ISO5725-2 STANDARD APPLICATION TO VERIFICATION OF ORTHOPHOTO-BASED

IMPERVIOUS SURFACE AREA AND IMPERVIOUSNESS FACTOR DETERMINATION

B. Hejmanowska, W. Drzewiecki, A. Wrbel

Dept. of Geoinformation, Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing of Environment, AGH University of Science and
Technology, Krakow, Poland (galia, drzewiec, awrobel)@agh.edu.pl

KEY WORDS: Imperviousness Factor, Photointerpretation, Accuracy, IKONOS, Airborne Ortophotomap

ABSTRACT:
The main aim of the research described in the paper was analyse the accuracy of photointerpretation of impervious surface using
IKONOS images and its influence on the imperviousness factor determination. Two kinds of IKONOS image were chosen to tests:
panchromatic and colour pansharp. Airborne ortopho (pixel size of 0.2m) was applied as a reference. Six operators, digitised three
times, two kinds of IKONOS image, on the six test areas (300x300m). Accuracy analysis was performed applying different
parameters, among others: RMS and reproducibility (ISO 5725-2). Then, each test area was grided with 30m pixel size (simulation
Landsat image) and imperviousness factor was in each pixel determined. Mean error for PAN image was ca. 20% and for RGB
image ca. 10%.

1. INTRODUCTION
In many cases traditional land-use / land cover map created
through classification of satellite images does not provide us
with information necessary for evaluation of changes occurring
in the landscape. The process of landscape urbanization can be
given as an example. In this case the changes may be twofold.
What can change is not only the type of land-use (eg. from
agriculture to residential area), but also the level of urbanisation
within the same land-use type. For former the traditional land-
use map is enough, for latter may not. Because what changes
here it is not the land-use type, but the proportions of different
kinds of land cover inside the same land-use class. Very
detailed land-use / land cover map made from high resolution
satellite images or air photos could be proposed in such a case,
but such a map is very laborious and expensive when large area
is taken into consideration. Moreover, this kind of images may
be not available for past years. Continuum-based classification
of medium-resolution satellite images may be seen as a viable
alternative (see e.g. Clapham 2003, Xian and Crane 2005, Xian
2006). As a result of such classification a map of
imperviousness factor is obtained. The imperviousness factor
can be defined as a percentage of the area (e.g. percentage of
the image pixel) covered by impervious surfaces (such as roofs,
asphalt roads, parking lots, etc.).
Medium resolution satellite images have been used for the
assessment of the ground surface imperviousness from 1970s
(see Jackson 1975). Initially the methodology was based on
supervised or unsupervised image classification techniques, but
because of the resolution of these images the results were often
not satisfactory. Then many new approaches have been
developed, including among others artificial neural network,
spectral mixture analysis or regression tree approach. A review
of up-to-date techniques can be found e.g. in Weng (2008). The
accuracy of the imperviousness factor estimation reported in
different studies is usually better then 20 per cent.
Regardless the approach applied, the information about the
impervious surfaces acquired in the field or from higher
resolution data is needed as a training (or calibration) data and
also for accuracy assessment. The field data are rarely available
and in the most cases such information is acquired from digital
aerial or satellite orthophotos. High resolution satellite images
are commonly used for this purpose. Here we comes to the
question about the accuracy of these training and more
importantly validation (or control) datasets. In many cases high
resolution satellite orthoimages are used. Despite our efforts we
werent able to find in literature any assessments of accuracy
for imperviousness factor estimations based on photo
interpretation of high resolution satellite imagery. Actually the
only information about the accuracy of photo interpretation
based imperviousness data was find in Deguchi and Sugio
(1994). They use the aerial photographs in different scales
(from 1:10000 to 1:23000) to obtain the reference dataset. They
report the accuracy of the estimation of imperviousness factor
by visual interpretation of these photographs to be about 10 per
cent. We could expect similar or even worse accuracy of
imperviousness factor derived by visual interpretation of high
resolution satellite imagery. The verification of this assumption
was set as a goal in research presented in our paper.
2. ISO 5725-2 STANDARD AND ITS APPLICATION TO
PHOTO INTERPRETATION
Acquisition of spatial data should be accompanied by
acquisition of information about their quality. In our opinion
information about GIS data accuracy should be seen as one of
the most important metadata, especially if the data are to be
used in financial context as penalty (e.g. Integrated
Administration Control System IACS, in agriculture financial
subsidies in EU) or taxation (e.g. cadastre, sewer waters). A
necessity for such information is also stressed in official
regulations. In the Directive of European Council from 14
March 2007 establishing the Infrastructure for Spatial
Information in the European Community (INSPIRE) we can
find the following statement: metadata in spatial database shall
include information on the quality and validity of spatial data
sets (Chapter II, Metadata, Article 5, p.2 c). GIS data metadata
as defined in ISO 19113 standard contain among others: quality,
spatial accuracy, temporal accuracy and thematic accuracy.

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Usually in cartographic or surveying approaches (e.g. parcel

area determination) data quality (e.g. accuracy of calculated
area) is estimated by RMS. National regulations determine 1
acceptable discrepancies according parcel area, elongation or
calculation method. In case of visual interpretation of remotely
sensed imagery not only factors mentioned above are important. test area
The results are influenced by the process of photo interpretation 2
as well. In this in mind we decided to test another approach 6 5 3
ISO 5725-2 standard usually applied to chemical measurements. 4
ISO 5725-2 gives the basic method for the determination of
repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement
method. It is typically designed for interlaboratory
experiments in order to estimate repeatability and
reproducibility of measurement method (of chemical contents
for example), but it can also be used for other purposes.
Hejmanowska et al. (2005) presented its application to
Cracow/Poland
repeatability and reproducibility assessment of orthophoto-
based measurements done during the experiment for validation Figure 1. Test area (6 rectangles: 300x300m)
of land parcel areas measurement methods. Results of the
research were presented in the final report of the project
supported by Joint Research Centre (JRC) in Ispra in Italy
where. In the report the huge experiment of agriculture parcel
measurements with accuracy assessment was described.
Statistical analyses involved in the project, based on ISO 5725,
were inspired by S.Kay and J.Delinc from JRC. In a typical
application of ISO 5725-2 standard for basic interlaboratory
experiment, samples from q batches of materials representing q
different levels of the content to be measured are sent to p
laboratories. Each laboratory obtains n replicated results under
repeatability conditions for each of the q levels. In the case of
photo interpretation several test areas should be measured on
different days by different operators. Figure 2 Test area no. 1 with 30m grid overlaid on the image,
right also with reference area of impervious surface digitised on
In a typical interlaboratory experiment critical examination of air orthophoto (0.2m - pixel size).
the data is based on a pooling factor: the observations are
grouped according to this factor and mean and standard 4. METHODOLOGY
deviation within a given group is compared to the means and
standard deviations within other groups. Typically the pooling Impervious surface area was digitised on the test area 1, 3, 4
factor is the factor laboratory, because in each laboratory and 6, and pervious surface in the case, when the surface is
replicated results are obtained under repeatability conditions. much smaller then impervious one (test area 2 and 5). Two
For remote sensing applications measurements made by the groups of operators were chosen: 3 specialists and 3 beginners.
same operator on several days can be considered as made under Operator digitised firstly IKONOS PAN (3 times) then
repeatability conditions. As a consequence, the data should be IKONOS RGB (3 times). Finally, specialist digitised
pooled by operators. ortophotomap with pixel size of 0.2 m and reference impervious
surface was collected for each of six test area (Figure 2 right).
Data analysis is composed of 2 parts: accuracy analysis of
3. TEST AREA AND DATA photointerpretation of IKONOS images (PAN, RGB) and
research of its influence on its averaging in 30 m Landsat pixel
Measurement experiment was performed applying the remote size.
sensing images covering region near Cracow, on the south of
Poland. Two kinds of data were applied: IKONOS PAN (called 4.1 Part 1 accuracy analysis of IKONOS
PAN in the paper; pixel size of 1m) and colour IKONOS PAN- photointerpretation
SHAR (called RGB in the paper; pixel size of 1m) registered
7.05.2003 and delivered as 16 bits GEOTIF. Besides, Results of the remote sensing images photointerpretation could
panchromatic airborne orthophoto (0.2m pixel size) generated be compared in different aspects: object recognition (object
from photographs in scale of 1:13 000 was applied as a recognised or no), variation of the border shape or variation of
reference. area of the recognised object. Photointerpretation is both, time
and cost consuming, so there is difficult to find in the literature
Test area is composed of 6 rectangles of 300x300 m (10x10 some information about accuracy of the process, based on
Landsat pixels): 2 dense urban (3rd and 4th test area, ca. 60% of fotointerpretaion made by many operators. Usually
impervious surface), 2 industrial (2nd and 5th, ca. 80% of fotointerpreatation is made once, and it is treated as a reference.
impervious surface and 2 suburban (1st and 6th, ca. 30%), One can assume, that the photointerpretation process is biased
(Figure 1). Test area no. 1 with 30 m grid overlaid on the by operator, and accuracy depends on the experience of the
IKONOS (RGB) image is shown as an example on the figure person performing interpretation. In approach basing on the
(Figure 2). remote sensing, accuracy is usually determined by RMS,
calculated from differences between mean value of

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measurements and singular measurement. Instead of mean, the
true value should be used, if it is accessible. Alternative method,
to RMS, could be also involved to the accuracy assessment,
especially if the experiment is properly prepared and
measurements are repeated by a few operators. In this case, the
experiment is similar to laboratory measurements usually made
in chemical research, precisely determined by ISO standard.
According ISO 5725 Accuracy (trueness and precision) of
measurement methods and results, among others, the following
notation is used: sample, operator, laboratory, equipment,
repeatability and reproducibility. As a sample, in our research
we understand digitised impervious surface on IKONOS, on
each of test area. In the experiment, 6 operators have been
taking part using 2 equipments (IKONOS PAN and RGB). Each
operator is understood as a laboratory, so we have 6
laboratories. Each test area has, as a reference, the impervious
surface area, digitised on the aerial ortophoto. Six operators
digitised PAN/RGB 3 times, so we have 18 measurements for
each test area. Finally, 108 measurements were analysed
because of 6 test area and 18 measurements of one test area. At
the beginning, outliers were found for PAN and RGB images.
According ISO 5725 outliers are found using graphical or
numeric method, Corchan/Grubbs tests. In our research group,
there was no statistician so we identified outliers in traditional
way, as used usually in surveying. Relative differences between
reference area and each measured area were calculated and
histogram of the error was prepared for PAN and RGB (Figure
4). Outliers were defined as 5% of the external measurements
on the histogram. If at least one of measurement is marked as
an outlier, all group of measurements (3 repetitions) are
discarded. After outliers removing, accuracy analysis was
performed.
Assuming y, as a result of measurement of the impervious
surface area for each test area for each measurement, the
following can be written:
y = m + B+ e
where:
m expected value (reference impervious area),
B bias in repeatability condition (difference between measured
area and reference area),
e - random error in repeatability condition.
Variance of B describes between laboratories variance:
var (B) = 2group
where:
group standard deviation (between laboratories).
Variance in repeatability condition for one laboratory is defined
as following:
var (e) = 2l
l standard deviation within group (laboratory), calculated for
the test area digitized 3 times by one operator.
Each operator (laboratory) is described by standard deviation l.
For all operators average variance is calculated, called variance
of repeatability:
2repet=var(e) = 2l .
Finally, accuracy is defined as standard deviation of
reproducibility and it is the sum of the between groups variance
and the within groups variance:
2reprod = 2group + 2repet
where:
group- standard deviation in group (one for one test area),
repet- average standard deviation of repetibility (average of six
standard deviations for each operator).
Results of photointerpretation were validated using ISO
standard and in traditional way basing on RMS. Besides
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absolute RMS [sq m], relative area error (RRMS Relative
Root Mean Square = RMS/reference area with value: 0-100%
or 0-1) was analysed.
4.2 Part 2 - influence of the photointerpretation accuracy
on the imperviousness factor calculated in simulated
Landsat pixel
Landsat classification (e.g. unmixing) requires training area,
obtained from field surveying or from photointerpretation of
VHR images (e.g. IKONOS). In our research, we ask the
question: how does the photointerpretation accuracy influence
on the percent of impervious surface in Landsat pixel?
For each test area, grid of 30m cell size was simulated. Then the
impervious surface area was calculated in the grid. The
procedure was performed for all measurements (18 observations
for each test area) and for the reference. In each simulated
Landsat pixel, area of impervious surface and percent of
impervious surface area in the pixel was calculated for each
measurement and for the reference. The percentage of
impervious surface area in the pixel is called: imperviousness
factor. Reference area and measured area were analysed in 100
pixels for the test area. Analysis was made in two aspects:
comparison to the relative area error (RRMS) calculated
generally for all test areas (data processing described in 4.1 Part
1) and evaluation of the absolute and relative error of
imperviousness factor. Firstly, RRMS of the impervious area
was calculated for each pixel. Then the differences between
percent of impervious cover of the pixel basing on observations
and on reference were calculated. Then, absolute RMS of
imperviousness factor was calculated for each pixel. Finally,
RMMS of impervious surface area was calculated for all pixels.
Accuracy analysis was performed on the Landsat pixel level in
10 groups of imperviousness factor varies from: from 0% to
100% by each 10%.
0 0.41 0.03 0
.05 0.51 0.03 0
.37 0.16 0.4 0.79
.15 0 0.38 0.65
Figure 3 Part of test area no. 1 with overlaid all digitised on
Pansharp colour IKONOS area; each pixel is labelled by
percent of impervious surface [0,1].
5. RESULTS
Initially, all observations for PAN and RGB were statistical
analysed. Histogram of relative area error for PAN and RGB is
on the figure (Figure 4) presented. Mean of the difference
between observed area and reference area (bias of the method)
 The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Vol. XXXVII. Part B4. Beijing 2008

calculated for all observations receive for PAN: -0.11 and for Test Refere reprod
RGB: 0.02. Standard deviation is respectively: 0.23 and 0.17. area nce (mean obs.- (mean.) RRMS
----------
no area ref. area) [%] ref. area (ref.
0.60 [m2] [%] [%] area)
0.50 [%]
1 23103 0.126 0.118 0.105 0.180
fequency [%]

0.40

0.30
PAN 2 14805 -0.026 0.184 0.114 0.168
0.20
RGB
3 52925 -0.025 0.069 0.060 0.070
4 51194 -0.001 0.058 0.056 0.054
0.10
5 19350 -0.051 0.117 0.097 0.113
0.00
6 25664 0.151 0.102 0.105 0.180
(-0.1;0.1]
(-0.6;-0.5]
(-0.5;-0.4]

(-0.4;-0.3]
(-0.3;-0.2]
(-0.2;-0.1]

(0.1;0.2]
(0.2;0.3]
(0.3;0.4]
(0.4;0.5]
(0.5;0.6]
(0.6;0.7]
mean. 0.029 0.108 0.089 0.127

relative error [%] Table 4. Accuracy analysis RGB bias () , standard deviation
(), reproducibility (reprod) and RRMS
Figure 4 Relation between relative area error [%] and its
frequency (histogram of errors for all data). PAN
0.30

Reference group repet reprod reprod

relative area error [%]

0.25
area RRMS
---------- 0.20
[m2] [m2] [m2] [m2] ref. area (ref. area)
[%] [%] 0.15 ISO
RMS
23103 3022 1952 3598 0.156 0.236 0.10

14805 1922 2019 2787 0.188 0.248 0.05

52925 5669 3675 6756 0.128 0.208 0.00
51194 5284 2718 5942 0.116 0.246 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000
19350 1376 1096 1759 0.091 0.178 area [sq m]
25664 2268 2134 3114 0.121 0.180
mean 0.133 0.216
Figure 5 Relation between relative area error, RRMS [%] and
Table 1. Accuracy analysis PAN repeatability, reproducibility test area [ sq m], PAN
and RRMS
RGB
Reference group repet reprod reprod 0.20
area RRMS 0.18
----------
relative area error [%]

[m2] [m2] [m2] [m2] ref. area (ref. area) 0.16

[%] 0.14
[%] 0.12
23103 2105 1212 2429 0.105 0.180 0.10 ISO
0.08
14805 1235 1142 1683 0.114 0.168 0.06
RMS
52925 2091 2395 3179 0.060 0.070 0.04
51194 1840 2194 2863 0.056 0.054 0.02
0.00
19350 1528 1097 1881 0.097 0.113
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000
25664 2037 1754 2688 0.105 0.180
area [sq m]
mean 0.089 0.127

Table 2. Accuracy analysis RGB repeatability, reproducibility Figure 6 Relation between relative area error, RRMS [%] and
and RRMS test area [ sq m], RGB

Test Referenc reprod

area e area (mean (mean.) RRMS 1
----------
no [m2] obs.- ref. [%] (ref.
relative area error [%]

ref. area 0.8

area) [%] area)
[%] [%] 0.6 RGB
1 23103 -0.163 0.212 0.156 0.236 0.4 PAN
2 14805 0.131 0.194 0.188 0.248
3 52925 -0.167 0.159 0.128 0.208 0.2

4 51194 -0.234 0.139 0.116 0.246 0

5 19350 0.115 0.128 0.091 0.178 0 200 400 600 800 1000
6 25664 -0.152 0.117 0.121 0.180 area [sq m]
mean 0.158 0.133 0.216

Table 3. Accuracy analysis PAN bias () , standard deviation Figure 7 Relation between relative area error RRMS [%] and
(), reproducibility (reprod) and RRMS area
[sq m], PAN, RGB (in simulated Landsat pixels, 30m)

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Observations were analysed to identify and discard outliers:
- PAN: 8 outliers (4 groups 12 measurements),
- RGB: 5 outliers (3 groups 9 measurements)
After outliers discarding standard deviations received 0.20
(PAN) and 0.14 (RGB). Repeatability, reproducibility and RMS
for the test areas are for PAN in table (Table 1) presented and in
table (Table 2) for RGB. Comparison between: bias (average
observed area minus reference area), standard deviation (from
the average observed area), reproducibility and RMS is possible
in tables (Table 3, Table 4). Relationships between
reproducibility, RRMS and the test area are shown on the
diagrams (Figure 5 and Figure 6). Mean value of reproducibility
for PAN is equal: 13.3% and respectively RRMS: 21.6%. Better
results were obtained for RGB, mean reproducibility is equal:
8.9% and respectively RRMS: 12.7%. Photointerpretation of
PAN was biased more than RGB (see Table 3 and Table 4).
Mean bias on PAN for test areas 1,3,4,6 (digitized impervious
surface) was -18% and for test areas 2, 5 (digitized pervious
surface): +12.3% (average error of in Table 3 is 16%). It
means that in photointerpretation on PAN impervious surfaces
were underestimated in compare to the reference. This
relationships is not observed on the RGB, bias is smaller than
Before statistical analysis, values of RMS for all test area and
all pixels, were combined into 10 groups depending of the mean
imperviousness factor from 0 to 100% by each 10%. Bias, and
RMS of imperviousness factor are presented in 10 groups for
PAN (Figure 8) and RGB (Figure 9) observations. Maximum
bias in PAN measurements was slightly more then -30%, it
means that operators underestimated impervious areas.
Absolute RMS increases with increasing of imperviousness
factor even more then 35% on IKONOS PAN. IKONOS
PANSHARP (RGB) allowed obtaining much better results
(Figure 9), small, neglected bias and RMS in some cases only
slightly more then 10%.
Finally, the RRMS of impervious surface area was calculated in
each pixels for comparison to the RRMS of impervious surface
area calculated for all test area (compare Figure 5, 6 and Figure
10,11). In the analysis the value of the impervious area should
be take into consideration, Fig, 5, 6: 10 000 60 000 sq m, and
Figure 10, 11: 0 900 sq m.
0.40
0.30

on PAN, varies from minus to plus values and mean of RRMS 0.20
is 2.9% (Table 4). Relationships between the RRM and test area 0.10
are presented for PAN and RGB on the diagrams, respectively BIAS PAN
0.00
on Figure 5 and Figure 6. The bias, appearing in the PAN RMS PAN
observations, is possible to be seen on the figure Figure 5 as a
)

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shift of RRMS up to the reproducibility (ISO). This
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phenomenon is not, in this scale, observed in RGB observations
-0.30
(compare Figure 5 and Figure 6). For example, RRMS for the
test area 3 and 4 is almost equal to the reproducibility, and the -0.40

bias is small.

The figures: Figure 7 - Figure 11 show the accuracy analysis of Figure 8 Relation between the absolute errors of
data, in simulated Landsat pixels (30m). Relation between the imperviousness factor: RMS, bias and the imperviousness factor
RRMS, relative area error of impervious surface in the pixel, combined into 10 groups, PAN
and reference area of impervious surface is presented on
diagram (Figure 7). Usually, the absolute area error increases 0.40
with increasing of the measured area, but simultaneously
0.30
RRMS is decreasing. The relationship is valid for the area from
digitalisation of remote sensing images or surveying. It is easy 0.20

to be observed in the case of cadastre parcels. Our object of 0.10

interest was however other. There are in fact many polygons, 0.00
BIAS RGB
analysed totally in test areas (Figure 5 and Figure 6). Therefore, RMS RGB
)

-0.10
the tendency of decreasing of RRMS with the area is slightly to
.1

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be noticed on the diagram (Figure 5) and better in the RGB

[0

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[0

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-0.20
observations (Figure 6). The total measured impervious areas in -0.30
test areas are varying between 10 000 60 000 sq m, and the
-0.40
RRMS varies from 6%, in RGB, to even 25 % in PAN
observations.
Figure 9 Relation between the absolute errors of
Analysing the same relationship in grid of 30m, we could obtain imperviousness factor: RMS, bias and the imperviousness factor
even huge error for small areas heading to zero, because in this combined into 10 groups, RGB
case RRMS heads to infinity. Maximum area in grid 30m is
9000 sq m, so in Landsat pixel impervious area varies from 0
to 900m, and RRMS varies in range of zero to infinity. But the
decreasing tendency with area is noticeable on Figure 7 , even
in the cloud of points. On the other hand we use results of
photointerpretation as a test area in Landsat image classification.
Therefore, we compared imperviousness factor calculated for
pixel on the basis on all observations and on the reference.
Usually we assume result of one photointerpretation as a
reference. In our research we have 18 measurements because 6
operators digitised the area 3 times.

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applying it, as a reference in Landsat classification. In our

1
0.9
experiment, we obtained also less accuracy for panchromatic
0.8 image than for colour one:
0.7
0.6
RRMS - PAN - mean RMS of imperviousness factor: 18%,
0.5
SD (RRMS) mean bias: -10%,
0.4
0.3 - RGB - mean RMS of imperviousness factor: 12%,
0.2 mean bias: -4%.
0.1
0 Accuracy obtained from IKONOS RGB is comparable to the
results published by Deguchi and Sugio (1994). Results from
)

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panchromatic images were significant worse then obtained from
[0

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[0

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Figure 10 Relation between RRMS and standard deviation of
RRMS of impervious surface area and the imperviousness
factor combined into 10 groups, PAN
the colour images. Some explanation might be the spectral
range of panchromatic channel of IKONOS covering also infra
red, vegetations on the PAN image is bright and might be
misrecognised as a bright concrete cover (or against). Generally,
colour image contains more information useful for impervious
surface recognition.

1
0.9 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
0.8
0.7 This research was done in frame of the project Multitemporal
0.6
RRMS remote sensing imagery based evaluation of spatial changes of
0.5
0.4
SD (RRMS) land-use and landscape functions for landscape planning
0.3 activities support; (N526029 32/2621) financed by the Polish
0.2 Ministry of Science and Higher Education.
0.1
0
)

REFERENCES
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[0

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[0

[0

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[0

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[0

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[0

[0

Clapham, W. B., Jr., 2003. Continuum-based classification of

Figure 11 Relation between RRMS and standard deviation of
RRMS of impervious surface area and the imperviousness
factor combined into 10 groups, RGB
6. CONCLUSIONS
According measurements experiment and statistical analysis the
following conclusions could be drawn out:
1. Accuracy of manual photointerpretation of panchromatic
IKONOS was describe by:
- mean relative area error (RRMS): 22%,
- average bias: 16%,
- mean reproducibility: 13%.
2. Accuracy of manual photointerpretation of IKONOS
PANSHARP was describe by:
- mean relative area error (RRMS): 13%,
- mean bias: 3%,
- mean reproducibility: 9%.
In our experiment, panchromatic IKONOS allowed for the
impervious surface interpretation with less accuracy in compare
to the colour IKONOS PAN-SHARP.
Accuracy of photointerpretation influences on the value of
imperviousness factor, calculated in 30m grid and later on
remotely sensed imagery to describe urban sprawl on a
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