INDEX
abattoirs see slaughterhouses
Academy of Military Medicine, nutritional
research, 155
accident prevention, ergonomic teams, 81
acromegaly, 69
Addison, Thomas, on pernicious anaemia, 48
administrative/state regulation, 30, 181, 202
adrenal glands, Nazi Germany and, 72
Copyright
adrenalin, isolation, 66
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH),
68, 71–3, 74–5
adversarial science expertise, 196–9, 201–2
advocates and critics of meat consumption,
6–7
Afghanistan, Lakeside workers from, 89
African Americans, meatpacking, 79
aggressiveness, meat and, 149–50
agricultural/human DES conjunctions, 188,
190
agricultural-engineering perspective, DES,
193
agro-industrial alliance, 193
AIDS movement, and regulation, 182
alcohol-related incidents, 88–9
American Cattlemen’s Association, 193
American Cyanamid, 75
American Feed Manufacturers Association,
193
American Meat Institute, 134
on safety, 82–3
American Medical Association (AMA), on
meat and cancer, 119
American Society for the Control of Cancer
(ASCC), 26, 111–26
Essential Facts about Cancer, 118–19
Prevention of Cancer Series, 122–3
– 245 –
amino acids
Adelle Davis on, 132–3
discovery, 16
Family Fare on, 136–7
anaemia, pernicious, liver treatment, 23–4,
47–61
anaemic dog colony, 49–50
anaphylaxis, Richet on, 23, 34, 43–4
animal disease control, 1980s, 174
animal health issues, 17–18
animal welfare, 20–1
legislation, UK, 11–12
anthropology, and vegetarian diet, 19
antibiotics, meat production, health fears,
140
antitrust law, and meatpackers, 66
Apple, Rima D., on nutrition information
dissemination, 26–7, 127–43
Arbuthnot-Lane, Sir William
on ‘common knowledge’, 123
on constipation, 119
Argentina, zomine plant planned, 39
Armour, Philip, on unionism deterrence, 79
Armour & Co. meatpackers
and pituitary gland supply, 70, 71
Chicago plant, injury rate, 81
‘Glanoid’ organotherapy range, 65–6,
71, 73
inhouse ACTH research/production,
74–5, 76
NIH pituitary gland supply deal, 74
arthritis, cortisone and, 74–5
Bacon, Francis, on vegetarian diet, 19
Bainbridge, William Seaman
denies meat/cancer link, 120–1
246 Meat, Medicine and Human Health in the Twentieth Century

on media confusion, 114 Bovril, 14

on physicians and theory, 118
Baltzer, Eduard, vegetarianism, 149
Banting, Frederick, 67
Barker, J. Ellis, 119
Barker, Lewellys, pernicious anaemia diet, 49
Barlösius, Eva, on inconsistent meatless
diets, 151
Bassols, Narcisso, 98
Bee, David, 160
Beecher, Catharine, and Beecher Stowe, The
American Woman’s Home, 4, 128, 132
beef
bovine tuberculosis
food issues, 159–60
transmission, 163–4, 165–6, 168–9
bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(BSE), 28, 29, 140, 141–2, 159–77
cattle, DES for, 184
demand drop, UK, 162
Brady, William, on liver supply/price, 56, 60
brand-name packaged meats, 10
Britain, meat consumption, 19C, 5
British finance, Mexican National Packing
Company, 104, 106
Broadway, Michael, on communities and
meat processing, 25, 77–94
Brodin, Paul, 39–40
Brooks, Alberta, study, 78, 88–91
Brooks Food Bank, 91
Broussaisian pathology, 20
Brown-Sequard, C.-E., and organotherapy, 65
Bruegel, Martin, on canned food, 96–7
Bureau of Drugs, DES risks evaluation, 194
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), and plant
cleanup crews, 82
Bureau of Veterinary Medicine, and DES,
194, 195
Burger King, 9

Copyright
quality decline, 21
vs pork consumption, 7, 8–9
see also meat
Behring, Emil Adolf von, 35
Berdah, Delphine, on animal health issues,
17–18
Bernard, Claude, 35, 65
on ductless glands, 63–4
Best, Charles, 67
Biermer, Anton, on pernicious anaemia, 48
biochemistry, 16
biotrash, 64–8, 71, 75–6
birth rate, Brooks, Alberta, 89
Bishop, Katherine Scott, 69
blood loss, traumatic shock, zomine experi-
ment, 40–1
blood proteins sensitization, 43
Board of Agriculture, and bovine tuberculo-
sis control, 176
Bordley, James, on ‘liver life-belt’, 52
bovine tuberculosis
food issues, 159–60
transmission, 163–4, 165–6, 168–9
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE),
28, 140, 141–2
as animal health issue, 170–3
British government and, 29, 159–77
Bovinine, 14
Burroughs, W., and DES for cattle, 184
Bush, George W., repeals ergonomic stand-
ards, 82
Bushell, Thomas, on vegetarian diet, 19
business cases, pituitary gland research, 69
by-products, meatpacking, 65–6
unrealized profits, Mexico, 103
C3H mice test, 194, 197–9
Cabot, Richard Clarke, on pernicious anae-
mia, 48–9
California, University of, 69, 70–3, 74
calorimetric analysis, 15
campylobacter, health fears, 140
cancer, media messages control, ASCC and,
112–14
cancer and diet
advice, ASCC on, 112–13, 117–26
meat fat and, 139
popular press on, 113–14, 117–18, 125
cancer control programmes, and meat con-
sumption, 25–6, 111–26
Cancer Research (journal), 112
cancers, DES and, 179
cannibalism, and Kuru, 161
Cantor, David, on meat consumption and
cancer control programmes, 25–6,
111–26
 Index
Carbajal y Espinosa, Colonel Francisco, 100
carcinogenic food additives ban, 185–6
carpal tunnel syndrome, 82
Castle, William B., regurgitated meat diet,
53–4
Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 160
Chemical Feast (Nader), 185
Cheyne, George, on vegetarian diet, 18, 19
Chicago meatpackers, 7, 77–8
and organotherapy, 65–6, 69, 70, 71, 73
insulin mass production, 67
chickens
consumption, 9
contaminated, 140, 141
China, Lakeside workers from, 89
Choh Hao Li see Li Choh Hao
Churchill, Stephen, 161
Citizen’s Advisory Committee, 186
Civil War, and fresh beef, 7
Clarke, Adele
Copyright
on meatpacking labor relations, 69
on pituitary gland, 67
Class I recalls, 1
Clayton Antitrust Act, 1914, 66
Clinton, Bill, ergonomic standards for injury
prevention, 82
cod liver oil, 59
Colonel Sanders Kentucky Fried Chicken, 9
communication obstruction, meatpacking
workers, 79
communities
and meat processing, 25, 77–94
population mobility, 88–90
competition, Mexico, 105–9
ConAgra beef plant, Garden City, Kansas,
92
Congo, Lakeside workers from, 89
Congressional hearings
DES, 184, 188–96, 201
meatpacking injuries, 81
Conner, H. Milton, and hog stomach, 57
constitutional vs localized disease models,
168–70
consumer protection issues, BSE/tuberculo-
sis, 172–7
consumer regulation, 30, 182, 202
consumer rights (US), 185–6
247
Consumer Reports, on contaminated chick-
ens, 140, 141
consumers, perspectives on, 2, 3
Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, 1869, 174
contaminated meat withdrawals, 140
Cook County Hospital, Chicago, 55
Copeman, S. Monckton, on statistics, 121–2
corned beef, tinned, 33–4
Cornell Bulletin for Homemakers, 135
Cornell University, meat definition, 129
Corner, George, on pituitary glands, obtain-
ing, 68
corticotrophin see adrenocorticotrophic
hormone (ACTH)
cortisone, and arthritis, 74
cost cutting, 79–80
Côte Saint André Hospital, 40–1
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), and BSE,
28, 29, 142, 159–77, 161–3, 164–5,
167–8
critics and advocates, 6–7
Cronon, William, 65
cross-species transmission, pathogens, 164–6
‘crusade against consumption’, 159, 163–4
Cubas, Antonio Garcia, 98–9
Cudahy meatpackers, 65–6
cultural preferences, Mexico, 95–7, 110
Cushing, Harvey, 69
Davidson, Judge, DES hearings, 198, 199
Davidson, L. S. P., and fish liver, 58
Davis, Adelle, Let’s Eat Right to Keep Fit,
132–3
DDT, DES comparison, 185
de Kruif, Paul, on pernicious anaemia, 47
Deelman, H. J., on William Roger Williams,
120
DeKay, John W., Mexican National Packing
Company, 103–9
and Peralvillo, 106
Delaney clause, 1958, 185, 197, 199
Democrat–consumer alliance, 193
demographics, packing workers, 88–90
Denison, Iowa, meatpacking plant, 79–81
Denver stockyards, 77–8
Department of National Health, ‘life-reform’
division, 152, 153
DES Action (self-help organization), 196
248 Meat, Medicine and Human Health in the Twentieth Century
DES daughters, 179, 183, 187, 196, 201
DES (diethylstilbestrol), 29–30, 140,
179–202
deskilling, meatpacking, 79
Diaz, Porfirio, administration, 97, 101
Diaz, Porfirio, and El Popo meat brand, 105
Die Volksgesundheit journal, 152
diet
and cancer
advice, ASCC on, 112–13, 117–26
meat fat and, 139
popular press on, 113–14, 117–18, 125
and nutrition science, 13–16
as supplementary intervention, 124
for pernicious anaemia, 49, 51
guidelines, 135–7, 142–3
historical, Mexico, 97–8
regional differences, Germany, 154
diethylstilbestrol (DES), 29–30, 140,
179–202
Copyright
disability levels, meatpacking plant, 80–2, 93
disassembly line, meatpacking, 63, 64, 66, 68
and pituitary gland, 68–9
wages, 77
Dodds, Charles, DES synthesis, 183
dogs
anaphylaxis experiments, 43
TB cured, 33, 35, 36
Doisy, Edward A., on hormone production,
64, 67
Dole, Elizabeth, Secretary of Labor, 82
dose-response curve, DES, 188, 189, 191–2,
199–200
Doyle, J. Patrick, on workers’ safety, 82
drugs, regulation/enforcement interactions,
29–30, 180–2
ductless glands, 63
E. coli, health fears, 140, 159
early morning slaughter, Mexico, 102, 107
eating habits, transformation, 3–6
economic cure, tuberculosis, 37
economic issues
liver diet, 54, 56–61
Mexico, 103
ecotoxicology, 189
Eden Orchard Colony, Oranienburg, 151,
152, 155
Edwards, Charles, FDA and DES, 188, 191,
194, 195
El Economista Mexicano, 102
El Imparcial, on meat and health, 101
El Popo meat brand, 103–9
El Salvador, Lakeside workers from, 89
Eli Lilly & Co., 75
and DES for cattle, 184
insulin mass production, 67
pituitary glands, 69
elite example, El Popo meat brand, 104–5
endocrinology and meat industry, 24, 63–76
energy from food approach, 15–16
Engelbach, William, 71
environmental movement, 185
environmental vegetarianism, 21
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
186, 189
epidemiological discourse, DES Congres-
sional hearings, 192
epidemiology issues, meat and cancer, 121–2
ergonomic injuries, reporting abolished, 82
ergonomic teams, packing-house, 81
Eskimos, as paradigm, 132
Ethiopia, Lakeside workers from, 89
Europe
meat processing industry, 9–11
population growth, 4
Evans, Herbert McLean, 24
and pituitary glands, 69–73, 74, 76
Evans, W. A., on liver supply/price, 56–7
Evans’s Blue, 69
Ewing, James
on cancer advice publications, 119
panaceas warning, 123
expert testimony, comparisons, 196
extracts of meat, 14–15
factory farming issues, 21, 139–40, 184
factory slaughterhouses, 8, 10
farming-led public health policies, 174–7
fast food outlets, 9
Federal Trade Commission, and meat
barons, 66
Federation of German Vegetarian Associa-
tions, 149
feed producers, legal challenge to FDA, 196
feedlots, American style, 21
 Index
feeds/implants distinction, DES, 195–6
feminists, on meat rejection, 12–13
fish liver, for pernicious anaemia, 58–9
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), 68
food additives, carcinogenic, ban, 185–6
food allergies, and anaphylaxis, 43
food as motivation, 156
food banks, meatpacking workers, 91
food chemistry, 13–17
food contamination, 140–1
‘food faddists’, attacks on, 119–20
food safety practices, 139–42
food scares, 159–60
Food and Drug Act, Delaney clause, 1958,
185, 197, 199
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and
DES, 28
and off-label DES use, 190
approval
Copyright
cattle growth, 184
therapeutic, 183
bans, 195
implants ban, 179
legal challenges to, 196–9
right to ban agricultural DES, 199
Congressional hearings, 193–6
contraindicating, 187–8
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 1938, 183
food-borne infections, concerns, 162
Ford, Henry, 63
Fort Worth stockyards, 77–8
Fountain, L.
on agricultural DES, 190–1
on FDA reform, 195
France
meat consumption, 19C, 5
meat processing industry, 10
nutritional improvement study, 4
Fraser, T. R., pernicious anaemia diet, 49
Fray Bentos plant, Uruguay, 33
French people, and canned food, 96–7
Fröhlich’s syndrome, 70
Garden City, Kansas, study, 78
health issues, 91–2
population turnover, 88
Gass, G. H., C3H mice test, 194, 197–9
249
Gaudillière, Jean-Paul
on DES, 29–30, 179–202
on industrial contribution downplaying,
75
genetically modified (GM) foods, 159
German Labour Front, 154
German Life-Reform Movement, 16, 146,
148, 153
German Society for Life Reform e.V., 153
German Vegetarian Union, 149, 152–3
Germany
wartime food production, 21
meat processing industry, 10–11
vegetarianism, 27, 145–57
Girdner, Dr John H., on meat avoidance, 133
Glanoid organotherapy range, 65–6, 71, 73
Godart, Justin, 39
Good Housekeeping, 133
dietary guidelines, 136
government, perspectives on, 2–3
government policies and science, 170–1
Graham crackers, 151
Graham, Sylvester, on diet, 20
Graves, William P., on cancer theories,
114–15
Greek humoral pathology, 150
Greenwood, Major, on statistics, 121–2
Greep, Roy, on hypophysectomy, 70
Grewal, J. S., on liver diet, 49, 52
Grigaut (chemist), raw meat juice lyophiliz-
ing, 39–40
Gross, A., DES risks evaluation, 194
growth hormone (GH), 68, 69–70, 71–3
see also DES
Guilbaud (chemist), raw meat juice lyophi-
lizing, 39–40
Guymon, Oklahoma, study, 78
population turnover, 88
Guzman, Dominga de, 98
Hahn, Theodor, vegetarianism, 149
Haig, Alexander, on diet, 20
Halffman, W., on ecotoxicology and regula-
tory science, 189
Hall, Diana Long, 64
Hall-Edwards, John F., on food faddists, 120
Hallmark/Westland recall, 1, 28
Ham, George, 108
250 Meat, Medicine and Human Health in the Twentieth Century
Haussmann, Georges-Eugène, 101
Haywood, Marian, liver ice cream, 53
health
and meat consumption, 19C, 5–6
risk, and regulation, 27–30
scares, meat industry, 140
health issues, Garden City, Kansas, 91–2
health reformers, concerns, 12–13
Health Board, Mexico, 100
healthcare, Brooks, Alberta, 89–90, 90–1
heart disease, meat fat and, 139
hemotherapy, Richet and, 35
Herbst, Arthur, on DES, 187, 190–1
heredity and cancer, ASCC on, 112, 125–6
Héricourt, Jules, 33, 35–7
Himmler, Heinrich, and vegetarian SS, 154,
155, 156–7
Hindu ahimsa, 19
Hitler, Adolf, as vegetarian, 27, 145–6
Hoffman, Frederick, Cancer and Diet, 124–5
Copyright
on cancer and diet literature, 113, 115,
116
hog stomach, for pernicious anaemia, 57
home economics education, 131, 135
home economists
and nutrition information, 26–7, 132–43
on meat substitutes, 138–9
on women’s role, 129
homemaker role, and nutrition, 127–9
Hoover, Herbert, on organ meat, 61
Höppener, Hugo Reinhold Karl Johann
(Fidus), 149
hormones, meat production, health fears, 140
Horowitz, Roger, Putting Meat on the
American Table, 130
human cost, meat, 78
Human Rights Watch, on workers’ safety
disregard, 82
hydrochloric acid, and pernicious anaemia,
53–4
hygiene standards, model market, 104
hypophysectomy, 69, 70–1
IBP revolution, 79–80
idiopathic anaemia see pernicious anaemia
immigrants, and meatpacking plants, 77, 79
in vitro meat, 141
industrial contribution downplaying, 75
industrial regulation, 30, 181–2, 202
industrialization, meat industry, 8, 10
and pharmaceuticals, 24, 63–76
injury levels, meatpacking plant, 80–2, 93
injury prevention ergonomic standards
Bush repeals, 82
Clinton issues, 82
insulin, mass production, 67
International Vegetarian Union, 12
Iowa Beef Packers (IBP), 79–81
Iowa State College, and DES for cattle, 184
Isaacs, Raphael, and hog stomach, 57
Jack-in-the-Box restaurants, 140
Jasanoff, S.
on adversarial science expertise, 196
on EPA, 189
Johns Hopkins Hospital, 49, 52, 55, 69
Jones, Hardin, on C3H mice test, 197–8
Jordan, Whitman H., Principles of Human
Nutrition, 131–2, 133
Josias, Albert, 36
Jouve-Rouves-Taniers dispensary, 37
judicial system, and DES, 196–9, 201–2
Kansas City stockyards, 77–8
Kellogg, John Harvey
on diet, 20
on meat and cancer, 118, 119
Kellogg’s Cornflakes, 151
Kennedy, John F., Citizen’s Advisory Com-
mittee, 186
Koch, Robert, and tubercle bacillus, 35, 36,
37, 165–6, 168, 172
Kraut, Heinrich, starvation experiments, 155
Kroc, Ray, 9
Kuru, encephalopathy, 161
La Internacional, Peralvillo slaughterhouse,
103
La Jornada, 109
La Villette abattoir, Paris, 101–2
labor relations, meatpacking, 69
Laboratoire Longuet, 42
Lacey, Richard, on BSE risks, 171
Ladies’ Home Journal, on meat shopping, 141
Lakeside Packers, Brooks, Alberta, 88–91
Lambe, William, on vegetarian diet, 18–19
 Index 251

Lang, Konrad, nutritional research, 155 Löwy, Ilana

language/cultural issues, 86, 89, 90, 93 on industrial contribution downplaying,
Lappé, Frances Moore, 6 75
Laqueur, Ernst, 76 on Richet, 22–3, 33–45
Latham, Charles, 39 luteinizing hormone (LH), 68
Lebenskunst journal, 152 luxury and excess issues, 11
Lederer, Susan, on liver for pernicious anae- lyophilized raw meat juice, 39, 42
mia, 23–4, 47–61
Macleod, John, 67
Lehmann, L. P., on Gross’s DES risks evalua-
Magendie, François, experiments, 146
tion, 194–5
male anxieties, and meat, Germany, 156
Lévy, Michel, on meat consumption, 4–5, malingerers, injured workers as, 84–5
13–14 Mantel-Ryan virtual-safety approach, 194
Lewin, Kurt, on organ meat, 61 Marcus, Alan, on consumers and industrial
Lexington, Nebraska, study, 78 farming, 184, 186
Li Choh Hao, pituitary hormone isolation/ Marey, Jules Etienne, 34
synthesis, 71–3, 74–5 market-share liability, producer torts, 196
Lichter, Mayra, Creuzfeldt-Jakob Disease marketing
Foundation, 142 El Popo meat brand, 104–5, 107–9
Liebig, Justus von innovation, vegetarian products, 151

Copyright
on meat and strength, 146, 147 permits, administrative regulation, 181
on protein, 13, 19, 33–4 strategies, early, 10–11
Liebig Extract Meat Company (Lemco), Marks, Harry, on epidemiology studies, 122
33–4, 39 Mary Meade, on liver supply/price, 60–1
Life Reform movement, 16, 146, 148, 153 mass market, El Popo meat brand, 104–5
life-expectancy, vegetarian diet, 19 Massachusetts General Hospital, on vaginal
Limantour, Treasury Secretary, Mexico, 106 tumours, 187
Lippset, Mortimer, on global oestrogenic Mayo Clinic, 57
pool, 192 Mazdanan movement, banned, 152
Lipton, Thomas, and Mexican National McDonald’s franchise, 9
Packing Company, 107 and competitors, criticism, 21
listeria, health fears, 140 McKeown, Thomas, 5
Mead, Margaret, and organ meat, 61
liver treatment, pernicious anaemia, 23–4,
meat & bone meal (MBM), in cattle feed,
47–61
161, 175–6
disguises/recipes, 53, 54, 56
meat
extract, 52, 54
and disease, 167–70
supply/price, 54, 56–7 and health debate, Mexico, 100–1
Livestock Commission (UK), 10 and therapeutics, 22–3
localized vs constitutional disease models, as problem of civilization, 115–16
168–70 consumption, 129–31
location, meatpacking plant, 79 19C, and health, 4–6
London Congress on Tuberculosis, 1901, and cancer control programmes, 25–6,
166 111–26
Long, Joseph, 69 Germany, 146–8, 156
Longcope (physician), on race, and perni- eating, scientific arguments, 131–4
cious anaemia, 55 exotic, 138
low pay, poverty levels, 91, 92 defenders, 134
252 Meat, Medicine and Human Health in the Twentieth Century
definition, 129–30
fresh
Mexicans and, 95–7
post-Civil War, 7
imports, chilled, UK, 9–10
organ meats
Americans and, 47–8
for pernicious anaemia, 57–61
Mexico, 108
proteins, and human bloodstream, Richet
on, 43–4
raw meat
extract, 22–3, 33, 35–8
juice, lyophilized, 39
substitutes
Family Fare on, 136–7
wartime, 137–9
tainted, retailer naming, 1–2
tuberculous, localized vs constitutional
disease model, 168–70
Copyright
see also beef; vegetarianism
meat extract, 14–15, 33
as pharmaceutical, 23–4
meat inspection issues, 169–70, 173–4,
176–7
Mexico, 109–10
meat processing industry, 7–8
and pituitary glands, 68–9, 70–3, 74–5
illegal wartime, 72
impact on communities, 25, 77–94
lobby, 139–40
Mexico, 25, 95–110
plant effectiveness, New Zealand, 93
meat products, Europe, 10–11
Meat Inspection Act, 1906, 139
medical insurance issues, Garden City,
Kansas, 91–2
medical sciences, perspectives on, 2, 3
medical staff, meatpackers, 85, 86
Medical Research Council, DES synthesis,
183
Medvei, Victor Cornelius, 63–4
mental health issues, Garden City, Kansas, 91
Mexican Herald, 104
Mexican National Packing Company, 103–9
Mexican-American Ministries (MAM) Care
Centers and Clinics, 92
Mexico, meat production, 25, 95–110
military diet, and Voit standard, 147
military hospitals, zomine experiments,
39–41
military, meat extracts for, 33, 34
Miner, Elmer, Living the Liver Diet, 56
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
(MAFF) and BSE, 161
and farming interests, 174–6
on BSE and human health, 167
restricts access to BSE material, 171
Ministry of Health (UK), cancer epidemiol-
ogy study, 121–2
Minot, George R., 23–4
on liver diet, 49, 50–2, 60
modernization, Mexico, 101–10
Morrisey meatpackers, 65–6
Müller, Hanns G., on life-reformers and
homeland, 153
municipal oversight, meat processing,
Mexico, 99, 109
Murphy, William P., 23–4
on liver diet, 47, 49, 50–2, 58, 59–60
on race, and pernicious anaemia, 55
Nader, Ralph, Center for Study of Respon-
sive Law, 185, 194, 195, 201
national differences, meat consumption,
19C, 4–5
National Association for the Prevention of
Consumption (NAPC), 163–4
National Cancer Institute (NCI), 193
survey, DES-induced tumours, 187
National Institute of Child Health and
Human Development, 192
National Institutes of Health, 31
and pituitary gland supply, 74
National Live Stock and Meat Board, 50
National Restaurant Association, on meat
consumption, 130
National Socialist (Nazi) Germany
and vegetarianism, 27, 145–57
and adrenal glands, 72
Nestle, Marion, Food Politics: How the Food
Industry Influences Nutrition and
Health, 137
New England Journal of Medicine, on DES-
induced tumours, 187
New Journalism, 162
 Index 253

New York Times, on DES as cancer threat, 184
New Zealand, meatpacking plant effective-
ness, 93
Newman, George, on statistical proofs, 122
Newsholme, Arthur, 5
Newsweek, on meat reduction, 134
Nixon, Richard, and Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, 186
non-pulmonary tuberculosis, 163–4
Nordic life-reform, 153–4
nutrition
discourse, DES Congressional hearings,
192–3
information dissemination, 26–7,
127–43
science, 13–16
Nutritional Review, 168
O’Hara, Dwight, on liver diet, 52
Occupational Safety and Health Adminis-
pacifism, anathema to National Socialists,
153–4
Pakistan, Lakeside workers from, 89
Paley, Rev. William, on food production, 21
Papin, Denis, 33
Papua New Guinea, 161
Parents magazine, dietary guidelines, 136
Parke, Davis & Co., pituitary glands, 69
Parkes, Alan, on endocrinological goldrush,
64
Pasteur Institute, 35–6, 38–9
pathogens, cross-species transmission, 164–6
patients’ organizations, 182
Paul, Harry, on Pasteur Institute, 38
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals,
141
Peralvillo slaughterhouse, Mexico, 101,
102–3, 105–6, 107
pernicious anaemia, liver treatment, 23–4,
47–61

Copyright
tration (OSHA) Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, 50, 55
prosecutions, 81 Peters, Lulu Hunt, 53
Ergonomics Programs Management Pfeffer, Naomi, on endocrinology and meat
Guidelines for Meatpacking Plants, industry, 24, 63–76
81, 82–3 pharmacological discourse, DES Congres-
sional hearings, 192
American Meat Institute cooperative
Philippines, Lakeside workers from, 89
alliance, 82–3
Philips inquiry into BSE, 174
oestrogens
physicians
DES as substitute, 183
meat critics, 119
DES separated from, 192
on meat consumption, 19C, 4–5
global pool, 192
physiological chemistry, 13–16
production development, 67 physiology, and vegetarian diet, 19
see also DES Picker, Henry, on Hitler, 145
Oliver, George Pierce, Anne, meat advocacy, 134
and adrenalin, 66 Pilcher, Jeffrey, on Mexico meat production,
and pituitrin, 68–9 25, 95–110
Olympic athletes, meat consumption, 155 pituitary glands, 24
organ meats anterior lobe hormones, 67–8
Americans and, 47–8 hormone isolation/synthesis, 71–3
for pernicious anaemia, 57–61 hypophysectomy, 69–70
Mexico, 108 obtaining, 68–9, 70–3, 74–5
Organon Limited Company, 76 pituitrin, 68–9
organotherapies plant cleanup crews, 82
as quackery, 66 Poisons in Your Food (Longwood William),
meatpackers and, 65–6, 69, 70, 71 185
Osler, William, on pernicious anaemia, 48 political alliances, DES affair, 186
Oxo, 34 politics of life issues, 180
254 Meat, Medicine and Human Health in the Twentieth Century
popular press, on cancer and diet, 113–14,
117–18, 125
population growth, 4
Brooks, Alberta, 88–91
rural meat plants, 80, 93
population mobility, host communities,
88–90
Porfirian government, development, 104–5,
107, 109
Portier, Pierre, 43
Portuguese Man o’War jellyfish toxins, 43
practice guidelines, professional regulation,
181
pregnancy, DES for, 187, 190
press
agricultural/human DES conjunctions,
188
and bovine tuberculosis, 162–3, 164
and BSE fears, 162–3, 164, 167
nutrition information dissemination,
Copyright
26–7, 133–7
price-cutting campaign, Mexico, 108
prions, 29, 165
prison reformers, and Voit standard, 147
Proctor, Robert, Cancer Wars, 199–200
professional regulation, 30, 181, 202
progesterone production development, 67
prolactin, 68
protein, vegetarian diet, 150–1
Prudence, Penny, Coupon Cookery, 138–9
public education campaigns, ASCC, 112,
118–19, 122–3, 125–6
public health
issues, BSE/tuberculosis, 172–7
messages, diversity, 2, 8
Mexico, 97, 99–101
policies, farming-led, 174–7
Public Health Act, 1875 (UK), 10, 173
Pure Food and Drug Act (US), 1906, 8
purines, Swartz on, 133
quality control, industrial regulation, 181–2
race, and pernicious anaemia, 54–5
Ralston Purina, 138
rats, laboratory, 69, 70
Raymond, Richard (USDA), 1
Rayon, Ramon, on meat hygiene, 99
raw meat
extract, 22–3, 33, 35–8
juice, lyophilized, 39
recalls, retailer naming, 1–2
recruitment, meat workers, 87–90
refrigerated meat
Americans and, 96–7
controversy, Mexico, 105–9
Regaud, Claudius, 41
regulation/enforcement interactions, 29–30,
180–2
regulatory science, 188–9
regurgitated meat diet, 53–4
Reich Department of Health, on mixed diet,
155
Reich Office of Statistics, 154
Reich Work Group of New German Medi-
cine, 153
Rendu, Ambroise, 36
reporting systems, industrial regulation,
181–2
residues, and withdrawal period, DES, 184,
187, 190, 192–3, 195, 196
Richet, Albert, 39
Richet, Charles, 22–3, 33–45
extract of meat, 14
La Nouvelle Zomothérapie, 41, 42
Richet, Charles Jr, 41
Rifkin, Jeremy, 6
risk assessment, cross-species transmission,
165–7
risk-expertise processes, 180
Robscheit-Robbins, Frieda, 50, 58, 60
Romantics, on diet, 19
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, on diet, 19
Roux, Jean Charles, 36
Royal Commissions on tuberculosis, 170,
171–2
Russell, Rollo, 119
monastic cancer study, 121
safety issues, 1994 plant study, 83–7
safety meetings, 85–7
safety reporting, 83, 86
Saint Girons, François de, 39–40
Salinas de Gortari, President Carlos, 109
salmonella, health fears, 140, 159
San Lucas slaughterhouse, Mexico, 102
 Index
sanitary officials, TB constitutional disease
model, 168–70
Sardo, Cele, Creuzfeldt-Jakob Disease Foun-
dation, 142
Scheunert, Arthur, 155
Schlosser, Eric, 6
schools, migrant issues, 88, 90, 91
science, and government policies, 170–1
scrapie, 160–1, 165, 171, 175
Seaboard Corporation, Guymon, Okla-
homa, 88
serotherapy, Richet and, 35
serum shock anaphylaxis, 43
sex hormone production development, 67
Sharpey-Schafer, Sir Edward Albert
and adrenalin, 66
and pituitrin, 68–9
sheep, scrapie, 160–1, 165, 171, 175
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, on diet, 19
Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890, 66
Copyright
Sherman, H. C., on meat consumption,
129–30
Silent Spring (Carson), 185
Sinclair, Upton, The Jungle, 6, 8, 28, 77, 81,
88, 95, 104
slaughterhouses
factory, 8, 10
illegal, Mexico, 99
models, 101–2
spinal tissue and offal removal, 175–6
waste ‘biotrash’, 65–8, 71, 75–6
see also meat processing industry
Smith, Adam, The Wealth of Nations, 21
Smith, J., on DES as cancer threat, 184
Smith, Philip E. and Irene, and hypophysec-
tomy, 70
social reformers, meat promotion, 148
Somalia, Lakeside workers from, 89
Soper, George
and epidemiology, 122
on corsets, 123
Southeast Asian refugees, Garden City,
Kansas, 91–2
Southwood, Richard, BSE working party,
170–1, 175
Speer, Albert, on Hitler, 145
spinal tissue and offal removal, abattoirs,
175–6
255
Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Com-
mittee (SEAC), 161
Sprunt, Thomas, pernicious anaemia diet, 49
SS, vegetarian, 154, 155, 156–7
St Louis stockyards, 77–8
standards of action, and regulation, 180–1
Starling, E. H., on hormones, 64
stockyard districts, original, 77–8
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, and Beecher, The
American Woman’s Home, 4, 128, 132
Striffler, Steve, 6
Stuart, Tristram, on vegetarianism, 19
Stull, Donald, on communities and meat
processing, 25, 77–94
new-hire training experience, 87
Sturgis, Cyrus, and hog stomach, 57–8
Sudan, Lakeside workers from, 89
Swartz, Mary Davis, on reducing meat con-
sumption, 133
Swift & Co. in Mexico, 103
Swift meatpackers, 65–6
Tanner, Jakob
on workers’ bodies conceptualization, 14
on calorimetric analysis, 15
Terrazas family, Peralvillo slaughterhouse,
103, 105–6
testosterone production development, 67
Teuteberg, H.-J., on meat consumption,
Germany, 146
Text Book of Hygiene, 168
therapeutics, meat and, 22–3
Thoms, Ulrike, on German vegetarianism,
27, 145–57
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 68
thyroxin, isolation, 67
Tiselius, Arne, 74
Toronto stockyards, 77–8
Toronto University, insulin mass produc-
tion, 67
Torres de Rubio, Vicenta, 98
training, meat workers, 84, 87
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
(TSEs), 160
transmission, cross-species, pathogens,
164–6
traumatic shock, zomine experiment, 40–1
trichinosis, 100
256 Meat, Medicine and Human Health in the Twentieth Century
tubercle bacillus, 165–6, 172
tuberculosis
bovine
food issues, 159–60
transmission, 163–4, 165–6, 168–9
raw meat treatment, 33, 35–45
tubercle bacillus, 165–6, 172
tumours, DES and, 184, 187–8
turnover, meat workers, 80, 88–90
Tyson Foods plant, Garden City, Kansas, 92
Tyszka, Carl von
on food as motivation, 156
on meat consumption, Germany, 146
Ukraine, Lakeside workers from, 89
union contracts, breaking/avoidance, 79
union organizing, meat workers, 79, 88
Union, Stockyards, 7
Union Stockyards, Chicago, 101–2
United Kingdom
Copyright
animal welfare legislation, 11–12
bovine tuberculosis
food issues, 159–60
transmission, 163–4, 165–6, 168–9
bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(BSE), 28, 140, 141–2
as animal health issue, 170–3
government and, 29, 159–77
chilled meat imports, 9–10
meat processing industry, 9–10
United States Congressional hearings
DES, 184, 188–96, 201
meatpacking injuries, 81
United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA), 28–9
and retailer naming, 1–2
1950s dietary guidelines, 136
DES expertise, 193
Economic Research Service, 142
Food and Nutrition Service, What’s in a
meal?, 137
Food Pyramid, 137
How to select foods, 135
meat definition, 129
United States government, Family Fare: A
Guide to Good Nutrition, 136–7
United States Public Health Service, DES
expertise, 193
unqualified workers, 84, 85
uric acid, Swartz on, 133
US Veterans Hospital Tuskegee, 55
Valentines extract of meat, 14
vCJD (new variant CJD), 161–3, 167–8
vegetable shortage, Germany, 155
vegetarian products, marketing innovation,
151
vegetarian publications, on meat and cancer,
118
vegetarianism
advocacy, 133
concerns, 12
environmental, 21
German, 27, 145–57
Nazi, as triumph of will, 154, 155
propagation, 18–20
vegetarians
and Life Reform movement, 146, 148
as pioneers, Germany, 154–5
Vegetarische Presse, on Hitler, 152
Vegetarische Warte journal, 152
veterinarians
professionalization, 18
TB localized disease model, 168–70
veterinary medicine, Mexico, 100
Vialles, Noelie, on ‘animal to edible’, 77
virtual-safety approach, drug evaluation, 194
vitamins, discovery, 16
Voit, Carl, 147
Voit standard, protein consumption, 147
Vulpian, Alfred, 35
Waddington, Keir, on Britain and BSE/
CJD, 29, 159–77
Wall Street Journal, on DES implants ban,
179
wartime, meat substitutes, 137–9
waste ‘biotrash’, 64–8, 71, 75–6
Webster County, Kentucky, study, 78
Wells, Gerald, and BSE, 160
Wesley, John, 11
Whipple, George Hoyt, ‘anemic dog colony’,
49–50, 58, 60
Wiesenhof packaged meats, 10
Williams, William Roger, The Natural His-
tory of Cancer, 111, 113, 116, 120
 Index
Wilson meatpackers, 65–6
Woglom, William H., on meat and cancer,
112, 121
women, and nutritional sciences, 127–9
Women’s Health Movement
and regulation, 180, 182
on DES as morning-after pill, 187–8
Wood, Bertha, on liver disguises, 53
workers, meatpacking, 77–94
compensation issues, 84–5
wages, disassembly lines, 77, 79–80
workers’ bodies conceptualization, 14
workhouse reformers, and Voit standard,
147
Copyright
257
working man, German, meat and image, 147
working-class malnutrition, 4
World War II, dietary guidelines revision,
135–6
Yale University, 72
Zeigler, Edwin E., on meat and cancer, 116
Zimmermann, Wilhelm, The Path to Para-
dise, 149
Zomine, 37, 38–44
zomotherapy, 35–44
zoonosis, bovine tuberculosis, 166, 172
Zwanenberg, Saal van, 76