ORGAN OF SIGHT EYEBALL

-located in the orbital cavity
Orbital Cavity
- has a conical or pyramidal shape
- four-sided pyramidal space
- tapers as it goes to the posterior part of the
orbital cavity
- contents:
1. Eyeball
2. Accessory Organs
ACCESSORY ORGANS
1. Lacrimal Apparatus
-consists of the:
Lacrimal gland
-located superolaterally
-main function is to secrete tears
Lacrimal canaliculi/ Lacrimal duct
-short ducts, upper and lower, that will
receive the secretions coming from the
lacrimal gland
-opens at the lacrimal punctum (summit of
the papilla)
Lacrimal sac
-lacrimal duct drains here
-occupies the lacrimal fossa
-continues inferiorly as nasolacrimal duct
-occupies the anterior portion of the orbital cavity
-spherical structures
-have 3 coats that enclose the 4 refractive media
-lodged into the orbital cavity and is embedded
into the fat and connective tissue
3 Coats:
1) Fibrous Coat
-divided into the:
Cornea (1/6)
-also considered as a refractive media
because bends the light rays and
focuses them on the retina
Sclera (5/6)
-gives the shape of eye
-serves as attachment for the intrinsic
muscles of the eye
-provides for the physical protection,
mechanical support for the eye, as well as
attachment for the external muscles of the
eye
2) Vascular Coat
-contains the:
Ciliary Body
-ciliary body is the continuation of choroid
-composed of the ciliary ring, ciliary
processes, and ciliary muscles

Nasolacrimal duct o Ciliary Muscles

-opens into the inferior nasal opening -considered as an intrinsic muscle of
the eye
Lacrimal Fold / Valve of Hasner -responsible for the process of
-valve that guides the opening of the accommodation
nasolacrimal duct into the nose -if you are looking at a distant object,
lens become flat but if you are
Flow of Tears looking at a close object, the lens
1. Lacrimal gland contracts
2. Ducts from gland
3. Conjunctiva More than 6 meters- lens are
4. Conjunctiva drains into lacrimal canaliculi relaxed
5. Lacrimal Sac
6. Nasolacrimal duct Less than 6 meters- lens have
more contraction
Blinking
-Action that facilitates the spread of secretion from o Ciliary Rings
the eye -these are the vascular and the
nervous part of the ciliary body
 o Ciliary Process
-this is the margin of the lens and the
peripheral boundary of iris
Choroid
-for vascular functions
-contains the papillary networks that will
provide nutrients and oxygen to the retina
Iris
-the central aperture of the iris is called the
pupil
-sudden exposure of light will cause this to
constrict
-Less light will result to dilation
-pupil diameter is caused by the iris muscle
Optic Disc / Optic Papilla
-indicates the entry of the optic nerve to
the retina
-area of physiologic blind spot because
there are no receptor cells
Ora Serrata
-scalloped anterior margin of the retina
-junction between retina and ciliary body
-functions in the production of aqueous
humor
Optic Nerve (CN I)
-main function is to carry electrical
impulses into the retina to the occipital
lobes

Sympathetic- dilate Refractive Media

Parasympathetic- constrict -enclosed by the 3 layers
-composed of the Cornea, Lens, Aqueous
o Iris muscle humor, and Vitreous humor
- controls the pupil diameter a. Cornea
-contracts depending on the amount
of light received b. Aqueous humor
-fills the anterior and posterior
3) Neural Tunic or Retina chamber
-derived from optic nerve
o Optic disk and Ora Serrata Functions:
-part where it is attached to the eye provides nutrients and
-has 2 layers: immunoglobulins or antibodies
Outer layer- in contact with the choroid removes waste products from
Inner layer- in contact with the retina anterior chamber of the eye
proper helps in focusing light

Retina Proper -Anterior chamber is bounded by:

-contains the photoreceptors (rods and cones) i. Iris
a) Rods ii. Lens- posterior
-functions when its night iii. Cornea anterior
-night vision
-Posterior chamber is bounded by:
b) Cones i. Iris- anterior
-functions when its day ii. Ciliary body- lateral
-daylight vision iii. Vitreous Body- posterior
iv. Lens- center
Macula Lutea
-area of highest visual acuity c. Crystalline Lens
-the depression on its center is called the -transparent biconvex disk between
Fovea Centralis, which contains the the iris in front and the vitreous body
highest concentration of cone behind
 -this is the one that changes in shape
depending on the forces exerted by
the ciliary muscle
-focuses the light entering into at the
eye into the papilla of the retina

d. Vitreous Body
-gives shape to the eye
-located behind the lens
-jelly-like substance and is mainly
filled with water

MUSCLES OF THE EYES

Intrinsic Muscles
Ciliary
Iris

Extrinsic Muscles of the Eye

-attached to sclera of the eye

4 Recti Muscles
o Superior
- directs pupil towards the medial
o Lateral
- directs pupil towards the lateral
or opposite side
-supplied by Abducens Nerve
-

2 Oblique Muscles
o Superior Oblique
- rotates the eyeball and directs the
pupil laterally and downward
-supplied by Trochlear Nerve

o Inferior Oblique
- rotates the eyeball and directs the
pupil laterally and upward
-supplied by Oculomotor Nerve

Levator PalpebraSuperioris
-elevates eye
-part of the muscle of facial expression