ANOVA one-way classification

H0: There is homogeneity among the means i.e 1 = 2 == k

H1: There is no homogeneity among the means i.e 1 2 k

Appropriate level of significance is % (given/chosen)

To test the above hypotheses the procedure is as follows :

Calculations:
Row sum of squares(R.S.S) X i ,
2
where X i is the i th observation
G2
Correction factor (C.F) ,
N
where G is the Grand total
and N is the no.of observations in the entire expt.
Sum of Squares due to Total(S.S. T) ST2 R.S.S - C.F

Ti2
Sum of Squares due to Treatments(S.S.tr) S2tr - C.F,
ni
Ti i th row total,
n i no.of.obvsin i th row
Sum of Squares due to Error(S.S.E) Se2 S.S.T - S.S.tr ST2 S2tr
Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean Sum of Variance
Variation Squares freedom Squares Ratio
Treatments S 2tr k-1 S2 s 2
s 2tr tr F tr2 ~ Fk 1, N k
k 1 se
Error S e2 N-k S2
s e2 e
N-k
Total S T2 N-1 --------- ------------------------

Inference:
If Fcal F,k-1,N-k, We reject H0. Otherwise we accept H0.

Problem 1.
Suppose 3 drying formulas for curing a glue are studied and the following times
are observed. Carry out ANOVA one-way classification at 5% L.O.S and comment
Formula A 13 10 8 11 8
Formula B 13 11 14 14
 Formula C 4 1 3 4 2 4
Sol:-
H0: There is homogeneity among the means i.e A = B = C
H1: There is no homogeneity among the means i.e A B C
Appropriate level of significance is 5% (given)
Ti Ti2/ni
Formula A 13 10 8 11 8 --- 50 500
Formula B 13 11 14 14 --- --- 52 676
Formula C 4 1 3 4 2 4 18 54
2
G=120 Ti /ni= 1230
Row sum of squares(R.S.S) X i 1262
2

G2 1052
Correction factor (C.F) 960
N 15
Sum of Squares due to Total(S.S. T) ST2 R.S.S - C.F 973 - 735 302
Ti2
Sum of Squares due to Treatments(S.S.tr) S2tr - C.F 1230 - 960 270
ni
Sum of Squares due to Error(S.S.E) Se2 S.S.T - S.S.tr ST2 S2tr 302 270 32
Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean Sum of Variance
Variation Squares freedom Squares Ratio
Treatments 270 2 135
(Formulae) 50.625
Error 32 12 2.667
Total 302 14

Inference
The table value of F at 5% level of significance for(2,12) d.f is 3.89
{F,k-1,N-k=F0.05,2,12=3.89}

Fcal > Ftab, We reject H0. Hence we conclude that A B C

R-Program
> formula<-c(13,10,8,11,8,13,11,14,14,4,1,3,4,2,4)
> name<-c("A","A","A","A","A","B","B","B","B","C","C","C","C","C","C")
> anova1way<-aov(formula~name)
> summary(anova1way)
 Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
name 2 270 135.00 50.62 1.42e-06 ***
Residuals 12 32 2.67

Problem 2.
As a part of investigation of the collapse of the roof of a building, a testing
laboratory is given all the available bolts that connected the steel structure at 3
different positions on the roof. The faces required to sheer each of these bolts are
as follows. Perform an ANOVA to test at 0.05 L.O.S whether the differences
among the sample means at the 3 positions are significant.
Position 1 90 82 79 98 83 91
Position 2 105 89 93 104 89 95 86
Position 3 83 89 80 94
Sol:-
H0: There is homogeneity among the means i.e 1 = 2 = 3
H1: There is no homogeneity among the means i.e 1 2 3
Appropriate level of significance is 5% (given)
Ti Ti2/ni
Position 1 90 82 79 98 83 91 523 45,588.17
Position 2 105 89 93 104 89 95 86 661 62,417.28
Position 3 83 89 80 94 346 29,929.00
G=1530 Ti2/ni=1,37,934.45
Row sum of squares(R.S.S) X i 1,38,638
2

G2 15302
Correction factor (C.F) 1,37,700
N 17
Sum of Squares due to Total(S.S. T) ST2 R.S.S - C.F 1,38,638 1,37,700 938
Ti2
Sum of Squares due to Treatments(S.S.tr) S2tr - C.F 1,37,934.45 - 1,37,700 234.45
ni
Sum of Squares due to Error(S.S.E) Se2 S.S.T - S.S.tr ST2 S 2tr 938 234.45 703.55
Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean Sum of Variance
Variation Squares freedom Squares Ratio
Treatments 234.45 2 117.225
(Formulae) 2.333
Error 703.55 14 50.253
Total 938 16
Inference
The table value of F at 5% level of significance for(2,14) d.f is
{F,k-1,N-k=F0.05,2,14= 3.74}
Fcal > Ftab, We reject H0. Hence we conclude that 1 2 3

R-Program

> values<-c(90,82,79,98,83,91,105,89,93,104,89,95,86,83,89,80,94)
> position<-c("p1","p1","p1","p1","p1","p1","p2","p2","p2","p2","p2","p2","p2","p3","p3","p3","p3")

> bsr<-aov(values~position)
> summary(bsr)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
position 2 234.5 117.23 2.333 0.134
Residuals 14 703.5 50.25