinhcachngta.Trongmtrobimtlnglnccchtphng
xcmttrnTrit.Theothigian,asccnguyntphngx nyphn
rvtr thnhnhngnguynt bnvnglthnhphnvtliuchnhcah
thnghnhtinhchngtahinnay.Tuynhin,trongv Tritvncnnhng
nguyntUranium,Thorium,conchucachngvmtsccnguyntkhc.
Chui cc nguyn t ny to thnh nhng h phng x t nhin, l h
Uranium,hThoriumvhActinium.Ttcccthnhvincacchphngx
nytrnguyntcuicnguctnhphngx.
Uranium gm cc ng v: Uranium238 chim 99,3% Uranium thin
nhin,khong0,7%lUranium235vkhong0.005%lUranium234.U238v
U234lccngvphngxthuchUranium,cnU235lngvphngx
thuchActinium.
Cchphngxtnhinccccim:

ngvutincahcchukbnrln

Cch nyucmtngv tntididngkh,ccchtkh

phngxnylccngvcaradon.

SnphmcuicngtrongcchphngxlCh.
Ngoiccngvtrongcchphngx t nhinnutrn,trongt nhin
cncmtsngv phngxrtph binkhcnh:40K,14C...Nhngng
vnycth cthytrongthcvt,ngvtvc trongmitrng.ng
v phngx 14Clngv chnhthnhdos tngtccabcx ntron
(ctrongtiavtr)vihtnhnnguynt14N.

5
 Nguynt phngx c khpminitrnTrit,trongt,trong
ncvtrongkhngkh.Theongungc,ccnguyntphngx cth c
chiathnh3loi:loichnhthnhttrckhitrithnhthnh;loic
tothnhdotngtccatiavtr vivtcht;loictothnhdohot
ngcaconngi.

Cchtnhnphngxctothnhvtntimtccht nhintrong
t,ncvtrongkhngkh,thmchtrongchnhcthchngta.TheoCquan
Nnglngnguynt Quct (IAEA),trong1kgtcth cha3ngv
phngxtnhinvihmlngtrungbnhnhsau:

370Bq40K(100700Bq)

25Bq226Ra(1050Bq)

25Bq238U(1050Bq)

25Bq232Th(750Bq)

Ccngv phngx t nhinch yuthuc3chuiphngx,l

chui 232Th,chui 238Uvchui 235U.Chngckh nngphnranphavbta
mnhvcthtmlcnhtrongBng1.1.

Bng1.1:SchuiphngxtnhinThoriumvUranium

ChuiTh232 ChuiU238 ChuiU235

Htnhn Thi gian Htnhn Thi gian Htnhn Thi gian

bnr bnr bnr

Th232 14x109nm U238 4,47x109n U235 0,704x109n

m m
1 1,2 1,1

Ra228 6,7nm U234 Pa231

245x103n 32,8x103
1
m nm
Th230

6
 1,2 1 2,1

Ra224 3,6ngy Ra226 75x103nm Ra223

1 1 1

Rn220 55giy Rn222 1600nm Rn219 11,4ngy

1 3,2 1

Po216 0,16giy Pb210 3,82ngy Po215 4giy

2
22nm 1,8x103
Po210
giy
2,2 1 2,2
Bn 138ngy
Pb208 Pb206 Pb207

Bn
Bn

Trongtnhin,ngoibadyphngxtrncnmtsccnguyntphngx
tnhinkhckhngtothnhdyphngxnhK40.NgoiracncccngvC14,
H3,Cs137....ylloingv chnhthnhdostngtcgiatiavtr vi
nhngnguynttrongkhquyn.

1.1.2.Tngtccatiaphngxvivtcht
Tiaphngxtheonghagclccdnghtchuynngnhanhphngra
t ccchtphngx(ccchtchacchtnhnnguyntkhngtrngthi
cnbngbn).Cchtphngracthchuynngthnhdngnhhng.Cc
tiaphngxcbnchtgingnhnhsngthngnhngkhngthnhnthy
vcmcnnglngcaohnmcnnglngcanhsngthng.

7
 Cctiaphngx ckh nngixuynquavtchtvckh nnggii
phngintrakhinguyntvtchttrthnhinttdolmthayi
tnhchtcavttrthnhdnin.cncgilkh nngionhaca
cctiaphngx.

1.2.Liubcxmitrng.
1.2.1Tcdngcacctiabcxivisckhoconngi.

Tcdngsinhhccabcxhtnhncnhiuhnhthckhcnhau,i
visckheconngithquantrngnhtlccdngcthxuynquacth
vgyrahiu ngionho.Nubcxionhothmvoccmsng,ccin
ctoraikhinhhngnqutrnhsinhhcbnhthng.Tipxcvi
btk loinotrongs ccloibcx ionho,bcx alpha,beta,cctia
gamma,tiaXvntron,ucthnhhngtisckho.

BcxAlpha:Htalphadonhngngvphngxnhtnhphtrakhi
chngphnhu thnhmtnguynt bn.Ngmhaiprotonvhainotron,n
mangindng.Trongkhnggian,bcxalphakhngckhnngtruynxa
vddngbcnlitonbchbimttgiyhocbilpmngngoica
da.Tuynhin,numtchtphttiaAlphacavotrongcth,nspht
rannglngticct boxungquanh.Vd,nuconngihtphimt
lngkhradonvotrongphithchngcthstoraschiuxviccm
nhycm,mccmnythkhngclpbovbnngoigingnhda.

Bcx Beta: Baogmccelectronnh hnrtnhiusoviccht

alphavncththmsuhn.Bcxbtacthbcnlibitmkimloi,
tmknhhaychbilpqunobnhthng.Ncngcth xuynquac
lpngoicadavkhinslmtnthnglpdabov.Trongvtainn
nhmyinhtnhnChernobylnm1986,cctiabtamnhlmchyda
nhngngicuho.Nuccbcxbtaphtratrongcth,ncthchiu
xtrongccmtrong.

8
 Bcx Gamma:Bcx gammalnnglngsngint.Nic
khongcchlntrongkhngkhvcxuynmnh.Khitiagammabtui
vovtcht,cngcancngbtugim.Trongqutrnhxuynvovt
cht,tiagammavachmviccnguynt.Ccvachmvit bocac
th s lmtnhichodavccm bntrong.Ccvtliucnh ch,b
tngltmchnltngivitiagamma.

Bcx tiaX:Bcx tiaXtngtnhbcx gamma,nhngbcx

gammacphtrabihtnhnnguynt,cntiaXdoconngitoratrong
mt ngtiaXmbnthnnkhngctnhphngx.V ngtiaXhotng
bngin,nnvicphttiaXcthbt,ttbngcngtc.

BcxNtron:Bcxntronctoratrongqutrnhphtinht
nhn,bnthnnkhngphilbcxionho,nhngnuvachmviccht
nhnkhc,ncth kchhotcchtnhnhocgyratiagammahayccht
intchthcpgintipgyrabcxionho.Ntroncscxuynmnhhn
tiagammavchcth b ngnchnlibitngbtngdy,binchoc
tmchnparaphin.

Ccbcxionhagpphnvovicionhaccphnttrongcth
sng,tytheoliulngnhncvloibcx,hiungcachngcth
gyhitnhiuchocth.Chaicchtcngbcxlncthconngi:
Cchtrctip:bcxtrctipgyinhaccphnttrongtbo
lmtgylinkttrongccgen,ccnhimscth,lmsailchcutrcv
tnthngnchcnngcatbo.Cchgintip:Khiphntnctrong
cthbionhastoraccgctdo,ccgcnychottnhhahcmnh
shyhoiccthnhphnhuctrongtbo,nhccenzyme,protein,lipid
trongtbovphntADN,lmtlitccchcnngcacctbolnhkhc.
Khistbobhi,bchtvtqukhnngphchicamhaycquanth
chcnngcamhaycquansbrilonhoctlit,gynhhngn
sckhe.

9
Hiungtcthi:Khicthnhncmtschiuxmnhbi
ccbcxionha,vtrongmtthigianngnsgyrahiungtcthiln
cthsng.Lmnhhngtrctipnhmchmu,htiuha,hthn
kinhtrungng.Ccnhhngtrnucchungmtstriuchngnh:
bunnn,ima,mtmi,st,thayivmuvnhngthayikhc.i
vida,liucaocatiaXgyraban,rngtc,bng,hoit,lot,ivi
tuynsinhdcgyvsinhtmthi.
Hiungludi:Chiuxbngccbcxionhaviliulng
caohaythpucthgynncchiungludididngccbnhung
th,bnhmutrng,ungthxng,ungthphi,cthytinhth,gimth,
rilonditruyn...Bcxttiakhiivocthmsng,chngsbhm
limtcchnhanhchngvtruynnnglngcachngngaytich.Vvy
vicngmtliulngnhnhau,nhngtianguyhimhnsovicctia,
lccbcxisuvosubntrongcthvtruyntngphnnnglng
trnngi.

1.2.2.Mtsktquoliumitrngtrnthgii

nhhngcabcxtnhinivisckho conngigi vaitr

rtlnkhngth b quac.Vicbitvkimsotnhhngcann
chtlngcucsnglcnthit.ccnccnnkinhtphttrinnhHoa
K,LinX(c),Anh,....nghincuxcnhphngbcx t nhin,cng
nhxcnhtngliuhngnmctinhnhtnhngnm80cathk
20.

Nm1981,Mcngbtiliunhgitngliuchiuhngnmca
phngbcxtnhinlncthconngitrntonquc(Bng1.2)

Bng1.2.TngliuchiuhngnmcaphngbcxtnhinM[13]

Ngunbcx Sutliuchiu(mSv/ngi)
Bcxtiavtr 0,45

10
 Bcxtrnmtt
+Chiungoi 0,60
+Chiutrong 0,25
Tngcng 1,30

Tnm1993,ccncBcugmanMch,PhnLan,NaUy,Ireland
vThyincngb ktqu iutrasutliuhiudngcaphngbc
xtnhintrungbnhhngnmlncngng(Bng1.3)

Bng1.3.Ktquiutrasutliuhiudngcaphngbcxtnhin
trungbnhhngnmlncngngmtsncBcu.

Phn Thy an
Loingun NaUy Ireland
Lan in Mch
Bcx gammat t,vt 0,5 0,5 0,3 0,5 0,2
liuxydng(mSv)
Hmlngradontrongnh 2,0 1,9 1,0 1,7 0,2
vnilmvic(mSv)
Cc nguyn t phng x 0,3 0,3 0,30 0,35 0,3
trongcth(mSv)
Bcxvtr(mSv) 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,3
Tngcng(mSv) 3,1 3,0 1,9 2,85 1,0

1.2.3.Ccnvoliubcxmitrng
Trongqutrnhphnrnguynt phngx s phtracctiaphngx,
didngbcx anpha,bcx bta,bcx gamma,bcx ntronhaycc
mnhphnchiaKhitcdngvimitrngvtcht,ccbcx nyc
nhngkhnnggyrasionhakhcnhau.V,nhgimcnhhng
caccloitiabcxny,ccnhkhoahchtnhnarakhinimliu
bcxhtnhn.Baogm:
1.2.3.1.Liuchiuvsutliuchiu

11
 +)Liuchiu(tiaXvtiagamma)ltngsintchcngducsinh
rakhittc cchtmangin(electronviondng)cgiiphngbi
photontrongmtthtchkhngkhchiachokhilngcakhngkhtrongth
tch.

dQ
Dch =
dm

trong:

dQltngintchcngdusinhratrongthtchkhngkh.

dmlkhilngcathtchkhngkh.
+)Sutliuchiulliuchiutnhchomtnvthigian.
nvthngdng:liuchiu(R),sutliuchiu(R/s)
1.2.3.2.Liuhpthvsutliuhpth
+)Liuhpthlnnglngbcx b hpthtrnnv khilng
caitngbchiux.

dE
D ht =
dm

trong:dElnnglngtruyntrungbnhcabcxionhachovtchtc
khilngdm.

+)Sutliuhpthlliuhpthtrongmtnvthigian.

nvthngdng:Gray,khiuGy

1Gy=1J/kg=100rad

1rad=100erg/g(1radlmtlngbcx iquavtchttruynnng
lng100ergcho1gvtcht)

1.2.3.3.Liutngngvhsphmcht

+)Liutngngbngliuhpthnhnvihsphmcht

+)Hs phmcht:miloibcxckh nngionhakhcnhauv

cctrngbimtilnggilhsphmcht,khiuQ.

12
 nv:rem(RoentgenEquivalentMan)

1rem=1rad.Q

TronghSI:liutngngsinhhccnvlSievert(Sv)

1Sv=1Gy*Q=100rem

Bng1.4:Hsphmchtcaccloibcx

H s phm
Loibcxvnnglngcan
cht

Photonvittcnnglng 1

Electronvmuon,ttcnnglng 1

Neutron:

<10keV
5
10keVti100keV
10
100keVti2MeV
20
2MeVti20MeV
10
20MeV
5
Protongitli,nnglng>2MeV
5
Ht anpha, mnh phn hch, ht nhn
20
nng

13