Universitas Indonesia

Fakultas Teknik Jurusan Teknik Mesin

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

 Review of Flow Field
Consider:
velocity
acceleration
flow rate
nature of flow

The terms velocity and acceleration apply at a point in a

fluid

In the, rectangular coordinate system, the velocity

components along the x, y and z direction are denoted by u, v
and w respectively, and the velocity vector at a point if,
denoted by U

U ui vj wk (1)
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
 Review of Flow Field
Similarly, the acceleration vector at a point is denoted by a,

a ax i ay j az k (2)

ax, ay and az, are the rectangular components of acceleration

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

 Description of Flow Field
A fluid motion may be analysed by following one of the two
alternative approaches: Lagrangian and Eulerian
In the Lagrangian approach, a particle or an element of fluid
is identified and followed during the course of motion with
time
The identified lump of fluid may change in shape, size and
state as it moves
The laws of Mechanics must be applied to it at all times.
Difficulty in tracing the lump of fluid rules out the possibility
of applying the Lagrangian approach.

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

 Description and Dimensions

Eulerian approach consists of observing the fluid by setting

up fixed stations of observatories in the flow field
Motion of the fluid is specified by velocity component
expressed as functions of space and time
The fluid motion at all points in the flow field is determined by
applying the laws of Mechanics at all fixed stations
u u x, y , z , t
v v x, y , z , t (3a-c)
w w x, y , z , t
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
 Steadiness and Uniformity of Flow
Steadiness of Flow
A flow is considered to be steady if the dependent fluid
variables at any point in the flow do not change with time
In other words, the time rate of the dependent variables at a
position is zero

dependent fluid variable 0 (4)
t
It follows that for steady flow

u v w
0
t t t
p (5)
0
t

0, etc.
t
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
 Steadiness and Uniformity of Flow
Unsteadiness of Flow
A flow is regarded as unsteady if the dependent fluid
variables alter with the passage of time at a position in the
flow

dependent fluid variable 0 (6)
t

Steadiness of flow implies that the flow-pattern does not

change with time whereas unsteadiness refers to changing
flow-pattern with the passage of time at the same point in
space

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

 Steadiness and Uniformity of Flow
Uniformity of Flow
A flow is said to be uniform at an instant of time if the velocity,
in magnitude, direction and sense, is identical throughout the
flow field (velocity components to be the same at different
positions in the flow)
In other words, the space rate of change of velocity
components at that time must vanish (zero)

dependent fluid variable 0 (7)
s
It follows that for uniform flow
u u u v v v w w w
0 (8)
x y z x y z x y z

It is conventional to define the term uniform flow only in

terms of the velocity components
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
 Steadiness and Uniformity of Flow
Uniformity of Flow
Another relevant remark is that a flow may be considered
uniform over the cross-sections although it may not be
uniform longitudinally
For example, flow through a pipe with heat transfer is usually
assumed to be uniform over the cross-sectional area
although the velocity may vary longitudinally due to the
density variations
This would really imply a one-dimensional flow where:
u u u
0, 0 (8)
r z
If the velocity components at different locations are different
at the same instant of time, the flow is said to be non-uniform

dependent fluid variable 0 (9)
s
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
 Steadiness and Uniformity of Flow
Steadiness and Uniformity of Flow
Steadiness refers to no change with time and uniformity
refers to no change in space therefore a flow can be steady
or unsteady quite independent of its being uniform or non-
uniform
All the four combinations are possible
For example, the flow through the hose of a fire engine
when the pumping unit is started, the flow is unsteady;
unsteady but uniform at the nozzle exit and unsteady and non-
uniform between the hose and ' the nozzle
after the flow establishes, it is said to be steady; steady and
uniform at the nozzle exit and steady but non-uniform between
the hose and the nozzle
A flow can be steady or unsteady in one, two or three
dimensional cases whereas uniformity of flow associated
with invariance in space should ideally mean zero-
dimensional flow
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
 Acceleration
Acceleration in Fluid Flow
Recognising the fact that the velocity components in a fluid
flow are, in general, functions of space and time, then:
u u x, y, z, t ; v v x, y, z, t ; w w x, y, z, t (3a-c)
By differential calculus, an infinitesimal change in u is given
by: u u u u
u x y z t
x y z t (10)
The acceleration components are given by:
u Du u u u u
ax u v w
t Dt x y z t
v Dv v v v v
ay u v w (11)
t Dt x y z t
w Dw w u w w
az u v w
t Dt x y z t
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
 Acceleration
Acceleration in Fluid Flow
The total acceleration

(12)
local convective
Represents the sum of convective acceleration, or the
instantancous space rate of change of velocity and the local
acccleration or the local time rate of change of velocity
The two components may exist quite independent of each
other.
With reference to a differential control volume, the local
acceleration refers to the net rate of change of velocity within
the control volume whereas the convective acceleration is
related to the net rate of efflux of velocity across the control
surface
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
 Acceleration
Acceleration in Fluid Flow: Cylindrical Coordinate
Expressions for the components of acceleration in cylindrical
coordinates for an axisymmetric flow are given below
ur u z u2 ur
ar ur uz w
r z r t
u u ur u u (13)
a ur uz
r z r t
u z u z u z
a z ur uz
r z t
For steady flow only the local acceleration components are
zero
0 (14)
t
For uniform flow
ur u u z
0 (15)
r z
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
 Kinematics of a Fluid Element
A fluid element may move in a flow and undergo
(a) pure or irrotational translation
(b) pure rotation or rotational translation
(c) pure distortion or deformation ; angular or linear.

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

 Kinematics of a Fluid Element
In actual practice, all the three phenomena may occur
simultaneously; a fluid element is translated, rotated and
deformed

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

 Kinematics of a Fluid Element
Shear Strain Rate
The rate of shear or angular strain at a point in fluid is defined
as half the difference of the rates of angular changes for two
mutually perpendicular linear fluid elements enclosing that
point
Referring to previous figure the rate of shear at point 0 Or 0'
or any point intermediate between them is given by the
difference of the rates of angular changes for the line
elements OA and OB
1 1
xy / t
2 t 2
where
v v (16)
x t / x t
x x
u u
y t / y t
y y
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
 Kinematics of a Fluid Element
Shear Strain Rate
Shear strain rate is given by:

1 v u
xy (x-y plane)
2 x y
1 v w
yz (y-z plane) (17)
2 z y
1 u w
xz (x-z plane)
2 z x

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

 Kinematics of a Fluid Element
Direct Strain Rate
Direct strain rate is given by:

O ' A ' OA u u x x u u
xx t =
OA x x
v
yy (18)
y
w
zz
z
All the six independent components of strain rate have thus
been defined in terms of the partial derivatives of the velocity
components

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

 Kinematics of a Fluid Element
Rotation
The average of the rates of rotations of two linear fluid
elements OA and OB initially mutually orthogonall at O
1 1
z ( ) / t / t
2 2
1 v u
z (about the z-axis)
2 x y
1 w v (19)
x (about the x-axis)
2 y z
1 u w
y (about the y-axis)
2 z x

In vector form 1 1
U curlU (20)
2 2
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
 Kinematics of a Fluid Element
Vorticity
Curl U is called vorticity (), hence
1 1
U curlU (21)
2 2 2
For two dimensional flow, in the x-y plane
1 v u
rotation,
2 x y (22)
v u
vorticity ,
x y

The equations for the strain rate-components and the rotation

components are valid irrespective of the nature of fluid and
the type of flow because they originate from the kinematic
behaviour of tht particles

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

 Continuity Equation (Differential Form)
Continuity Equation
Net mass rate leaving the control volume plus the rate of
accumulation of mass within the control volume must be zero

Assuming that the fluid enters the face ABCO with a velocity
u and leaves the face EFGH with a velocity u u x x

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

 Continuity Equation (Differential Form)
Continuity Equation
For an incompressible flow of a fluid, would be constant

mass rate entering face ABCO u y z (21)

mass rate leaving face EFGH u u x x y z (22)

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

 Continuity Equation (Differential Form)
Continuity Equation
Hence, the net mass rate, leaving in the x-direction, by
difference of eq.(21) and (22)

u x x y z u x V (23)
Similarly, net mass rates leaving in the y and z directions
respectively are

v y x y z v y V (24)

w z x y z w z V (25)
The rate of accumulation of mass within the control volume is

V V (26)
t t
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
 Continuity Equation (Differential Form)
Continuity Equation
Since is constant for incompressible flow, this term
vanishes showing that there can be no accumulation of mass
with time within the control volume in an incompressible flow
By mass balance, the net rate of mass efflux across the
constant volume should be zero
u v w
V V V 0 (27)
x y z
Since V 0, however small the control volume may be, V
can be cancelled off, leaving the continuity equation for three
dimensional incompressible flow as:
u v w
0 (28)
x y z

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

 Continuity Equation (Differential Form)
Continuity Equation
The equation is valid for steady or unsteady flow, viscous or
inviscid fluid
The fluid can be air, water, stream, oil or any other as long as
the speed of flow is appreciably below the sonic speed in the
fluid, compressibility effects can be ignored and the
incompressible form of the continuity equation can be
employed
The equation of continuity for incompressible flow may be
rewritten in the form
U 0 (29)
The continuity equation is, therefore, equivalent to the
statement that the divergence of velocity vector must vanish

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

 Continuity Equation (Differential Form)
Continuity Equation
For an compressible flow, at the face EFGH x x

mass rate entering face ABCO = u y z (21)

mass rate leaving face EFGH =

x x u u x x y z (30)

The net mass rate, leaving in the x, y and z direction

v x y z v V (31)
y y


u x y z u V (32)
x x

w x y z w V (33)
z z
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
 Continuity Equation (Differential Form)
Continuity Equation
By mass balance and consider that V 0

u v w 0 (34)
x y z t
In vector form

U 0 (35)
t

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

 Continuity Equation (Differential Form)
Cylindrical Coordinate

For Incompressible Flow

ur ur 1 u u z
0
r r r z
rur u u z
(36)
r 0
r z

For Compressible Flow

1 ur u uz
ur r 0 (37)
r r r z

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng