CE 44 Highway

Engineering:
Introduction to
Pavement Engineering

Engr. Jefferson R. Vallente Jr., CE

Asst. Instructor, Civil Engineering Dept.
 Road Name / Section ID Route Numbering Start KM End KM

Balingasag By-Pass Rd
S00553MN K1389 + (-810) K1392 + 443
Butuan City-Cagayan de Oro City-Iligan
City Rd
S00473MN 9 K1281 + (-168) K1301 + 372
S00476MN 9 K1329 + (-1589) K1353 + 903
S00485MN 9 K1355 + (-1103) K1399 + 378
S00486MN 9 K1280 + (-818) K1280 + 554
S00564MN 9 K1302 + (-600) K1327 + 418
Dampil-Lagonglong By-Pass Rd
S00551MN K1381 + (-274) K1381 + 124
Gingoog-Claveria-Villanueva Rd
S00569MN 955 K1316 + (-332) K1342 + 074
Gingoog-Wharf Rd
S00568MN 955
Kinoguitan By-Pass Rd
S00549MN K1361 + (-385) K1361 + 499
Lagonglong By-Pass Rd
S00552MN
Looc-Salay By-Pass Rd
S00494MN
Medina By-Pass Rd
S00547MN K1329 + (-703) K1333 + 845
Talisayan By-Pass Rd
S00482MN K1350 + (-467) K1350 + 908
DEO / Functional Classification / Road Name / Road Condition Rating
No
Number Good Fair Poor Bad Total
Assessment
Primary Roads 49.79 32.26 12.88 20.85 4.19 119.97
Butuan City-Cagayan de Oro City-
1-1 49.79 32.26 12.88 20.85 4.19 119.97
Iligan City Rd
Concrete 37.44 12.17 3.50 9.73 2.09 64.93

Asphalt 12.35 20.09 9.39 11.11 2.10 55.04

Secondary Roads 18.21 6.16 0.32 - 1.59 26.28

2-2 Gingoog-Claveria-Villanueva Rd 18.21 5.43 0.32 - 1.59 25.54

Concrete 15.97 4.77 0.32 - 0.52 21.58

Asphalt 2.24 - - - - 2.24

Gravel - 0.66 - - 1.07 1.73

3-3 Gingoog-Wharf Rd - 0.74 - - - 0.74

Concrete - 0.74 - - - 0.74

Tertiary Roads 6.83 5.09 2.06 - 0.14 14.11

A Balingasag By-Pass Rd 0.44 1.77 2.06 - 0.05 4.32

Concrete 0.44 1.77 2.06 - 0.05 4.32

B Dampil-Lagonglong By-Pass Rd 0.40 - - - - 0.40

Concrete 0.40 - - - - 0.40

C Kinoguitan By-Pass Rd 0.88 - - - - 0.88

Concrete 0.88 - - - - 0.88

D Lagonglong By-Pass Rd 1.14 - - - - 1.14

Concrete 1.14 - - - - 1.14

E Looc-Salay By-Pass Rd 0.41 - - - - 0.41

Concrete 0.41 - - - - 0.41

F Medina By-Pass Rd 3.08 2.41 - - 0.09 5.58

Concrete 3.08 2.41 - - 0.09 5.58

G Talisayan By-Pass Rd 0.47 0.91 - - - 1.38

Concrete 0.47 0.91 - - - 1.38

TOTAL 74.82 43.51 15.26 20.85 5.93 160.36
 Road Name / Section ID Route Numbering Start KM End KM
Alubijid By-Pass Rd
S00528MN K1464 + (-872) K1464 + 030
Amoros-Taytay By-Pass Rd
S00522MN K1453 + (-187) K1454 + 708
Butuan City-Cagayan de Oro City-
Iligan City Rd
S00507MN 9 K1400 + (-625) K1423 + 500
S00519MN 9 K1445 + (-275) K1511 + 110
S00529MN 9
Gingoog-Claveria-Villanueva Rd
S01338MN 955 K1343 + (-987) K1385 + 1041
Gitagum By-Pass Rd
S00560MN K1471 + (-110) K1471 + 371
Jasaan By-Pass Rd
S00554MN K1406 + (-612) K1406 + 239
Kimaya-Solana By-Pass Rd
S00563MN
Loguilo-Alubijid By-Pass Rd
S00526MN K1462 + (-022) K1461 + 997
Manticao By-Pass Rd
S00561MN K1500 + (-062) K1501 + 341
Tagoloan By-Pass Rd
S00556MN K1421 + (-622) K1421 + 615
 Condition Rating
DEO / Functional Classification / Road Name /
No
Road Number Good Fair Poor Bad Total
Assessment
Primary Roads 33.66 33.78 10.74 5.62 8.87 92.66
Butuan City-Cagayan de Oro City-
1-1 33.66 33.78 10.74 5.62 8.87 92.66
Iligan City Rd
Concrete 10.13 22.69 5.48 2.34 6.13 46.77
Asphalt 23.52 11.09 5.26 3.28 2.74 45.89
Secondary Roads 17.26 26.17 - 1.30 0.64 45.37
2-2 Gingoog-Claveria-Villanueva Rd 17.26 26.17 - 1.30 0.64 45.37
Concrete 16.62 24.44 - 0.28 0.10 41.44
Asphalt 0.63 1.73 - - 0.26 2.62
Gravel - - - 1.02 0.28 1.31
Tertiary Roads 3.34 5.29 1.85 0.07 0.09 10.64
A Alubijid By-Pass Rd 0.83 - - 0.07 - 0.90
Concrete 0.83 - - - - 0.83
Asphalt - - - 0.07 - 0.07
B Amoros-Taytay By-Pass Rd 1.26 0.59 - - - 1.85
Concrete 1.10 0.59 - - - 1.68
Asphalt 0.16 - - - - 0.16
C Gitagum By-Pass Rd - 0.48 - - - 0.48
Concrete - 0.48 - - - 0.48
D Jasaan By-Pass Rd - 0.61 0.24 - - 0.85
Concrete - 0.61 0.24 - - 0.85
E Kimaya-Solana By-Pass Rd 0.28 0.97 0.61 - 0.09 1.95
Concrete - 0.90 - - - 0.90
Asphalt 0.28 0.07 0.61 - 0.09 1.05
F Loguilo-Alubijid By-Pass Rd - 0.97 1.00 - - 1.97
Concrete - 0.97 1.00 - - 1.97
G Manticao By-Pass Rd 0.96 0.44 - - - 1.40
Concrete - 0.38 - - - 0.38
Asphalt 0.96 0.06 - - - 1.03
H Tagoloan By-Pass Rd - 1.24 - - - 1.24
Concrete - 1.24 - - - 1.24
TOTAL 54.25 65.24 12.58 7.00 9.60 148.66
Historical development of highways in Mindanao
Historical development of highways in
Cagayan de Oro
 Project: (InDaRAPaTra)
Infrastructure Database with
Reporting And Participatory
Monitoring for Government
Transparency
Jefferson R. Vallente Jr., Dexter S. Lo and Mary Jean O. Apor
Technovation Forum, Seda Abreeza Hotel, Davao City, Philippines
April 18, 2017
 Identity Crisis.
Am I a bridge or a road?
Existing database and statistics
Study Coverage
6 regions in Mindanao
National roads and
bridges, school buildings,
drainage system etc.
Updating of construction
milestones (i.e. dynamic
gantt chart)
CSO/Citizen participation
through crowd sourcing
XavierAteneos previous engagements:
How the proposed system works?
Weekly report by line agency e.g.

include: project name, duration, cost, progress.. vs. projected

timeline, s-curve, etc... MUST also include pictures

conduct monthly monitoring fieldwork and citizens can also

validate the accumulated weekly report.. post comments
then plot (as another layer) via "trends" in
each report
 In Region X Northern Mindanao
PAVED UNPAVED
ARTERIAL ROAD Seco Total ARTERIAL ROAD Second Total Total Length ,
REGION/YEAR
ndary ary Unpav km
N-S E-W Other Total Road Paved N-S E-W Other Total Road ed

Region X

2007 620.44 33.76 242.02 896.22 273.39 1,169.61 0.25 169.07 46.45 215.77 296.83 512.61 1,682.22
2008 620.25 33.76 244.56 898.57 279.98 1,178.55 0.36 170.38 43.91 214.64 322.61 537.25 1,715.80

2009 621.55 36.77 245.32 903.65 294.70 1,198.35 - 167.37 43.14 210.51 308.42 518.93 1,717.28

2010 621.55 48.37 248.89 918.82 376.18 1,294.99 - 155.77 39.58 195.35 407.98 603.32 1,898.32

2011 621.55 52.86 249.76 924.17 399.69 1,323.86 - 151.27 38.71 189.99 384.47 574.46 1,898.32
INCREASE / -
DECREASE (0.19) 2.54 2.35 6.59 8.94 0.11 1.31 (2.55) (1.13) 25.77 24.64 33.58
INCREASE /
DECREASE 1.30 3.01 0.76 5.07 14.73 19.80 (0.36) (3.01) (0.76) (4.13) (14.19) (18.32) 1.48
INCREASE /
DECREASE - 11.60 3.57 15.17 81.48 96.64 - (11.60) (3.57) (15.17)99.56 84.39 181.04
INCREASE /
DECREASE - 4.50 0.86 5.36 23.51 28.87 - (4.50) (0.86) (5.36) (23.51) (28.87) -
 Introduction: Road and Bridge Statistics
Primary Roads National
Surface Type / Road Primary Roads Grand
% Secondary % %
Condition N-S % E-W % Other Total Total
% Roads

Asphalt 2,874.725 9.17% 569.780 1.82% 2,602.089 8.30% 6,046.594 19.28% 2,847.267 9.08%
8,893.86
1 28.36%
2,327.25
Good 680.247 2.17% 115.542 0.37% 639.363 2.04% 1,435.151 4.58% 892.099 2.84% 1 7.42%
1,590.79
Fair 538.417 1.72% 63.291 0.20% 454.476 1.45% 1,056.184 3.37% 534.607 1.70% 1 5.07%
3,301.25
Poor 1,054.877 3.36% 263.913 0.84% 905.610 2.89% 2,224.401 7.09% 1,076.859 3.43% 9 10.53%
1,120.27
Bad 429.690 1.37% 66.455 0.21% 353.313 1.13% 849.458 2.71% 270.813 0.86% 1 3.57%

No
Assessmen
t 171.494 0.55% 60.579 0.19% 249.327 0.80% 481.400 1.54% 72.888 0.23% 554.288 1.77%
Paved

Concrete 2,231.332 7.12% 1,763.178 5.62% 4,234.392 13.50% 8,228.902 26.24% 7,711.614 24.59%
15,940.5
15 50.83%
2,597.49
Good 314.094 1.00% 215.004 0.69% 869.784 2.77% 1,398.882 4.46% 1,198.613 3.82% 4 8.28%
4,327.51
Fair 464.793 1.48% 511.951 1.63% 1,229.843 3.92% 2,206.586 7.04% 2,120.932 6.76% 8 13.80%
6,234.32
Poor 933.164 2.98% 614.462 1.96% 1,522.901 4.86% 3,070.527 9.79% 3,163.800 10.09% 7 19.88%
2,135.90
Bad 365.741 1.17% 219.807 0.70% 513.160 1.64% 1,098.708 3.50% 1,037.196 3.31% 5 6.81%

No
Assessmen
t 153.540 0.49% 201.954 0.64% 98.705 0.31% 454.199 1.45% 191.073 0.61% 645.272 2.06%
4,924.74
Good 994.340 3.17% 330.546 1.05% 1,509.146 4.81% 2,834.033 9.04% 2,090.712 6.67% 5 15.70%
5,918.30
Fair 1,003.209 3.20% 575.242 1.83% 1,684.319 5.37% 3,262.770 10.40% 2,655.539 8.47% 9 18.87%
TOTAL 9,535.58
PAVED Poor 1,988.041 6.34% 878.375 2.80% 2,428.511 7.74% 5,294.928 16.88% 4,240.658 13.52% 6 30.41%
LENGTH 3,256.17
Bad 795.432 2.54% 286.262 0.91% 866.473 2.76% 1,948.166 6.21% 1,308.009 4.17% 6 10.38%

No
Assessmen 1,199.56
t 325.034 1.04% 262.533 0.84% 348.033 1.11% 935.600 2.98% 263.960 0.84% 0 3.83%

Paved Total 5,106.057 16.28% 2,332.958 7.44% 6,836.481 21.80% 14,275.496 45.52% 10,558.880 33.67%
24,834.3
76 79.19%
 Earth 0.000 0.00% 3.400 0.01% 0.000 0.00% 3.400 0.01% 60.139 0.19% 63.539 0.20%
Fair 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00% 5.165 0.02% 5.165 0.02%
Poor 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00% 3.192 0.01% 3.192 0.01%
Bad 0.000 0.00% 3.400 0.01% 0.000 0.00% 3.400 0.01% 51.026 0.16% 54.426 0.17%

No
Assessment 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00% 0.000 0.00% 0.756 0.00% 0.756 0.00%
Unpaved
Gravel 45.010 0.14% 679.540 2.17% 983.270 3.14% 1,707.820 5.45% 4,753.381 15.16% 6,461.201 20.60%
Good 3.034 0.01% 8.319 0.03% 73.864 0.24% 85.217 0.27% 430.552 1.37% 515.769 1.64%
Fair 19.791 0.06% 244.027 0.78% 548.816 1.75% 812.634 2.59% 1,910.627 6.09% 2,723.261 8.68%
Poor 11.240 0.04% 293.419 0.94% 230.243 0.73% 534.902 1.71% 1,564.403 4.99% 2,099.305 6.69%
Bad 0.000 0.00% 74.513 0.24% 63.838 0.20% 138.351 0.44% 660.836 2.11% 799.187 2.55%

No
Assessment 10.945 0.03% 59.262 0.19% 66.509 0.21% 136.716 0.44% 186.964 0.60% 323.680 1.03%
Good 3.034 0.01% 8.319 0.03% 73.864 0.24% 85.217 0.27% 430.552 1.37% 515.769 1.64%
Fair 19.791 0.06% 244.027 0.78% 548.816 1.75% 812.634 2.59% 1,915.792 6.11% 2,728.426 8.70%
TOTAL Poor 11.240 0.04% 293.419 0.94% 230.243 0.73% 534.902 1.71% 1,567.595 5.00% 2,102.497 6.70%
UNPAVED Bad 0.000 0.00% 77.913 0.25% 63.838 0.20% 141.751 0.45% 711.862 2.27% 853.613 2.72%
LENGTH

No
Assessment 10.945 0.03% 59.262 0.19% 66.509 0.21% 136.716 0.44% 187.720 0.60% 324.436 1.03%

Unpaved Total 45.010 0.14% 682.940 2.18% 983.270 3.14% 1,711.220 5.46% 4,813.520 15.35% 6,524.740 20.81%

Good 997.374 3.18% 338.865 1.08% 1,583.010 5.05% 2,919.250 9.31% 2,521.264 8.04% 5,440.514 17.35%
Fair 1,023.000 3.26% 819.268 2.61% 2,233.135 7.12% 4,075.404 13.00% 4,571.331 14.58% 8,646.735 27.57%
Poor 1,999.281 6.38% 1,171.794 3.74% 2,658.754 8.48% 5,829.830 18.59% 5,808.253 18.52% 11,638.083 37.11%
SUMMARY
Bad 795.432 2.54% 364.175 1.16% 930.311 2.97% 2,089.917 6.66% 2,019.871 6.44% 4,109.788 13.11%

No
Assessment 335.979 1.07% 321.795 1.03% 414.542 1.32% 1,072.316 3.42% 451.680 1.44% 1,523.995 4.86%

Total 5,151.067 16.43% 3,015.898 9.62% 7,819.751 24.94% 15,986.716 50.98% 15,372.400 49.02% 31,359.116 100.00%

Source: http://www.dpwh.gov.ph/infrastructure/infra_stat/2011%20Atlas/1_1a.htm
Long history of the paved highway
Can be traced back as early as the invention of
the wheel
First used as potters wheels by 3500 BC
First domestication of the horse by 4000 BC
Early Evidence of cart usage leaves ruts
Cart ruts in Phrygia
Valley, Turkey
Vehicle tracks
 Thus, usage of pavement in roads
Paved Road in Egyptian Oasis

Paved Roman road in Pompei

 Early discoveries of Concrete
Roman Concrete, opus caementicium
Hydraulic-setting cement
enabled the Romans to move armies and trade goods and to
communicate
 Early discovery of Bitumen
Used as asphalt mortar in building
construction
 In summary
Earlier discoveries on transportation and
communication shaped the way early humans
have made roads
In terms of materials used, old materials are
still used such as:
Soil
Concrete
Bitumen/Asphalt
 Materials for pavement construction
Soil
 Materials for pavement construction
Granular Material
 Materials for pavement construction
Hydraulically-bound Material
 Materials for pavement construction
Bitumen-bound Material
 Materials for pavement construction
Other Materials
Pavement Layers
Pavement cross-section
DPWH Pavement cross-section Urban
DPWH Pavement cross-section Rural
 Consideration for Highway
Construction
Financial Cost
Sustainability and the environment
The energy issue

In Summary
Introduced key concepts of pavement engineering
as used in highways and roads
Concerned with Materials, Design and
Maintenance of Roads.
 Photo Credits and sources
http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/fall09arti
cles/fall09gifs/p19p1-lg.jpg
http://www.rappler.com/move-
ph/issues/budget-watch/115202-open-roads-
adopt-important-roads
http://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/citizens/accre
ditedCSO