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Abstract The branch-current-based state estimation (BCSE) - Topology processor
method is a novel approach to solve distribution state estimation - Observability analysis
(SE). However, without suitable topology error processing for - State estimator
BCSE, the value of the BCSE will be degraded in real world
- Bad data processing
applications. Therefore, this paper introduces a method for
topology error identification based on the use of normalized Although the BCSE method is a novel approach to solve
residuals resulting from the employment of the BCSE method. distribution SE, without incorporation of these procedures, the
The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated and value of the BCSE method will be seriously degraded for
in addition, the topology error identification results obtained by practical application. Accordingly, integration of these
using the proposed approach are presented in this paper. procedures into the BCSE method is desirable. Hence, in this
paper, we first show topology error identification based on the
Index Terms Topology Error Identification, Power System
State Estimation, Power Distribution System.
use of normalized residuals from the result of BCSE method.
D istribution state estimation (SE) has a critical role in the The BCSE method [2] was developed based on the
Distribution Management System (DMS) for the weighted least square (WLS) approach and uses the branch
currents as the state, i.e.
estimation of unknown states using limited measurement
information. For reliable and optimal DMS control, several SE
methods have been proposed. There are two typical xi [ I ri , I xi ] (1)
approaches to SE. The first includes algorithms based on where I ri is branch current real part and I xi is branch current
power flow [1, 2], the second includes extensions of the
imaginary part. Hence, BCSE estimates system state x by
conventional SE for three phase analysis [3, 4]. Although the
solving following WLS problem :
SE approach is preferred over the power flow approach, its m
2
computational complexity may prevent its use in practical f min ( J ( x )) wi ( zi hi ( x ))
i 1
applications.
In this paper, the Branch-current-based SE (BCSE) method T
[ z h( x )] W [ z h ( x )] 2
[2] is considered, since it is very suitable for distribution SE.
This method shows excellent performance in terms of where wi and hi ( x ) represent the weight and the
computation speed and memory requirements. Furthermore, measurements function associated with measurement zi
the main advantage of the BCSE is that the measurement
respectively. For the solution of this problem the conventional
functions are simplified for power and current measurements iterative method is adapted by solving following the normal
are taken from an unbalanced radial distribution feeder by equations at each iteration to compute the update xk 1 xk +xk
using the branch currents as the state.
SE procedure became one of the most frequently used k k T k k
power system applications in real world employment. There [G ( x )]'x H ( x )W [ z h( x )] (3)
are various issues that need to be addressed for the SE to be where
successfully implemented in practices [12]. In this broader G ( x)
T
H ( x )WH ( x )
sense, SE can include :
is the gain matrix and H is the Jacobian of the measurement
function h ( x ) . Hence the only difference between the node
This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy under
Grant DE-FG02-06ER84647. voltage based SE and BCSE is the measurement functions
M. Baran is with Department of ECE, NC State University, Raleigh, NC associated with the type of measurements to be processed.
USA (e-mail: baran@eos.ncsu.edu).
J. Jung is a graduate student in the Dept. of ECE at NC State University in
Raleigh, NC (email: jsjung@ncsu.edu)
T. E. McDermott is with EnerNex Corp. Pittsburgh, PA, 15236 (email:
tom@enernex.com)
2
error. So the switch status having smallest inequality value is distribution with a standard deviation V of 0.0233 (accuracy is
correct but current known status is wrong. 7% of their measured values). The voltage measurement data
are generated by adding measurement error with a standard
IV. TEST RESULTS deviation V of 0.0067 (2% measurement error).
For topology error processing, a test feeder is used. The For bad data detecting & identification, the threshold value
test feeder is an IEEE 34 node radial test feeder with 23 kV for inequality is chosen as D 0.05 . Case 1 has 111
three-phase primary [5]. A reduced version of this test feeder measurements ( N m ) and 102 state variables ( N S ) which has
is used to facilitate debugging and assessment. A one-line
diagram of the reduced feeder is given in Fig. 2. For test 9 degrees of freedom ( k ) so the threshold value is set at
2
purposes, distributed line section loads are lumped equally at F 9,0.05 16.92 for case 1. For case 2, it has 9 more
terminal nodes of the line sections. The nominal load data is measurements than case 1 so the threshold value is set
used as actual load which is determined by power flow results 2
as the correct measurement. The feeder is modeled to have a at F18,0.05 28.87 for case 2.
heavy loading condition on feeder and the line data is used
given in [6]. The total load is x Switch Error Detection
S load , a 490 j 315 kVA For testing switch error detection, test feeder is assumed to
have six switches as shown in Fig. 2. A summary of the
S load ,b 415 j 275 kVA S load ,c 430 j 280 kVA results is given in Fig. 3-4. Only one case when switch 2 open
The minimum voltage corresponding to this load is is given as the typical example which is indicated as sw2 in
Fig. 2. The topology error detection table shows the weighted
Vmin V21, a 0.9402 3.057 sum of squares value in each case. By checking the smallest
This indicates a heavy loading condition on the feeder. value, the final result is also represented in the Topology error
Measurements assumed are also given in the figure: voltage detection table.
and power flow at the substation, current measurements on
branches 6-7, and voltage measurements on node 8, 10 and
17.
switch and SCB error is classified. When the inequality value conditions," in Proc. 1993 IEEE PES Winter Meeting., vol. 8,
of reactive power is much larger than that of real power pp. 2009-2015.
[4] Roy Hoffman, "Practical State Estimation for Electric
( fQ fP ), SCB error occurs. A summary of the results are Distribution Networks," in Proc. 2006 IEEE PSCE Power Syst.
given in Figs. 5&6. Only one case in which SCB 2 open is Conf. and Expo., pp. 510-517.
given as the typical example. Topology error detection table [5] Kersting, W.H., "Radial distribution test feeders," in Proc. 2001
shows weighted sum of squares values in each case. By IEEE PES Winter Meeting., vol. 2, pp. 908-912.
checking the smallest value, the final result is also represented [6] Goswami, S.K. and Basu, S.K., "Direct solution of distribution
systems," IEE Proc. Gener., Transm. and Distrib., vol. 138, pp.
in the Topology error detection table. 78-88, Jan. 1991.
[7] Mesut E. Baran, Jinxiang Zhu, and W. Kelly, Meter placement
for real-time monitoring of distribution feeders IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 11, pp. 332-337, Feb. 1996.
[8] Mesut E. Baran, Jinxiang Zhu, Hongbo Zhu, and Kenneth E.
Garren, A meter placement method for state estimation IEEE
Trans. Power Syst., vol. 10, pp. 1704-1710, Aug. 1995.
[9] Kevin A. Clements and Antonio S. Costa, Topology Error
Figure 5. Case 1 SCB error detection when SCB 2 open Identification Using Normalized Lagrange Multipliers IEEE
Trans. Power Sys., vol. 13, pp. 347-353, May. 1998.
[10] C.N. Lu, J.H. Teng, and B.S. Chang, Power system network
topology error detection IEE Proc. Gener., Transm. and
Distrib., vol. 141, pp. 623-629, Nov. 1994.
[11] John J. Grainger and William D. Stevenson Jr., Power System
Analysis, McGRAW-HILL, 2008, pp. 641-694.
[12] John G. Webster, Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999, pp.
Figure 6. Case 2 SCB error detection when SCB 2 open
137-147.
As these tables indicate, the same result of topology error
detection is obtained. In these cases, Topology error detection VII. BIOGRAPHIES
doesnt work correctly. In this simulation model, the SCB is
very close and has the same capacity. Furthermore, the SCB
Mesut E Baran is currently a professor at North
exists in same meter zone. Therefore, if the SCB which has a Carolina State University in Raleigh, NC. He
similar capacity and is nearby, this algorithm will not detect received his Ph.D. from the University of California,
topology errors correctly. For accurate SCB error detection, an Berkeley in 1988. His research interests include
enhanced algorithm is needed. distribution and transmission system analysis and
control.
V. CONCLUSION
A topology error identification method using BCSE is
presented in this paper. The test results indicate that the
method is capable of topology error detection. This algorithm
Jaesung Jung is currently working towards his
is based on changing the on/off status of branches one after masters in Electrical Engineering at North Carolina
the other and performing a state estimation in each case. If State University in Raleigh, NC. He received his B.S.
after reversing a branch status, residues in one of the in Electrical and Computer Engineering form
ChungNam National University, South Korea in
estimation runs are within the threshold values, then the 2006. His research interests are in the area of power
original branch status is declared false. This algorithm system dynamics and computer simulations in power
successfully detects topology error correctly in every case. systems and power system wide area monitoring and
However, in SCB error detection, When an SCB which has control.
similar capacity and is nearby, this algorithm doesnt work
correctly. For accurate SCB error detection, an enhanced Tom McDermott (SM 1990) is a Senior Consulting Engineer with EnerNex,
algorithm is needed. currently working in wind generation, distribution systems, lightning
protection, custom software development, and electromagnetic transient
studies. He is currently Vice Chairman of the Distribution System Analysis
VI. REFERENCES Subcommittee, a U.S. delegate to IEC TC 57 Working Group 14, and has
[1] Mesut E. Baran and Arthur W. Kelley, "State Estimation for previously chaired the Pittsburgh Section IEEE and the Working Group on
Real-Time Monitoring of Distribution Systems," IEEE Trans. Estimating Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines. Tom is a registered
Power Systems., vol. 9, pp. 1601-1609, Aug. 1994. professional engineer in Pennsylvania. He has a B. S. and M. Eng. in Electric
Power from Rensselaer, and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Virginia
[2] Mesut E. Baran and Arthur W. Kelley, "A branch-current-based
Tech.
state estimation method for distribution systems," IEEE Trans.
Power Systems., vol. 10, pp. 483-491, Feb. 1995.
[3] Royetelman I. and S.M. Shahidehpour, "State estimation for
electric power distribution systems in quasi real-time