HEAT TRANSFER*

HEAT TRANSFER 7.9

Roof 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Segment (azimuth) 90 60 30 0 30 60 90
Gi 341.2 0 17.4 30.2 34.9 30.2 17.4 0
Gi + G s 366.2 25 42.4 55.2 59.9 55.2 42.4 25
qs / A, Btu/(h)(ft2 ) 65.92 4.50 7.63 9.94 10.8 9.94 7.63 4.50
qs / A, W/m2 208 14.2 24.0 31.3 34.0 31.3 24.0 14.2

Since this calculation procedure treats the tank as if it had 12 at sides, the calculated Gi for
segments 1 and 7 is zero. Of course, G i is also zero for the shaded half of the tank [and qs / A =
4.5 Btu/(h)(ft2 )].

2. Calculate the equilibrium temperature of each of the tank surfaces. It can be shown that
conduction between the segments is negligible. Then, at equilibrium, each segment must satisfy the
heat-balance equation, that is, solar-heat absorption + net heat input by radiation + heat
transferred in by outside convection + heat transferred in by inside convection = 0, or
s o
+ a Ra T 4 wT 4 i i q /wA + J T4 T4
+ h J(T T ) + h (T T ) = 0 o w
R w

where Tw is the tank-wall temperature; subscript o refers to surrounding structural and other
elements having a radiant interchange factor Jo with the segments; subscript R refers to the
atmosphere, having an equivalent radiation temperature TR and a radiant interchange factor J R ;
subscript a refers to the air surrounding the tank, and subscript i refers to the gas inside the tank.
The heat balance for the roof is solved as follows (similar calculations can be made for each
segment of the tank wall):
Now, qs / A = 65.92 Btu/(h)(ft2 ), To = 105 F = 565 R (due to hot pipes and other
equipment in the vicinity), Jo = 0.2, TR = 5 F = 465 R, a good assumption for J R is 0.75, h a
= 0.72, and h i = 0.75. Therefore,
8 4 4
65.92
+ (0.1713 108 )(0.75) 465 4
+
T 4(0.1713 10 )(0.2) 565 Tw w
+ 0.72(90 + 460 Tw ) + 0.75(85 + 460 Tw ) = 0
w
65.92 + 34.91 (3.426 1010 + 12.848 1010 )T 4 + 60.07 + 396
(0.72 + 0.75)Tw + 408 = 0
w
1.6274 109 T 4 + 1.47Tw = 965

This is solved by trial and error, to yield Tw = 553 R = 93 F (307 K). Note that if the paint had
been black, s might have been 0.97 instead of 0.18. In that case, the temperature would have been
about
200 F (366 K).
The same procedure is then applied to each of the other tank segments.

7.4 HEAT LOSS FROM AN UNINSULATED SURFACE TO AIR

A steam line with a diameter of 3.5 in (0.089 m) and a length of 50 ft (15.2 m) transports steam at
320 F (433 K). The carbon steel pipe [thermal conductivity of 25 Btu/(h)(ft)( F) or 142 W/(m2 )
(K)] is not insulated. Its emissivity is 0.8. Calculate the heat loss for calm air and also for a wind
velocity of 15 mi/h (24 km/h), if the air temperature is 68 F (293 K).

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 HEAT TRANSFER*

7.10 SECTION SEVEN

Calculation Procedure
1. Calculate the heat loss due to radiation. Because the coefcient for heat transfer from the
outside of the pipe as a result of radiation and convection is much less than all other heat-transfer
coefcients involved in this example, the surface temperature of the pipe can be assumed to be that
of the steam. To calculate the heat loss, use the straightforward radiation formula

Q = 0.1713/
A

s 4
T
100
4
Ts

100

where Q is heat loss in British thermal units per hour, A is heat-transfer area in square feet, Ts is
absolute temperature of the surface in degrees Rankine, Ta is absolute temperature of the air, and
/ is the emissivity of the pipe. (Note that in this version of the formula, the 108 portion of the
Stefan-Boltzmann constant is built into the temperature terms.)
Thus,
 = 0.1713(0.8) Q
A

4
460 + 320
100
4

460 + 68

100

2
= 401 Btu/(h)(ft)

(1264 W/m2 )

2. Calculate the heat loss as a result of natural convection in calm air. Use the formula
Q 0.27 T 1.25
=
A D 0.25
where T = Ts Ta in degrees Fahrenheit and D is pipe diameter in feet. Thus,
2 2
Q 0.27(320 68)1.25
= = 369 Btu/(h)(ft ) (1164 W/m )
A (3.5/12)0.25

3. Calculate the total heat loss for the pipe in calm air. Now, Q = ( Q/ A) A, and A =
(3.5/12)
50 = 45.81 ft2 (4.26 m2 ), so Q = (401 + 369)(45.81) = 35,270 Btu/h (10,330
W).

4. Calculate the heat loss by convection for a wind velocity of 15 mi/h. First, determine the
mass velocity G of the air: G = v, where is density and v is linear velocity. For air, = 0.075
lb/ft3 (1.20 kg/m3 ). In this problem, v = 15 mi/h (5280 ft/mi) = 79,200 ft/h (24,140 m/h), so G =
0.075(79,200) = 5940 lb/(h)(ft2 ) [29,000 kg/(h)(m2 )].
Next, determine the heat-transfer coefcient, using the formula h = 0.11cG 0.6 / D 0.4 , where
h is heat-transfer coefcient in British thermal units per hour per square foot per degree
Fahren- heit, c is specic heat in British thermal units per pound per degree Fahrenheit (0.24
for air), G is mass velocity in pounds per hour per square foot, and D is diameter in feet.
Thus, h =
0.11(0.24)(5940)0.6 /(3.5/12)0.4 = 7.94 Btu/(h)(ft2 )( F) [45.05 W/(m2 )
(K)].
Finally, use this coefcient to determine the heat loss due to convection via the formula Q/ A =
h(Ts Ta ). Thus, Q/ A = 7.94(320 68) = 2000.9 Btu/(h)(ft2 )(6307 W/m2
).

5. Calculate the total heat loss for the pipe when the wind velocity is 15 mi/h. As in step 3,
Q = (401 + 2000.9)(45.81) = 110,030 Btu/h (32,240
W).

7.5 HEAT LOSS FROM AN INSULATED SURFACE TO AIR

Calculate the heat loss from the steam line in Example 7.4 if it has insulation 2 in (0.050 m) thick
having a thermal conductivity of 0.05 Btu/(h)(ft)( F) [0.086 W/(m)(K)]. The inside diameter of the
pipe is 3 in (0.076 m), and the heat-transfer coefcient from the condensing steam to the pipe wall

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