01OFZ Circuit Theory

Academic Year 20152016

Prof. Stefano Grivet Talocia
Chapter 1

Fundamental Laws
Exercise 1.1
Compute the unknown currents in the circuit.

6A 8A
i1 8A
b b b

i2 2A
5A

10A
Exercise 1.2
Compute the unknown currents in the circuit.

6A
i2 4A
3A
b b

i1
5A 2A
Exercise 1.3
Compute the unknown currents in the circuit.
3A
5A
b b

1A

i2
b b
5A
i1
Exercise 1.4
Compute the unknown currents in the circuit.

1A
i3 i4
2A

1
3A A
i1 3

i2
Exercise 1.5
Compute the unknown voltages in the circuit.
1V

3V v2
v1

2V
v3
4V 2V
Exercise 1.6
Compute the unknown voltages in the circuit.

3V
vw

1V 1V 2V
2V
vz

vy

vx
Exercise 1.7
Use KCL to compute i1 e i2 .

18 A

3A
i2

i1

12 A
Exercise 1.8
Determine the unknown currents i3 , i5 using KCL.
Data: i1 = 4.5 A, i2 = 3 A, i4 = 0.5 A, i6 = 7 A.

i6 i1

i4 i5 i2 i3
Exercise 1.9
Evaluate V1 , vad and vbc .

d 5V e b

2 V 3V

12 V b
a

V1

f c
Exercise 1.10
Use KCL and KVL to find i1 , i2 , vad and vx .

3 A

e 5 V a 3V c
b b

i2
i1

20 V vx
b
d
8V

10 A b 8A
Exercise 1.11
Compute the power absorbed by each circuit element.

2A B1

3A
2V B4 B2 4V
B3
Exercise 1.12
The battery E supplies 100 W of power. Compute v, i and the power absorbed by device B1 .

i 20

E = 100 V
B1 v

60 V
Exercise 1.13
Compute the power absorbed by each circuit element.

3A 1 4V
Chapter 2

Resistive Circuits I: Basic Analysis

Techniques
Exercise 2.1
Compute the resistance of the circuit from terminals A and B.

6 3

B
Exercise 2.2
Compute the resistance of the circuit from terminals A and B.
All resistors have resistance 1000 .

B
Exercise 2.3
Compute the resistance of the circuit from terminals A and B.
Data: R1 = 15 , R2 = 100 , R3 = 100 e R4 = 5 .

c
A
R1 R2

d e R4

R3
B
f
Exercise 2.4
Compute the resistance R from terminals A and B.
Data: R1 = 10 , R2 = 20 , R3 = 40 , R4 = 40 .

R4
b b

R2
R1 R3

b b

A B
Exercise 2.5
Compute the resistance of the circuit from terminals A and B.
All resistors have resistance 1 .

A
Exercise 2.6
Compute the voltage v(t) generated by the source e(t) = E0 sin(t + ).

e(t)
10 10 5 v(t)

20

20
Exercise 2.7
Compute the resistance of the circuit from terminals A and B, setting R = 9 .

A
R
R R

b
2R

R R
R
B
Exercise 2.8
Compute the resistance of the circuit from terminals A and B.

15 5 15

5 7.5 5
A 5 5 B

15 15
5
Exercise 2.9
Compute the current i.
Data: R1 = R2 = R3 = 5 , R4 = R5 = R9 = 30 , R6 = R7 = R8 = 10 , E = 300 V.

R1

R6
E R4
i R2 R7
R9

R5
R3 R8
Exercise 2.10
Compute the unknown voltages and currents using dividers.
Data: R1 = 19 , R2 = 30 , R3 = 70 , vs = 60 V.

i1

R1 v1

vs b

A
R2 v3 R3
i2 i3
Exercise 2.11
Compute i1 using current dividers.

i0
32

20 A 60
i1
10 40
Exercise 2.12
Calculate v1 using voltage dividers.

50 60

100 V 100 40 v1
Exercise 2.13
Compute vAB .

2 1

10 V A B

1 2
Exercise 2.14
Compute va , vb e vc using superposition theorem.
Data: E1 = 12 V, E2 = 10 V, R1 = 12 , R2 = 8 , R3 = 8 , R4 = 2 .

R3

R4 E2
b
a c

E1 R1 R2
Exercise 2.15
Compute i using the superposition theorem.
Data: Rn = n 10 e En = n 10 V.

E1 R3

R2
R1 E2 R4
E3 R5
i

E4 R6
Exercise 2.16
Compute va , vb and vc using the superposition theorem.
Data: I = 7 A, E1 = 60 V, E2 = 30 V, R1 = 1 , R2 = 2 , R3 = 30 ,R4 = 10 .

a
I R1
R3
E1 b c

R2 E2
R4
Exercise 2.17
Find the current i using the superposition theorem.
Data: I1 = 2 A, I2 = 4 A, E1 = 120 V, E2 = 80 V, R1 = 10 , R2 = 20 , R3 = 40 .

R2

I1 R1
E2
i
I2
E1

R3
Exercise 2.18
Calculate the power dissipated by the resistor R2 .
Data: I = 2 A, E = 80 V, R1 = 10 , R2 = 15 , R3 = 50 , R4 = 60 .

R2
I

R1 R4
E

R3
Chapter 3

Resistive Circuits II: fundamental theorems

Exercise 3.1
Compute v using Millmanns theorem.
Data: R1 = 21 , R2 = 13 , R3 = 1 , i1 (t) = 7 A, i2 (t) = 2 A, e(t) = 10 V.

e(t)
i2 (t)

v R2 i1 (t)

R1 R3
Exercise 3.2
Compute i.
Data: E1 = 2 V, E2 = 4 V, E3 = 10 V, I = 4 A, R1 = 5 , R2 = 10 .

R2

i
E3
I E1

E2 R1
Exercise 3.3
Compute i using Millmanns theorem.

10

i
10 V
4A 2V

4V 5
Exercise 3.4
Compute v by the Millmanns theorem. Discuss the case in which R 0. Justify your result.

E A R1 v

R
Exercise 3.5
For the circuit below:

a) find I using KCL at node A and KVL at loops M1 and M2 ;

b) How would the value of I change if R1 were a 7 resistor?

c) Remove R2 and derive the Thevenins equivalent circuit at its terminals. Compute again the value
of I using this equivalent.

Data: E1 = 4 V, E2 = 8 V, R1 = 2 , R2 = 2 , R3 = 2 , R4 = 4 .

R1
R3 A R4
b

E1 M1 R2 M2 E2

B
Exercise 3.6
Compute the value of the current flowing through the resistor R4 , using Thevenins theorem.
Data: E1 = 12 V, E2 = 3 V, R1 = 2 , R2 = 4 , R3 = 4 , R4 = 5 .

R1

R2 R4

R3

E1 E2
Exercise 3.7
For the circuit below derive:

a) Thevenins equivalent on the left of terminals a b;

b) Nortons equivalent on the left of terminals a b;

c) The power dissipated by resistor RL ;

Data: E = 12 V, I = 4 A, R = 1 .

I
E RL

b
Exercise 3.8
Evaluate the current i if:

a) R = 15 ;

b) R = 10 ;

c) R = 5 ;

d) R = 0 .

Data: R1 = 10 , E = 10 V, I = 1 A.
R1 R1 a

E I R1 R

b
Exercise 3.9
Plot the voltage-current characteristic of the circuit, i.e. write the equation v = f (i) and plot the function.

4 2 i

8V 3A 2 v
Exercise 3.10
Derive the voltage drop v.
Data: R1 = 1 , R2 = 2 , R3 = 3 , I1 = 4 A, I2 = 5 A, E = 6 V.

R2

I1 R1 R3 v
I2

E
Exercise 3.11
Compute the current i flowing through RL as a function of its resistance.
Data: E = 10 V, I = 5 A, R1 = 4 , R2 = 6 .

R2

E R1 RL I

i
Exercise 3.12
Derive the Nortons equivalent circuit.

10 10

50 V 1.5 A 20
10 V

b
Exercise 3.13
Derive the Thevenin equivalent on the left of terminals ab. Use the result to find the current i.
Data: I = 1 A, R1 = 2 , R2 = 4 , R3 = 6 , R4 = 8 .

R3 i

I R1 R2 R4

b
Chapter 4

Circuits with dependent sources

Exercise 4.1
Compute v.

2
2A 1
v
a = 2ix
10 V
ix
Exercise 4.2
Compute i.

2 3 i
i x

12 V 3A
4 a = 4ix
Exercise 4.3
Evaluate iR as function of R1 using Thevenins theorem.
Data: R2 = 2 , I1 = 10 A.

4i2

iR

I R2 R1

i2
Exercise 4.4
Compute v2 .

5v1
2

4A v1 1 4 v2
Exercise 4.5
Compute v.

e = 4ix

2A ix 8A
2
v 3

10 V
Exercise 4.6
Build the Thevenin equivalent for the circuit of terminals A-B.
Data: R1 = 1 k, R2 = 1.5 k, R3 = 5 k, V0 = 0.1 V, hfe = 50.

R2
A
ix
R1 R3
a = hfe ix
V0

B
Exercise 4.7
Compute i using the Thevenin equivalent for the subcircuit in the box.

1 2

3 i
vx
10 V 1 5V
e = 2vx 3A
Exercise 4.8
Compute the equivalent resistance for the circuit of terminals A and B.
Data: R1 = 1.5 k, R2 = 50 k, R0 = 1 k, e = hre vx , a = hfe ix , hre = 5 104, hfe = 50.

A
R0 R1
vx
ix a R2

V0 e
B
Exercise 4.9
Evaluate the Thevenin equivalent circuit at terminals A-B.
vg
(A)

vg

vs R

(B)
Exercise 4.10
Evaluate Req .

3ix
(A)

ix

2 2ix

Req

(B)
Chapter 5

Automatic methods of analysis

Exercise 5.1
Compute v.
3 B 2
b

2 2
A b b
C
6
2 v
10 V 4
Exercise 5.2
Compute vA and vB .

4 B 4
A C

9A 2A 4V
Exercise 5.3
Write the system of nodal equations.

10

IX 10 10

10 V VX 10 10
Exercise 5.4
Write the system of nodal equations.

10 5

10 V 2A

15
Exercise 5.5
Write the system of nodal equations.
Data: R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = R5 = R6 = 1 k, Is1 = Is2 = 100 mA.

R1

R2 R4

R3

Is1 R5 R6 Is2
Exercise 5.6
Derive VX , IX and find the power dissipated by R2 by solving the system of nodal equations.
Data: R1 = 10 k, R2 = 20 k, R3 = 30 k, R4 = 40 k, RX = 3 k, e VS = 10 V.
IX

R1 R2
VX

VS
RX

R3 R4
Exercise 5.7
Derive VX , IX and find the power dissipated by R1 by solving the system of nodal equations.
Data: R1 = 10 k, R2 = 20 k, R3 = 30 k, R4 = 40 k, e Vs1 = Vs2 = Vs3 = 10 V.

Vs2

R1
IX R3
Vs1

VX R2 R4

Vs3
Chapter 6

Resistive multi-terminal elements

Exercise 6.1
Derive Thevenins equivalent.

i
R b b

E K v
Exercise 6.2
Derive vu (t).

K A
R R
b

b b

e(t) R vu (t)
R A

B
Exercise 6.3
Derive vu (t).
R
R1 R2
b b

E Rp K Ru vu (t)
Exercise 6.4
Derive vu = f (vi ).

R3

vi vu

R2 R1
Exercise 6.5
Compute v0 (t).
Data: R1 = 100 k, R2 = 10 k, a(t) = 0.5 sin(500 t) mA.

R2

a(t) R1 v0 (t)
Exercise 6.6
Compute vu .
Data: R1 = 3 , R2 = 9 , R3 = 9 , vs = 3 V.

R3

vs
vu

R1 R2
Exercise 6.7
Compute the equivalent resistance Req .

R1

Req
R
Exercise 6.8
Compute the equivalent resistance at terminals AB.

A B
R1 R2

vs

Exercise 6.9
Derive vu /vs . Also, derive the power absorbed by the load RL and the power generated by source vs .
Data: vs = 3 V, RL = 3 k.

vs RL vu
Exercise 6.10
Derive vu = f (v1 , v2 , v3 ).

v1 R1

v2 R2

v3 R3 R

vu
Exercise 6.11
Evaluate v u = f (v1 , v2 ).

Rf

v1 R
v2 vu
Rf
Chapter 7

Circuits with nonlinear elements

Exercise 7.1
Find the (v, i) characteristic.

i
D R
a) D R v b)

v
Exercise 7.2
Find the (v, i) characteristic.

r D

i R

v
Exercise 7.3
Find the (v, i) characteristic.

5 5 D i

10 V 1A 20 v
Exercise 7.4
Determine the waveform vo (t) for one period of the sinusoid v(t)
Data: v(t) = 20 sin(104 t) V, R = 12 k, V1 = 12 V, V2 = 10 V

R/2

D1 D2
v(t) vo (t)
V1 V2
Exercise 7.5
Determine the waveform vo (t) for one period of the sinusoid v(t)
Data: v(t) = 20 sin(104 t) V, R = 12 k, V1 = 12 V, V2 = 10 V

R/2

R R

v(t) D1 D2 vo (t)

V1 V2
Exercise 7.6
In the circuit below the diode is ideal. Determine v(t) for = 1 rad/s
Data: e(t) = 10 cos(t) V, E0 = 3 V, R = 10 k
R

D
e(t) v(t)
E0
Exercise 7.7
The generator v1 (t) supplies the voltage indicated in the graph. Plot the current i(t) by quoting both
axes of the graph.
Data: V0 = 100 V, V2 = 120 V, R1 = 10 , R2 = 20 , R3 = 30 , R4 = 40 , R5 = 50 .

R1 D R3 R5 v1 (t)

i(t) V0

v1 (t) R2 R4 V2 V0
2

0 T 2T 3T t
Chapter 8

Dynamic elements
Exercise 8.1
Determine the characteristic equations for a) and b).

A A

L1 b

a) b) L1 L2

L2 b

B B
Exercise 8.2
Determine the characteristic equations for a) and b).

A A

C1 b

a) b) C1 C2

C2 b

B B
Exercise 8.3
Determine the voltage v(t) for the two elements a) and b), corresponding to the current i(t) depicted in
the graphs.

i
i(t)

a) C v A

T t

i
i(t)

b) L v A

T 2T 3T t
Exercise 8.4
The voltage across a 5 mF capacitor is indicated in the figure. Plot the waveforms of current, power and
stored energy as functions of time. Quote all axes.

v(t) [V]

100

50

1 2 3 t [s]
Exercise 8.5
Derive the equivalent capacitance.

6mF 12mF

9mF 4mF
Exercise 8.6
Derive the equivalent inductance.

2mH

5mH 20mH

3mH
Exercise 8.7
 
The current through a 10 mH inductor is vanishing for t < 0 and i(t) = 5 1 et A for t 0. Calculate
and plot the voltage, power and energy stored in the inductor.
Chapter 9

First order circuits

Exercise 9.1
Find the waveform v(t) that satisfies the following differential equation:

dv(t)
+ 10 v(t) = 0
dt
with v(0) = 5 V.
Exercise 9.2
Find the time constant of the circuit.

1 k 1 k

0.1 F 10 k 1 k

5 k 1 k
Exercise 9.3
Find the time constant of the circuit.

R R R = 1
L = 21 H

L
Exercise 9.4
Find the time constant of the circuit.

R
R C
Exercise 9.5
Find the time constant of the circuit.

i L R t=0

2i 2R E0
Exercise 9.6
Find the time constant of the circuit.

2R L1

L1 = 3 H
4R L2 L2 = 4 H
R R = 2
Exercise 9.7
Find the time constant of the circuit

C1 = 4 F
C1 3R C2 C2 = 6 F
R = 2 k
Exercise 9.8
Find the time constant and the initial condition iL (0).

3 k 1 k t=0

2H

10 V iL 1 k

2 k
Exercise 9.9
Find the time constant and the initial condition vC (0).

2R R t=0
R = 3
vC C E0 = 1 V
C = 1 mF
E0 R t=0 R
Exercise 9.10
The switch in the circuit has been open for a long time and is closed at t = 0. Find:

a) the value of vC (0);

b) the value of vC (t) for t ;

c) the time constant of the circuit;

d) the expression of vC (t) for t 0.

Repeat this exercise if the switch remains closed for a long time and opens at t = 0.

t=0 R1

VA R2 C vC
Exercise 9.11
The switch in the circuit has been open for a long time and closes at t = 0. Find:

a) the value of iL (0);

b) the value of iL (t) for t ;

c) the time constant of the circuit;

d) the expression of iL (t) for t 0.

Repeat this exercise if the switch remains closed for a long time and opens t = 0.

t=0 R1 iL

VA R2 L
Exercise 9.12
The switch in the circuit has been open for a long time and closes at t = 0. Find:
a) the value of vC (0);
b) the value of vC (t) for t ;
c) the time constant of the circuit;
d) the expression of vC (t) for t 0.
Repeat this exercise if the switch remains closed for a long time and opens at t = 0.

R1

t=0

VA C vC

R2
Exercise 9.13
The switch in the circuit has been open for a long time and closes at t = 0. Find:
a) the value of iL (0);
b) the value of iL (t) for t ;
c) the time constant of the circuit;
d) the expression of iL (t) for t 0.
Repeat this exercise if the switch remains closed for a long time and opens at t = 0.

R1 iL

t=0

VA L

R2
Exercise 9.14
The switch in the circuit has been in position A for a long time and changes to position B at t = 0.
Find the expression of vC (t) for t 0. Repeat this exercise if B is the initial position of the switch, which
moves to A at t = 0.

A
R

VA B
C vC
VA
Exercise 9.15
The switch in the circuit has been in position A for a long time and moves to position B at t = 0.
Find the expression of iL (t) for t 0. Repeat this exercise if B is the initial position of the switch, which
moves to A t = 0.

A
R

iL
VA B
L
VA
Exercise 9.16
Find the initial condition vL (0+ ) and the steady state condition vL ().

t=0
R R R = 1 k
E0 = 20 V
L = 1 mH
E0 vL L
Exercise 9.17
Find the initial condition vR (0+ ) and the steady state condition vR ().

t=0

R/2 vR
E0 R R = 1 k
E0 = 3 V
C = 1 F
C
Exercise 9.18
Find the voltage v(t) for t > 0.

R C 3R
E0 = 12 V
t=0 E1 = 12 V
R = 4 k
E0 v R R E1
C = 1 F
Exercise 9.19
Find the current i(t) for t > 0.

t=0
R R i
E1 = 12 V
E2 = 20 V
E1 L E2
R = 4
L = 2H
Exercise 9.20
Find the current i(t) for t > 0.

L t=0
R

E0 i
2L E0 = 6 V
R 2E0 R = 3
L = 3H
Exercise 9.21
Find the voltage vC (t) for t > 0.

4R 2R R

t=0 t = 18 ms

E0 C vC
E0 = 9 V
R R = 6
C = 1 mF
Exercise 9.22
Find the voltage vo (t) for t > 0.
vs
C
E0

2R t
0 T 2T

2R E0 = 10 V
vs R vo
R = 5 k
C = 1 F
T = 5 ms
Exercise 9.23
Find the current iL (t) for t > 0.

e
2R R E0

L R t
0 T
iL
E0 = 24 V
e R = 1 k
2R
L = 3H
T = 1 ms
Exercise 9.24
Evaluate all circuit variables at t = 0 and t = 0+ .

R1 R2
R3
R4
E
t=0 C
L
Exercise 9.25
Evaluate all circuit variables at t = 0 and t = 0+ .

t=0 5 1

t=0
2

10 V 1F 10 V

3H
Exercise 9.26
Evaluate all circuit variables at t = 0 and t = 0+ .

2 4H 6

10 V 3F t=0 18 V

3
Exercise 9.27
Evaluate all circuit variables at t = 0 and t = 0+ .
Data: R1 = 3 , R2 = 10 , R3 = 2 , L = 5 H, C = 16 F, E = 8 V, I = 4 A.

R2 R3
t=0

E
L C
R1
I
Chapter 10

Laplace transform I: theory

Exercise 10.1
Calculate the Laplace transform. Plot the signal f (t) reported in 10.

1. f (t) = eat ebt 7. f (t) = (t) + 2u(t) 3e2t

2. f (t) = sin (t + ) 8. f (t) = (t) (t T )

P
3. f (t) = et cos (t + ) 9. f (t) = n=0 (t nT )
P n
4. f (t) = e2t + sin(t) 10. f (t) = n=0 (1) u(t nT )

5. f (t) = e4t u(t 3) 11. f (t) = u(4t)

6. f (t) = sin(t )u(t ) 12. f (t) = u(4t 3)

Exercise 10.2
Calculate the inverse Laplace transform and plot f (t) reported in 9. and 10.
3 5 10
1. F (s) = 6. F (s) =
s s+1 (s + 3)(s2 + 8s + 25)
6 s2 + 4
2. F (s) = 7. F (s) =
s2 +4 s2 + 9
s2 + 12 5 e6s
3. F (s) = 8. F (s) =
s(s + 2)(s + 3) s2 + s + 1

6(s + 2)
enT s
X
4. F (s) = 9. F (s) =
(s + 1)(s + 3)(s + 4) n=0

h
10s2 + 4 i
e2nT s e(2n+1)T s
X
5. F (s) = 10. F (s) =
s(s + 1)(s + 2)2 n=0
Exercise 10.3
Write the expression f (t) of the following signals and calculate their Laplace transform

f (t) f (t)
1) 3 2)
1

2 t 0 1 3 t
1

f (t) f (t)
3) 4)
A A

T t T 2T t
 f (t) f (t)
5) 6)
full period of the sine function
A A

T 3T 4T t T t
A

f (t) f (t)
decreasing exponential
7) 8) 1
half period of the sine function
A

T t T t

f (t) f (t)
9) 1 10) A

T 2T 3T t T T0 2T0 t
T0 + T 2T0 + T
Chapter 11

Laplace trasform II: application to circuits

Exercise 11.1
V0 (s)
Calculate H(s) = and h(t).
E(s)

1 F
100
i1

20i1 1 k
e(t) ) v2 v0
10 3
v2 1 k
Exercise 11.2
Evaluate Vu (Vs ), then repeat replacing L with C.

R
s

Vs Vu
Exercise 11.3
Find the impulse response i2 (t).
3 1
Data: R1 = 3 , R2 = 1 , L = H, C = F, vc (0) = il (0) = 0, e(t) = (t).
4 3

iL
i2 (t)
L

R1 vC C R2

e(t)
Exercise 11.4
Evaluate vC (t).
1
Data: iL (0) = 1 A, vC (0) = 2 V, e(t) = (t), R1 = 1 , R2 = 4 , C = F, L = 1 H.
2

R1 iL L

e(t) C vC (t) R2
Exercise 11.5
Calculate the transfer function H(s) between the current i(t) and the source e(t). Then, find H2 (s) =
V2 (s)
. Finally, find the relationship between R1 , R2 , C1 , C2 which makes H2 (s) not dependent on s.
E(s)

R1 R2

C1 C2

i(t)
v2 (t)

e(t)
Exercise 11.6
I(s)
Evaluate H(s) = and i(t), knowing that e(t) = 10 u(t) V.
E(s)

3 1H

e(t) 1F 5
5

i(t)
Exercise 11.7
I1 (s) I2 (s)
Determine the transfer functions H1 (s) = and H2 (s) = . Then, assuming e(t) = 0 V, evaluate
E(s) E(s)
i1 (t) and i2 (t) for t > 0.
Data: i1 (0) = 2 A, i2 (0) = 1 A.

i1 1H

e(t) 1 2H
i2
Exercise 11.8
Calculate vo (t) by assuming vo (0) = 5V

10

10et u(t) V 10 0.1F vo 2(t) A

Exercise 11.9
Find i(t) t using Laplace transform.

R i(t)
b b

t=0

I0 R R L
V0

b b b
Exercise 11.10
Calculate i(t) and vc (t)

1
2
H i(t)
b

t=0

1
12V 5
3F vc (t)

b b
Exercise 11.11
Calculate ic (t) and vo (t)

2F
[2 2u(t)] A 6 vo = 4ic

ic
Exercise 11.12
Determine vo (t) for the following circuits, assuming zero initial conditions

1 5 1H
a) b
b) b

u(t) 1
F 1H vo (t) 1F 2u(t)A 4 vo (t)
3 4

b b
Exercise 11.13
Calculate vc (t).

R
e(t) b

E0 e(t) R C vc

t b

T
Chapter 12

Sinusoidal steady-state I: foundations

Exercise 12.1
Check the validity for the following expressions.

a) (2 + j 3)(4 j 5) = 7 j 22
4 j 5 23 2
b) = +j
2+j3 13 13
Exercise 12.2
Convert the following sinusoids into phasors expressed in polar and rectangular coordinates:

a) v(t) = 20 cos(150t 60o ) V;

b) v(t) = 10 cos(1000t + 180o ) V;

c) i(t) = 4 cos(3t) + 3 cos(3t 90o ) A.

Exercise 12.3
Convert the following phasors into sinusoidal waveforms:

a) V = (1696 45o ) V, f = 60 Hz;

b) V = (106 90o + 66 j10) V, = 10 krad/s;

c) I = (15 + j5 + 106 180o) mA, = 1 krad/s.

Exercise 12.4
Convert the following phasors into sinusoidal waveforms at 200 rad/s.

10 + j 10
a) V1 = V
2 j3
o
b) V2 = (3 j 8) (5 ej 60 ) V
10
c) I1 = A
1+j3
1 + j3
d) I2 = A
1 j3
Exercise 12.5
Given the waveforms v1 (t) = 50 cos(t 45o ) and v2 (t) = 25 sin t, use phasor analysis to determine
v3 (t) such that v1 + v2 + v3 = 0.
Exercise 12.6
Using the phasor diagram, derive the expression of the waveforms v1 (t), v2 (t) and v3 (t) = v1 (t) + v2 (t).

V1

5V
45o
V2
10 V
Exercise 12.7
The phasor V1 = (2 + j 6) V is rotated clockwise by 60o . Express the resulting phasor in rectangular
coordinates.
Exercise 12.8
Given the phasor V1 = (3 + j 4) V find the voltage waveform v2 (t) that leads v1 (t) by 90o and having
an amplitude of 10 V.
Exercise 12.9
Express the impedance of the following elements in polar and rectangular form:

a) a 50 resistor in series with a 20 mH inductor, at = 2 krad/s;

b) a 50 resistor parallel with a 200 nF capacitor, at = 200 krad/s;

c) a 100 mH inductor in series with a 1 F capacitor, at = 2 krad/s;

d) repeat c) with = 4 krad/s.

Exercise 12.10
Find the frequency at which a load consisting of a 10 resistor R connected in series with a 0.01 F
capacitor C produces a phase shift of 12.5o between voltage and current.
Exercise 12.11
Two sinusoids at 50 Hz are described by phasors V1 = 206 10o V and V2 = (9 j17) V.

a) Which one has greater magnitude?

b) Calculate v1 (t) v2 (t) at t = 0.

c) Find the first instant t > 0 such that v1 (t ) = 0.

Exercise 12.12
Calculate the impedance Z and express it in polar and rectangular form.

j 150 j 900

Z j 25 300
Exercise 12.13
Convert the circuit in a series equivalent that exhibits the same input impedance.
Data: R = 100 , XL = 50 .

R j XL
Exercise 12.14
The current flowing through a 12 mH inductor L is iL (t) = 20 cos(106 t) mA. Determine:

a) the impedance of the inductor;

b) the phasor voltage across the inductor;

c) the corresponding voltage waveform.

Exercise 12.15
The current flowing through a 20 pF capacitor C is iC (t) = 0.3 cos(106 t) mA. Determine:

a) the impedance of the capacitor;

b) the phasor voltage at the capacitor terminals;

c) the corresponding voltage waveform.

Exercise 12.16
Evaluate i(t). Data: f = 50 Hz, e(t) = 100 sin(t + ) V.

10

i(t)

e(t) 31.83 mH
Exercise 12.17
Derive v(t) using phasors.
Data: is (t) = 0.8 cos(1000t 20o ) A, R = 80 , L = 0.15 H.

is (t) v(t) R L
Exercise 12.18
Compute i(t).
Data: sinusoidal steady-state with frequency f = 60 Hz, Vs = 2306 0 V, R1 = 20 , R2 = 10 ,
ZL = j 37.7 , ZC = j 53.1 .

i(t)

R1 R2
vs (t)
L C
Exercise 12.19
The
circuit operates in sinusoidal steady state with vA (t) = 10 cos(t) V, vB (t) = 10 sin(t) V, i1 (t) =
o
2 cos(t + 135 ) A and i4 (t) = cos(t) A. Using KCL and KVL, find the phasor representation of all
voltages and currents.

VA I2 VB I4
b b

I1 I3
Exercise 12.20
Evaluate the input impedance Zin for 1 = 210 rad/s and 2 = 2104 rad/s.
Data: R = 2.2 k, C = 4.7 F, L = 1 mH.

Zin
R C
Exercise 12.21
Determine i1 (t) and v(t) using phasors, assuming e(t) = E0 sin(t).

R1
i1 (t)

e(t) C R2 v(t)
Exercise 12.22
Determine the capacitance value C so that Vu lags Ve by 120o .
Data: R = 1 k and f = 10 kHz.

R Vu C
Ve a b b
b
R R
b

(0)
Exercise 12.23
Determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit at terminals a,b.

j 50 j 20
25

j 100 V a b b
b

j 30
j 50 j 10
Exercise 12.24
Evaluate v(t).
Data: E0 = 10 V, f = 1000 Hz, e(t) = 2 sin(t + 30o ), L = 1 mH, C = 0.5 F, R1 = 100 ,
R2 = 2200 .

R1
C

E0
R1

e(t) R2 v(t)

L
Exercise 12.25
Evaluate the angular frequency for which the two-terminal element (A,B) is purely resistive.
Data: C = 100 F, L = 0.1 H, R = 5 .

R C

A B

L
Exercise 12.26
Represent A-B by its series (Thevenin) equivalent.
Data: = 314 rad/s, is (t) = 10 sin(t + 30o ) A.

1 2F
A

vx 2vx
is (t) 1F

B
Exercise 12.27
The circuit operates in sinusoidal steady state, with vS (t) = 35 cos(1000t) V:

a) represent the circuit in the phasor domain;

b) derive the phasor of current i(t);

c) derive the phasor of voltages at all element terminals;

d) write the time-domain waveforms corresponding to the above phasors.

Data: R = 50 , C = 10 F, L = 25 mH.

R C L

i(t)

vs (t)
Exercise 12.28
The circuit operates in sinusoidal steady state, with iS (t) = 50 cos(2000t) mA:

a) represent the circuit in phasor domain;

b) derive the phasor of voltage v;

c) derive the phasor of currents through all elements;

d) write the expression of the waveforms associated to the above phasors.

Data: R = 500 , C = 1 F, L = 0.5 H.

is (t) C v(t)

L
Exercise 12.29
Find an expression for currents i(t), iC (t), and iR (t), knowing that vs (t) = 100 cos(2000t) V, L = 250 mH,
C = 0.5 F and R = 3 k.

i(t) iC (t) iR (t)

vs (t) C R
Exercise 12.30
Both circuit sources operate at = 5000 rad/s. Find the steady state voltage vR (t) using phasors.
Data: V1 = 1006 0o V and V2 = 1206 30o V.
j 10 j 30

V1 VR 20 j 10 V2
Exercise 12.31
Determine the current iL (t), knowing that vs (t) = Vm cos(t) V.

iL (t)

vs (t) L R
Exercise 12.32
Determine the voltage vR (t), knowing that is (t) = Im sin(t) A.

is (t) C R vR (t)
Exercise 12.33
Determine the impedance seen by the voltage source and the voltage vX (t), knowing that vs (t) =
5 cos(1000t) V.

500 0.25 H

vs (t) 2 F 600 vX (t)

Exercise 12.34
Derive the Thevenin equivalent circuit at the left of load RL , using phasors. Use the circuit you have
obtained to find v(t) and i(t).
Data: vs (t) = 30 cos(t) V, RL = 500 , = 106 rad/s.

1 mH 1 k

i(t)

vs (t) 500 pF RL v(t)

Exercise 12.35
For the circuit in figure, it is required that i(t) leads vs (t) by 55o .

a) What is the unknown component?

b) What is the value of this component?

c) What is the peak value for i(t)?

d) If the frequency is doubled, what would be the phase shift between i(t) and vs (t)?

Data: vs (t) = 120 2 cos(120t) V, R = 10 . Data: vs (t) = 120 cos(120t) V, R = 10 .

i(t)

vs (t) ?
Exercise 12.36
Evaluate the input impedance Zin .
Data: Zm = j 5 , Zu = (5 j 20) .

10
b

j 10
Zm
Zin
b

j 10 Zu
Exercise 12.37
Compute the (v, i) characteristic.

L1
b

M
b
L1 L2 b

M b

L2
Chapter 13

Sinusoidal steady-state II: applications

Exercise 13.1
Calculate average and reactive power for each pair of voltages and currents. Check if the element in figure
is absorbing or supplying energy.

a) v(t) = 168 cos(377t + 45o ) V, i(t) = 0.88 cos(377t) A

b) v(t) = 285 cos(2500t 68o ) V, i(t) = 0.66 cos(2500t) A

c) v(t) = 168 cos(377t + 45o ) V, i(t) = 0.88 cos(377t 60o) A

d) v(t) = 285 cos(2500t 68o ) V, i(t) = 0.88 sin(2500t) A

i(i)

v(t)
Exercise 13.2
Derive the impedance of each element described by the following conditions:

a) V = 1206 30o V, I = 206 75o A;

= 7.5 A;
b) A = 3.3 kVA, Q = 1.8 kVAR, |I|

c) P = 3 kW, Q = 4 kVAR, |V | = 880 V;

= 25.2 A, P = 3 kW.
d) |V | = 294 V, |I|
Exercise 13.3
For the ciruit in figure, calculate:

a) the complex power absorbed by each of the two elements connected in parallel;

b) the complex power produced by the generator and the power factor of the load seen from the
generator terminals.

Data: Vs = 156 0o V, R1 = 100 , R2 = 60 , ZC = j 200 .

I I2

I1 ZC

Vs R1

R2
Exercise 13.4
Calculate the complex power supplied by each generator.
Data: V1 = 106 0o V, V2 = 106 90o V.

50 j 50

V1 50 V2
Exercise 13.5
A series circuit consisting of R = 10 , L = 2 H and C = 0.1 F, is connected to a sinusoidal voltage
source with magnitude 10 V (rms) at 1 rad/s. Find the average power supplied by the source.
Exercise 13.6
An impedance is connected to a 80 V sinusoidal voltage source and absorbs a 12 A current. The figure
indicates the phasor diagram. Find:
a) the apparent power;

b) the power factor;

c) the dissipated average power;

d) the reactive power;

e) the impedance in rectangular form.

25.5o
I

Exercise 13.7
Find the power factor for the followings cases; check whether the power factor is inductive or capacitive.

a) S = (1000 + j750) VA

b) |V | = 440 2 V, |ZL | = 30 , P = 3 kW

c) |S| = 10 kVA, Q = 8 kVA, P > 0

Exercise 13.8
An impedance is subject to 440 V and absorbs a 3 kVA apparent power with a power factor 0.9 (inductive).
Calculate the current flowing in the load, its average and reactive power, and the impedance.
Exercise 13.9
A sinusoidal voltage source vin (t), is connected in series with a resistor R = 2 and with an unknown
inductive impedance Z. The magnitude of Z is 10 and the impedance dissipates an average power
equal to 6 W. The source supplies 8 W. Find:

a) the magnitude of the current flowing in the circuit;

b) the power factor of Z;

c) the power factor of the load seen from the source terminals;

d) vin (t);

e) the voltage vZ (t) across the impedance Z.

Exercise 13.10
A load subject to a 2400 V voltage absorbs an apparent power of 10 kVA with an inductive power factor
equal to 0.8. Find:

a) the average and reactive power, and the current absorbed by the laod;

b) the load impedance.

Exercise 13.11
An element is subject to a 24 Acurrent and absorbs 4.2 kVAR from a 440 V 60 Hz voltage generator.
Calculate power factor and the impedance of the element.
Exercise 13.12
An air conditioner is rated at 22 A and 220 V. How much is the input impedance if the power factor is
equal to 0.9 (inductive)? Repeat the exercise in case the power factor is 0.8.
Exercise 13.13
A load consisting of a 50 resistor connected in series with a 100 mH inductor is powered by a 240 V ,
60 Hz voltage generator. Find voltage and current phasors, and the complex power supplied to the load.
Exercise 13.14
A load consisting of a 100 resistor connected in parallel to a 40 F capacitor is connected to a 110 V ,
400 Hz voltage source. Find the phasors of voltage and current, and the complex power supplied to the
load.
Exercise 13.15
An element consisting of a capacitor C and a resistor R connected in parallel absorbs a complex power
equal to S = (10 j126) VA. This load is connected to a 440 V 60 Hz voltage generator. Derive the value
of R and C.
Exercise 13.16
The load ZL consists of a 400 resistor connected in series with an inductor whose reactance is 800 .
The voltage VS is 440 V at 60 Hz, while ZW = (1 + j10) is the impedance that represents the losses in
the cables. Calculate:

a) the current that flows on the line;

b) the complex power absorbed by the load and by the line;

c) the transmission efficiency , defined as = Pload /Pgenerated 100.

ZW

VS ZL

ZW
Exercise 13.17
In the circuit depicted in the figure, we have VL = 480 V. The element Z1 absorbs a 10 kW average power,
with an inductive power factor equal to 0.8; element Z2 absorbs 12 kW with an inductive power factor
equal to 0.75; the impedance of the cables connecting the source to the load is ZW = (0.35 + j1.5) .
Calculate the complex power SS supplied by the generator and the voltage VS .

ZW IL

VS VL Z1 Z2

ZW
Exercise 13.18
The load ZL absorbs a 2.5 kVA apparent power, with an inductive power factor equal to 0.9. The 2400 V
(rms) voltage generator supplies a 2.65 kVA apparent power, with an inductive power factor equal to 0.88.
Find line current, load impedance, and line impedance.

ZW I

VS VL ZL

ZW
Exercise 13.19
The three loads absorb the followings complex power:
S1 = (1250 + j250) VA
S2 = (800 + j400) VA
S3 = (2000 + j0) VA
Find:
a) the current on lines A, B and N;
b) the complex power supplied by each generator.
Data: V1 = V2 = 1106 0o V.

IA
V1 Z1
N
Z3
IN
V2 Z2
B

IB
Exercise 13.20
The three elements absorb the following power: P1 = 0 W, Q1 = 10 VAR, P2 = 20 W, Q2 = 10 VAR,
P3 = 10 W, Q3 = 10 VAR. Knowing that |I3 | = 1 A, calculate Z1 , Z2 and Z3 .
1Z I3

Z2 Z3
Exercise 13.21
Evalaute XC .
= 10 2 A, Q = 600 VA, XL = 0.5 .
Dati: |Vi | = 120 2 V, |Vu | = 100 2 V, |I|

XL I

IC

Vi Xc Vu Q
Exercise 13.22
Calculate the phasor I corresponding to the current i(t) and the reactive power Q supplied by generator
e(t) = 10 cos(t) V.
Data: R1 = 10 , R2 = 5 , ZC = j 20 .

i(t) K =4
R1
b b

R2

e(t) R1

C
Exercise 13.23
Calculate the impedance Z; determine also the impedance Zx such that the generator provides his maxi-
mum available output power.
Data: I = (25 + j 20) A, VAB = 200 V, Zg = (100 j 50) , Xc = 20 R = 3 , and K = 10.

Zg Zx XC K
A
b b

E Z VAB R

Gen load
B
Exercise 13.24
Evaluate R, L so that generator provides his maximum available output power Pd . Evaluate |V | so that
Pd = 2 W.
Data: f = 1 kHz, R1 = 3 , C = 40 F.

R1
A

V C

B
Chapter 14

Multiport circuit elements

Exercise 14.1
Determine the Y matrix of the two-port element, using its defintion.

R4 = 4
(1) (2)

C2 = 2 F
C1 = 1 F R5 = 5

R6 = 6

C3 = 3 F
Exercise 14.2
Determine the Z matrix, using its defintion.

R
(1) (2)

R R
R1
R R
Exercise 14.3
1. Determine (sinusoidal steady state) the Z matrix of the two-port element.

2. Determine the input impedance Zin when port (2) is closed on Zu = (5 j 20) .

I1 10
b

j 10
Zm = j 5 I2
V1
b

j 10 V2
Exercise 14.4
Determine the input impedance Zin , assuming a known impedance matrix for the two-port element, and
a given load impedance Z connected to port (2).

(1) (2)

Zin Z
Exercise 14.5
The load impedance Z3 and the impedance matrix Z of the three-port element are known. Determine the
impedance matrix Z of the resulting two-port element.
V3

(3) Z3 I3
(1) (2)

Z
Exercise 14.6
The impedance matrices Z and Z of the two-port elements shown in figure are known. Derive the Z
matrix for the overall two-port element.

I1 (1) I2 I1
(2) I2

V1 Z V2 V1 Z V2
Exercise 14.7
1. Determine the impedance matrix Z of the two-port element.

2. Determine the transmission matrix T of the two-port element.

3. For a generic two-port element, establish the relations between matrices Z and T. Check the results
for the particular case analyzed in this exercise.

I1 (1) R (2) I2

V1 C L V2
Exercise 14.8
For the two-port element shown in figure, calculate the parameters associated with the following two
representations:

V1 I
   
= Z 1 +v
V2 I2
V1 V2
   
=T +
I1 I2

(1) R2
I1 V (2) I2

V1 R1 V2
Exercise 14.9
1. Evaluate the trasmission matrix of the two-port element, as the cascade connection of three two-port
elements.
V2
2. Evaluate when the port 2 is closed on a 1 resistance.
V1

I1 (1) L L (2) I2

V1 C V2
Exercise 14.10
Calculate transmission matrix of the two-port element.

(1) R (2)

I1 I2

V1 V2
Exercise 14.11
Calculate transmission matrix of the two-port element.

(1) (2)

I1 I2

V1 R V2
Exercise 14.12
Calculate the admittance matrix Y and impedance matrix Z of the two-port element.

I1 I2

V1 L a = gm V1 C V2
Exercise 14.13
Calculate the impedance representation for the three-terminal element.

I1 R2 I2

R1 e(t)
R3
V1 V2
Exercise 14.14
Calculate the impedance representation of the two-port element.

I1 R1 R2 I2

e(t)
V1 R3 V2

R0
Exercise 14.15
Calculate the impedance matrix Z of the two-port element.

K
I1 I2
b b
R2

V1 R1 V2
Exercise 14.16
Derive the transmission matrix T of the two-port element and prove that the device changes the sign
of a resistor connected at port (2).

R1

i1

v1 i2

R2
v2
Exercise 14.17
Compute Lp , K, and Ls so that the two two-port elements are equivalent.

K
I1 b b
I2
Ls

V1 Lp V2

M
I1 b b
I2

V1 L1 L2 V2
Results
Chapter 1. Fundamental Laws

Exercise 1.1
i2 = 1 A, i1 = 25 A

Exercise 1.2
i1 = 9 A, i2 = 10 A

Exercise 1.3
i1 = 3 A, i2 = 3 A

Exercise 1.4
i1 = 4 A, i2 = 5 A, i3 = 11/3 A, i4 = 14/3 A

Exercise 1.5
v1 = 6 V, v2 = 4 V, v3 = 2 V
Exercise 1.6
vx = 1 V, vy = 2 V, vz = 4 V, vw = 0 V

Exercise 1.7
i1 = 15 A, i2 = 6 A

Exercise 1.8
i3 = 1.5 A, i5 = 2 A

Exercise 1.9
V1 = 9 V, vad = 3 V, vbc = 4 V

Exercise 1.10
i1 = 5 A, i2 = 2 A, vad = 7 V, vx = 12 V

Exercise 1.11
p1 = 4 W, p2 = 4 W, p3 = 12 W, p4 = 4 W
Exercise 1.12
p1 = 20 W

Exercise 1.13
p(R = 2 ) = 18 W, p(R = 1 ) = 16 W, p(I = 3 A) = 30 W, p(E = 4 V) = 4 W
Chapter 2. Resistive Circuits I: Basic Analysis Techniques

Exercise 2.1
R = 2

Exercise 2.2
R = 632

Exercise 2.3
R = 15

Exercise 2.4
R = 8

Exercise 2.5
R = 0.789
Exercise 2.6
v(t) = 0.25E0 sin(t + )

Exercise 2.7
R = 10.8

Exercise 2.8
RAB = 2.5

Exercise 2.9
i = 10 A

Exercise 2.10
i1 = 1.5 A, i2 = 1.05 A, i3 = 0.45 A, v1 = 28.5 V, v3 = 31.5 V

Exercise 2.11
i1 = 9.6 A
Exercise 2.12
v1 = 20 V

Exercise 2.13
vAB = 3.33 V

Exercise 2.14
va = 12 V, vb = 6 V, vc = 16 V

Exercise 2.15
i = 1.27 A

Exercise 2.16
va = 60 V, vb = 10 V, vc = 50 V

Exercise 2.17
i = 2.29 A
Exercise 2.18
Pd = 4.27 W
Chapter 3. Resistive Circuits II: fundamental theorems

Exercise 3.1
v = 3V

Exercise 3.2
i = 3.2 A

Exercise 3.3
i = 3.2 A

Exercise 3.4
E
R
+A
v= 1 , v|R0 = E
R
+ R11

Exercise 3.5
I = 1.6 A, Req = 1.33 , Veq = 5.33 V
Exercise 3.6
I = 1A

Exercise 3.7
Req = 1 , Veq = 8 V, Ieq = 8 A, PRL = 64 RL
(1 + RL )2

Exercise 3.8
i = 1510
+RA

Exercise 3.9

i
10 A b

b
v
5V
Exercise 3.10
v = 2.5 V

Exercise 3.11
i = 12 +805R
L

Exercise 3.12
Icc = 2.75 A, Req = 10

Exercise 3.13
Veq = 32 V, Req = 83 , i = 16
1 A
Chapter 4. Circuits with dependent sources

Exercise 4.1
v = 0.857 V

Exercise 4.2
i = 5.57 A

Exercise 4.3
20
iR = 2 R1

Exercise 4.4
v2 = 20 V

Exercise 4.5
v = 8 V
Exercise 4.6
Req = 48.54 , Veq = 0.099 V

Exercise 4.7
i = 2.576 A

Exercise 4.8
Req = 100 k

Exercise 4.9
Req = rR ,V = Rvs
r + R(1 + ) eq r + R(1 + )

Exercise 4.10
Req = 5
Chapter 5. Automatic methods of analysis

Exercise 5.1
v = 4V

Exercise 5.2
vA = 20 V, vB = 16 V

Exercise 5.3
3/10 1/10 1 V2
     
G v = j with: G = S, j = A, v =
1/10 3/10 1 V3

Exercise 5.4
7/20 1/5 1 V1
     
G v = j with: G = S, j = A, v =
1/5 1/5 2 V3
Exercise 5.5
2 1 0 1 100 V1

1 3 1 0
1 0 V2

G v = j with: G = 1000 S, j = mA, v =
0 1 3 1 0 V3

1 0 1 2 100 V4

Exercise 5.6
VX = 0.105 V, IX = 0.420 mA, PR2 = 0.411 mW

Exercise 5.7
VX = 9.09 V, IX = 0.364 mA, PR1 = 82.6 W
Chapter 6. Resistive multi-terminal elements

Exercise 6.1
Req = R/K 2 , veq = E/K

Exercise 6.2
e(t) K + R A
vu (t) =
2K 2 + 3

Exercise 6.3
KRp Ru
vu = E 2
K (Rp + R1 )(Ru + R2 ) + Rp R1

Exercise 6.4
 
vu = R1 R
+ R2 vi
2

Exercise 6.5
v0 (t) = 5 sin(500 t) V
Exercise 6.6
 
vu = R1 R
+ R2 vs
1

Exercise 6.7
Req = R2 /R1

Exercise 6.8
Req = R2

Exercise 6.9
vu = 1, P = 3 mW, P = 0 W
vs L s

Exercise 6.10
 
R +v R +v R
vu = v1 R 2R 3R
1 2 3

Exercise 6.11
R
vu = Rf (v2 v1 )
Chapter 7. Circuits with nonlinear elements

Exercise 7.1
0 i0
(
v v
a) v = a) b)
Ri i<0

0
v<0 R
b) i = v i i
v0
R

R

Exercise 7.2

v

i R i<0
Rkr


v= Rr

i i0
R+r

i
R
Exercise 7.3
1 3 i

+ v v 5V


i= 2 20
v 1
v > 5V



20 Veq R
R

Veq v

Req  Veq 
1 1
+
R Req

Exercise 7.4
v(t)


V2 v(t) V2 20 V vo (t)


vo (t) = v(t) V2 < v(t) < V1 12 V

2 104


V

v(t) V1
1
t [s]
10 V
20V
Exercise 7.5
2 V2 v(t)


v(t) v(t) V2 52 20 V vo (t)
3 3

V



3

vo (t) = v(t) V2 < v(t) < V1 12 V

2 104

2 V1




v(t) + v(t) V1
3 3 t [s]
10 V
50
V
3 20V

Exercise 7.6
e(t)


E0 0<ta v(t)
10 V


v(t) = e(t) at<b



E

b t < 2
0 E0 = 3 V
3
 
a b 2
a = arccos t [s]
10  
3
b = 2 arccos 10 V
10
Exercise 7.7
i(t)
0.226 A 0 < t T, 2T < t 3T
i(t) = 0.226 A

0A T < t 2T, t > 3T

T 2T 3T t
Chapter 8. Dynamic elements

Exercise 8.1
a) v = (L1 + L2 ) di
dt

b) v = LL1+LL
2 di
1 2 dt

Exercise 8.2
a) i = CC1+CC
2 dv
1 2 dt

b) i = (C1 + C2 ) dv
dt

Exercise 8.3


0 t<0
2

A t

a) v(t) = CT 2 0t<T
AT A


2C + C (t T ) tT




0 t<0
A

L 0<t<T


T


b) v(t) = 0 T < t < 2T
A

L 2T < t < 3T


T



0 t > 3T

Exercise 8.4

0A t<0


i(t) [A]
0.25 A 0<t<2


i(t) = 0.25


0.25 A 2<t<3
0A t>3

1 2 3 t [s]
0.25
0W t<0


p(t) [W]
12.5 t W

0t<2
p(t) = 25


12.5(t 4) W 2<t<3
0W t>3

12.5 1 2 3 t [s]
25
 0J t<0


E(t) [J]
6.25 t2 J

0t<2 25
E(t) =

6.25(t 4)2 J 2t<3
6.25

6.25 J t3

1 2 3 t [s]

Exercise 8.5
Ceq = 4 mF

Exercise 8.6
Leq = 9 mH
Exercise 8.7

( v(t)
0V t<0 50 mV
v(t) =
50 et mV t>0

1s t

( p(t)
0W t<0 62.5 mW
p(t) =
250 (1 et ) et mW t0

0.693 s t

( E(t)
0J t<0 125 mJ
E(t) = 2
125 (1 et ) mJ t0
31.25 mJ inflection point
0.693 s t
Chapter 9. First order circuits

Exercise 9.1
v(t) = K e10 t , K = 5 V

Exercise 9.2
= 0.83 ms

Exercise 9.3
= 1s

Exercise 9.4
=RC

Exercise 9.5
= RL
Exercise 9.6
= 1.5 s

Exercise 9.7
= 15 ms

Exercise 9.8
= 0.625 ms, iL (0) = 2 mA

Exercise 9.9
= 2 ms, vC (0) = 0.25 V
Exercise 9.10
vC (t)
1) Open-to-closed VA R2
R1 + R2
a) vC (0) = 0 V 1

b) vC () = RVA+RR 2
1 2
c) = (R1 kR2 ) C 2
d) vC (t) = RVA+RR 2 (1 et/ ) t
1 2
2) Closed-to-open
a) vC (0) = RVA+RR 2
1 2
b) vC () = 0 V
c) = R2 C
d) vC (t) = RVA+RR
2 et/
1 2
Exercise 9.11
iL (t)
1) Open-to-closed VA
R1
a) iL (0) = 0 A 1

b) iL () = V R1
A

c) = L 2
R1 kR2
t
d) iL (t) = RVA (1 et/ )
1
2) Closed-to-open
a) iL (0) = V A
R1
b) iL () = 0 A
c) = R L
2

d) iL (t) = RVA et/

1
Exercise 9.12
vC (t)
2
1) Open-to-closed VA
a) vC (0) = VA
b) vC () = VA R R 2
VA R R 2
1 + R2 1 + R2
1
c) = (R1 kR2 ) C
d) vC (t) = RVA+RR 2 (1 et/ ) + V et/
A
t
1 2
2) Closed-to-open
a) vC (0) = VA R R 2
1 + R2
b) vC () = VA
c) = R1 C
d) vC (t) = RVA+RR
2 et/ + V (1 et/ )
A
1 2

Exercise 9.13
a) iL (0) = VA /R1
b) iL () = VA /R1

c) AC = L , = L
R1 kR2 CA R1
 d) iL (t) = VA /R1

Exercise 9.14
vC (t)
1) AB VA
t/ 2
vC (t) = VA + 2VA e , =RC
2) BA t
vC (t) = VA 2VA et/ , = R C
1
VA

Exercise 9.15
iL (t)
1) AB VA
R
iL (t) = VRA + 2 VRA et/ , = RL 2

2) BA t
iL (t) = VRA 2 VRA et/ , = RL
1
VRA
Exercise 9.16
vL (0+ ) = 10 V, vL () = 0 V

Exercise 9.17
vR (0+ ) = 2 V, vR () = 0 V

Exercise 9.18
v(t)
t/
v(t) = 3 e + 6 V, = 2 ms
6V

3V

t
Exercise 9.19
i(t)
i(t) = 2.5 et/ 5 A, = 1 s
t

2.5 A

5 A

Exercise 9.20

i(t) = 0.5 et/ 2 A, = 0.44 s i(t)

1.5 A
2 A
Exercise 9.21
vC (t)
9 et/ V
(
0 < t 18 ms 9 V
vC (t) =
3.31 e(t1810 )/ V
3
t > 18 ms

= 18 ms, = 10 ms
3.31 V

t
18 ms

Exercise 9.22

vo (t)
0V
0<tT
vo (t) = 10 e(tT )/ + 20 V T < t 2T 13.31 V
3.93 e(t2T )/ V


t > 2T
10 V
= 10 ms
3.31 V
t
T 2T
Exercise 9.23
( iL (t)
4 et/ mA 0<tT
iL (t) =
2.53 e(tT )/ + 4 mA t>T
4 mA
= 1 ms
1.47 mA
t
T

Exercise 9.24
iL (0+ ) = 0 A, vC (0+ ) = 0 V, i(R1 ) = R E , i(R2 ) = R E , i(R3 ) = 0 A, i(R4 ) = 0 A
1 + R2 1 + R2

Exercise 9.25
iL (0+ ) = 5 A, vC (0+ ) = 10 V, i(R1 ) = 0 A, i(R2 ) = 5 A, i(R5 ) = 5 A

Exercise 9.26
iL (0+ ) = 1 A, vC (0+ ) = 8 V, i(R2 ) = 1 A, i(R3 ) = 0 A, i(R6 ) = 1 A
Exercise 9.27
iL (0+ ) = 0.8 A, vC (0+ ) = 0 V, i(R1 ) = 3.1 A, i(R2 ) = 0.87 A, i(R3 ) = 0.11 A
Chapter 10. Laplace transform I: theory

Exercise 10.1
1 1
1) F (s) =
s+a s+b
s sin + cos
2) F (s) =
s2 + 2
(s + ) cos sin
3) F (s) =
(s + )2 + 2
1 1
4) F (s) = + 2
s+2 s +1
1 3(s+4)
5) F (s) = e
s+4
1
6) F (s) = es
s2 +1
2 3
7) F (s) = 1 +
s s+2
8) F (s) = 1 esT
1
9) F (s) =
1 esT
 1 1 esT
10) F (s) =
s 1 e2sT
1
11) F (s) =
s
1 3
12) F (s) = e 4 s
s

Exercise 10.2
1) f (t) = [3 5et ]u(t)

2) f (t) = 3 sin(2t)u(t)
h i
3) f (t) = 2 8e2t + 7e3t u(t)
h i
4) f (t) = et + 3e3t 4e4t u(t)
h i
5) f (t) = 1 14et + 22te2t + 13e2t u(t)

1
 
3t 4t
6) f (t) = e e cos(3t) e4t sin(3t) u(t)
3
5
7) f (t) = (t) sin(3t)u(t)
3
 " #
10 1 3
8) f (t) = e 2 (t6) sin (t 6) u(t 6)
3 2
+
X
9) f (t) = (t nT )
n=0

+
(1)n (t nT )
X
10) f (t) =
n=0

Exercise 10.3
f (t) = 3u(t 2)
1) 3
F (s) = e2s
s
f (t) = u(t) + 2u(t 1) u(t 3)
2) 1  
F (s) = 1 + 2es e3s
s
A A
f (t) = r(t) r(t T )
3) T  T
A 
F (s) = 2 1 esT
sT
A A A
f (t) = r(t) 2 r(t T ) + r(t 2T )
4) T  T T
A sT 2sT

F (s) = 2 1 2e +e
sT
 A A A A
f (t) = r(t) r(t T ) r(t 3T ) + r(t 4T )
5) T  T T T
A sT 3sT 4sT

F (s) = 1e e +e
s2 T
2 2
   
f (t) = A sin t u(t) A sin (t T ) u(t T )
6) T T
2/T 
sT

F (s) = A 2 1e
s + 4 2 /T 2

   
f (t) = A sin t u(t) + A sin (t T ) u(t T )
T T
7) /T  
F (s) = A 2 1 + esT
s + 2 /T 2
f (t) = et/ [u(t) u(t T )]
8) 1  
F (s) = 1 e(s+1/ )T
s + 1/

X
f (t) = (t nT )
9) n=0
1
F (s) =
1 esT

X
f (t) = g(t nT0 ), g(t) = A [u(t) u(t T )]
10) n=0
A 1 esT
F (s) =
s 1 esT0
Chapter 11. Laplace trasform II: application to circuits

Exercise 11.1
4
103 106
H(s) = + 81
9 4
s + 103
9
103 4 4 3
h(t) = (t) + 106 e 9 10 t u(t)
9 81

Exercise 11.2
sL
Inductor: Vu = Vs
R
1
Capacitor: Vu = Vs
sCR

Exercise 11.3
h(t) = 4te2t u(t)

Exercise 11.4
vC (t) = [4 cos(t) + 2 sin(t)] e3t u(t) V
Exercise 11.5
(1 + sC1 R1 )(1 + sC2 R2 )
H(s) =
(R1 + R2 ) + sR1 R2 (C1 + C2 )
(1 + sC1 R1 )R2
H2 (s) =
R1 R2
 
(R1 + R2 ) 1 + s (C1 + C2 )
R1 + R2
R2 C1
=
R1 + R2 C1 + C2

Exercise 11.6
1
H(s) = 2
s + 4s + 8
5h i
i(t) = 1 e2t ( cos(2t) + sin(2t)) u(t) A
4

Exercise 11.7
s + 1/2
H1 (s) =
s(s + 3/2)
1/2
H2 (s) =
s(s + 3/2) 
4 2 3t

i1 (t) = + e 2 u(t) A
3 3
4 1 3t
 
i2 (t) = e 2 u(t) A
3 3
Exercise 11.8
vo (t) = (10 et + 15 e2t ) u(t) V

Exercise 11.9
V0 I0 V 0
   
R
2L t
i(t) = + e u(t)
R 2 R

Exercise 11.10
h 2
i
i(t) = 48 et + 108 e 3 t u(t) A
h 2
i
vc (t) = 24 et + 36 e 3 t u(t) V

Exercise 11.11
3 3
ic (t) = 6 e 4 t u(t) A, vo (t) = 24 e 4 t u(t) V

Exercise 11.12
3 4t  
a) vo (t) = 2 e sin 2t u(t) V
2
 
b) vo (t) = 8 16t e2t 8 e2t u(t) V
Exercise 11.13
E0 h 2
i E0 h 2
i
vc (t) = 1 e RC t u(t) 1 e RC (tT ) u(t T )
2 2
Chapter 12. Sinusoidal steady-state I: foundations

Exercise 12.1
Both expressions are verified.

Exercise 12.2
 
a) V = 10 j 10 3 V
b) V = 10 V
c) I = (4 j 3) A

Exercise 12.3
a) v(t) = 169 cos(120t 45o ) V
b) v(t) = 66 cos(104 t) V

c) i(t) = 5 2 cos(103 t + 45o ) mA
Exercise 12.4
q
2
a) v1 (t) = 10 13 cos(t + 101.31o ) V

b) v2 (t) = 5 73 cos(t 129.44o ) V

c) i1 (t) = 10 cos(t 71.57o) A
d) i2 (t) = cos(t + 143.13o) A

Exercise 12.5
v3 (t) = 69.95 cos(t + 120.36o) V

Exercise 12.6
v1 (t) = 5 cos(t) V
v2 (t) = 10 cos(t 135o) V
v3 (t) = 7.37 cos(t 106.32o) V

Exercise 12.7
V1 = (6.196 + j 1.268) V
Exercise 12.8
v2 (t) = 10 cos(t 143.13o) V

Exercise 12.9
a) Z = (50 + j 40)
b) Z = (10 j 20)
c) Z = j 300
d) Z = j 150

Exercise 12.10
f = 7.18 MHz

Exercise 12.11
a) V1 has a larger magnitude
b) v3 (0) = 10.70 V
c) t = 4.44 ms
Exercise 12.12
Z = (0.22 + j 124.36)

Exercise 12.13
Z = (20 + j 40)

Exercise 12.14
a) ZL = j 12 k
b) VL = j 240 V
c) vL (t) = 240 sin(106 t) V

Exercise 12.15
a) ZC = j 50 k
b) VC = j 15 V
c) vC (t) = 15 sin(106 t) V
Exercise 12.16



i(t) = 5 2 cos t + A
4

Exercise 12.17
v(t) = 56.47 cos(1000t + 8.07o ) V

Exercise 12.18
i(t) = 3.36 cos(377t 9.89o ) A

Exercise 12.19
VA = 10 V
VB = j 10 V
VAB = (10 + j 10) V
I1 = (1 + j ) A
I2 = (1 j ) A
I3 = j A
I4 = 1 A
Exercise 12.20
Zin (1 ) = (1.55 j 1.01) k, Zin (2 ) = (0.0052 + j 59.45)

Exercise 12.21

E0 1+(CR2 )2
 
i1 (t) = |I1 | cos(t+6 I1 ), with |I1 | = , 6 I1 = 90 +arctan(CR2 )arctan CR1 R2
R1 +R2
(R1 +R2 )2 +(CR1 R2 ) 2
 
E0 R2 CR1 R2
v(t) = |V | cos(t + 6 V ), with |V | = ,6 V = 90 arctan R1 +R2
(R1 +R2 )2 +(CR1 R2 )2

Exercise 12.22
C = 27.57 nF

Exercise 12.23
Zeq = j 45 , Veq = j 150 V

Exercise 12.24
v(t) = [4.89 + 0.31 cos(t + 24.70o)] V
Exercise 12.25
1
=q
LC (CR)2

Exercise 12.26
Zeq = 0 , veq (t) = 3.37 105 cos(314t 60o ) V

Exercise 12.27
b) I = 0.39 ej 56.31 A
o

o
c) VR = 19.41 ej 56.31 V
o
VC = 38.83 ej 33.69 V
o
VL = 9.71 ej 146.31 V
d) vR (t) = 19.41 cos(1000t + 56.31o) V
vC (t) = 38.83 cos(1000t 33.69o) V
vL (t) = 9.71 cos(1000t + 146.31o ) V
i(t) = 0.39 cos(1000t + 56.31o ) A
Exercise 12.28
o
b) V = 39.53 ej 71.57 V
c) IR = 35.36 ej 135 mA
o

IL = 35.36 ej 135 mA
o

IC = 79.06 ej 18.43 mA
o

d) iR (t) = 35.36 cos(2000t 135o ) mA

iL (t) = 35.36 cos(2000t 135o ) mA
iC (t) = 79.06 cos(2000t + 18.43o ) mA
v(t) = 39.53 cos(2000t 71.57o ) V

Exercise 12.29
i(t) = 200 cos(2000t + 53.13o ) mA
iC (t) = 189.74 cos(2000t + 71.57o ) mA
iR (t) = 63.25 cos(2000t 18.43o) mA

Exercise 12.30
vR (t) = 226.51 cos(5000t 47.86o ) V
Exercise 12.31
Vm
iL (t) = 2 cos (t arctan(2L/R))
R + 4 2 L2

Exercise 12.32
Im R
vR (t) = sin (t arctan(2RC))
1 + 4 2R2 C 2

Exercise 12.33
vX (t) = 2.5 cos(1000t 45o ) V

Exercise 12.34
i(t) = 24 cos(106 t 53.13o )mA
v(t) = 12 cos(106 t 53.13o) V

Exercise 12.35
a) The unknwon element is a capacitor.
b) C = 186 F
c) Ip = 6.88 A
 d) The current i(t) leads the voltage v(t) by 35.53o.

Exercise 12.36
Zin = (19 + j 48)

Exercise 12.37
Series connection: Leq = L1 + L2 2M
2
Parallel connection: Leq = LL+1 L2 M
L2 2M
1
Chapter 13. Sinusoidal steady-state II: applications

Exercise 13.1
a) The element absorbs energy.
b) The element absorbs energy.
c) The element supplies energy.
d) The element absorbs energy.

Exercise 13.2
o
a) Z = 6 ej 45
o
b) Z = 117.33 ej 33.06
o
c) Z = 77.44 ej 53.13
o
d) Z = 11.69 ej 35.9
Exercise 13.3
a) S1 = 1.125 W
o
S2 = 0.54 ej 73.30 VA
o
b) S = 1.38 ej 21.96 VA
PF = 0.93

Exercise 13.4
S1 = (0.2 + j 0.4) VA, S2 = (0.8 + j 0.6) VA

Exercise 13.5
P = 3.05 W

Exercise 13.6
a) |S| = 480 VA
b) PF = 0.903
c) P = 433.44 W
d) Q = 206.23 VAR
e) Z = (6.02 + j 2.87)
Exercise 13.7
a) Inductive, PF=0.8.
b) It is not possible to specify the type of load, PF=0.46.
c) Capacitive, PF=0.6.

Exercise 13.8
I = 13.64 ej 25.84 A, P = 2700 W, Q = 1307.7 VAR, Z = 32.27 ej 25.84
o o

Exercise 13.9
= 1.41 A
a) |I|
b) PFZ = 0.6
c) PFG = 0.71
d) vin (t) = 16 cos(t) V
e) vZ (t) = 14.1 cos(t + 8.13o ) V
Exercise 13.10
a) PZ = 8 kW
QZ = 6 kVAR
= 8.33 A
|I|
o
b) Z = 288 e j 36.87

Exercise 13.11
o
PF = 0.61, Z = 18.33 ej 52.70

Exercise 13.12
o o
Z = 10 e j 25.84 for PF=0.9, Z = 10 e j 36.87 for PF=0.8

Exercise 13.13
I = 3.83 ej 37.02 A, VR = 191.63 ej 37.02 V, VL = 144.49 ej 52.98 V, S = 459.6 ej 37.02 VA
o o o o

Exercise 13.14
VS = 110 V, IC = j 11.06 A, IR = 1.1 A, S = 611.1 ej 84.32 VA
o
Exercise 13.15
R = 9.68 k, C = 3.45 F

Exercise 13.16
a) I = 0.48 ej 63.88 A
o

b) SL = (46.08 + j 92.16) VA
SW = (0.23 + j 2.30) VA
c) = 99.5%

Exercise 13.17
SS = (26.93 + j 39.21) kVA
VS = (770.23 + j 222.27) V

Exercise 13.18
I = 2.21 ej 28.36 A
o

o
ZW = 38.45 ej 64.11
o
ZL = 1.02 ej 25.84 k
Exercise 13.19
a) IA = (40.91 j 4.55) A
IN = (8.18 j 2.73) A
IB = (32.73 + j 7.27) A
b) SS1 = (2250 + j 250) VA
SS2 = (1800 + j 400) VA

Exercise 13.20
40
Z1 = j , Z2 = (16 + j 8) , Z3 = (20 + j 20)
13

Exercise 13.21
XC = 224.28 m

Exercise 13.22
I = (3.88 + j 14.60) mA, Q = 7.3 102 VAR
Exercise 13.23
Z = (5.81 j 4.82) , Zx = (95.12 + j 53.90)

Exercise 13.24
R = 1.91 , L = 0.23 mH, |V | = 6.92 V
Chapter 14. Multiport circuit elements

Exercise 14.1
1 + 30s 1 + 18s
s + 10 + 120s
10 + 120s
Y= 2

1 + 18s 1 1 + 26s + 144s
+
10 + 120s 5 10 + 120s

Exercise 14.2
R1 + (5/3)R R1 + (1/3)R
 
Z=
R1 + (1/3)R R1 + (5/3)R

Exercise 14.3
10 + j 30 j 15
 
Z= , Zin = (19 + j 48)
j 15 j 10

Exercise 14.4
Zin = Z11 ZZ12+Z21
Z
22
Exercise 14.5
Z13 Z31
 

Z11 = Z11
Z33 + Z3 
Z13 Z32


Z12 = Z12
Z33 + Z3 
Z23 Z31


Z21 = Z21
Z33 + Z3 
Z23 Z32


Z22 = Z22
Z33 + Z3

Exercise 14.6

Z12 Z21
Z11 = Z11
Z11 + Z22

Z Z
Z12 = 12 12
Z11 + Z22
Z Z
Z21 = 21 21
Z11 + Z22
Z Z
Z22
= Z22 12 21
Z11 + Z22
Exercise 14.7
R + sL Ls
 
Z= 1
2
1+ RCs + s LC Ls (1+ RCs)Ls
R
1 + sL R
T= 2
s LC + sCR + 1 1 + sRC
sL
Z11 Z11 Z22 Z

12
T = Z21 Z21

1 Z22
Z21 Z21

Exercise 14.8
R1 R1 0 1 R2 1
       
Z= ,v= ,T= ,= V
R1 R1 + R2 V 1/R1 1 + R2 /R1 1/R1

Exercise 14.9
1 + LCs2 Ls(LCs2 + 2) V2
 
T= , V = R
Cs LCs2 + 1 1 R + 2Ls + RLCs2 + L2 Cs3

Exercise 14.10
1 R
 
T=
0 1
Exercise 14.11
1 0
 
T=
1/R 1

Exercise 14.12
1 + 1 1

gm + sL R R
Y= 1 g 1
R m sC + R
1 1

sLR sC + R R
Z= 2 1 1 + 1

s CL(Rgm + 1) + sCR + 1
R + gm gm + sL R

Exercise 14.13
V1 R1 + R3 R3 I1 1
      
= + e(t)
V2 R3 R2 + R3 I2 0

Exercise 14.14
V1 R1 + R3 + R0 R3 I1 1
       
= + e(t)
V2 R3 R2 + R3 I2 0
Exercise 14.15
R1
R1

Z=R K
R2 + R12

1
K K

Exercise 14.16
!
1 0
T= 0 R 2
R1

Exercise 14.17
Lp = L1 , K = Lp /M, Ls = L2 L12
K