i;;..-.

:;
p
~~~~~~

~ \q'1 ~fc;s,
.. CRUISE PROPOSAL:
C-"J- . AN OCEAN BOTTOM AND LAND
SEISMOGRAPH SURVEY ON THE
AUSTRALIAN NORTH WEST
SHELF

BMRP

By

CLIVE COLLINS & CHAo-SHING LEE

'RECORD 1995/81

- ,


Cruise Proposal:

An Ocean Bottom and Land Seismograph Survey

on the Australian North West Shelf

by

Clive Collins and Chao-Shing Lee

Australian Geological Survey Organisation

Record 1995/81

December 1995

DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES AND ENERGY

Minister for Resources: Hon. David BeddalL MP

Secretary: Greg Taylor

AUSTRALIAN GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ORGANISATION

Executive Director: Neil Williams

Commonwealth of Australia 1995

ISSN: 1039-0073
ISBN: 0 642 22390 4

This work is copyright. Apart from any fair dealings for the purposes of study, research,
criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by

any process without written permission. Copyright is the responsibility of the Executive
Director, Australian Geological Survey Organisation. Requests and inquiries concerning

reproduction and rights should be directed to the Principal Information Officer, Australian
Geological Survey Organisation, GPO Box 378, Canberra City, ACT, 2601.

It is recommended that this pUblication is referred to as:

COLLINS, C.D.N. & LEE, C-S, 1995 - Cruise Proposal: An Ocean Bottom and Land

Seismograph Refraction Survey on the Australian North West Shelf. Australian Geological

Survey Organisation, Record 1995/81.

CONTENTS

Page

SUMMARY 1

INTRODUCTION 2

OBJECTIVE 3

OCEAN BOTTOM SEISMOGRAPH 4

LAND SEISMOMETER 8

CRUISE PLAN 9

LAND SURVEY PLAN 10

DATA PROCESSING PLAN 10

STAFF REQUIREMENT 11

REFERENCES

12

TABLES

1. Location of Transects
2. Specifications of UTIG's OBS
13
13

3. OBS Operational Time Requirement 16

FIGURES

1. Location of refraction traverses and suggested locations of land stations 17

2. Proposed locations of OBS on Carnarvon Transect 18

3. Proposed locations of OBS on Canning Transect

4. Proposed locations of OBS on Browse Transect
19
20

5. Proposed locations of OBS on Petrel Transect

6. Proposed locations of OBS on Vulcan-Ashmore Transect
21
22

7. Simplified velocity model of Canning Transect with proposed OBS locations 23

8. Ray paths to western-most (Distance = 0 km) OBS on Canning Transect

9. Computed travel-time curves for OBS: Distance = 0 km, Canning Transect
10. Computed travel-time curves for OBS: Distance = 200 km, Canning Transect
11. Simplified velocity model, Carnarvon Transect with proposed OBS locations
24
25
26
27

12. Simplified velocity model, Petrel Transect with proposed OBS locations 28

111

SUMMARY

During December 1995-January 1996 the Australian Geological Survey Organisation (AGSO)
will conduct a seismic refraction survey of the North West Shelf. The AGSO research ship RN

Rig Seismic will deploy Ocean-Bottom Seismographs (OBSs) along five transects. Three
transects will cross the entire continental margin, extending from the coast to beyond the

continent-ocean boundary. These transects are located in the northern Carnarvon Basin, the

offshore Canning Basin and the Browse Basin. The fourth transect will cross the Petrel Sub-
Basin, and the fifth transect will cross the Vulcan-Ashmore Troughs.

The main objectives of the refraction survey are to: a) obtain the P-wave velocity structure of the

major crustal elements along the transects so that depth conversion of the reflection profiles can

be better constrained; b) measure the depth to basement; particularly in the deepest sections, and
provide some constraints on the nature of the basement, c) identify major intra-crustal

boundaries, and in particular, the crust-mantle boundary so that the crustal thickness can be
mapped; and d) provide detailed velocities (including shear-wave velocities) within certain key

features along the transects to determine the lithology, such as the presence of volcanics. These

results will be used to constrain geodynamic and thermal modelling of the North West Shelf
passive margin.

Fifteen OBSs from the University of Texas Institute for Geophysics (UTIG) at Austin, Texas,

and four OBSs from the National Taiwan Ocean University, (NTOU) at Keelung, Taiwan, will

be deployed. Six land seismic recorders will be placed onshore at the ends of the traverses to
extend the maximum shot-station offsets and to provide control at the onshore ends of the

traverses. The Rig Seismic's air-gun array will be used as the seismic source for both the OBSs
and land recorders.

A total of 90 OBS stations and 10 land stations are planned for this survey. Based on the results

of ray-path modelling, the aBS stations will be deployed along the five transects with a spacing

between 5 and 30 km. In addition, we will also deploy OBSs along a short strike line through the
proposed ODP drill sites in the Argo Abyssal Plain, and possibly around a salt structure in the

Petrel Sub-Basin. The total time required to finish this survey, including transits and port calls, is
40 days.

INTRODUCTION

It is increasingly recognised that on many continental margins several episodes of rifting and sag,

which can be related to a variety of different extensional styles and episodes, are commonly

involved in modifying the continental lithosphere over periods of 300 Ma or more prior to break-
up. Understanding the mechanical evolution of continental margins and their basins is essential

for offshore environmental and resource management.

During the last 5 years, AGSO's Continental Margin Program commenced a major program of

regional deep seismic reflection acquisition (- 50-100 km grid and 12-16 seconds of two-way
travel time) over all the main basins of the North West Shelf (AGSO North West Shelf Study

Group, 1994; Figure 1). Currently about 40,000 km of deep seismic data has been collected, and
provides a unique data set for imaging the gross geometry of crustal structures and features that

have controlled the development of the margin and its basins. However, these images are in

two-way time, and because the reflection method provides only poor constraints on seismic
velocity, particularly at depth, conversion of seismic images to a meaningful true-depth section is

problematic. Moreover, the lack of good velocity information also means that the lithology and
compositions of imaged features are poorly constrained.

To overcome these problems and set the scene for major advances in our understanding of the
North West Shelf, AGSO will use Ocean Bottom Seismograph (OBS) and land seismometer

stations to record large-offset seismic arrivals from the Rig Seismic air-gun arrays (Lee and
Collins, 1995).

AGSO will conduct the first OBS cruise on the North West Shelf in December 1995 - January

1996. The plan is to collect 5 transects of seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection data along

existing deep crustal seismic reflection profiles as well as record data on land seismometer
stations (Figure 1). These 5 transects (the Carnarvon, Canning, Browse, Petrel and Vulcan

transects; Table 1) are widely spread along the North West Shelf continental margin in order to
image the nature of deep-buried crust and map the Moho, basement and ocean-continent

transition structures. The data will provide us with another dimension to our understanding of

the deep crustal structure beneath the Australian continental margin and its relationship to major
tectonic events.

The use of OBS is a new technique for AGSO and it will also be the first time that such

technology and such an approach has been used in Australia. OBS are not commercially

available, and only a few research institutes in the world have developed and built these
instruments. After an extensive period of evaluation, the OBS designed by the University of

Texas, Institute for Geophysics (UTIG) was found to be the most cost-effective instrument for
AGSOs program, with great potential for future development, and with potential use for other

applications (eg, ocean bottom earthquake monitoring, seismic tomography and magnetic

observatory). France and Taiwan have both joined with UTIG to construct OBS and there is now
a growing pool of these instruments.

AGSO has borrowed 15 OBS from UTIG and 4 from the National Taiwan Ocean University

(NTOU) to carry out the survey. Both universities cooperated on an OBS cruise off Taiwan in

August - September this year. This provided a model for the North West Shelf cruise, and Chao-
Shing Lee and Jack Pittar of AGSO participated in it to gain the necessary experience in the use

of OBSs. The majority of the instruments arrived in AGSO in October this year. Since then, the
OBS team has undertaken cruise preparation.

The seismic source for this survey will be the air-gun arrays deployed by Rig Seismic. This array
comprises twenty 150 Cu. inch sleeve guns in a tuned array, with up to an additional 12 spare
guns. All guns will be used whenever possible (a total of 4800 Cu. inch; 78.6 litres), particularly
at the furthest offsets. The minimum array size will be 20 guns (3000 Cu. inch; 49.1 litres).
11^

OBJECTIVES

The regional deep reflection profiles generally show excellent structural detail in the
sedimentary section down to about 5-7 seconds, and in some areas good reflections down to the
crust mantle boundary. However, in many areas, the basement, mid- to deep crustal structures
and crust-mantle boundary is poorly defined, if at all. Moreover, without additional information
1111^which relates directly to rock type, such as seismic velocity, the interpretation of many deep
reflection boundaries is uncertain. The seismic velocity is also needed to convert the reflection
times to depths of boundaries. Such primary parameters as the total thickness of the sedimentary
section, the variation of crustal thickness and the lithology represented by the deep seismic
images (eg. are some deep reflective bodies sedimentary or volcanic?) have major implications
for models of the tectonic structure and history of the North West Shelf passive margin.

The reflection method cannot give reliable velocities at depths below a few kilometres. This is
primarily because of the relatively short length of the recording spread compared to the depths of

the boundaries, the lack of coherent reflectors within basement, and the low energy of vertical
1111^reflections from deep boundaries. These limitations can be overcome by recording out to large
distances from the shots with stand-alone recording systems such as OBSs and land refraction
recorders. The reflected energy increases as the angle of incidence on the boundary increases at
large distances, and these wide-angle reflections are generally more coherent at the lower
frequencies recorded at these distances. Also, at sufficiently large distances, refracted energy is
recorded which has travelled laterally through the crustal layers, thus providing a direct measure
of the velocity within the layers.

To address the need for velocities and to complement the structural information in the reflection
profiles, the major objectives of the refraction recording will be to:

Obtain the P-wave velocities of the major crustal layers along 5 representative transects
across the North West shelf passive margin, so that depth conversion of the reflection profiles
can be better constrained,
Identify the base of the sedimentary section, particularly in the deepest section where this
cannot be identified in the reflection profiles,
Identify major intra-crustal boundaries, and in particular, the crust-mantle boundary, so that
changes in crustal thickness can be mapped,
Provide detailed velocities within certain key features along the transects to identify the
111^ lithology, such as the presence of volcanics,
Record S-wave velocities to constrain the interpretation in terms of the petrology, and
To link the offshore and onshore crustal structure by deploying onshore recorders as well as
1111^the OBSs.
The refraction results will also be used by the Australian Geodynamic Cooperative Research
Centre (AGCRC) Program III sub-project (Tectono-Stratigraphic Evolution of the North West
Shelf) to constrain geodynamic and thermal modelling of the North West Shelf. The AGCRC
3
a will model each of the four main OBS transects as a representative section of each major
compartment of the North West Shelf. In addition to the main objectives, the refraction results
will have an input to resolving the following questions:

The present and past relationship between the major crustal blocks, which are in part

characterised by their velocity structure;

The role of upper/lower crustal decoupling, which may be identified by lateral changes in
intra-crustal boundaries;
The nature of the crustal structure under the major depocentres and its influence on their
formation;

The post-break up thermal history of the margin, deduced from the crustal and sediment
thickness, the presence of volcanics, and underplating;
The existence of a Cretaceous "super-plume" (deduced from present day mantle velocities)
and its role in the subsidence of the Exmouth Plateau.

Apart from the objectives listed above which are common to all transects, the refraction results
will also target some specific questions on each transect. The Carnarvon transect will address the
nature of the Enderby Terrace and the Lewis Trough, and in particular the basement structures
underlying the Lewis Trough; also, the significance of the basement highs on the outer Exmouth
Plateau (Stagg and Colwell, 1994). The Canning transect will address the nature and significance
of the Bedout High, and the apparent inconsistency between the low gravity anomaly and lack of
magnetic expression with the inferred presence of intrusives (Colwell and Stagg, 1994). The
velocity structure along this transect should also provide data to explain the relative thicknesses
of the Triassic and Jurassic sediments, and the significant (3 km) subsidence at 80 Ma.

The Browse transect was chosen so as to cross the entire basin, out the continent-ocean
boundary. This will be compared to the only other line on the North West Shelf with substantial
refraction data available (Line 119/4 in the Browse Basin; Symonds and others, 1994), which has
an apparently different style of extension. The Petrel Sub-Basin has had a high degree of thermal
subsidence over a period of 340 My; defining the nature of the basement, and apparent extreme
attenuation of the crust, may help explain this event. Refraction data may also explain the
significance of the central gravity anomaly in the basin, the nature of the high-displacement ramp
margins, and the geometry and depth of origin of large salt diapirs. The Vulcan transect crosses
the gravity expression of the proposed North West Shelf Mega-Shear; the velocity structure may
define the nature of this feature.

OCEAN BOTTOM SEISMOGRAPH

AGSO has borrowed 19 OBSs to conduct this survey, 15 from UTIG and 4 from NTOU. These
OBSs are of similar design (Nakamura and others, 1987) and a general description of them
follows (Table 2):

The Pressure Vessel

The pressure vessel is a 43 cm diameter glass sphere made by Benthos and rated to a depth of
7000 m. It comprises two hemispheres which seal together by water pressure alone. The mating

surfaces are finely ground glass and require no gaskets, etc. They must be aligned as delivered
from the factory by means of a mark on both hemispheres, and only the original pair of
hemispheres can be used with each other. Small chips on the edges of the surfaces are a common
111^ 4
a
I

occurrence especially during the first deployments; the sphere will seal provided at least half the
thickness of the mating surfaces remains intact. The thickness of the glass is about 1.3 cm.

The sphere is pierced by 6 drilled holes. Five are electrical connections: ground, serial
communication with CPU and recording medium, clock communication, the release mechanism,

and for optional hydrophone. One is a vacuum port for evacuating sphere and filling with dry
111^nitrogen. There is a magnetic switch to wake up the sphere from outside after it has been sealed
and another switch for resetting the back-up release clock.

The electronics and recorder assembly is mounted in the lower hemisphere by three bolts onto
three rubber flanges. The hemispheres are strapped together with two stainless steel straps and
screw fittings. The mating surfaces of the hemispheres are cleaned with solvents and lint-free
tissues before alignment and assembly. A special putty tape from Benthos is wound around the
outside of the join, and wide plastic insulation tape wound over that. The purpose of these is to
prevent leakage while the sphere is near the surface before it is sealed by the pressure in deep
water. Two other steel straps attach the sphere to a lower yellow plastic hemispherical outer
shell. This has weights attached at the bottom so the sphere will float upright on the surface. The
total weight of the sphere and its contents is 32 kg.

The sphere is attached to the anchor frame by three lengths of bungee chord. One end of each
I^chord is looped over the triangle of stainless steel release wire on top of the sphere and the other
end tied to the anchor.

I^Sensors
Three channels record the outputs from a 3-component 4.5 Hz Mark Products L15, gimbal
mounted. seismometers They are mounted within a perspex cylindrical container glued to the
base of the sphere and filled with high viscosity Dow Corning silicone oil.

A fourth channel is used to record an external hydrophone. This is useful for deriving the source
wavelet from the direct water wave. In order to prevent the water leakage, a special deep water
hydrophone is necessary.
11^
Recording Media

The recording medium is either a 524 Mb disc drive (UTIG) or a 220 Mb disc drive (NTOU).
Both the Toshiba 6 cm disc drives have the same dimensions. Being SCSI devices, more than
one drive can be used in each OBS. The disc drives shut down completely between writes. To
write 0.5 Mb to disc drive requires about 20 seconds, from spin-up to stop. Gaps in the data of
approximately 20 seconds occur during the downloading from memory to disc drive. The data is
downloaded from the drive after recovery of the OBS, or the whole disc drive can be swapped if
spares are available.
11
Power Requirements

There are 9 power sources in the UTIG's OBS. These sources are supplied by lithium D cells,
alkaline C and AA cells. The power source and quantity of the batteries are as follows:

1. CPU batteries - 9 alkaline D cells for each OBS would be sufficient for the entire survey.

The quantity of the required batteries are 9x3x19 = 513 cells.
5

a
a^2. Disk Drive batteries - 8 cells per OBS are needed for the duration of the survey. 8x3x19 =
456 alkaline D cells are required.
3. Hydrophone batteries - Two 9v alkaline batteries should last for 4 deployments with a relay
controlled on time of 36 hours for each of 15 UTIG units. 2x3x15 = 90 PP3 alkaline
batteries are needed.
4. Power on/off relay battery - 2 are required per unit. With such little usage, the present
installed batteries should last the survey. 2x3 AA cells needed.
5. Strobe battery - One set of 2 lithium D cells for each OBS unit. 2x19 = 38 lithium D cells
11^needed.
6. Main release - One set of 4 lithium D cells should last the survey for each of 19 units. 4x19
= 76 lithium D cells needed.
7. Backup timer - One set of 3 lithium D cells should do the survey. 3x19 = 69 lithium D cells
needed.
1^8. Radio Beacons - One set of 4 alkaline C cells should do the survey. 4x19 = 76 alkaline C
cells required.
9. Radio direction finders - One set of 2 off PP3 alkaline batteries for each of 2 direction
finders. six PP3 alkaline batteries needed.

1111^Processor
The microprocessor used is a Tattletale 7 based on an 8088 chip, which uses a 14 bit A/D board.
Anti-aliasing high-cut filters can be changed by unplugging resistor blocks from the main board.

111^Timing

The OBS clock is calibrated for drift with temperature when the OBS is constructed. There are
two linear drift curves which need to be considered for each deployment: one at room
temperature when the OBS is on the surface, and one at the sea bottom temperature when the
OBS is deployed. The sea temperature at the bottom is around 2-4 degrees C. The OBS takes
about 2 hours to equilibrate to temperature at the bottom. Also, there is a slight rise in
I^temperature when the OBS is working compared to when it is sleeping.
The time is set when the sphere is bolted together, and then checked before deployment. Time is
noted on recovery. The time standard for setting up is a UPS clock. The clock used for setting
time and checking time must have output including milliseconds. The internal clock only returns
times at 0.1 second intervals (but is accurate to milliseconds). Note that when it is set initially, it
is only to the nearest second - no attempt is made to synchronise it with the time standard.

The CPU timing is by separate clock, so that the sample intervals may not be correct in terms of
real time as defined by the main clock. There are procedures in the post processing routines
which correct for this discrepancy.

A backup clock is provided for the release mechanism. It is set to release after a certain period of
time. It increments in 1 hour increments. To test it, this can be changed to 1 second increments so
that it can rapidly go through its time period. It has a separate power supply.
111

6
^

a Anchor

The anchor is made from welded water pipe. It is a square frame with a ring mounted centrally to
hold the sphere. Short spikes on the bottom may be used to couple to the sea floor. It weighs 50
kg.
IN^

111^Release Mechanism

The only release mechanism is by electrolytic dissolution of a stainless steel wire triggered at a
preset time by the CPU. A backup clock is provided in case of failure of the CPU and can be set
to an independent time of release if required. A few milliamps is required to dissolve the wire,
which takes about 4-5 minutes.

The stainless steel wire is 90 kg breaking strength fishing leader wire (about 2 mm diameter)
formed into a triangle approximately 7 cm to a side. It is covered by special sealing heat-shrink,
except for two small sections which are left bare. The wire is made into a closed loop by twisting
together and soldering after thorough cleaning with phosphoric acid, and attached to a lead which
is plugged into one of the ports through the sphere. Note that the three bungee chords are pulled
as tight as they will stretch and exert a very large force on the steel triangle; the triangle breaks
catastrophically when it thins enough from dissolution.

The circuit is completed through the sea water by the ground wire coming through the sphere. It
is looped under one of the steel straps holding the sphere to increase the surface area. Note that
this release mechanism will not work in fresh water.

111^Deployment
Preparation for deployment consists of programming, clock setting, drift correction, bolting
electronics/recording assembly to lower sphere, strapping both halves of sphere together, sealing
outside, evacuating and flushing with dry nitrogen (repeated 2-3 times), strapping plastic lower
111^protective hemispherical base, tying to anchor with bungee chords and stainless steel triangle,
attach wiring for dissolving the link and the ground wire.

When prepared the OBS is lowered overboard by crane or A frame. As it touches the water it is
released by pulling out a pin from a special mechanism. It should not be dropped into the water,
nor released too late as it may tip over. If it does, it has been observed to right itself as it sinks. It
sinks at about 1 m/s.

OBS deployment and recovery will be done from Rig Seismic during the North West Shelf
cruise. Because we are not shooting any reflection profiles and there is no long streamer towing
behind the ship, it will be possible to deploy and retrieve the OBS, and the shooting and
transiting between sites can be done at the fastest possible speed.
a^
Recovery

After release of the OBS at the seabed, it rises at approximately 1 m/s. The sphere contains two
strobe lights which turn on at release time. A radio transmitter is activated when the OBS reaches
a^the surface; a hand held receiver with a directional antenna is then used to locate the OBS. A red
flag is attached to the antenna, if the unit is planned to be recovered during the day time. This

7
 assist in finding the OBS, but may be a source of noise if there are strong bottom currents. The
appearance of the OBS at the surface is usually within minutes of the predicted time.

The OBS is recovered using a net on a pole. Alternatively, they can be recovered from a Zodiac;
two people can easily lift it on board. After recovery, the clock correction is obtained through the
sphere and any pressure differential is released through the vacuum port. The sphere is opened,
and data is either transferred onto a Sun workstation or the drive pulled out and replaced with an
empty one.

Reliability

All OBSs were recovered in the Taiwan experiment. The release mechanism is extremely
reliable, however, careful preparation is required and all mechanisms need to be thoroughly
111^checked out. They are hard to see in rough seas, when radio location is also difficult. They are
easiest to locate at night because of the strobe lights. Leakage into the sphere may occur and is
obvious from the outside. It is rare, and so far has not caused the loss of any OBS.

Modifications

During the Taiwan experiment, we have learned that whenever the plan has changed due to the
weather or other ship schedule factors, the prepared OBSs have to be opened to re-set the backup
release timer (the normal release timer can be re-set externally), and to turn off the hydrophone

batteries. It takes time to re-open and seal the OBS. In order to solve these problems, Jack Pittar
has suggested the following modifications:

Backup Release Timer - Another magnetic reed switch has been mounted on the backup release
board, just to the right of the liquid crystal display. It is quite obvious from outside that it belongs
to the backup release board. The possibility of incorrect identification is much less than the
present problem of someone pressing the reset switch instead of the wake up switch! The reed
switch is mounted in the same manner as the present wake up switch, and run wires to the
present reset switch.

Hydrophone Batteries - We have installed a push-fit clip for each battery so they can be mounted
on the aluminium plate of the electronics unit, beside the motor and the logic relays on the relay
board. This will allow the inclusion of the hydrophone batteries in the testing schedule carried
out on all the other batteries. Care will be taken to not obscure the mounting or removal of the
disk drive. The usual 9v battery clips could be wired directly to the board. Extra pins can be
inserted in the connector that goes to the serial communication penetrations to get the power to
the hydrophone amplifier.

ONSHORE SEISMIC RECORDER

Six frequency-modulated analogue tape recording systems developed by AGSO (Finlayson and

Collins, 1980) will be deployed at up to twelve recording sites (Fig. 1). These portable recording
systems are based on modified Precision Instruments (PI) tape decks. The recording medium is a
1/2 inch 2200 m magnetic tape, which gives a maximum continuous recording period of 16 days.
The recorders are powered by a sufficient number of external 12 volt batteries to record for the
full duration of each tape.
n i^
 The sensor is a single vertical component Willmore Mk II seismometer with a natural frequency
111^of 1.5 Hz. The seismic channel is recorded at two gain levels 24 dB apart. A 6-100 Hz bandpass
filter is applied to the signal before recording. A coded clock signal is recorded on a third
channel, and time signals from the Omega radio navigation facility in Victoria are recorded on a
fourth channel. The clocks are synchronised to the radio time standard. The clock errors at the
start and finish of the recording period are noted, and from these the clock drift is derived. The
clock drift can also be derived later from analogue playouts of the timing channels.

Four spare recorders based on modified Akai tape decks will be available as replacements, and
will be deployed as extra stations if possible. These use 1/4 inch magnetic tape with a maximum
recording period of 4 days. The sensor is a single vertical Mk III Willmore seismometer with a
I^ natural frequency of 1.5 Hz.

CRUISE PLAN

Ray Path Modelling

All OBS transects are coincident with previous AGSO regional reflection profiles. This allows
direct input to the interpretation of these profiles, and also makes possible some pre-cruise
modelling of these lines for the OBS survey. Approximate velocities were used to depth-convert
the two-way time reflection sections along these transects. The ray-paths and travel-times
expected at each proposed OBS site were then modelled (by A. Goncharov, AGSO) using the
ray-tracing program MacRay (Luetgert, 1992). This modelling will determine the optimum
locations of the OBSs necessary to achieve the cruise objectives, given the number of OBSs and
time available. Representative examples of the modelling and results are shown in Figures 7-12.

Time Requirement

Based on the results of the ray path modelling, we have prepared a plan for 90 OBS stations
along 5 transects on the North West Shelf (Table 1). These are:
1111^
a^ Carnarvon Transect - 20 stations in 2 segments,
Canning Transect - 20 stations in 2 segments,
a^ Browse Transect - 20 stations in 2 segments,
II^ Petrel Transect - 15 stations in 1 segment, and
Vulcan Transect - 15 stations in 1 segment.
in
The time requirement is about 6 days to conduct a 500 km transect with 20 stations in 2 segments
II^(ie, Carnarvon, Canning and Browse transects see Table 3 for time estimation) and about 4 days
to conduct a 300 km transect with 15 stations in 1 segment (ie, Petrel and Vulcan transects see
Table 3 for time estimation). Therefore, a total estimate of the time requirements are as follows:
a
Leave Port Headland and transit to the Camarvon transect 0.5 days
Data acquisition on the Carnarvon transect 6.0 days
Transit to the Canning transect 2.5 days

Data acquisition on the Canning transect
Transit to the Browse transect
6.0 days
1.5 days

9
a
^

Data acquisition on the Browse transect^ 6.0 days

Transit and port call at Broome ^ 2.5 days
Transit to the Petrel transect^ 2.0 days
Data acquisition on the Petrel transect^ 4.0 days
1111^ Transit to the Vulcan transect ^ 1.0 day
Data acquisition on the Carnarvon transect^ 4.0 days
Transit to Perth^ 4.0 days
40 days.

LAND SURVEY PLAN

111
The crustal thickness along each traverse increases to normal continental values of 30-40 km as

the land is approached. To properly define the crustal thickness, large offsets are required to
record refracted arrivals from the crust-mantle boundary as first arrivals. This offset is around
150 km for normal continental crust. To achieve these large offsets at the landward end of each
I^traverse, individual seismic recorders will be placed at sites onshore and as far as possible in line
with the offshore traverses (Fig. 1).

These stations will record long-offset wide-angle reflection and refraction arrivals from the air-
gun shots along the OBS traverses which will extend the traverses onshore and link the onshore
and offshore crustal structures. The data recorded on the land stations will be reversed by the
OBS data.

111^The recorders will be deployed by vehicle where possible. However, because it is the wet season
the locations of the stations will be restricted by the available all-weather roads. It is expected
that the Kimberley stations will be deployed by light aircraft because of the lack of all-weather
roads in the area. These stations will be deployed adjacent to airstrips. Previous experience
recording offshore reflection profiles within the Browse Basin on stations located on the
Kimberley Block showed that these sites will successfully record seismic arrivals to over 200

km, and in some circumstances out to 300 km (Collins and others, 1995; Symonds and others,
1994). The positions of the sites will be determined by GPS.

DATA PROCESSING PLAN

Data Processing

The OBS position on the sea floor is derived from water-wave arrivals of nearby shots, and the
known shot positions. The ship should traverse the OBS position firing its air guns, and
preferably traverse it orthogonally as well. The arrivals are picked by an automatic picker from
the data which takes into account the waveform to decide where the first break is. It works in 80-
90% of cases. The rest have to be plotted and the problem with the picks solved manually. If a
hydrophone is recorded, this is used because of the good waveform.

The relative amplitudes and phase of the first arrivals of the water wave is also used to orient the
horizontal components, if these are used. Residual clock corrections are also obtained from the
shots provided the primary clock corrections have been made.

10
 An interactive processing system for deriving the position, orientation, timing corrections, etc.
(OBSTOOL) has been developed by Gail Christeson (UTIG) and Bertrand Toussaint (ORSTOM)
on a Sun Sparc station. This system will be on board the ship to do all the preliminary
processing. The majority of the data can be processed fairly readily some percentage will always
give problems with timing.

The final output from the processing routines are SEG-Y files. Preliminary data processing will
be carried out during the cruise. The data processing facilities will be connected by a stand-alone
net work including 2 Sun Sparc-5 work stations, four 4-Gb hard disks, 2 exabyte tape drives,
PCs, Macintosh and printer. The software running in the system will be OBSTOOL, Petroseis,
SIOseis, Ray Path modelling and inversion programs (MacRay and Rayinvr), and Microsoft
Office Packages.

Interpretation

The first and later arrivals are digitised on a digitising table or picked on screen. Interpretation
using forward modelling by ray tracing is done on a Macintosh using program MacRay (Luetgert,
1992). This is entirely interactive, mouse/menu driven, and is a very rapid modelling procedure.
A forward modelling and inversion program Rayinvr (Zelt and Smith 1992) will be used on the
SparcStations for inversion. This program produces synthetics as well; the source signal is
derived from the water wave. This program inverts all the data (ie. from all the OBSs on the
traverse) at the same time.

STAFF REQUIREMENT
a
The Ship's complement will be the normal AGSO operational personnel, AMSA ship crew and
an OBS task team. The OBS team include the following:
a AGSO
Chao-Shing Lee
Clive Collins
11.^Peter Petkovic
Alexey Goncharov
Jack Pittar
Philip Doolan

University of Texas Institute for Geophysics

Yosio Nakamura

National Taiwan Ocean University

Kai Lai Shen
-

Sydney University

Alexander Kritsky.

The OBS team will be divided into two major groups to handle the operation and data processing
task on board the ship. The team structure is as follows:

11
 Operation^ Data Processing

Shift 1

P Doolan^ P Petkovic
CS Lee^ A Goncharov

Shift 2

J Pittar^ A Kritsky
KL Shen^ C Collins

Y Nakamura (between Shift 1 and 2).

REFERENCES

AGSO NORTH WEST SHELF STUDY GROUP, 1994 - Deep Reflections on the North West
Shelf: Changing Perception of Basin Formation, in Purcell P.G. & Purcell R.R. (Eds), The
Sedimentary Basins of Western Australia: Proceedings of Petroleum Exploration Society
Symposium, Perth, 315-331.

COLLINS, C.D.N., LUKASZYCK, I.S. & RIEKE, U., 1995 - The Browse Basin - west
1111^Kimberley seismic refraction survey: Operational report. Australian Geological Survey
Organisation, Record 1995/76.
1111
COLWELL, J.B 8z STAGG, H.M.J. 1994 - Structure of the offshore Canning Basin (first
impressions from a new regional deep seismic data set). In Purcell P.G. & Purcell R.R. (Eds),
The Sedimentary Basins of Western Australia: Proceedings of Petroleum Exploration Society
Symposium, Perth, 757-768.

F1NLAYSON, D.M. 8z COLLINS, C.D.N., 1980 - A brief description of BMR portable seismic
tape recording systems. Australian Society of Exploration Geophysicists Bulletin, 11, 75 - 7.

LEE, C.S. & COLLINS, C.D.N., 1995 - Ocean-Bottom-Seismograph cruise on the North West
Shelf. Australian Geological Survey Organisation, Research Newsletter, 23, 7-8.

LUETGERT, J.H., 1992 - Interactive Two-Dimensional Seismic Raytracing for the Macintosh.
111^US Geological Survey, Open File Report 92-356.

111^NAKAMURA, Y.; DONOHO, P. L.; ROPER, P. H.; MCPHERSON, P. M., 1987 - Large offset
seismic surveying using ocean bottom seismographs and air guns; instrumentation and field
technique. Geophysics. 52. (12). p. 1601-1611.;

STAGG, H.M.J. & COLWELL J.B., 1994 - The structural foundation of the north Carnarvon
Basin. In Purcell P.G. & Purcell R.R. (Eds), The Sedimentary Basins of Western Australia:
Proceedings of Petroleum Exploration Society Symposium, Perth, 349-364.

111
12
 STAGG, H.M.J. & SYMONDS, P.A., 1995 - The Argo Abyssal Plain (A proposal to drill

reflecting interfaces within ocean crust). Australian Geological Survey Organisation, Record
1995/12.

SYMONDS, P.A., COLLINS, C.D.N., & BRADSHAW, J., 1994 - Deep structure of the Browse
Basin: Implications for basin development and Petroleum exploration, in Purcell P.G. & Purcell
R.R. (Eds), The Sedimentary Basins of Western Australia: Proceedings of Petroleum
Exploration Society Symposium, Perth, 315-331.

ZELT, C.A. AND SMITH, R.B., 1992 - Seismic Traveltime Inversion for 2-D Crustal Velocity Structure.
Geophysical Journal International, 108, p.16-34.

II Table 1: Location of Transects

The transects are listed in the proposed order of completion:

No. Transect Transect Reflection No. of Total No. OBS spacing

Length Line Nos. Segment of OBS (km)
S
1 Carnarvon 600 km 101R/09, 2 20 30 km
Transect 128/08
2 Canning Transect 500 km 120/01, 2 20 25 km
' 120/02
3 Browse Transect 550 km 119/06, 2 20 27 km
128/01
4 Petrel Transect 300 km 118/20, 1 15 20 km
98R/02
5 Vulcan Transect 250 km 100/03 1 15 17 km

Table 2: Specifications of UTIG's OBS

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS INSTITUTE FOR

GEOPHYSICS (UTIG), AUSTIN, TEXAS

1, 2, 3 or 4, software selectable

111 3-comp gimbaled geophones + hydrophone.

L-15B 4.5 Hz Mark Products, gimbal mounted
L-22 2.0 Hz^"^"^, not
L 4s or larger must be deployed outside
-

4.5-100 Hz for geophones;

3.0-100Hz for hydrophone
selectable, plug in resistor blocks
-24 dB/octave

13

SENSITIVITY 2.1 nm/s (Mark Products L-15B geophone)
62 uPa (Benthos AQ-12 hydrophone)
1.0 mPa (OAS E-2PD hydrophone)
DYNAMIC RANGE 126 db theoretical, 112 db re rms electronic noise
A/D 14 bits plus dynamic gain ranging

a CPU 80088
U SAMPLE INTERVAL (t) 1 - 106 ms at 1 ms steps

a RECORDING MEDIUM 450 Mb Tandberg 1/4 inch tape (up to 525 Mb

possible); 200 Mb Connor HD.; 203 Mb Toshiba
Toshiba MK2224FB HD; 500 Mb
ToshibaMK2428FB HD.
ACQUISITION CAPACITY TAPE: 22.5 t/n hours (t in ms)

DATA ACQUISMON MODE continuous; short gaps during data transfer to

recorder; pre-programmed on/off times, and any
combination of recording parameters; triggered with
I long-term/short-term signal-level comparison
CONTINUOUS RECORD 261,120 t/n (eg: 8m 42s @ 4 chan., 8 ms)
LENGTH 2,088,960 t/n with optional memory
TRANSFER RATE TO 200 Kbytes/s
RECORDER
DATA GAP 8.1 s for 512 K; 47.9 s for 4 M - transfer to tape
22 s for 512 K transfer to Toshiba MIC2224FB or
MK2428FB disk drive
TEMPORARY DATA 512 Kbytes (4 Mb optional)
STORAGE
DATA FORMAT 2 bytes/sample + 16 byte header in each block of 4
Kb; each 1Mb accommodates 552,240 samples of
data
MAXIMUM DEPLOYMENT 2 years dormant; 5 days acquiring on tape; 8 weeks
LENGTH/BATTERY LIFE acquiring on disk
CLOCK; TIMING ACCURACY 10 ms absolute; pre/post deployment clock
calibration against standard signal & water wave
arrivals
LOCATION ACCURACY <10 m from analysis of water wave arrivals
ORIENTED ACCURACY 10 from analysis of water wave arrivals

14
 24-37 size D lithium or alkaline cells or equiv.

43 cm (17 inch) diameter glass sphere

WEIGHT AT DEPLOYMENT 85 kg (1901b)

35 kg (75 lb)

128x128x145 cm (50x50x57 inch)

Frame made from steel pipes

7000 m

Radio beacon; Strobe lights; Flag

Timed release from anchor controlled by 2

independent clocks; electrolytic dissolution of
stainless steel wire.
1-2 hr

>30

Gulf of Mexico, thick low-Q sediments - MX range

80-100 km from two 32 litre air-guns.
Other areas, good signals seen beyond 100 km.
Shallow continental shelf - dependant on sea
conditions because OBS at shallow depth is highly
susceptible to wave noise.

15
Table 3. OBS OPERATIONAL TIME REQUIREMENT

500 km transect for 20 stations in 2 segments

Station Program & Sealing Transit & Deployment Shooting Transit & Retrieve Refurbishment
(1.5 hr) (15 nm @ 10 kt, + .25 hr) (15 nm @ 5 kt) (15 nm @ 10 kt, + .5 hr) (1 hr)
1 0.00 14.00 30.00 58.00 59.00
2 1.50 15.75 33.00 60.00 61.00
3 3.00 17.50 36.00 62.00 63.00
4 4.50 19.25 39.00 64.00 65.00
5 6.00 21.00 42.00 66.00 67.00
6 7.50 22.75 45.00 68.00 69.00
7 9.00 24.50 48.00 70.00 71.00
8 10.50 26.25 51.00 72.00 73.00
9 12.00 28.00 54.00 74.00 75.00
10 13.50 29.75 57.00 76.00 77.00

Station Program & Sealing Transit & Deployment Shooting Transit & Retrieve Refurbishment
(1.5 hr) (15 nm @ 10 kt, + .25 hr) (15 nm @ 5 kt) (15 nm @ 10 kt, + .5 hr) (1 hr)
11 60.50 79.00 95.00 123.00 124.00
12 62.50 80.75 98.00 125.00 126.00
13 64.50 82.50 101.00 127.00 128.00
14 66.50 84.25 104.00 129.00 130.00
15 68.50 86.00 107.00 131.00 132.00
16 70.50 87.75 110.00 133.00 134.00
17 72.50 89.50 113.00 135.00 136.00^.
18 74.50 91.25 116.00 137.00 138.00
19 76.50 93.00 119.00 139.00 140.00
20 78.50 94.75 122.00 141.00 142.00
(6 days)

300 km transect for 15 OBS stations in 1 segment

Station Program & Sealing Transit & Deployment Shooting Transit & Retrieve Refurbishment
(1.5 hr) (12 nm @ 10 kt, + .25 hr) (12 nm @ 5 kt) (12 nm @ 10 kt, + .5 hr) (1 hr)
1 0.00 10.00 31.00 60.00 61.00
2 1.50 11.45 33.40 61.70 62.70
3 3.00 12.90 35.40 63.40 64.40
4 4.50 14.35 37.40 65.10 66.10
5 6.00 15.80 39.40 66.80 67.80
6 7.50 17.25 41.40 68.50 69.50
7 9.00 18.70 43.40 70.20 71.20
8 10.50 20.15 45.40 71.90 72.90
9 12.00 21.60 47.40 73.60 74.60
10 13.50 23.05 49.40 75.30 76.30
11 15.00 24.50 51.40 77.00 78.00
12 16.50 25.95 53.40 78.70 79.70
13 18.00 27.40 55.40 80.40 81.40
14 19.50 28.85 57.40 82.10 83.10
15 21.00 30.30 59.40 83.80 84.80
(4 days)

16
 Northwest Shelf
OBS Survey
-
..,:z7.1......^ ir^.

08 00 00S^. 11010

(::Z::L_) g I I kr. MI r 1, /
.4111.1111111 'IF
....e)
iiar.
,
+ 10,01
+
12 00 00S
+ th...
WAbb-A.tk
vir4lOr
lb.-^
.^i^ rwin

3^Itit r ...1r.
ANN- A A. -
k

qtr4r4r^..1 "^
411111-e0ad A
.

a
IZ44, ndham

4i- +^
.^ , +
.^. t
+ + -. +
16 00 00S ..
,?^rby
.....^
oome
ItIL Alk^
- \

1 - Carnarvon Traverse
2 - Canning Traverse
3 - Browse Traverse
.^ + 4 - petrel Traverse
ort Nadia% 5 - t
Vulcan-Ashmore Trverse
^.,,- .!^ia sern.son +
20 00 00S 7
eC r-:
.^1
0Marble Bar
.....1
1.1111"... 1 OBS Refraction Traverses
4111111,... .;.:' , *^slow
;

.^outh Reflection Traverses

L armonth

Onshore Refraction Stations

0^

116 00 00E 120 00 00E^124 00 00E 128 00 00E^132 00 00E

24 00 008
110 00 00E 0^100^200^300^400
,5... 500
138 00 00E
I
KILONETPES.

111 SnitE 500Ca- PPO.50T10

PASKIELS 10 00 COS MO 93 00 OM OM.- ME1410.1. 124 CO DX

Figure 1. Location of traverses and recording stations

^
Hill^1 111^111 111
* R 9 5 0 8 1 02*
17
^
^

CARNARVON BASIN OBS SURVEY

Lf/'

)^ / / NI:^ N.)
e. t/,

/I^' h.\
, / \
5.1\
I ,^\
*.A

f^I\ /^
tZ)
"""
../..-pra"

^\\ ^ "%
CLI^/k e -/^(
i
:"::".1 5:1111:11.1
11:
1.^ :(fits,,:/"61,)
, .-

Ii 1
1^\
77:</

4 4,>
;

Ibite CPC:11..011.7.
novo,. o of as ofo.o: of SO.^VISLC4I 134 M VIS

Figure 2. Proposed Locations of OBS on Carnarvon Transect

 CANNING BASIN OBS SURVEY

15 00 005

16 00 00S

17 00 008

18 00 008

19 00 005
Q)

co

20 00 00S

123 00 00E
.11.C ,rE9

C-
.../easlY0171:101, IN= Orli COOK 1.231/119 SP 02 a)

Figure 3. Proposed Locations of OBS on Canning Transact

19
^
^
^
^

BROWSE BASIN OBS SURVEY

11 00 006
-"-^,. CI^ //
or /^
/ -
11 , I /^--/
r.'"
N I I I^11/4i

^"'`........
...'^
./^1^^ -- ,..,,N. . ,^ "%\ AI
....^,.......^^..--...
...^
.../^ ........^..,,,,, \
.^l....^f^
/^
..1^
...-.... i--.
. s.....^1^-.-1--N t i 1
C-N...../N,.."' "---.,
\ ..._............... ........,
- .7') i // /^ t
k1- #1,..`1 / /5 ..-1// C .:1
\^ I^i^/ 1 'N'A "'. s' --- ---.' . N.^-.^ 1^t"-----Z.-------
/^
1 k\ t^/ /1 (1,. 1- (1, / - / I ( /
N..--^ ,
1 1 \'''''' .----
\^ --,..,^....,
./%c 1:- 1^+
N ^1
12 00 00S %---_,^,..,>'?^/^../
i
k)^-24/ i r 7^N.. ....^ .0/ //
---, \\^i i,/^,^.,..-^ f,e /

/^/11 2/\11-. (1^e 1jr::::-.-------- - ..ei

.):::---fr.."
-
5 ^ii7.::::
/ .". ""N
" . \\.. -'/, -:-...N. I^'''..^%^
i i^v.;^I I^ N \ --- ?-s-\\
1^i1.-j
4,,,^, /^, 1^/ t t ".
,;,/^/^...-, ^/..--1-----t. 1 NI^\ k'd^ ......../^et.
1^\^ v."
%...^/ . )^V.1^v..b.,^,10/^....,
, r"^/ , 1
C^
/ .--^ 1......^s."32' i N./ e.ja
/^t^/
-,,,^ -...,^

/
I^I / ...I^"fe )^ler---4-.^\ i
^. ..., .^..,^t
,.^ - \
\;.^i^
^, t,^1 1^1^ ,.,_^t'..-
---1^
1-,...., ;,*^
13 00 006 f^I. ii
%
.........1 \
1 .71e/s2

/149 %

14 00 006

15 00 006

16 00 006
4'2t.

121 00 00E 122 00 00E 123 00 00E 124 00 00E 125 00 00E

a)

Figure 4_ Proposed Locations of OBS on Browse Transect

20
Figure 5. Proposed Locations of OBS on Petrel Transect

21
^
^

VULCAN SUB-BASIN OBS SURVEY
a

:
..".^<0-fP
-9..
...^..... ."... .0................,* /i ,... ..7 0......^...".'... 7.2 .)%^, ;;;.".^...0
: ^1.; ^0 0 S -^ ...O.."'^
\ k
......./.. )^'POO" V....S.:4^L.2
.. " "

....../...........
\^.11..;,..
%." O....ir
...
...... ...../../..t?
,,, ........O.............
.....". P."..../
O....S.1 ...--- Z e.'^'^
,
. r,
.1
VATO............

^,.___,^,-------::-'^/^*b..,^...-^t '^ -
r ,r^-- \^'^
e' ....
.^''-'7'^x/^,-^ / i t -^4 r.^ .,.0 -^

a
^- , -^'N e--^
....-1
- ^/^
.:',^I / '' ,..,^,
C
..--
.^--,---

F" - --/^/^/^.----'^/^ if^'^/^ i"i

- f^:_/ 4 -- 1` ...,/^'

..,^..^...
.
/^ . ^...-t

12 00 00S
/ it^1^k^-
/^''':^^
( ^/
\ 1 4
^ I^/^+
,-. /
. /
,^....^ +^S
.. +
%
4,
.,, 4b

..-^)^r^r..1, ^/^ )^..-

i
.^ ,^'^. ^--,td^. -
,.$: ,
N.i^
e
a
.....^1^.s Ito,

hi
(-
-........-^.__...,^i N,

1^ I^\ .,-
l^ye' 7\^-A
N.
%
\^ ,1^'
49 4k, . e \

...,,,,
N

....lir{1
....4" e
.^ e ...,
--. .
e e.vo., "
\ Ab %

...

a
+

....^

/
....v^/^ '^,
, .n, .N, . . .^,
, .
. ^, ,
711
1.,"^.. ,.

A
--.

14\\ /1 %
k)V;/ t^'I:,^0
. ., .
e:^ ' .6b

i til^0 CZ4,^.. '...
....^,./1 to^f .;
.....^ ^...,^......, +^ ,\^,,..^.,,,, + ,. .^,...
1 4 00 00S -----/ ,^.^ . +

.- , ,^
....,:7, %^t
.1,-,'^ ,--'^.^ ^ .
..1"^4%; ,..,^g
^
41 '
....-.^ .^.
.^

a
41
-
...,^ '^0.

/-..^ s
' .... /
.0'^r

t
i^f^ ,,,^ e
i^^ ,^
"4, ^ft '16 .

15 00 00S +^ I .11, + + +
c.,
..- 4/..7 ' , -
4r-
Air T.
. ;,....0,e,
" f^ t)^
.09^,^
0'e ^- .z)

... wvnoha. ...-

l 41^\^....:
e^ \':',_s^_^ -...
,^ <0.^ ^is rd
.5...^.

4^ 4
+^ + + + +
:'
..: 00 00S +^...^%
."9 14^0
.48,42 88^ -1..' :1
8' ^8 8,^8 t .
A%^.8t8
.-0:V^

..,-*^

' ^'JIIIIIIIII

,_...../...,--,_
.
-
--...---..
..^."^'11, ..---...
:17 00 00
122 SOO 00E^123 00 00E^124 00 00E 125 00 00E^126 00 00E 127 00 00E 128 00 00E 129 00 00E
,.,.,... 130 00 00P 131 00 00E

Figure 6. Proposed Locations of OBS on Vulcan Transect
22
III 111 Ill III^II III III a IN III III
Simplified velocity model along the line 120/01 (Depth converted by A.Goncharov)
Distance, km
-200.00 0.00 I C/O Boundary I 200.00 kedout High I 400.00
0.00 -2..........c4....-413b-----Calime

2.00 WATER, V=1.5 lun/s 1 LAYER 1, V=2.8 km/s, Jurassic?-Recent

_raft
11
10
-14111111105M111.0101011111111W:
4.00

6.00 ' eq..,

i
a^ 41
44011111
e:dliboi

8.00

10.00
Oceanic crust?'
\^0 /1r
1116111. 10 11111111 111
12.00
1$ 1 LAYER 3, V=5.0 km/s, Early PZ-Late Permian

14.00
I.
LAYER 4, V=6.6 km/s(ocean) - 6.3 km/s (continent)
16.00
Basement
18.00

20.00

22.00
4-
'''': " Boundary I, V=2.8 lcm/s
24.00 - -
"IN 13oundary 2, V=4.0 km/s LAYERS V=8.0 km/s, Mantle?
"'O'Boundary 3, V=5.0 Icm/s
26.00
C"Boundary 4, V=6.3-6.6 km/s
28.00 '111Boundary 5, V=8.0 lurds

30.00
OBS locations for modelling
S
32.00 Proposed OBS step: 50 kmi-.-9.-4-120 km 40 km ^31.--4---110 kmf----,--

34.00
AUSTRALIAN
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Total drops: 25 flRC AhZIS AT

II
33*
111111111111111111

ppm
Luelgert, J.H., 199Z 11SGS Open File Rep. 92-356

11111011 1111^
mmemosim, ^SPF141..
\
10

41

25 -
el,F
%ffiralv
35
- 200^ 100^0^100^200^300^400^500
-

Distance

File: 1.1\612001
 II IIII Ill II III II Ill

ct3 Expected travel times for OBS survey, line120/01, NWS, Australia
C
CD
Co
10
3
C OBS in deep water, X=0.1 km,
CD 9 Depth=5.68 km

13 km < OBS step <4 km I

CD
1
3 110 km < OBS step < 22.5 km
CD 7
C)

CD 6 .......*....,-
Ca

1^
r\.)
5 Maximal recording distance 100 km
C)
CD
II 4
0

3 3
Water wave, V=1 5 lcm/s
a Jurassic?-Recent,V=2.8 km/s

2 --- 1 Top of oceanic crust?,V=6.6 km/s

NI^ Mantle?, V=8.0 km/s
-^

PMP
ALG S C)
1
11115.
.441 114b."
0 4.11%610
di all11116, .4
-100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10^0^ 10^ 20^30^40^50^60^70^80^90^100 AUSTRALIAN GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
h114 r^,

Distance, km

II
<0'
e:
.., Expected travel times for OBS survey, Iine120/01, NWS, Australia
(1)
.....
p
10 - - .. -
~ V V
3

-
'0
e: 9
OBS at normal shelf, X=200 km, J '- J / /
,
Depth=1.1 km
V V '7

- V
" 7
(1)
c.
\
~
<

-
(1)
T
3(1)'
S
"~i ""
7 W20 km<OBS step <35 kml
'-
"' ~ ~
'"~ . . ~ 110.-.. ~

'\
~
JA~
II'"
~.......
~I
)~
I
7-V
)";'
.~.~
~

'-~.- i---_
~
........ ~<4 .............
".,. ,.~,~

~ ~\
....... ~
/l l? ~

'"
()
e:
~ ~
~
til
0 6
kmr
~~
.........
l\,')
0) -
VI

0
[
aci
"QJ,

g
~
5 ~
J20 km < OBS step < 35
P
I'\I~
Q) ,!!a or / '
:::J CI
() G.I 2 km < OBS step < 10 kml
(1)
e 4 \ Ir'

V
\I E=i
I\) (2 km OBS step < 8 kmJ}
8 3 r I
"'3"
I~
'-" ~Water wave, V=1.5 km/s
-:::- Jurassic?-Recent, V=2.S km/s
2 .- ~ Triassic, V=4.0 kmls
~
,~ j~
--<>-Early PZ-Late Permian, V=5.0 kmIs
-I-Basement, V=6.3 km/s
~" .. '. Mantle?, V=S.O km/s'~' IJ ~
~

PMP

o
-100 -90 -so -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10
"
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 SO 90 100
^ ^III II II II II II III MI II I

Simplified velocity model along lines 110/15+101/07 (Depth converted by A.Goncharov)

Distance; km
CIO Boundary!
-200.00 0.00 200.00 400.00
0.00
-

..ir
2.00 LAYER 1, V=2.8 km/s, Jurassic?-Recent
WATER, V=1.5 km/s
4.00 ,....
.^ -^
,.,_.....41111111111111111111111111111
g .^
LAYER 2, V=4.0 km/s, Triassic
6.00 ^
:
8.00 Oceanic crust? 1114^.... A--- _......
1I"2 LAYER 3, V=5.0 km/s, Early PZ-Late Permian irillill
10.00
\111 Ad._
12.00 ,..-----
--Imuu
Basement?

V
14.00 .

16.00 -4 LAYER 4, V=6.6 km/s(ocean) - 6.3 km/s (continent)

.
18.00

20.00
0"13oundary I, V=2.8 km/s
22.00 - "0"Boundary 2, V=4.0 km/s .7,4,c4.0.0"""12%,.........s^'4..,..................................
4
24.00
Boundary 3, V=5.0 km/s LAYER 6, V=8.0 km/s, Mantle? 1 ^ -ro""ed..#4.
-111Boundary 4, V=6.8 km/s
4----"".".----''
26.00 - Itil3oundary 5, V=6.3-6.6 km/s
4- 13oundary 6, V=8.0 km/s
28.00 ___.. OBS locations for modelling
30.00
AC:_;
20 km
32.00 Proposed OBS step: 10 km 5- 20 km >
1164
.4
34.00
AUSTRALIA NI
GECWCICAL. SURVEY
Total drops: 33 elP fl ANTIS ATIfl
1111111111111111111r1/111111111111111111111011111111111111

Simplified velocity model along line 100/03 (Depth converted by A.Goncharov)

Distance, km
-100.00 0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00
0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

18.00

20.00

22.00

24.00
_AGSC_)
26.00

28.00 P"'" 4
11 ad

AUSTRALIAN
EOUDGICAL. SURV EY
30.00 ce^.s^VC ATI'^Nt