Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals

Specification for Piling

Company LLC.
S-000-5314-001

Sohar Refinery Improvement Project

Rev. 2

Sultanate of Oman
Job No : 120476/ JI-2022

Contract No. 21297

Specification for Piling

DOCUMENT

No. :
S - 0 0 0 - 5 3 1 4 - 0 0 1

OMAN REFINERIES AND PETROCHEMICALS COMPANY LLC

SOHAR, SULTANATE OF OMAN

Sohar

Refinery Improvement Project

User: JGMA
1 - Reviewed No Comments

Date: 18/07/2014

Y.J. YOO /
J.Y. KWON /

2 16-Jul.-2014 Issued for Construction H.K. BYUN Y.S. YI

A.MAGPALI
K.S. CHOI

1 01-Mar.-2012 Issued for Revised FEED

0 07-Sept.-2011 Issued for FEED

A 26-Aug.-2011 For Approval

PREPARED
CHECKED
APPROVED
APPROVED

REV DATE DESCRIPTION

BY
BY
BY
BY

Page 1 of 25

 Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals

Specification for Piling

Company LLC.
S-000-5314-001

Sohar Refinery Improvement Project

Rev. 2

Sultanate of Oman
Job No : 120476/ JI-2022

Contract No. 21297

REVISION HISTORY

Revision
Total Number
List of Updated/ Modified

Purpose
Number of Sheets
Sections (if any)

The word CLIENT is replaced with

OWNER

Updated reference geotechnical

2 1 6.0

investigation report document.

Incorporated OWNERs response to

2 1 14.2

SRIP-QT-JH-OH-CV-0473.

HOLD LIST

Hold No. Para/ Page Description

Page 2 of 25

 Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals

Specification for Piling

Company LLC.
S-000-5314-001

Sohar Refinery Improvement Project

Rev. 2

Sultanate of Oman
Job No : 120476/ JI-2022

Contract No. 21297

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 5

1.1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................................... 5

2.0 DEFINITIONS............................................................................................................................................ 5

3.0 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................................... 5

4.0 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 5

4.1 SPECIFICATIONS .......................................................................................................................... 5

4.2 BRITISH CODES/STANDARDS .................................................................................................... 6

4.3 AMERICAN CODES/STANDARDS ............................................................................................... 6

4.4 OTHER (as required)..................................................................................................................... 7

5.0 UNITS........................................................................................................................................................ 7

6.0 SITE CONDITIONS ................................................................................................................................... 8

7.0 PILE SELECTION PHILOSOPHIES......................................................................................................... 8

7.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................................... 8

7.2 TYPE OF PILES ............................................................................................................................. 8

7.3 SPACING OF PILES ...................................................................................................................... 8

8.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS................................................................................................................... 9

8.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................................... 9

8.2 PILE DESIGN ................................................................................................................................. 9

8.3 MARKING ..................................................................................................................................... 10

8.4 HANDLING ................................................................................................................................... 10

8.5 RECEIVING AND STORAGE ...................................................................................................... 10

8.6 STAKING OUT ............................................................................................................................. 10

9.0 STEEL PILES ......................................................................................................................................... 11

9.1 MATERIALS ................................................................................................................................. 11

9.2 SURFACE TREATMENT ............................................................................................................. 11

10.0 PREFABRICATED REINFORCED CONCRETE PILES ........................................................................ 11

10.1 MATERIALS ................................................................................................................................. 11

10.2 DESIGN OF REINFORCEMENT.................................................................................................. 12

10.3 FABRICATION ............................................................................................................................. 12

10.4 TOLERANCES ............................................................................................................................. 12

11.0 PREFABRICATED PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE PILES.................................................................... 13

11.1 MATERIALS ................................................................................................................................. 13

11.2 DESIGN OF REINFORCEMENT.................................................................................................. 13

11.3 FABRICATION ............................................................................................................................. 13

11.4 TOLERANCES ............................................................................................................................. 13

12.0 CAST-IN-SITU CONCRETE PILES........................................................................................................ 13

12.1 GENERAL .................................................................................................................................... 13

12.2 MATERIALS ................................................................................................................................. 14

12.3 DESIGN OF REINFORCEMENT.................................................................................................. 14

12.4 TOLERANCES ............................................................................................................................. 14

13.0 INSTALLATION ...................................................................................................................................... 14

13.1 PRE-DRILLING ............................................................................................................................ 14

13.2 PILE DRIVING GENERAL ........................................................................................................... 15

13.3 DRIVING EQUIPMENT ................................................................................................................ 15

13.4 SEQUENCE OF PILE DRIVING................................................................................................... 15

Page 3 of 25

 Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals

Specification for Piling

Company LLC.
S-000-5314-001

Sohar Refinery Improvement Project

Rev. 2

Sultanate of Oman
Job No : 120476/ JI-2022

Contract No. 21297

13.5 DRIVING PROCEDURE ............................................................................................................... 15

13.6 PILE PENETRATION AND DRIVING RECORDS ....................................................................... 16

13.7 DRIVING TOLERANCES ............................................................................................................. 17

13.8 MISDRIVEN OR DAMAGED PILES ............................................................................................ 18

13.9 PILE LENGTHENING ................................................................................................................... 18

14.0 PILE TESTING ........................................................................................................................................ 18

14.1 GENERAL .................................................................................................................................... 18

14.2 PILE CAPACITIES ....................................................................................................................... 19

14.3 EQUIPMENT................................................................................................................................. 19

14.4 INSTRUMENTATION ................................................................................................................... 20

14.5 LOADING PROCEDURE ............................................................................................................. 20

14.6 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................... 22

15.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CONTROL ............................................................................................. 22

15.1 GENERAL .................................................................................................................................... 22

15.2 DOCUMENTS ............................................................................................................................... 25

15.3 INSPECTION ................................................................................................................................ 25

Page 4 of 25

 Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals

Specification for Piling

Company LLC.
S-000-5314-001

Sohar Refinery Improvement Project

Rev. 2

Sultanate of Oman
Job No : 120476/ JI-2022

Contract No. 21297

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 SCOPE

This specification covers the minimum requirements for the design, material, fabrication and installation

of driven and bored piles.

2.0 DEFINITIONS

For the purpose of this specification, the following definitions shall hold:

Term Definition

OWNER : Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals Company LLC.

CONSULTANT : Private or Public entity that provides the Services to the OWNER

under the Contract for this project.

CONTRACTOR : Private or Public entity responsible for Detailed Engineering and

design, Procurement, Construction and (pre-) Commissioning of

this project.

SUB-CONTRACTOR: Person or entity to whom/which the Contractor subcontracts any

part of the Services.

Shall: Is to be understood as mandatory.

Should: Is to be understood as strongly recommended.

May be: Is to be understood as giving a freedom of choice.

3.0 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS

3.1 The work covered in this specification shall comply with all relevant governmental and local laws,

specifications, regulations and standards.

3.2 For subjects not covered by regulations, codes and standards or specifications, the design, material,

fabrication and erection shall be based on good economical engineering practice, subject to approval

by OWNER.

4.0 REFERENCES

The following specifications, codes (including applicable addenda) and standards shall constitute the

minimum requirements for this specification. The latest edition of codes, standards, etc., shall be used.

4.1 SPECIFICATIONS

S-000-5310-001 Specification for Civil/Structural Design

S-000-5312-002 Specification for Earthwork

Page 5 of 25

 Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals

Specification for Piling

Company LLC.
S-000-5314-001

Sohar Refinery Improvement Project

Rev. 2

Sultanate of Oman
Job No : 120476/ JI-2022

Contract No. 21297

Specification for Structural Steelwork (Materials, Fabrication and

S-000-5330-001
Erection)

4.2 BRITISH CODES/STANDARDS

BS EN 206-1 (2001) Concrete specification, performance, production and conformity

BS EN 996 (1996) Piling Equipment Safety Requirements

BS EN 1011-1 (2009) & 2

Welding-Recommendation for Welding of Metallic Materials

(2001)

BS EN 1536 (2010) Execution of special geotechnical work. Bored Piles

BS EN 1997-1 (2004) Eurocode 7, Geotechnical Design, General Rules

Eurocode 7, Geotechnical Design, Ground Investigation and

BS EN 1997-2 (2007)
Testing

BS 4449 (2005) Specification for Steel for the reinforcement of concrete, weldable

reinforcing steel bar, coil, and de-coiled products.

BS 5896 (1980) Specification for high tensile steel wire and strand for the pre-
stressing of concrete

BS EN 10248 (1996) Hot rolled sheet piling of non-alloy steels

BS EN 10249 (1996) Cold formed sheet piling of non-alloy steels

BS EN 12063 (1999) Execution of Special Geotechnical Work- Sheet Pile Walls

BS EN 12794 (2005) Precast Concrete Products

BS EN 15630-1 (2010) Steel for the reinforcement and pre-stressing of concrete. Test

methods, Reinforcing bars, wire rod and wire.

4.3 AMERICAN CODES/STANDARDS

UBC Volume 2 (1997) Uniform Building Code-Volume 2: Structural Engineering Design

Provisions

nd
AWS D1.1/D1.1M (2010) Structural Welding Code Steel (22 Edition)

ANSI/API Specification 5L (2007) Specification for Line Pipe

ANSI/ASCE 7 (2010) Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures

th
AISC 325 (2005) Manual of Steel Construction (Allowable Stress Design) 13

Edition

ASTM A6/A6M (2011) Standard Specification for General Requirements for Rolled

Structural Steel Bars, Plates, Shapes, and Sheet Piling

ASTM A252 (2010) Standard Specification for Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe

Piles

ASTM A416/A416M (2006) Standard Specification for Steel Strand, Uncoated Seven- Wire

for Pre-stressed Concrete

ASTM A328/A328M (2007) Standard Specification for Steel Sheet Piling

ASTM A615/615M (2006) Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon Steel

Bars for Concrete Reinforcement

ASTM A775/775M (2006) Standard Specification for Epoxy-coated Reinforcing Steel Bars

ASTM A857/A857M (2007) Standard Specification for Steel Sheet Piling, Cold Formed,

Light Gage

Page 6 of 25

 Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals

Specification for Piling

Company LLC.
S-000-5314-001

Sohar Refinery Improvement Project

Rev. 2

Sultanate of Oman
Job No : 120476/ JI-2022

Contract No. 21297

ASTM D1143/D1143M (2007) Standard Test Methods for Deep Foundations Under Static

Axial Compressive Load

ASTM D3966 (2007) Standard Test Methods for Deep Foundations Under Lateral

Load

ASTM D4945 (2008) Standard Test Methods for High-Strain Dynamic Testing of Piles

ASTM D5882 (2007) Standard Test Methods for Low Strain Impact Integrity Testing

of Deep Foundations

ACI 301/301M (2010) Specification for Structural Concrete

ACI 318/318M (2008) Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete

ACI 306R (2010) Guide to Hot Weather Concreting

ACI 350R (2001) Environmental Engineering for Concrete Structures

ACI 543R (R 2005) Design, Manufacture and Installation of Concrete Piles

4.4 OTHER (as required)

IBC 2009 International Building Code

BRE EP88 (2008) Concrete Durability: Achievement and Enhancement

PIP STS02360 (2008) Driven Piles Specification (PIP = Process Industry Practices)

PIP STE02465 (2005) Augered Cast-in-Place Piles Design Guidelines

PIP STS02465 (2005) Augered Cast-in-Place Piles Installation Specification

4.5 In case of conflict between above-mentioned codes and standards and this specification,

CONTRACTOR shall inform OWNER, who will advise.

5.0 UNITS

5.1 Units shall be in accordance with the metric (SI) system:

Elevations : meter (m)

Dimensions : millimeter (mm)

Force : kilo Newton (kN)

Mass : kilogram (kg)

Moment : kilo Newton meter (kNm)

Stress : Newton/mm (N/mm) or mega Pascal (MPa)

Pressure : kiloPascal (kPa)

Loadings : kiloNewton/m (kN/m)

5.2 Pipe size measurements shall be to the ANSI (American National Standards Institute).

5.3 For simplification purposes, one (1) kg weight may be taken as equal to 10 N (0.010 kN).

Page 7 of 25

 Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals

Specification for Piling

Company LLC.
S-000-5314-001

Sohar Refinery Improvement Project

Rev. 2

Sultanate of Oman
Job No : 120476/ JI-2022

Contract No. 21297

6.0 SITE CONDITIONS

For Geotechnical design data, refer Geotechnical investigation report G-000-5311-201.

7.0 PILE SELECTION PHILOSOPHIES

7.1 GENERAL

7.1.1 The main function of bearing piles is to transfer the loads on a foundation to deeper (soil) strata which

are capable of carrying such loads, in such a way that:

An adequate safety factor against loss of stability is provided.

The foundation settlement/deformation is less than the allowable values of the foundation and

the equipment supported.

7.1.2 The design and testing of piles shall take into account both short-term and long-term behavior of the

pile foundation.

7.2 TYPE OF PILES

7.2.1 The type of piles with regard to material (steel, cast-in-situ or precast concrete) and method of

installation shall be as called for on design drawings and as recommended by approved piling

specialist.

7.2.2 The type of pile to be used is defined by type of loading, the soil conditions, such as drivability and

corrosivity of soil, possibility of tension stresses in the pile due to heave and also the site conditions,

such as effect upon nearby plant and existing works.

7.2.3 The choice with regard to end bearing, friction, or partly friction and partly bearing type of piles shall be

determined in accordance with geotechnical data recommendations and shall be as specified by the

geotechnical investigation report.

7.2.4 If more than one type of pile is suitable in any particular condition, then the choice shall be governed by

relative costs.

7.2.5 Whatever type of pile is used, it should have the necessary strength when installed to transfer the loads

imposed on it to the soil.

7.2.6 Raked piles shall be avoided where possible and shall be provided to resist horizontal forces where the

latter cannot be resisted by piled foundations on vertical piles.

7.2.7 Neutral earth resistance on pile caps, ground beams, etc., may be taken into account in assessing the

foundations ability to resist horizontal forces.

7.3 SPACING OF PILES

The minimum center-to-center spacing of piles shall be as follows, unless otherwise specified in the

geotechnical investigation report:

For friction piles: Not less than three pile diameters.

For piles deriving their resistance from end bearing: not less than twice the least width or

diameter of the pile.

Piles deriving their resistance from both end bearing and skin friction: Not less than three pile

diameters.

Page 8 of 25

 Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals

Specification for Piling

Company LLC.
S-000-5314-001

Sohar Refinery Improvement Project

Rev. 2

Sultanate of Oman
Job No : 120476/ JI-2022

Contract No. 21297

8.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

8.1 GENERAL

All piling works shall be based on UBC Volume 2 (1997)-Structural Engineering Design Provisions or

BS 8004 - Code of Practice for Foundations.

8.2 PILE DESIGN

8.2.1 The CONTRACTOR/SUB-CONTRACTOR is responsible for performing pile reinforcement calculations,

all in accordance with the applicable codes and regulations.

8.2.2 The CONTRACTOR/SUB-CONTRACTOR is responsible for obtaining all information required for the

calculation of the pile reinforcement. Calculations shall incorporate the following load cases and

requirements:

Transport/fabrication of piles.

Loadings during pile driving.

Additional load due to negative skin friction to be added to the design capacities for each pile.

Safety factor for pile capacity (including positive or negative skin friction) shall be:

i. 3.0 for end bearing

ii. 2.5 for skin friction in compression

iii. 2.5 for skin friction in compression

Safety factor for transport of prefabricated piles shall be 2.0.

Safety factor for lifting (in pile driving equipment) shall be 2.0 with pile tip on the ground and 1.4

with pile tip on a lorry.

All safety factors shall be in accordance with the latest applicable codes and regulations and

shall be confirmed by the CONTRACTOR/SUB-CONTRACTOR.

Page 9 of 25

 Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals

Specification for Piling

Company LLC.
S-000-5314-001

Sohar Refinery Improvement Project

Rev. 2

Sultanate of Oman
Job No : 120476/ JI-2022

Contract No. 21297

8.2.3 Lifting points shall be specified by the CONTRACTOR/SUB-CONTRACTOR.

8.3 MARKING

8.3.1 After a prefabricated concrete pile has been cast, the date of casting, reference number, sizes and

where appropriate, the pre-stressing force shall be clearly inscribed on a label near the top.

8.3.2 Lifting and support point shall be indicated on the shaft of the piles.

8.3.3 Each prefabricated concrete pile shall be marked at intervals of 200 mm along the top 5 m of its length

before being driven.

8.3.4 Test piles shall be marked at intervals of 200 mm over the full length.

8.3.5 Each prefabricated concrete pile shall receive a color marking on top. Piles with standard reinforcement

shall get a green mark, while piles with extra reinforcement shall be marked in purple.

8.4 HANDLING

8.4.1 The method and sequence of lifting, transporting from the factory to the construction site and storing of

piles shall be such that the piles are not damaged. Only the designed lifting and support points shall be

used.

During transport and storage, piles shall be stored on adequate supports located under the lifting points

of the piles.

8.4.2 CONTRACTOR has to prepare and submit handling procedures to OWNER or CONSULTANT for

approval before starting the work.

8.4.3 OWNER or CONSULTANT shall inspect each pile when it is delivered on the construction site. Piles

which are damaged to such an extent that, in the opinion of OWNER or CONSULTANT, their structural

integrity is impaired or likely to be impaired during the driving, will be rejected by OWNER or

CONSULTANT.

8.5 RECEIVING AND STORAGE

8.5.1 Storage facilities for piles must be installed on site as a part of the pile works. Upon receipt, piles must

be inspected by OWNER or CONSULTANT, material receiving reports made and issued. In case of

damage, damaged piles shall be removed from construction site.

8.5.2 Piles shall not be stacked in more than four layers, with wooden cribbing installed so lower pile is free

from the ground.

8.5.3 All piles within a stack shall be in groups of the same type. Packings of uniform thickness shall be

provided between piles at the lifting points.

8.6 STAKING OUT

8.6.1 CONTRACTOR/SUB-CONTRACTOR must stake out the locations of the piles. Stakes shall be

numbered and color-coded in accordance with the numbering on the piling drawings.

Page 10 of 25

 Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals

Specification for Piling

Company LLC.
S-000-5314-001

Sohar Refinery Improvement Project

Rev. 2

Sultanate of Oman
Job No : 120476/ JI-2022

Contract No. 21297

9.0 STEEL PILES

9.1 MATERIALS

9.1.1 All materials and work shall be in accordance with Specification for Structural Steelwork (Materials,

Fabrication and Erection), document nr. S-000-5330-001.

9.1.2 All structural pipes shall conform to ASTM 53 Gr. B, API 5L Gr. B or equivalent as per BS EN 10210.

Pipes shall be either seamless or mill welded. Spiral-welded pipe is not acceptable. Section sizes and

lengths shall be as indicated on the drawings.

9.1.3 The grade of steel for splice plates, caps and driving points shall be the same as that of the steel

section. Connections should be all welded to the details shown on the drawings.

9.1.4 Protective coatings where required, shall be as indicated on the drawings. Length of coating shall be

indicated on the drawings.

9.2 SURFACE TREATMENT

Surfaces due to receive a protective coating shall be blast cleaned, prior to application of the coating,

which shall then be applied in accordance with the suppliers instructions. Areas modified within the

coated length, such as at cutoffs and at splices with plates welded, shall be recoated using materials

and methods compatible with the existing coating. Curing should be allowed to take place before pile

installation.

10.0 PREFABRICATED REINFORCED CONCRETE PILES

10.1 MATERIALS

10.1.1 All structural concrete shall be Grade 30, with a characteristic compressive strength of 30MPa (cylinder

based) after twenty-eight (28) days.

Concrete strength shall be in accordance with ACI 318/318M (2008).

10.1.2 Reinforcement steel shall be deformed high yield bars Grade 60 as ASTM A615/615M. Reinforcing

steel shall be fusion bonded epoxy-coated in accordance with ASTM A775/775M.

10.1.3 Cement : Type I to ASTM C150

10.1.4 All materials and work shall be in accordance with engineering specification S-000-5320-001, Concrete

Materials and Construction.

Page 11 of 25

 Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals

Specification for Piling

Company LLC.
S-000-5314-001

Sohar Refinery Improvement Project

Rev. 2

Sultanate of Oman
Job No : 120476/ JI-2022

Contract No. 21297

10.2 DESIGN OF REINFORCEMENT

10.2.1 The cover to reinforcement, including binding wire, shall not be less than 75 mm for fully embedded

piles in the ground or piles installed in or above open water.

10.2.2 The steel reinforcement shall be designed in such a way that the crack width of the concrete will remain

less than 0.1 mm under all loading conditions.

10.2.3 Local bars for resisting bending moments may be added but shall be so arranged as to avoid a sudden

discontinuity of the reinforcing steel which could lead to cracking during heavy driving.

10.2.4 Lateral reinforcement which is of particular importance in resisting driving stresses, shall be not less

than 6 mm diameter, securely fixed to the main reinforcement. Lateral reinforcement should be not less

than 0.6% of the gross volume, applied over a distance of three pile diameters from each end of the

pile.

10.2.5 Lateral reinforcement in the body of the pile shall be not less than 0.2%, spaced at not more than half

the diameter of the pile. The transition between the close spacing near the ends and the maximum

spacing should be made gradually over a length equal to about three times the diameter.

10.2.6 If joints to main longitudinal bars are required, they shall be staggered and preferably be made by full

penetration butt-welding.

10.3 FABRICATION

10.3.1 Forms shall be adequately supported to prevent settlement or sagging during fabrication.

10.3.2 Corners and driving head of square piles shall have 25 mm chamfers unless otherwise called for on

design drawings.

10.3.3 The driving head shall be perpendicular to axis of pile.

10.3.4 Main longitudinal bars shall extend to the head of the pile.

10.3.5 An electric control wire in each pile shall be installed in order to ensure that pile is undamaged after

prefabrication, transport and installation.

10.3.6 Concrete shall be placed continuously for each pile to avoid cold joints.

10.3.7 Exposed, unformed concrete surfaces should be floated and lightly toweled.

10.3.8 The piles shall be clean and smooth.

10.3.9 The fabrication shall be executed in acc. with engineering specification S-000-5320-001, Concrete

Materials and Construction.

10.4 TOLERANCES

The curvature along the axis of the pile shall not exceed 1 mm/m of length.

Page 12 of 25

 Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals

Specification for Piling

Company LLC.
S-000-5314-001

Sohar Refinery Improvement Project

Rev. 2

Sultanate of Oman
Job No : 120476/ JI-2022

Contract No. 21297

11.0 PREFABRICATED PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE PILES

11.1 MATERIALS

11.1.1 All structural concrete shall be Grade 30, with a characteristic compressive strength of 30MPa (cylinder

based) after twenty-eight (28) days.

Concrete strength shall be in accordance with ACI 318/318M (2008)..

11.1.2 Reinforcement steel shall be deformed high yield bars Grade 60 as ASTM A615/615M. Reinforcing

steel shall be fusion bonded epoxy-coated in accordance with ASTM A775/775M.

11.1.3 Pre-stressing tendons shall be uncoated, stress-relieved steel strand with a minimum diameter of

strand of 12.5 mm (1/2 in) conforming to ASTM A 416 Grade 270. Grade 270 has minimum ultimate

2
strength of 1860 N/mm (270 ksi) based on the nominal area of the strand. Where relevant, BS EN

12794/BS 5896/BS 4449 shall be followed.

11.1.4 Cement : Type I to ASTM C150

11.1.5 All materials and work shall be in accordance with engineering specification S-000-5320-001, Concrete

Materials and Construction.

11.2 DESIGN OF REINFORCEMENT

11.2.1 For design of reinforcement see Section 10.2.

11.2.2 Sufficient pre-stressing steel shall be provided in the form of high-tensile wire, strand or bar so that the

effective pre-stress after losses is sufficient to resist all loading conditions.

11.2.3 Under normal loading conditions tensile strength of pre-stressed reinforcement shall be 50% of the

maximum allowable tensile strength:

Pre-stressing strands should be enclosed in spirals minimum 5 mm diameter. Spiral pitch should

be a minimum of 150 mm in the middle part of the pile and 75 mm at the ends (over a length of

three pile diameters).

Minimum effective pre-stress after losses should be 5 N/mm.

11.3 FABRICATION

For fabrication see Section 10.3.

11.4 TOLERANCES

For tolerances see Section 10.4.

12.0 CAST-IN-SITU CONCRETE PILES

12.1 GENERAL

The types of piles to be used shall be selected on the basis of the site and loading conditions.

CONTRACTOR/SUB-CONTRACTOR may propose alternatives to the types.

Page 13 of 25

 Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals

Specification for Piling

Company LLC.
S-000-5314-001

Sohar Refinery Improvement Project

Rev. 2

Sultanate of Oman
Job No : 120476/ JI-2022

Contract No. 21297

12.2 MATERIALS

For materials see Section 10.1.

12.3 DESIGN OF REINFORCEMENT

For design of reinforcement see section 10.2.

12.4 TOLERANCES

For tolerances see Section 10.2.

13.0 INSTALLATION

13.1 PRE-DRILLING

13.1.1 In areas with underground obstacles of which the exact location is not known, predrilling should be

executed.

13.1.2 Pre-drilling comprises a number of drillings to locate these obstacles.

13.1.3 Drill requirements are:

Drill diameter shall not exceed equivalent pile diameter. Diameter shall not exceed 400 mm.

The average drill depth shall be not deeper than 5 m above toe elevation of the pile.

Fluidized drilling will not be allowed.

Page 14 of 25

 Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals

Specification for Piling

Company LLC.
S-000-5314-001

Sohar Refinery Improvement Project

Rev. 2

Sultanate of Oman
Job No : 120476/ JI-2022

Contract No. 21297

13.2 PILE DRIVING GENERAL

13.2.1 A pile driving procedure, which includes the minimum blow count, description of load tests when

required, shall be established by CONTRACTOR or SUB-CONTRACTOR. No pile driving activities are

allowed until approval is received from OWNER or CONSULTANT.

13.2.2 Piles shall not be driven until the concrete has achieved the specified characteristic strength.

13.2.3 Before the start of pile driving, the required excavation work shall be done in acc. with Earthwork

Specification S-000-5312-002

13.2.4 The installation of piles and the sequence of driving shall be in accordance with the relevant design

drawings and requirements.

13.2.5 Piles shall be driven vertically, except where noted on the design drawings.

13.2.6 Piles shall be driven within the tolerances set forth in Section 13.7 of this specification.

13.2.7 Piles damaged during driving shall be repaired or replaced as directed by OWNER or CONSULTANT.

13.3 DRIVING EQUIPMENT

13.3.1 Energy of the driving hammer shall be adjustable and set to the requirements for the pile type.

13.3.2 The CONTRACTOR or SUB-CONTRACTOR shall submit records of the type of rig and pile hammer he

intends to use, indicating weight, energy per blow, drop height, etc.

13.3.3 Pile driving and lifting equipment ensuring stability during handling, lifting and installing of the piles,

shall be strictly as stated in the CONTRACTOR's tender.

13.3.4 Driving of each pile shall start with new cushion material in the pile cap.

13.3.5 In hazardous areas, plastic dollies or other approved type shall be used for safety purposes.

13.4 SEQUENCE OF PILE DRIVING

13.4.1 The sequence of driving piles shall be as agreed with OWNER or CONSULTANT before

commencement of any work and CONTRACTOR or SUB-CONTRACTOR may be requested by

OWNER or CONSULTANT to adjust its sequence.

13.4.2 In general, the first pile shall be driven close to the location of a SPT (boring) or CPT (if available).

13.4.3 If pile driving has to be carried out on a sloping surface, driving shall start at the higher parts.

13.4.4 Piles in a large group should be either driven progressively from one side to the other or outward from

the center of the group. The final driving sequence shall be determined after detailed piling plan is

available.

13.5 DRIVING PROCEDURE

13.5.1 Each pile shall be driven continuously until the specified or approved set and/or depth has been

reached and to the minimum specified blow count and, if applicable, when the pile tip has reached the

bearing zone.

Page 15 of 25

 Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals

Specification for Piling

Company LLC.
S-000-5314-001

Sohar Refinery Improvement Project

Rev. 2

Sultanate of Oman
Job No : 120476/ JI-2022

Contract No. 21297

13.5.2 If refusal is encountered above the bearing zone, the pile driving system and/or installation procedure

shall be adjusted in order to achieve the specified depth.

13.5.3 If a pile does not meet the specified blow count, if applicable, within the bearing zone, driving shall

continue until the specified minimum blow count is achieved over a one meter interval. Alternatively,

these piles may be accepted if selective pile load tests do support that these piles have sufficient

capacity at the specified depths.

13.5.4 During driving of piles to a specified toe elevation, the piling specialist shall carry out a continuous

check of the behavior of each pile and he will calculate, if necessary, by using HILEY or other approved

formula that each pile will reach the capacity required at the depth specified.

13.5.5 The penetration depth into the bearing soil layer, if applicable, shall be 3 x diameter of pile or 3 x the

dimension of a side in case of a square pile.

13.5.6 At all stages during driving the piles shall be adequately supported and restrained by means of leaders,

trestles, temporary supports or other guide arrangements to maintain position and alignment and to

prevent buckling. These arrangements shall be such that damage to the pile does not occur.

13.5.7 To prevent damage to the pile during driving, the CONTRACTOR/SUB-CONTRACTOR shall ensure

that the pile hammer is properly centered over the pile, the steel cover (pile cap) over the pile head fits

properly (20 mm ply maximum), the wooden filling (two (2) layers of pinewood) has the proper

thickness (120 mm at least) and that this filling is replaced as required..

13.5.8 In case the pile drifts away during the driving, the pile hammer shall be re-centered over the pile to

prevent unnecessary stresses.

13.5.9 Piles shall be driven only. Pulling, jetting, jacking of piles into the required position shall not be

permitted.

13.5.10 Where penetration of the pile is suddenly resisted by underground obstructions, such as buried rocks,

the pile CONTRACTOR/SUB-CONTRACTOR shall stop pile driving and bring this condition

immediately to the attention of OWNER or CONSULTANT for resolution.

13.5.11 Where piles are of the driven type and the spacing and ground conditions are such that ground heave

is likely, the resulting amount of uplift and lateral movement of the piles shall be recorded by means of

levels and positions taken on each pile each day, over a period agreed between CONTRACTOR and

OWNER or CONSULTANT. Piles which heave more than 25 mm shall be reseated to their original

elevation.

13.5.12 An elevation shall be taken on each pile as soon as it has been driven and elevations shall again be

taken on all piles after completion of driving.

13.6 PILE PENETRATION AND DRIVING RECORDS

13.6.1 Penetration and driving records shall be kept by the CONTRACTOR and shall be supplied (daily) to the

OWNER or CONSULTANT.

13.6.2 The pile installation log book records shall include, but not be limited to, the following information:

a. Pile number as shown on design drawing and sequence of installation.

b. Number of piles installed per type with location.

c. Type of pile.

d. Dimensions of pile.

Page 16 of 25

 Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals

Specification for Piling

Company LLC.
S-000-5314-001

Sohar Refinery Improvement Project

Rev. 2

Sultanate of Oman
Job No : 120476/ JI-2022

Contract No. 21297

e. Date of manufacture.

f. Date and time of driving.

g. Final tip elevation.

h. Final top elevation.

i. Grade elevation at time of driving.

j. Reference elevation.

k. Type of pile driving equipment.

l. Make, type and weight of hammer, and rated energy per blow if applicable.

m. Stroke of hammer.

n. Blow counts of the last five meters, each 200 mm.

o. For each pile nearest to a SPT (boring) or Cone Penetration Test (CPT) location, blow counts

shall be recorded over the total length of the pile, and these blow counts shall be presented in a

graph together with the relevant SPT (boring) or CPT.

p. Special observations during pile driving, such as intervals in driving, crushing of the pile material,

replacement of casing, etc.

13.6.3 If piles have to be extended, the driving record will also show:

Restart driving data.

Extended length.

Extended length.

13.7 DRIVING TOLERANCES

13.7.1 Piles shall be driven to the specified positions within the following tolerances:

The maximum deviation from the specified slope shall not exceed 1% (10 mm/m) of the pile

length or any section of the length measured when the pile is aboveground in the leads.

On completion of the driving the horizontal tolerances of pile location shall be within the

following deviations:

i. 50 mm for piles sizes of maximum 250 mm.

ii. 75 mm for piles sizes above 250 mm.

Above tolerances to be measured at cut-off elevations.

Page 17 of 25

 Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals

Specification for Piling

Company LLC.
S-000-5314-001

Sohar Refinery Improvement Project

Rev. 2

Sultanate of Oman
Job No : 120476/ JI-2022

Contract No. 21297

13.7.2 The CONTRACTOR shall prepare a table showing the deviation of every pile from its exact required

position and forward this information to the OWNER or CONSULTANT.

13.8 MISDRIVEN OR DAMAGED PILES

13.8.1 In case the location of a pile is outside the allowable tolerances, OWNER or CONSULTANT will decide

whether the pile location is acceptable or if additional pile(s) have to be driven or structural

modifications may be required.

13.8.2 If a pile is damaged during pile driving activities, OWNER or CONSULTANT will decide whether the

pile can be repaired or if the pile shall be cut off and abandoned. The decision of OWNER or

CONSULTANT shall be binding.

13.8.3 Damaged driven concrete piles shall be tested (when required) with the "Acoustic Wave Method",

executed by an approved geotechnical specialist.

13.9 PILE LENGTHENING

13.9.1 Non Pre-stressed Concrete Piles

A lap shall be formed by stripping reinforcement of surrounding concrete for a distance of forty times the

diameter of the longitudinal bars. They shall be thoroughly cleaned and all lateral reinforcement removed.

Additional reinforcement shall be placed in position, securely fixed or welded to main bars and the pile

extended by concreting in properly formed molds to the required length.

13.9.2 Pre-stressed Concrete Piles

Pre-stressed concrete piles may only be lengthened using approved steel couplings.

14.0 PILE TESTING

14.1 GENERAL

14.1.1 A number of piles may be selected by the OWNER or CONSULTANT for testing.

14.1.2 The results of the integrity tests shall be used as basis to decide on additional pile load tests or

replacement. OWNERS or CONSULTANT 's approval is to be obtained.

14.1.3 Tests shall be made both, before and during the schedule pile installation.

Types and pile tests are as follows:

Ultimate load test:

a. Vertical compression : 2 x working load.

b. Vertical tension : 2 x working load.

c. Horizontal : 2 x working load.

Proof load test:

a. Vertical compression : 1 x working load.

b. Vertical tension : 1 x working load.

c. Horizontal : 1 x working load.

Page 18 of 25

 Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals

Specification for Piling

Company LLC.
S-000-5314-001

Sohar Refinery Improvement Project

Rev. 2

Sultanate of Oman
Job No : 120476/ JI-2022

Contract No. 21297

Ultimate load tests should all be carried out on preliminary piles. Proof load tension tests should also

be carried out on preliminary piles. Other proof load tests should be carried out on working piles. The

locations of preliminary piles should be shown on the drawings. These should be finally cut off a

minimum of 300 mm below pile cap level.

14.2 PILE CAPACITIES

Pile capacities, i.e. allowable working loads should be confirmed by the ultimate load tests as follows:

Pile vertical capacity:

When determined or confirmed by a loading test, the allowable pile capacity should be 50% of the

ultimate load, but should in no case exceed the load which produces a net movement of 0.3 mm

per 10 kN of gross load applied.

Pile uplift capacity:

When determined or confirmed by a loading test, the allowable pile capacity should be 50% of the

ultimate load, but should in no case exceed the load which produces a net movement of 0.3 mm

per 10 kN of gross load applied.

Pile lateral capacity:

Piles should be tested for lateral design capacity in accordance with IBC 2012 par. 1810.3.3.2.

The resulting allowable load shall not be more than one-half of the load that produces a gross

lateral movement of 1 inch (25mm) at the lower of the top of foundation element and the ground

surface.

14.3 EQUIPMENT

CONTRACTOR is responsible for the design, procurement and construction of all structural details

required for the tests.

Heads of piles should be prepared to receive test equipment as follows:

a. For steel piles

A steel test plate of appropriate thickness for the loads should be set on the pile so as to

obtain full bearing. The size of the test plate should be not less than the width of the pile,

nor less than the area covered by the force-applying apparatus. The test plate should be

welded to the pile.

b. For concrete piles

Piles should be capped with a concrete head of suitable size, reinforced to distribute the

loads evenly onto the pile shafts.

c. For other piles

Similar preparation should take place.

Hydraulic Jack and Transfer Beam

Vertical compression or tension loads should be applied axially to the test piles, with care taken to

minimize eccentric loadings. A sufficiently strong test beam should be centered over the test pile to

achieve this, together with hydraulic jack.

Reaction System

a. Vertical compression or tension loads should be applied axially to the test piles, with care

taken to minimize eccentric loadings. A sufficiently strong test beam should be centered

over the test pile to achieve this, together with hydraulic jack.

Page 19 of 25

 Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals

Specification for Piling

Company LLC.
S-000-5314-001

Sohar Refinery Improvement Project

Rev. 2

Sultanate of Oman
Job No : 120476/ JI-2022

Contract No. 21297

b. For vertical tension loads the beams can be reacted against either preliminary or

working piles.

c. For horizontal loads reaction may be achieved by jacking against kentledge. With

OWNERS or CONSULTANTs approval two (2) piles may be jacked apart to achieve

the same result.

14.4 INSTRUMENTATION

The main objective of the load tests is to derive load-displacement curves from the results. Therefore

during testing measurements should be taken for load, displacement and time.

Loads

Loads applied to the pile head can be monitored by one (1) of the following instruments:

a. Calibrated pressure gauge (the normal case).

b. Electrical oil pressure transducer in the hydraulic system.

c. Calibrated load cells.

d. Strain gauges installed on the pile.

Displacement

This can be monitored by one (1) of the following:

a. Micrometer (the normal case).

b. Accurate optical level device.

c. Electrical displacement transducer.

Variations in temperature should be monitored throughout the test, to ascertain the influence upon test

results. Equipment should be protected against weather conditions in an appropriate manner.

Instrumentation should be arranged in such a manner that it can be conveniently observed from a single

position.

Before the start of testing, calibration certification for instrumentation should be submitted to OWNER or

CONSULTANT.

14.5 LOADING PROCEDURE

Test piles should be of the same type and installed with the same equipment as working piles. Tests

should be carried out during the normal piling contract and with OWNERs or CONSULTANT present and

should not require a separate mobilization.

14.5.1 Vertical Compression Load Test

It is recommended that either method A or method B be followed.

Method A

In principle the pile should be loaded to 1.5 to 2.0 times the working load in equal loading steps. Unloading

should take place after every load step, to gather information on load-displacement behavior in general

and elastic/plastic displacements in particular.

Page 20 of 25

 Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals

Specification for Piling

Company LLC.
S-000-5314-001

Sohar Refinery Improvement Project

Rev. 2

Sultanate of Oman
Job No : 120476/ JI-2022

Contract No. 21297

The following steps are proposed for loading to 1.5 working load:

0.25 - 0.50 - 0 -

0.50 - 0.75 - 0 -

0.75 - 1.00 - 0 -

1.00 - 1.25 - 0 -

1.25 - 1.50 - 0, etc., times the working load.

It might be necessary to unload to, for example, 0.1 times the working load instead of 0.0 to prevent

movement at the loading frame relative to the pile.

Working load is defined as the allowable load according to pile design plus negative friction on

compression piles if applicable.

Load Step Period.

Piles can be loaded up "regularly and reasonably fast". We recommend that the shortest of the

following criteria is applied for each "new" load.

a. Constant for three (3) hours.

b. Constant until pile head movement is smaller than 0.1 mm/20 minutes.

Method B

The pile should be progressively loaded as follows:

The load should be maintained at each stage for the period indicated or until movement under the specific

loads has ceased completely, whichever is the longer period.

Movement may be considered as ceased when it is continuing at no more than the following rates:

0.1 mm/20 minutes.

Rate of Loading

% of Working Load Time

25 1 hour

50 1 hour

75 1 hour

100 6 hours

75 10 minutes

50 10 minutes

25 10 minutes

0 10 minutes

100 6 hours

125 1 hour

150 24 hours

175 1 hour *

200 6 hours *

175 10 minutes *

150 10 minutes *

125 10 minutes

100 10 minutes

75 10 minutes

50 10 minutes

25 10 minutes

Note: * For preliminary piles only.

Page 21 of 25

 Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals

Specification for Piling

Company LLC.
S-000-5314-001

Sohar Refinery Improvement Project

Rev. 2

Sultanate of Oman
Job No : 120476/ JI-2022

Contract No. 21297

14.5.2 Vertical Tension Load Test

Procedure should be similar to the previous test but with the following applicable:

Criterion for movement ceasing: 0.1 mm/60 minutes.

Rate of Loading

% of Working Load Time

50 1 hour

100 1 hour

150 6 hours

100 10 minutes

50 10 minutes

0 -

Load to 200% as appropriate.

14.5.3 Horizontal Load Test

Procedure should be similar to previous test but with the following applicable:

Criterion for movement ceasing: 0.1 mm in 60 minutes.

Rate of Loading

% of Working Load Time

50 1 hour

100 1 hour

150 48 hours

100 10 minutes

50 10 minutes

0 -

Load to 200% as appropriate.

14.6 RESULTS

The settlement or movement of piles under test loads shall be measured and recorded on completion of

each loading stage and every three (3) hours where the load period exceeds one (1) hour, but does not

exceed twelve (12) hours, thereafter every twelve (12) hours.

All results should be forwarded to OWNER or CONSULTANT in an agreed format.

Any necessary interpretation of test results will be made by OWNER or CONSULTANT. Should test results

warrant, OWNER or CONSULTANT may modify installation procedures and criteria, or the design load

capacities of piles.

15.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CONTROL

15.1 GENERAL

15.1.1 Quality of the work in respect of both workmanship and materials shall be ensured throughout the

project. There shall be an element of self-certification by means of a quality assurance and control

procedure.

The quality assurance and control procedure shall be agreed between OWNER or CONSULTANT and

CONTRACTOR prior to the commencement of the work.

Page 22 of 25

 Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals

Specification for Piling

Company LLC.
S-000-5314-001

Sohar Refinery Improvement Project

Rev. 2

Sultanate of Oman
Job No : 120476/ JI-2022

Contract No. 21297

The quality assurance and control procedure shall clearly identify Hold and Witness points for OWNER

or CONSULTANT, CONTRACTOR and CONSTRUCTION SUB-CONTRACTOR.

As a minimum the quality assurance and control procedure shall include procedures and standards for:

Procurement, receiving and storage of materials.

Test and inspection.

Repair.

Acceptance.

Specific requirements are as follows:

Method Statements.

CONTRACTOR/SUB-CONTRACTOR should submit method statements (plans) for the following,

fully detailing equipment and materials to be used:

a. Pile installation.

b. Pile testing.

Workmanship.

CONTRACTOR/SUBCONTRACTOR should employ qualified personnel, fully experienced in the

work to be carried out.

Materials Certificates and Tests.

15.1.2 CONTRACTOR/SUB-CONTRACTOR shall submit certificates, before work starts, for all materials to be

used in the works.

15.1.3 For steel piles certified mill tests reports shall be kept on file by the CONTRACTOR/SUB-
CONTRACTOR for inspection by the OWNER or CONSULTANT.

15.1.4 For concrete piles (prefabricated and cast-in situ) material certificates shall be submitted for:

Sand, gravel and stone materials.

Cement.

Reinforcing steel.

Page 23 of 25

 Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals

Specification for Piling

Company LLC.
S-000-5314-001

Sohar Refinery Improvement Project

Rev. 2

Sultanate of Oman
Job No : 120476/ JI-2022

Contract No. 21297

15.1.5 CONTRACTOR/SUB-CONTRACTOR shall cast sufficient concrete cylinders or cubes, depending on

what the design has been based and make the required tests as per the requirements stipulated in the

applicable code. The detailed record of the tests shall show the results that the specified concrete

strength has been reached. Copies of this record shall be submitted to the OWNER or CONSULTANT

within three working days.

15.1.6 If any test specimen fails to meet the specified concrete strength, CONSTRUCTION SUB-
CONTRACTOR shall carry out new tests for the already cast piles of the related batch. If the new tests

fail again, CONTRACTOR/SUB-CONTRACTOR shall bring this condition immediately to the attention

of the OWNER or CONSULTANT for resolution.

15.1.7 In the case of proprietary products, full catalogue details should be forwarded. For steel fabrication,

shop drawings should be submitted.

15.1.8 CONTRACTOR/SUB-CONTRACTOR shall employ the services of an independent materials testing

laboratory. A testing program shall be agreed at the start of the contract. Test reports demonstrating

compliance with the specification shall be submitted to OWNER or CONSULTANT upon completion of

piling work. The test reports shall be the property of the OWNER or CONSULTANT.

Page 24 of 25

 Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals

Specification for Piling

Company LLC.
S-000-5314-001

Sohar Refinery Improvement Project

Rev. 2

Sultanate of Oman
Job No : 120476/ JI-2022

Contract No. 21297

15.2 DOCUMENTS

Quality of the works shall be documented by means of certificates and test, inspection and acceptance

reports.

Documents shall be available to CONTRACTOR and OWNER or CONSULTANT at all times.

A complete set of all documents related to the works shall be handed over by CONSTRUCTION SUB-
CONTRACTOR to CONTRACTOR upon completion for handover to the OWNER or CONSULTANT.

Piling CONSTRUCTION SUB-CONTRACTOR shall provide following documents:

Pile Logs.

Pile logs shall be submitted daily

Load Test Report.

Structural steel acceptance forms.

Concrete tests reports.

As-built Drawings.

CONSTRUCTION SUB-CONTRACTOR shall submit a marked-up drawing giving full details of

actual piles installed.

15.3 INSPECTION

15.3.1 CONTRACTOR and OWNER or CONSULTANT reserves the right of inspection of the work by the

OWNER or CONSULTANT during all phases of the work.

15.3.2 CONTRACTOR shall keep a competent representative at the work fully authorized to act for him and

receive such orders as may given for proper continuation of the work.

Page 25 of 25