‘STRUCTURAL ENGINEER : SYAIFULASHAAI, ST ANALYSIS OF BEARING 8 CAPACITY - DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATION at a2 INTRODUCTION Driven pile is @ type of the deep foundation. This foundation is dfiven to the ground using a hammer hich is dropped trom the prescrived height. The hammer is introduces energy to push the pile to the soll The followings are several reason to use the driven ple foundation (deep foundation) .as follows The upper soll condition is so bad so the use of spread footing is very un economically Large uplift capacity is required. 2 Large lateral capacity is required. © Requirement for pier foundation and abutment foundation in bridge structure. ‘This chapter describes the analysis of bearing capacity for driven pile foundation based on the soll properties and in sity tost, dynamic formula to predict the bearing capacity, lateral bearing capacity and analysis of group pile ‘TYPE OF PILE FOUNDATION 8.2.1 GENERAL Load transter from the super structure tothe pile foundation is depends tothe type of sol. The bearing capacity of pile foundation is from the end bearing capacity and skin friction capacity Cohesioniess soll provides the end bearing capacity and cohesive soll provide skin friction ‘capacity. For general soll condition the bearing capacity is provided by the end bearing capacity plus with skin fiction capacity. Tho ultimate bearing capacity of pile foundation can be writen as Q,=O yy + Qe (e.1 where = ultimate bearing capacity timate end bearing capacity timate skin friction capacityAnd the allowable bearing capaily is Ons Sh [8.2] where Sfp =safely factor or end bearing eapacty (20-40) SF, ~safely factorforskinricion capacty (204.0) 82.2 ENO Beano PLE End bearing pile is pile foundation that the major of bearing capacity Is provided by end bearing capacity. The skin frtion capacity in end bearing pile can be neglected because it has small influence, End bearing capacity is calculated as follows 83 where Qs = ultimate end bearing capacity Ge ——_=llmate end bearing pressure Ay = end bearing contact area 823 Fricnon Pie Friction piles ple foundation that the major of bearing capaty is provided by skin friction capacity (provided by adhesion). The end bearing capacty in end bearing pile can be neglected because it has smal infuence Uttimate skin friction capacity is calculated as follows where 2 = ultimate skin tieton capacity & timate skin fiction stross ‘ ‘kin ition contact area 8.3 LOAD TRANSFER MECHANISM 83.1 GENERAL Pile foundation almost to carry the moment load, this moment is transfer becomes compressive axial load and tensile axial load, The design of bearing capacity o ple foundation must consider the type of load acts inthe pilea4 8.3.2 Coupnessive AXIAL CaPacrTy “The bearing capacity of pile foundation due to axial compressive load is provided by the end bearing ‘capacity and skin friction capacity. 3.3 UPLIFT AXIAL CAPACTY The beating capacity of pile foundation due to axial tensile load is provided only by the skin friction capacity. ANALYSIS OF AXIAL BEARING CAPACITY - SOIL PROPERTIES 84.1 GENERAL Basic bearing capacity formula can be used for bearing capacity analysis for deep foundation with several modifications. Analysis based on soil properties is using intemal friction angle and Uundrained shear strength. BA2 Contact AREA A General Contact area isthe Important thing to be considered in the pile foundation design. The contact area may be ilferent for diferent type of pile foundation B. Open Ended Stee! Pipe Pile When the pipe plo is driven the inside of the pipe willbe plugged withthe soil For condition of full plug, the end bearing contact area is the same with area of pipe if itis open ended, as folows y= Ran Rs Ba where A id betng contact area et roa of ste! prota Ai = area ot pug so For condition of partial plug, the end bearing contact area is half of the area of pipe if itis open ‘ended. as folows Ay = 05l Rona * Asc) ea where As rd beating contact area Ave! = a70a of steel profile Aci =area ofplug sol ‘The skin triton contact aroa isthe perimeter ofthe profile.© HSte6! Pile When the pipe piles driven the inside of the pipe will be half plugged with the soll. “The ond bearing contact area is p= 25g +a en woere fe wend beating coat are ‘Ane =area of sie! proio Ar =area of plug sol The skin tition contact area isthe perimeter ofthe pile with ull plug. 8.4.3 END BEARING CAPACITY A. General ‘The ultimate bearing capacity of pile foundation can be computed using the bearing capacity formula as described inthe previous chapter. B. Bearing Capacity Formula In general basic bearing capacity formula can be written as follows, yeh Fah HN; (ea) Because the width of ple foundation Is small (B 's smal), so the and term of the equation can be neglected, so the end bearing pressure can be written as ae =e Pr Lima ord being capaci computa lows Oy = FN, +a Ay (e.10) For the conction of cohesive soll (c=s, and #0). the formula becomes Op = 95, (e1] where os «= ultimate end bearing pressure 8. = undrained shear strength ‘= bearing capacity factor (Include depth factor, inclination factor)Utimate end bearing capaci is computed as folows Qyp = (@5]Ap (9.12) © Vesie's Method Vesic propose the end bearing capacity formula based on the expansion of cavities theory. The end bearing capacity can be calculated as follows Oy =FN oN, (0.19) On imate ena bearing capecty cio = mean normal ground stress atthe level pl pint NL.N = bearing eapacty factor The variables above is defined as ope ( 22) 3s [8.14] Ky=1-sinl) q #tectve vertical stress atthe pile point Ko =coefclent of earth pressure ° intemal tion angle The bearing capacity factor is dined as Wi; —teot) -% (8.51 N Ng (FAG) D.— Janbu's Method “Tho end bearing capacity can be calulated as folows ap = NL +N [8.16]where Q, ultimate end bearing capacity ¢ = effective vertical stress atthe ple poi Ni.Ng —=bearing capacity factor ‘The bearing capacty factors defined as Ni =~ theotla) i. te.47) N= (tanfo)+ ft sant()} eenane) E— GCovle & Castle's Method Coyle & Castelo’s method is used fr cohesioniess soi The end bearing capacty can be calculated as follows Ory = HINGIS [o.18] where Q, —=limate end bearing capacity q ~ effective vertical stress atthe pile point Ny =bearing capacity factor F— Meyerhor’s Method Meyerhot proposes two formula can be used for cohesionless soll and cohesive soll “The table bolow shows the Meyorhofs end bearing capacity formula, as folows ‘TaDLE®.1. ENO BEARING CAPACITY -MEYERHOF where a = undraines cohesion 8.4.4 SuNFrcmON CapacrY A. General ‘The ultimate bearing capacity of pila foundation can be computed using the bearing capacity formula as described inthe previous chapter.3. Method ‘The « method is calculates the skin tition resistance for cohesive soll based on the adhesion factora The skin fiction capacity can be calcuated as folows yy = (as )Ry (8.19) s Qs = ultimate skin fiction capacity « = adhesion actor & «= undrained shear strength A kn friction contact area Tne adhesion factor «is determined based on the undrained shear strength s, usually use the graph. C — BMethod ‘The 8 method i calculates the skin friction resistance for cohesioniess soll based on the coefficient of lateral earth pressure. The skin tition capacity can be calculated as folows Qys = (Bory As (820) p=Ktan(o) Qq ultimate skin ton capacity = vorealefectve sess at messuod point K —_« cootlent of itr earth pressure fe fon ang o oi versus ilo Conservatively te latral eats pressure canbe computed as folows Norma Consoidatd Cis K=1-sinl) 2m Over Consolidated Clave (1—sin(g,)NOCRBhushan propose the folowing equation to calculate factor 0.18 (0850,) (223) were D, ——=selave density >. AMettod ‘The A method is calculates the skin tcton resistance for cohesive sol based onthe coeclent of letra earth prossure “The skin ition capacity can be calculated as follows Oy =(25.)As ve24) were Qe ultimate skin tcton capacity 2 icon capaci cotiiont y= average vertcal sesso ground surtace and pl tp By = average undrained shear strength of ground surface and pile tip The factor. is depended to the embedment length of the ple usually use the graph, 8.5 ANALYSIS OF AXIAL BEARING CAPACITY - IN SITU TEST 85.1 GENERAL Most practical method to obtain the bearing capacity is based on the in sity test such as standard penetration test (SPT) and cone penetration test (CPT) 85.2 ENO BEARING CAPAcrTY-SPT A. General Ifthe SPT data is used fo obtain the bearing capacity it's recommended to use higher factor of safety ‘because inconsistency of the SPT test result B. — Meyorhor's Method End bearing capacity based on the Meyernot is Oy =[ 40M Bay $400 [e25) where Qs = ullimate end bearing capacity (kPa)Now = corrected N SPT value D = embedment length 8 = pile diameter Ay 3nd bearing contact area, "Noor must be taken as average value in the range of 8B above pile tip and 3B below pile tip, 85.3 SkNFRICTON CAPACITY SPT A. General Ifthe SPT data is used to obtain the bearing capacity itis recommended to use higher factor of safety because inconsistency of the SPT test result. 8. — Meyerhot's Method The folowing s the skin tition capacity based on SPT test according to Meyerhot ‘TwaLE0.2 SKI FRIeTON CAPACrTY~ MevERHOF Gy, = ultimate skin friction capacity (KPa) New = corrected N SPT value A kn friction contact area © Vesie's Method ‘The folowing isthe skin friction capacity based on SPT test according o Vesic. ‘TaBLE83_SkNFrIeTON CaPAcrTY-VEsIC 4, =[80"" ny On, timate skin tion capacity {KPa} 2 lative density A «= skin fiction contact area85.4 Eno Beano CaPacrry-CPT A. General ‘The CPT data can be used to predict the bearing capacity based on the cone resistance and side friction. 8. —-LCPC's Method End bearing capacty based on the LCPC method is ip = (eke Mp (9.26) where Qy = lllmate end bearing capacity (kPa) Gz = equivalent cone resistance a pile tip (KPa) ke ‘one end bearing factor a ‘end bearing contact area sis taken as the average inthe range of 1.58 above pile tip and 1.58 below pile tip. “The factor of cone end bearing is taken as TADLE®.A CONE END BEARNG FacTOR Gay aS] 0500 Sand & Gravel | O57 Chak | 3405 85.5 SKINFRecTION CAPacrrY— CPT A. General The CPT data can be used to predict the beating capacity based on the cone resistance and side friction. B. — Meyerhor's Method ‘Skin treton capacity based on cone resistance according tothe Meyerhot is Q, =(0.0050,)A, 18.26) where Q = ultimate skin Wetion capacity (kPa) % one resistance (kPa) & ‘skin ition contact areaIt the side friction s used the folowing equation can be used ‘TaBLE®S Skw FricTON CaPAcrTY- MevERVOF Qs, = ultimate skin fretion capacity (KPa) ca ide retion (Pa) A += skin fiction contact area © Nottingham & Schmertmann's Method ‘Skin friction capacity based on cone resistances, ‘TABLE®6 SKN FRICTON CAPACrTY= NOTTNGHAM & SCHMERTMANN Owe itimate skin fiction capacity (KPa) os ide retion («P} 2 = depth to mid point of soll layer 8 = pile diameter 1nd a Is determined based on the graph. ANALYSIS OF AXIAL BEARING CAPACITY — DYNAMIC TEST 6.1 GENERAL “The pile bearing capacity can be predicted using the driving energy transtorred to tho ple using a hammer. This method is known as dynamic method and can be used simply based on the final blow ‘count (final set), 86.2 Sanoen’sMerHo0 ‘Sander propose dynamic formula to predict the axial load capacity ofthe driven pile as follows. w O.= 3S] 8271 o lowable axial bearing capacityW, = weight of hammer n “= hammer stroke / hammer fal distance s = final penetration per blow at end of ctving FS factor ofsafoty (FS = 8) 8.6.3 ENGINEERING New's Memon ‘The most popular dynamic formula used is proposed by Engineering News (Wellington, 1888), as follows o.- wn 3 ECHR) (2.28) where Q. = allowable axial bearing capacity W, = weight of hammer n hammer stoke / hammer fall distance s = final penetration per blow at end of ctving FS factor of safety (FS = 6) © constant (drop hammer = 25 mm) (single acting hammer = 2.5 mm) 8.6.4 MooineD ENGINEERING New's METHOD “The folowing is dynamic formula which is modification of Engineering News Formula, as folows [9.29] where Q, = allowable axial beating capacity W, = weight of hammer Wy = weight of pile + hammer n = hammer stroke / hammer fll cistance s nal penetration per blow at ond of driving FS =laclorof safety (FS =6) © constant (C=2.5mm) o ficiency of hammer patficient of restitution The following isthe hammer efficiency and coetcient of restitution, as followsar 88 TASLE.7 HaMuER EPnCIENCY Diep Hammer 075-100 ‘Sine Aang Favor | OFS OBS Doble Ratng Famer | O85 Darel Hanmer | O8S= 100 ‘TaOLERS CoErncieNT oF ResnTUnON Wood Pie Ta Compacl Wood On SioalPie | 02 Tora Wa0d Over Siool Pio | US ‘Seal On Steel Pe Canerete PIS] UST Cast Fon Hammer On Conerate Pe | OAT ANALYSIS OF UPLIFT CAPACITY 87.1 GENERAL “The uplift capacity of the drivon pile is only provided by the skin rictlon capacity 8.7.2 SkNFRICION CAPACITY “The skin tition capacity to determine the uplt capacity can be calculated withthe similar procedure as previously exolained, ANALYSIS OF LATERAL BEARING CAPACITY 834 GeneRAL During earthquake the pile foundation is take the lateral load from the result of super structure loa. When the pile subjected to lateral load the ple can be dlvided into two major catogoros, as follows, © Rigid Pile, the pio length is short. © Elastic Pile, no ple length is long. B35 MATLock & Reese's MerHo0 D. Gener Matlock and Reese propose the elastic solution to analyze lateraly loaded pile. Due to the lateral load the folowing reactions can be calculated, as folows © Pile Deflection Pile Slope, Bending Moment ©) Shear Force ©) Soll Reaction. This method is can be used for pile embedded in granular soll,gE lle Deflection ‘The pile detlecion at any depth of pile can be calculated, as follows ar), (wr?) don{ Zoo, fm ee Pep) (8.30) Plestoe ar?) (mr) MET) PE] Ban Ay, By = constant 4. Pll. Bondng Moment M@z}= Ap(QT)-B,(M) [32] = bending moment at ary depth of ple shear fore at top of ple «= bending moment at top of pile madulus of elastcty of pile = moment af ineria of pile constantH— Plle Shear Force The ple shear force at any depth of pile can be calculated, as folows (™) vel=avia}+a (8.33) ve) ear force at any dopth of ple a = shear force at op of pile M = bending moment at tp of pile E, = modulus of elasticty of ple b By 1 Soitfeaction ‘The soil reaction at any depth of ple can be calculated, as folows =a 2 } +84 = ) (e34 p(2) —_=sollreacton at ary depth of pile a ear force a op of pile M ending moment at op of ple E, = moduli of elastic o pile l= momentot inertia of pile Ao B —=constant J. Characteristic Length of Soll Pile System “The T variable isthe characterise longth of sol-ple system, as follows ye (eas) Tchr ngth Ties of nyo pl » Simonet tne te mm ena ohana mos of bad exon The pile of rigid iL <2T and the pile is elastic it 2ST.“The value of mis as folows Taste89 Toss Send Te00= 2200 eda Sard SEO TOOT Dears SaRe TSU FADO Toose Submerged Sand | 1000—1400 Testun Submerged Sand | 3500 #500 Danse Submerged Sand OT TaOOT K A&B Constant “The folowing table shows the A and B constant. TaBLe®.10 AConsraNT OT] Bae | TE] CTO | OB | OZIT TZ] RAE] AIG | CTW | OE | UAE Ta] Tae | 878 | Oar | 0806 [TSR Ta] 176 | 18S | Oar | Om [OT BS] ee | TOS | OAT | OEE | URE DE] TAGE | TAS | OSE | ORT | OBIT TT] TST | AIT | OSS | ORES [UST TE] Tae | as | Oa | Oa | TaTE D[ ORE [TAT | OTT | URS | THRE TZ] OTHE] AT | OTB | OOS | -UERS | AY USE| RS [OVE | TOE UTE Ta] ose | OTe | OTe | OIE | Tat ZO OTE |-UAGT | OEE] aT | AES IT] DOE] TMT | OLS | HT | OLS FO [VAST | OEE | THOT] AOE | OOF Bo] ee | oes | OHS | ONS | OSTABLE8.11_ 8 Constant 30 T7EO | To | 9000 | THOT oF TEST [ADOT | TOOT | TAS vz TSa0 | aaa | O28 | Oe oF FAST | OBOE | OEE | DHT oy TST | OSET | OURS | ADT oe T2EE | OBE | UIST | DAS ve TISE | ORG [ OIBT | OAR oF, ToeT | Ose | 0726 | Dae aE EGE | OSTA | OTD | DAZ oF Tae | OBS | OaIZ | OAS 7 OTRE | OSE | TIT | OTST 12 Tee | OTE | Uata | ORS TF “Bae | OSS | BATT | DOT TE TEAS | OA | UATE | TOA 2 TIE | OAM | UAE] TIT 30 ToeT | OHSS | OAS | OPER a BUG [UB] OAT | OE 30 ea od 836 DAWSON GiLL’s METHOD A. Pile Deflection Davisson and Gill propose the elastic solution to analyze laterally loaded ple. ‘This method is can be used for pile embedded in cohesive soil Pile Detection The pile detlecon al any depth of pile can be calculated, as follows xej-a,[F a, (MEE) a) x(z) = deflection at any depth of pile a ar fore at top of ple ™ erg moment topo lo Emad of lato pile L moment of inertia of ple A Bi = constant Pile Bending Moment Te pile bending momenta any depth o! pe canbe eased, a olows lz) = Ap (QR) Bip (M) eanwhere 2) bending moment at any depth o ple shear force at op of pile u bending moment at top of pile E modulus of east of ple k= momentf ineria of pile constant D. — BCoeticient The vatiable is defined as follows Ee Rate (6.38) where & modulus of east of ple if rmoment of inertia of ple ke = madulus of subgrade reaction 83.7 Brows MeHo0 A. General Brom divide the concition as tree head condition and restrained head condition. Brom’s method only can be used for homogeneous soll, purely cohesive soil or purely cohesionless soll B. Cohesive Soi! ‘The following figure is the pressure diagram proposed by Brom for cohesive soll for free head condition. Flcune @.1 Contsive Sou.—Free HEAD CoNomon‘vate oF Beans CaPHo -DaNEN PLE FOUOATION ‘The minimum embedment depth of the pile due fo shear force Qis (aga Da 18.39] where: Dan = minimum embedment depth a lateral shear force e econticty of lateral load 8 ile diameter Se = undrained shear strength FS =safetyfactor (FS ~3) ‘The following figure is the pressure diagram proposed by Brom for cohesive soll for restrained head cconaiition. baa QURE®2 COHESIVE Sol. RESTRANED HEAD CoNDTION “The minimum embodment dopth ofthe pile due to shear force Q is Prin (4 53 p30 whereDan = minimum embedment depth @ «= lateral shear force 8 = pile diameter ss undrained shear strength Fs safety factor (FS = 3) © Gohesionless Soi! ‘The following figure is the pressure diagram proposed by Brom for cohesionless sol for free head condition. FlOURE®.3 CoHESIONLESS Sou - FREE HEAD CONDITION The minimum embedment depth ofthe pile due to shear force Q is 0.5 8DFink, Bin +e 5. FS [2.40] tan?{e5+2) 3 “= minimum embesment depth = ltoral shear force 8 pile diameter & undrained shear strength e = eocentrcty of lateral load Ke = coefficient of passive lateral earth pressure FS safoty factor (FS =3)‘The following figure is the pressure diagram proposed by Brom for cohesionless soll for restrained head condition FlOURE8.3 CoHESINLESS So. RESTRANED HEAD CONDON The minimum embedment depth of the pile due to shear force Qis Dan = [OSD nV SK (8.40) Don jnimum emibedment depth @ tral shear force 8 ile diameter % Undrained shear strength Ks = evefiient of passive lateral earth pressure FS ety factor (FS=3) GROUP PILE FOUNDATION 89.1 General \When the load is becomes bigger the group pile must be used to carry the load. The design of group pile must consider the efficiency of the group and the arrangement ofthe pile. 89.2 Pu ConnauRATION “Tho minimum spacing betwoon pil in group pile is 5-25-35) (Batywhere s «= ple spacing > = pile diameter 89.3 Loa Teansren ‘The group pile may be subjected to centric load and eccentic loa. ‘The load transer tothe pile due to centric load is at ws numberof pile 89.4 GrouPErriciency ‘The group offcioncy of group pile can be calculated based on the Converse ~ fotows : fof thn fmt 31 some (8.44) estan! where E, __~ efeieney of group pile m= number a pie columns a umber of pile rows barre formula, as