HAND OUT OF CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS

Orbit
It is the imaginary circular path through which the electrons revolve around the nucleus.
It is denoted by the capital letter K, L, M, N, O and so on.
It is further sub- divided into 1 to 4 orbital depending upon the orbit.
Orbital
It is the space around the nucleus where the probability of finding the electrons is maximum.
There are four types of orbitals s-orbital , p-orbital , d-orbital and f-orbital
The capacity to occupy electrons are as follows:
Type of Orbital No. of electron
s-orbital 2
p- orbital 6
d- orbital 10
f- orbital 14

The different orbit with their orbital along with their electron holding capacity:

No Orbit Electrons capacity by Orbital Sum of all the electrons

2n2 rule in the orbitals
1 K 2(1)2=2 1s 2=2
2
2 L 2(2) =8 2s 2p 2 +6 = 8
2
3 M 2(3) =18 3s 3p 3d 2 + 6 + 10 = 18
2
4 N 2(4) =32 4s 4p 4d 4f 2 + 6 + 10 + 14 = 32
5 O 32 5s 5p 5d 5f 2 + 6 + 10 + 14 = 32
6 P 32 6s 6p 6d 6f 2 + 6 + 10 + 14 = 32

Note:
1. The no. of orbital of K is 1 i.e. only one orbital s-orbital and it is denoted as 1s. here the 1
represents 1st orbit i.e. K.
2. Similarly, the no. of orbital of L is 2 i.e. s-orbital and p-orbital and it is denoted as 2s 2p. Here
the 2 represents 2nd orbit i.e. L.
3. 2n2 rule gives the maximum capacity of electrons that a orbit can occupy. The n represents
the no. of orbit.

Electronic configuration: It is defined as the distribution of electrons in different orbits and

orbitals in an atom.
Rules of writing electronic configuration:
1. Find the atomic number of atom.
2. Memorize the basic order of orbitals, i.e. 1s2s2p3s3p4s3d and so on.
3. Understand electron configuration notation.
For example: in orbital 3p2 , 3 represents M shell, p represents orbital, 2 represents no. of
electrons in p-orbital is 2.
4. Fill in the orbitals according to the number of electrons in the atom.
 Determining the order of orbital to be filled

The order of the orbital to be filled first is given by the increasing

energy level of orbital rather than their ascending order, i.e. the orbital
with less energy is filled first and the only the higher energy.

Note:
1. 1s has the smallest energy level; so it is filled first, i.e. 2
electrons go to 1s. The 3rd electron goes to 2s and so on.
2. 4s is filled first than 3d as 4s has less energy than 3d.
3. The pattern of filling the electrons is as shown in the figure.
Thinks to know :
1. Valence electron is the electrons found in the last orbit.
2. Valency is the combining capacity of the atom of the element or radical.
3. Valency is determined by the no. of valence electrons.
If the no. of electron is less or equal to 4 then Valency= no. of electrons
If the no. of electron is more than 4 then Valency= 8 - no. of electrons.
 CHEMICAL BOND
Chemical bond is the force of attraction which binds the atoms into a molecule.
Cause of chemical bonds: Element have atoms with unstable and incomplete valence shell and
they try to make it complete and stable by gaining, giving or sharing electrons.
Type of chemical bonds :
1. Electrovalent Bond:
Defn.: The type of bond which is formed by the transfer of electrons from metal atom
to non-metal atom.
* This type of bond is found between metal and non-metal.
* Metals lose electrons and non-metals gain electron.
* After transfer of electrons, the metal atoms gains +ve charge and non-metal
gains ve charge
* There is electrostatic force of attraction between +ve ion and ve ion also called
Electrovalent bond
* Compounds with electrovalent bond are known as electrovalent compounds.
They are also known as ionic compounds as they have ions.
For e.g. NaCl

Sodium has 1 electron and chlorine has 7 electrons in the valence shell. So, to
become stable Na loses 1 electron to Cl atom. After transfer of electron, Na atom
gains +ve charge and Cl atom gains ve charge. There is electrostatic force of
attraction between +ve ion and ve ion also known as Electrovalent bond.

2. Covalent bond:
Defn: The type of bond which is formed by sharing of electrons between two atoms.
* This bond is formed between non-metal and non-metal.
* The both atoms shares 1 electron each.
* There is overlapping of the valence orbit of both electrons for the purpose of
sharing.
* Compound having covalent bond are known as covalent compound.
For eg;

Hydrogen has 1 electron and Oxygen has 6 electrons in the valence shell. So, to
become stable each H atom shares 1 electron and O atom share 2 electron. After
overlapping of valence orbit, H atom makes 1 bond and O atom makes 2 bonds.
This linkage between H atom and O atom is known as covalent bond.
3. Co-ordinate Covalent Bond:
Defn: The covalent bond which is formed when the pair of electrons required for the
bond is provided by only one atom i.e. one atom donates 2 electrons for another atom.

In this bond, donor atom is the atom which gives two electrons of it to form a
covalent bond. The acceptor atom is the atom which receives the electron and
form covalent bond.
The donor atom has a positive charge over and acceptor atom has a negative
charge over it.
This bond is shown by a short arrow as follows:
+ -
(Donor atom) (Acceptor atom)
Few examples:
1. Sulphur dioxide SO2

2. Ammonium ion , NH4+

VALENCY OF ELECTROPOSITIVE RADICAL

VALENCY OF ELECTRONEGATIVE RADICAL

NAMES OF SOME IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
RADICAL FORMULA OF SOME DISTINCT IONS WITH THEIR NAMES