This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been
fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TEC.2017.2698521, IEEE
Transactions on Energy Conversion
Inertia Characteristic of DFIG-based WT under
Transient Control and Its Impact on the First-
Swing Stability of SGs
Jie Ying, Student Member, IEEE, Xiaoming Yuan, Senior Member, IEEE and Jiabing Hu, Senior
Member, IEEE
AbstractThe first-swing stability of synchronous generators
(SGs) has a close relationship with synchronizing ability of the
grid and inertia characteristic of all the generators. This paper
studies inertia characteristic of doubly fed induction generator
(DFIG) based wind turbine (WT) under transient control to
analyze its impact on the first-swing stability of SGs. Firstly, an
analytic model of DFIG-based WT following the concept of
motion equation is developed to describe and explain its inertia
characteristic. The foundation is the definition of internal voltage
of DFIG. Based on the model, an important conclusion is drawn
that DFIG-based WT under transient control during grid fault
has adjustable inertia characteristic that has a clear link with
control parameters. Then, the impacts of transient control
parameter of DFIG-based WT on the first-swing stability of SGs
are studied through numerical simulation. Finally, the impact
mechanism of transient control of DFIG-based WT on the first-
swing stability of SGs is clearly explained by physical concept of
inertia characteristic and synchronizing force.
Index Terms-- Doubly fed induction generator, first-swing
stability, inertia, motion equation, multiple linear regression,
power system transient stability, transient control, wind turbine
I. INTRODUCTION
I n general, the first-swing stability of synchronous
generators (SGs) greatly depends on rotor speed and phase
angle of SGs at the time of fault clearance. That is because
during grid fault the SG is subjected to an appreciable change
in its output power that causes its rotor to accelerate (or
decelerate) at a rate large enough to threaten loss of
synchronism. In traditional power systems, the characteristics
of SG and the synchronizing forces maintained by the grid
during the transient are the important factors influencing the
outcome [1]. The characteristic of primary importance is
inertia. The higher the inertia, the slower the rate of change in
rotor speed and phase angle, which reduces the kinetic energy
gained during fault [2]. Besides, for a multi-machines system,
inertia characteristic affects the dynamic distribution of active
power among all the machines during fault. Another important
This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development
Program under Grant 2016YFB0900104.
The authors are with State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic
Engineering and Technology, and School of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
430074, China (e-mail: yingjie@hust.edu.cn; yuanxm@hust.edu.cn;
j.hu@hust.edu.cn;).
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1
characteristic is the reactive power characteristic of SG. The
beneficial effect of forced-excitation control on the first-swing
stability is through increasing output reactive power and hence
supporting the grid voltage to maintain strong synchronizing
forces [3]. Then with strong synchronizing forces maintained
by the grid, active power dissipation of SG will be increased.
Therefore, the relationship between the first-swing stability
with the inertia and reactive power characteristics of SGs is
clear in the above perspective. With the growing penetration of
wind turbines (WTs) in power systems, dynamic characteristic
of WTs will have considerable impacts on the first-swing
stability of SGs, which can also be studied in the above
perspective.
Previous studies focus on dynamic characteristics of WT
under normal control and the impacts on rotor angle stability
of SGs [4]-[8]. In [6], doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)
based WT with maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
control is regarded as inertia-less in power systems due to no
response to disturbances from grid. Its impacts on damping of
the modes that have highest sensitivity with respect to the
inertia of the displaced SGs are evaluated by modal analysis,
which explains the impacts mechanism on the subsequent-
swings oscillation stability. In [7], it indicates that WT with
terminal voltage control has good impacts on both the first-
swing stability and subsequent-swings stability of SGs. The
reason is that the synchronizing and damping forces upgrade
since reactive power injection of WT supports bus voltage and
increases oscillation mode damping. In [8], a strategy of active
power control is proposed for WT to imitate inertia
characteristic and is made active for a small duration after fault
clearance. Its beneficial impact on rotor angle stability of SGs
is studied. Therefore, inertia and reactive power characteristics
of DFIG-based WT under normal control and the impacts on
the rotor angle stability of SGs are known through previous
studies. However, there is no deep study on characteristics of
DFIG-based WT under transient control during grid faults and
its impact on the first-swing stability of SGs.
Grid codes at present have required WTs to equip with
transient control for reactive power injection to support grid
voltage during grid faults [9]. Therefore, dynamic reactive
power characteristic under transient control is similar to that
under normal terminal voltage control. However, dynamic
active power behavior under transient control is very different
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Transactions on Energy Conversion
2

TS DFIG
KS
Pt , Qt
Is
Synchronizing quantity
TD
KD Vt
Electromagnetic Phase angle of
Torque Te Damping quantity internal voltage
r , r RSC Vdc GSC
Tm 1 1 r base pitch Ir Ig
PLL
Mechanical M s Rotor s Rotor
Torque Speed 1 Angular
Vrsc E gsc PLL
Inertia quantity Position PI pitch
Fig. 1. Block diagram model of SG based on rotor motion equation. rotor speed PLL r
controller ird


PI Vrd
from that under normal MPPT control. The reason is that r Temref PI I
power converter of WT has limited capacity and active power rref Lm

ref
i
rd Vrsc
from MPPT Vt Ls
current of WT will be limited by transient control if voltage Vrq
kQi kVi
dip is deep during grid fault. As a result, from the perspective Qt s V ref s ref
PI I
t
i
rq
of inertia characteristic, WT under transient control cannot be Qtref reactive power V
t
AC voltage
irq AC current PLL
controller controller controller
regarded as inertia-less since it responds to the fault
Egd
disturbance from grid and the inertia characteristic of WT will
Vdcref
PI dc ref PI I
i
affect the dynamic distribution of active power among all the DC voltage
gd
igd E gsc
Vdc controller
machines during fault. Therefore, it is of value to understand igq
the inertia characteristic of DFIG-based WT under transient ref

igq Egq
control and its impact on the first-swing stability of SGs, PI I
which is the main contribution of this paper. (1s) (0.1s) (0.01s)
In order to describe and explain inertia characteristic of the slow time-scale medium time-scale fast time-scale
control control control
WT under transient control explicitly, it is necessary to
Fig. 2. Multi time-scale controls in a typical DFIG-based WT.
develop an analytic model that can reflect internal mechanism
of active power characteristic. Existing models of WT, as WT in electromechanical timescale. Section III details the
introduced in [10]-[11], adopt modular approach to combine derivation of motion equation model for DFIG-based WT and
complex control loops including the transient control of WT, explains the inertia characteristic of WT under transient
which have been applied into simulation software conveniently, control by the model. In Section IV, the model is verified and
whereas these models cannot reveal the mechanism that the impact of transient control of WT on the first-swing
generates inertia characteristic. However, the model of the SG stability of SGs is studied. Section V discusses the impact
following the concept of motion equation as shown in Fig. 1 mechanism of transient control and the possible scheme of
focuses in the concerned dynamics and can explain why the optimization control. Conclusions are drawn in Section VI.
SG has inertia characteristic clearly [1]. Since phase angle of
internal voltage of SG has integral relationships with active II. INTERNAL VOLTAGE OF DFIG-BASED WT
power variation, it cannot change suddenly when disturbances Before developing motion equation of DFIG-based WT, the
appear in the grid. This means internal voltage of SG internal voltage is defined according to its control schemes.
possesses inertia and inertia quantity is decided by M. Besides,
with the aid of motion equation model of SG, deep A. Control schemes of DFIG-based WT
comprehension of stability mechanism of power systems and 1) Multi time-scale controls
proper solutions to improve transient stability can be obtained As shown in Fig. 2, a typical DFIG-based WT consists of a
[12]-[13]. Similarly, for DFIG-based WT, the concept of fast time-scale control of AC filter inductor current, a medium
motion equation has been adopted in inertia emulation study time-scale control of DC link capacitor voltage, and a slow
and system frequency stability analysis [14]-[17]. In this paper, time-scale control of rotor speed. Therefore, dynamics in a
an analytic model of DFIG-based WT under transient control DFIG-based WT have multi time-scale controllable feature.
is established following the concept of motion equation to Firstly, since this paper focuses on the issue of rotor angle
explain the inertia characteristic of WT under transient control. swings dynamic that is much slower than electromagnetic
To establish motion equation model of DFIG-based WT, dynamics, both controllable dynamics of AC current control
some crucial factors should be considered. Firstly, interface of and DC voltage control can be omitted as pointed in [18]-[22].
DFIG-based WT to power system should be internal voltage of Secondly, for the sake of the study it is assumed that the
DFIG, which on one hand can reflect the dynamics of all mechanical torque input does not change in the period of
considered control loops inside WT and on the other hand can interest and only one mass rotor model is considered. In
determine the external power characteristics of WT. Secondly, addition, rotor speed reference and reactive power reference
there exist nonlinear relationships that should be dealt with are assumed constant.
properly in transient modeling. 2) PLL-based synchronization control
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section II An important distinct feature from SG is the synchronization
introduces the definition of internal voltage for DFIG-based mechanism [23]-[24]. For commercial WTs, synchronization

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Transactions on Energy Conversion
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I rd max
Is Zs Vt Vt e jt y
Es
Ps , Qs
Vt I max
P ,Q Z grid
t t

E s Es e js
Vt
Vdip Vup PLL d
T ref Pg slipPs Vt
em I rd max
Qg 0 Vgrid Vg e j0 q
Lm iref s
Vt rd
WT t Vgrid
Ls x
I rq max
Synchronization control (PLL)
kQi kVi PLL
Qt s V ref s irqref Tm Electromagnetic
t I rq min Torque control t 1
Qtref Vt Ps Te 1
PI I TPLL s
Fig. 3. Transient control strategy based on GE WTs control. 2Hs r Temref PLL
max

rref Lm
irdPLL
Es
with grid relies on phase locked loop (PLL). Terminal voltage Ls Switch

vector Vt is orientated at d-axis of PLL, so electromagnetic Vt t

k PV Vt c Es
torque Tem is adjusted by d-axis rotor current ird, while reactive Vt 0
Q tref
power Qt is adjusted by q-axis rotor current irq. The PLL is I rq max iPLL
Qs Qt
kQi Vt ref kVi
irqPLL rd

assumed as a first-order system with time constant TPLL for PLL

s s
simplicity. Reactive Power AC voltage I rq min irqPLL
control control
3) Transient control
Fig. 4. Simplified transient model of DFIG-based WT.
In this paper, transient control strategy in GE WT is adopted
[10], as shown in Fig. 3. Fault ride through scheme such as And according to (5),
crowbar is not considered due to its little impact on
electromechanical energy. Rotor current reference for active Es s Lm irdPLL 2 irqPLL 2 (6)
power, viz. iref
rd , is limited by terminal voltage magnitude Vt, s PLL 2 arctan(irqPLL irdPLL ) (7)
and converter current capacity limit is considered. The control PLL PLL
strategy can be summarized as where i and i represent active and reactive power currents
rd rq

in PLL-based dq reference frame, respectively, Es internal

Temref Ls Vt Lm , Vt Vup
voltage magnitude, PLL and s are phase angles of PLL
ird k PV Vt c, Vdip Vt Vup
ref
(1)
reference frame and internal voltage with respect to grid
0, V V
t dip voltage xy reference frame, respectively.
where Tref
em represents electromagnetic torque reference, Lm and
This means that magnitude and phase angle of the internal
Ls represent the mutual and stator inductance of the machine, voltage are determined by control loops in WT. Therefore, the
respectively, and coefficient kPV and constant term c formulate defined internal voltage can centralize the dynamics of all
transient control strategy of active power current reference. considered control loops in WT.
Under transient control strategy presented above, voltage On the other hand, according to (4), and with resistance
control is the main factor. The reason is that both active and neglected, stator active power Ps and reactive power Qs are
reactive power currents are determined by the voltage given by
dynamics during the transient process.
E Vt
B. Definition of internal voltage for DFIG-based WT Ps jQs Vt s (8)
Firstly, by neglecting electromagnetic dynamics, the circuit js Ls
equations of the asynchronous machine, in complex vector Meanwhile, power factor of GSC is usually set to be unit,
form and generator convention, are as follows and with resistance and DC voltage dynamic neglected, active
Vt jss Rs I s (2) power Pg and reactive power Qg of GSC are given by
Pg slipPs (9)
s Lm I r Ls I s (3)
where s , I s and I r represent stator flux linkage vector, Qg 0 (10)
stator current vector, and rotor current vector, respectively. s where slip is the rotor slip.
is synchronous speed and Rs the stator resistance. This means that GSC could be simplified as an active
Then, substituting (3) in (2) gives power source, power output of which is much smaller than
stator active power and is about in proportion to the latter. As
Vt Es Rs js Ls I s (4)
a result, the defined internal voltage can decide the external
Es js Lm I r (5) power characteristics of WT.
where E s is defined as internal voltage of DFIG-based WT. According to the above work, transient model of DFIG-
From physical perspective, DFIGs rotor windings carry based WT is further simplified as shown in Fig. 4.
AC currents and produce a magnetic field that induces AC
voltages in the stator armature windings through the mutual III. MOTION EQUATION MODEL OF DFIG-BASED WT
inductance. This is physical nature of internal voltage in DFIG. Depending on internal voltage defined above, this section
develops motion equation model of DFIG-based WT to reveal

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internal mechanism that generates the inertia characteristic of Temref

1
WT. However, since magnitude and phase angle of internal PI i PLL
Tm 2Hs r ref rd
Es
Ps Te r
voltage in DFIG have coupling relationships with active power Lm Ls
variation and reactive power variation due to PLL-based dq Vt Es
t s g ( Ps , Qs , Es )
t PLL
vector control, it is difficult to analyze dynamic characteristic Vt f ( Ps , Qs , Es ) PLL PLL
i
Qs rd
of internal voltage directly. Thereforea proper method is PLL
introduced to sort out clear internal relationships. Furthermore, Qtref kQi Vt ref kVi
irqPLL
irqPLL
s s
through comparing with SG, the inertia characteristic of DFIG-
based WT under transient control is better understood. Fig. 5. Model Structure of Normal Control mode for DFIG-based WT.

A. Steps to develop motion equation model

t PLL Es
In the first step, according to (8), magnitude and phase Ps PLL
t s g ( Ps , Qs , Es )
angle of terminal voltage are given by
Vt f ( Ps , Qs , Es ) Vt
I max
irdPLL Es
E 2 X s Qs ( E 2 X s Qs ) 4( Ps Qs ) X
2 2 2 2 2 2 k PV Vt c
Qs
Vt s s s
(11) 0 irdPLL
2 I rq max PLL
t s arcsin( Ps X s EsVt ) (12) Qtref kQi Vt ref kVi
irqPLL
irqPLL
s s I rq min
which can be expressed as
Fig. 6. Model Structure of Transient Control mode for DFIG-based WT.
Vt f ( Ps , Qs , Es ) (13)
t s g ( Ps , Qs , Es ) (14) In (6), (7) and (11), (12), though the relationship between
Thus, one of the inputs in the model as shown in Fig. 4, viz. variables is nonlinear in the entire finite space, yet we have
terminal voltage vector, can be substituted. Then it is possible discovered that the relation could be approximately linearized
to use only power as the input and internal voltage as the in finite regions that are restricted by numeric results of
output in a similar way to SG. variables in any case of transient simulation. Moreover, the
In the next step, motion equation model is constructed in a linearized regions during fault and after fault clearance in one
piecewise way due to transient control switching. case are different since fault clearance is a large disturbance.
According to (1), there are three transient control switching Therefore, using this method in any case of transient
situations. Except the third situation that current reference is simulation, nonlinear relationships above can be simplified as
limited by constant and is not discussed independently, the Es l11 l12irdPLL l13irqPLL (16)
other two situations can represent two types of model. s PLL l21 l22irdPLL l23irqPLL (17)
Lastly, based on the above steps, the model structures of
DFIG-based WT are depicted in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 for two Vt k1 k2 Ps k3Qs k4 Es (18)
different situations, respectively. Normal Control Model is s t h1 h2 Ps h3Qs h4 Es (19)
suitable for situation under no or light voltage dip, while where l, k, h with numerical subscript are coefficients
Transient Control Model is suitable for situation under deep calculated according to numeric results of variables. In short,
voltage dip. the main idea of using this method is obtaining the equivalent
B. Method to simplify nonlinear relationships linearized relationship according to variables data.
Lastly, based on the simplifications and model structure in
However, to study inertia characteristic of DFIG-based WT
Fig. 6, motion equation model under transient control is
analytically, clear relationship inside the model must be sort
derived as shown in Fig. 7. Expressions of model parameters
out. The difficulty is mainly caused by nonlinear relationships
are in appendix. In this paper, our concern is on the power
in (6), (7) and (11), (12). For small-signal stability study,
characteristic of WT under transient control, so motion
method of Linearization at equilibrium point can be used.
equation model with normal control is not given, which can
However, for transient stability study, this method is invalid.
also be obtained based on the model structure in Fig. 5.
So a method of Multiple Linear Regression is introduced in
this paper. The method is a statistical technique for C. Inertia characteristic of WT under transient control
investigating and modeling the relationship between variables As shown in Fig. 7, internal voltage of WT has integral
[25], which has been used in damping prediction of large relationships with power variation in a similar way to SG. If
power systems and online voltage stability margin estimation grid has any disturbance and terminal voltage of WT changes,
in [26]-[27]. A multiple linear regression model is internal voltage will not change suddenly and hence the power
y 0 1 X1 2 X 2 +n X n (15) output will respond to the disturbance from grid. This means
where y is the dependent variable, Xi is the ith independent internal voltage of WT possesses inertia and model parameters
variable, i is the ith coefficient, 0 is a constant term, and is M1-M6 determine the inertia quantitatively. The differences
the random error. For most applications, the work is to judge and similarities between WT and SG can also be identified
whether the relationship between variables is linear and get the through the model.
coefficient i with least squares method if it is linear. Firstly, the model of SG is reformed for transient stability

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study as shown in Fig. 8. Phase angle is composed of the first

D11
part, viz. the initial value 0, the second part driven by torque Qs 0 D1 (s)

variation, and the third part that is determined by difference Qs 1 1 1

between the initial and equilibrium value of inner state M1 s s
variables. But there is no the third part during grid fault since 1 1 1

Ps

rotor speed initial value r0 is equal to 1 at fault occurrence Ps M2 s s
Ps 0 Es
moment if the system has already been in equilibrium state D22 D2 (s)
before fault.
D33
Then, the developed model of WT is compared with model Es 2
of SG. For model of WT in Fig. 7, the output is composed of 1 1 1

the initial value, the second part driven by power variation, M3 s s
and the third part that is produced by sudden change of Qs Qs 1 1 1
terminal voltage at fault occurrence moment. The reason is that
Qtref M 4 (s) s s
terminal voltage is introduced into control and sudden change
D44 (s) s2
at the moment exerts an effect on the following dynamic of the
output. The components are similar to those in model of SG, D55 D5 (s) s
Ps 0
while there are differences. First, due to the couplings in phase
Ps
1 1 1
angle and magnitude of internal voltage with active power and
M5 s s
reactive power variation, the second part in model of WT has
1 1 1
multiple branches in parallel. Secondly, based on expressions
Qs M6 s s
of model parameters in appendix, inertia-related parameters
Qs 0 D66 D6 (s)
M1-M6 of the WT can be tuned by voltage control parameter
KVi. Besides, due to multi integral control blocks in real system Es 0
(high order system), partial model parameters contain Laplace sudden change of Vt Es 2
1
K1 0
operator s, which means these parameters vary in frequency Vt 0 V ref
1 Ts s0

t0

domain. t 0 PLL 0 1 ( K2 K ) 1
s2
1 Ts s 3
TPLL s
Lastly, based on the analysis above, a primary result is
obtained that DFIG-based WT under transient control has
Fig. 7. Block diagram model of DFIG-based WT under transient control
adjustable inertia characteristic.
based on motion equation concept.

IV. SIMULATION STUDY 0

1 1 r base
A. Model verification
Te M s s
The method of Multiple Linear Regression and the motion Tm base
equation model are verified by simulation in this section. X initial X equilibrium r 0 1 s

A simple system is considered as shown in Fig. 9, consisting Fig. 8. Block diagram model of SG based on motion equation concept for
of a single aggregated DFIG-based WT delivering power to an transient stability study.
infinite bus. A typical case using electromagnetic transient
model is performed in MATLAB/SimPowerSystems. The Z L1 Pt , Qt
parameters are listed in Table I. Three-phase short-circuit fault Infinite Bus Z2
Z1
occurs on one line at 2s and then this line is cut off at 2.5s. Z L2 G WT
Vt Vt e jt ~
As a result, data of Es, s, Vt, t, Ps, Qs, PLL, iPLL and iPLL can VB VB e j0

f
rd rq 3

be obtained from simulation results. Then with the method of

Fig. 9. Single DFIG-based WT connected to an infinite bus system.
Multiple Linear Regression, the related coefficients l, k, h. can
be calculated. Moreover, the Regression Analysis results, viz. Table I. Simulation Parameters
ERs , (s-PLL)R, VRt , and (s-t)R, can be calculated according to
(16)-(19). The related coefficients during fault and after fault Grid Parameters(based on 300MW) Wind Turbine Parameters
clearance are listed in Table II and the comparison between Value Units Value Units
electromagnetic transient simulation results and regression VB 1.05 p.u. Rated 300 MW
analysis results is in Fig. 10. The comparison illustrates the Z1 0.007+j0.07 p.u. H 5.08 s
effectiveness of the method. The short transition duration after ZL1 0.0136+j0.136 p.u. Xm 2.9 p.u.
fault clearance is not involved in the linear regions due to large ZL2 0.0136+j0.136 p.u. Xs 3.08 p.u.
disturbance, and it has no effect on inertia characteristic during Z2 0.0437+j0.155 p.u. Rs 0.02 p.u.
fault. Zf(3) 0.05+j0.5 p.u. KQi 0.5 -
Then, based on the related coefficients, the motion equation Vup 0.9 p.u. KVi 10 -
Vdip 0.5 p.u. PI 3/0.6 -
model with specific parameters is obtained, and then dynamic
Imax 1 p.u. PIPLL 60/1400 -
simulation results using the motion equation model are given.

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Table II. Related Coefficients by Multiple Linear Regression method Table III. Change trend with voltage control parameters KVi
of inertia-related parameters
during grid fault after fault clearance
l11 l12 l13 l11 l12 l13 KVi 5 10 20 KVi 5 10 20
0.29 2.26 -1.38 0.87 1.97 0.25 M1 0.588 0.286 0.145 M41 0.003 0.002 0.001
l21 l22 l23 l21 l22 l23 M2 0.909 0.476 0.238 M42 0.476 0.238 0.119
1.30 0.20 0.81 1.28 0.31 0.99 M3 0.417 0.204 0.102 M5 0.019 0.01 0.005
k1 k2 k3 k4 k1 k2 k3 k4 M6 0.008 0.004 0.002
0.89 0.22 0.35 -0.07 1.11 0.16 0.40 -0.070
h1 h2 h3 h4 h1 h2 h3 h4 kvi=5 0.5 0.5

0.68 -1.84 -1.65 0.70 1.00 0.01 -1.52 0.041 1 kvi=10

kvi=20

Ps p.u.

Qs p.u.
0

0.8 1 0 -0.5
2 2.2 2.4 2.6
electromagnetic transient 0.8

simulation results regression analysis results 0.6 0.6

3.5 3.5 100 2 2.2 2.4 2.6

-0.5
s - PLL deg

3 1 2 3 t s 4 1 2 5 3 t s 46 5 6
Es p.u.

3 2.5

2
80 100
2 2.2 2.4 2.6 80 Fig. 12. Power behaviors under different voltage control parameters.
2.5 60 60

40
2 2.2 2.4 2.6

2 Sending end Rated 300 MVA

40 Receiving end
2 4 6 8 10 100 2 4 6 8 10 1.05 p.u. Bus 4 Bus 5 Z 35 1.05 p.u. PWT 300 MW
0.03517 j 0.35174
0.0858 j 0.3924 Bus 3
1.1 Bus 1 0.00167 j 0.05
s t deg

SG1 G G WT
80
Vt p.u.

1 Tie-line 0.00167 j 0.05 ~

Rated ~
100

1.1
80
410 MVA 0.03517 j 0.35174 G SG2
0.9 1
60 60
PSG1 253MW Bus 2 ~
0.9 40
Load Z type f 3 1.05 p.u. Rated 410 MVA
0.8 0.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
2 2.2 2.4 2.6
40 800MW 250MVar 0.03 j 0.3
PSG 2 300MW
2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10
t s t s Fig. 13. A simple power system with two SGs and one aggregated DFIG-
Fig. 10. Comparison between electromagnetic transient simulation results based WT (Sbase = 300 MW).
and regression analysis results.
both active and reactive power currents are determined by
electromagnetic transient model motion equation model terminal voltage magnitude dynamic for the selected transient
0.5 0.5 control. The impact of such control strategy on the first-swing
Ps p.u.

Qs p.u.

1 0.8
0.6
0
stability of SGs will be studied in the next section.
-0.5

0.8
2 2.2 2.4 2.6
0 2 2.2 2.4 2.6

C. Impact of WT under transient control on the first-swing

0.6 stability of SGs
-0.5
3.5 2 4 6 8 10 120 2 4 6 8 10 Through studying a power system with two SGs and one
Es p.u.

3.5
s deg

3
3

2.5
100
aggregated DFIG-based WT as shown in Fig. 13, the impact of
2
2 2.2 2.4 2.6
100
DFIG-based WT under transient control on the first-swing
2.5 80 80

2 60
2 4 6 8 10
t s
Fig. 11. Comparison of simulation results between electromagnetic transient
model and motion equation model.
The comparison of simulation results between electromagnetic
transient model and motion equation model is in Fig. 11. It
proves the effectiveness of the model.
B. Effect of varied control parameter on adjustable inertia
characteristic and power behaviors of WT
Since the inertia-related parameters M1-M6 can be tuned by
voltage control parameter KVi, adjustable inertia characteristic
of WT are studied by changing KVi and based on the simple
system in Fig. 9.
With varied KVi values, change trend of the absolute values of
inertia-related parameters is as shown in Table III. A smaller
KVi value means a higher inertia of WT. Thus, during the same
fault disturbance, a higher inertia means a slower response
dynamic of the internal voltage and leads to a slower
adjustment of power behaviors as shown in Fig. 12.
Besides, for the active and reactive power characteristics,
change trend with KVi values is the same. The reason is that
60
2 2.2 2.4 2.6
stability of SGs is illustrated. The two SGs are modeled as
salient pole generators with steam turbine governors [1] and
2 4 6 8 10
t s DC excitation systems [28]. The parameters of the SGs are
given in appendix. The WT has a considerable capacity and is
connected to the grid through relatively long electrical distance
(Z35=0.0858+j0.3924). Three-phase short-circuit fault occurs
on one line at 1s and lasts 200ms.
As in the previous studies, the effect of reactive power
injection can be explained from the impact on grid bus voltage
and the synchronizing force between SGs. So the effect of
active power behavior of WT under transient control is firstly
illustrated.
Simulation results of the above case are given in Fig. 14.
Firstly, under varied KVi value voltage magnitude dynamic at
Bus 5 during fault is almost the same though reactive power of
WT is different. The reason is that the effect of reactive power
is limited by electrical distance due to reactive power loss on
line reactance, so the impact of reactive power behavior of WT
on the first-swing stability of SGs can be ignored in this case
and the impact routine is mainly through active power
behavior. Then, variation of the angle separation between
rotors of two SGs is different under varied KVi value. The
value of the first-swing maximum angle is proportional to KVi

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TEC.2017.2698521, IEEE
1.1
1
SG 2 SG1 deg
0.9
VBus 5 p.u.
0.8
0.7
0.6
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 1
0.5
0.4
PWT p.u.
QWT p.u.
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 1
t s
Fig. 14. Simulation results of the studied system (Z35=0.0858+j0.3924).
Table IV. Impact of inertia characteristic of WT on
the first-swing stability of SGs
KVi
First-swing max. angle(deg)
value as shown in Table IV, while a smaller KVi value means a
higher inertia of WT. Therefore, the impact of active power
behavior of WT under transient control on the first-swing
stability of SGs has a clear link with the varied inertia
characteristic. Like the SG, the WT with a higher inertia also
undertakes more unbalance power and hence reduces states
variation of the neighbored SG during grid fault, which has
beneficial impact on the first-swing stability of SGs.
Moreover, to check the relationship between the impact
degree of reactive power behavior of WT and the electrical
distance with SG, several simulations are done under varied
KVi and different reactance Z35. The change trend of the first-
swing maximum angle with KVi value under different reactance
Z35 is shown in Fig. 15. It can be observed that the first-swing
maximum angle is inverse-proportional to KVi value under
small reactance Z35. This means the impact of reactive power
characteristic of WT is dominant on the first-swing stability of
SGs if WT is very nearby the SG. Meanwhile, the impact of
inertia characteristic of WT is dominant on the first-swing
stability of SGs if WT is far away from the SG.
V. DISCUSSIONS
With deep understanding of the inertia characteristic of WT
under transient control after the above modeling work, we can
not only explain the impact mechanism based on the analysis
theory of traditional power system stability but also guide the
way of optimizing transient control.
The impact of DFIG-based WT under transient control on
the first-swing stability of SGs can be understood from active
and reactive power, respectively. The impact mechanism of
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Transactions on Energy Conversion
7
kvi=5
36 kvi=10
kvi=20
first-swing angle
34
First-swing max. angle(deg)
32
30
28
1.5 2 2.5 3 Z 35
0.0858+j0.3924
1.1 0.0319+j0.2308
0.005+j0.15
1
0.002+j0.06
0.9
0.8 Voltage control parameter KVi
0.7 Fig. 15. Change trend of the first-swing maximum angle with KVi value
under different reactance Z35.
0.6
0.5 active power is through varied inertia characteristic of the WT,
1.5 2 2.5 3
t s
which will affect dynamic distribution of active power among
all the SGs, while the impact mechanism of reactive power is
through varied synchronizing force. Moreover, the effect
degree of the latter is limited by electrical distance. These
results are illustrated in the above case study. For the studied
transient control strategy in this paper, the positive impacts of
5 10 20 active and reactive power behaviors of WT have an inverse
35.70 36.27 36.99 relationship with voltage control parameter of WT, so
choosing parameter value to improve the first-swing stability
of SGs should consider the electrical distance between WT
and SG. If large-scaled wind farms are located in remote areas
far away from the existing grid, the impact of WT under
transient control on the first-swing stability of SGs is mainly
through active power and a smaller value of voltage control
parameter is better.
In addition, to avoid the contradiction of single parameter
on both active and reactive power characteristic, WT can also
possess proper inertia characteristic during grid fault with
other methods, such as detecting frequency of terminal voltage
to determine the value of active power current.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the inertia characteristic of DFIG-based WT
under transient control is studied and the impact mechanism of
transient control on the first-swing stability of SGs is analyzed.
In order to describe and explain inertia characteristic of WT
under transient control explicitly, motion equation model of
DFIG-based WT under transient control is developed. The
foundation is the definition of internal voltage of DFIG-based
WT in electromechanical timescale. Besides, a method of
Multiple Linear Regression is applied to simplify the nonlinear
relations in transient modeling. Based on the model, we obtain
an important conclusion that DFIG-based WT under transient
control has adjustable inertia characteristic that has a clear link
with control parameters.
Then the impact mechanism of WT under transient control
on the first-swing stability of SGs is understood clearly from
the perspective of inertia characteristic and dynamic reactive
power characteristic, respectively. The impact of varied inertia
characteristic of WT is through affecting the active power
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Transactions on Energy Conversion
8

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TEC.2017.2698521, IEEE
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Dr. Hu is the author/coauthor of more than 100 peer-reviewed technical
papers and one book, and holds more than 20 issued/pending patents. He is
currently supported by the National Natural Science of China for Excellent
Young Scholars, the National Ten Thousand Talent Program for Young Top-
Notch Scholars, and the Yangtze River Young Scholar Program from Chinese
Ministry of Education. He serves as Editor of IEEE Transactions on Energy
Conversion, Associate Editor of IET Renewable Power Generation, Domestic
Member of the Editorial Board for Frontiers of Information Technology and
Electronic Engineering (FITEE) and Member of Editorial Board for
Automation of Electric Power Systems. He is member of IEC SC8A
WG1/AHG3.

BIOGRAPHIES

Jie Ying (S'16) was born in Henan, China. He

received the B.Eng. degree from the School of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology (HUST),
Wuhan, China, in July 2012. He is currently working
toward the Ph.D. degree with the State Key
Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic and
Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and
Technology. His current research interests include
wind turbine and photovoltaic control, power system stability analysis, in
particular on the transient stability study of semiconducting power systems.

Xiaoming Yuan (S'97M'99SM'01) received the

B.Eng. degree from Shandong University, China,
the M.Eng. degree from Zhejiang University, China,
and the Ph.D. degree from Federal University of
Santa Catarina, Brazil, in 1986, 1993, and 1998
respectively, all in electrical engineering. He was
with Qilu Petrochemical Corporation, China, from
1986 to 1990, where he was involved in the
commissioning and testing of relaying and
automation devices in power systems, adjustable
speed drives, and high-power UPS systems. From 1998 to 2001, he was a
Project Engineer at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich,
Switzerland, where he worked on flexible-ac-transmission-systems (FACTS)
and power quality. From 2001 to 2008, he was with GE GRC Shanghai as a
Manager of the Low Power Electronics Laboratory. From 2008 to 2010, he
was with GE GRC US as an Electrical Chief Engineer. His research field
involves stability and control of power system with multi machines multi
converters, control and grid-integration of renewable energy generations, and
control of high voltage dc transmission systems.
Dr. Yuan is Distinguished Expert of National Thousand Talents Program of
China, and Chief Scientist of National Basic Research Program of China (973
Program). He received the first prize paper award from the Industrial Power
Converter Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society in 1999.

Jiabing Hu (S'05M'10SM'12) received the B. Eng.

and Ph.D. degrees in College of Electrical
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,
in July 2004 and September 2009, respectively. From
2007 to 2008, he was funded by Chinese Scholarship
Council (CSC) as a visiting scholar with the
Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,
University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K. From April
2010 to August 2011, he was a PostDoctoral
Research Associate with Sheffield Siemens Wind
Power (S2WP) research center and the Department of Electronic and
Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K. Since
September 2011, he has been a professor with State Key Laboratory of
Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, and School of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and
Technology, Wuhan, China. His current research interests include grid-
integration of large-scale renewables, modular multilevel converter (MMC)

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