CASTRO, DOROTHY P.

CIE 099 (TIMBER AND STEEL)

BS ARCHITECTURE MARCH 10, 2016

FINAL EXAMINATION

FAMOUS TIMBER ANS STEEL STRUCTURES AND LANDMARKS

A.) FAMOUS TIMBER STRUCTURES AND LANDMARKS

1.) The Church of Resurrection of Lazarus

The Church of the Transfiguration Kizhi

Island has 22 onion domes covered
with hundreds of aspen shingles.

Russia's wooden churches began as

simple, sacred spaces. The Church of
Resurrection of Lazarus may be the
oldest wooden church remaining in
Russia. Many of these structures,
however, were quickly ravished by rot
and fire. Over the centuries, destroyed
churches were replaced with larger and
more elaborate buildings.

Built in 1714 during the reign of Peter the Great, the Church of the Transfiguration shown here
has 22 soaring onion domes sheathed in hundreds of aspen shingles.

No nails were used in the construction of the cathedral, and today many of the spruce logs are
weakened by insects and rot. In addition, a shortage of funds has lead to neglect and poorly
executed restoration efforts.

2.) Temple of Heaven

Temple of Heaven has been built in a curious

and rare combination of architectural styles and
technology from Ming (1368-1644) and Qing
(1644-1912) dynasties. Temple of Heaven is
then divided by two enclosed walls separating
the inner part from the outer part. The Temple
of Heaven is made of a lot of beautiful
buildings. The following ones are the most
famous and major attractions.

The Altar (Hall) of Prayer for Good Harvests:

This wooden building of 38 meters in height
and 30 meters in diameter sits on a round foundation and three level white marble stone. It
boasts as the most symbolical attraction in Temple of Heaven. The Hall is the most recognizable
building with its cone-shaped blue roof crowned with a gilded knob--a real marvel for the eyes.
The one that can be seen today is unfortunately not the original for it was burned by a fire in
Temple of Heaven, but it takes all the exact shapes, colors and posts of the original one.
Indeed, there are inside the hall 28 huge posts which were used to indicate time. The black,
yellow and green colors of the inner roof are like everything in the altar, representing the Earth
and the Heaven.

This other magnificent building in Temple of Heaven is a single-gabled circular building built on
a white marble stone base: the Imperial Vault of Heaven. The building is smaller in size but is
as interesting as its neighbor for it was where various memorial tablets of God were placed.
Indeed, the Imperial Vault of Heaven is made of bricks and timber and surrounded by the Echo
Wall, a smooth circular wall that has the specificity to transmit sounds over large distance, from
one tip of the wall to another. The best way to appreciate this building in Temple of Heaven is
to look at it from far away so that the vault will reveal its blue umbrella.

3.) Hry-ji (Meaning: Temple of the Flourishing Law)

World's Oldest Wooden Building, is a five-story pagoda, part

of Hry-ji (Meaning: Temple of the Flourishing Law)
Buddhist temple complex in Ikaruga, Nara Prefecture, Japan.

The temple complex was completed in 607 AD. As per tree-

ring dating (Dendro-chronological analysis) the wood used in
the central pillar of the pagoda is estimated to have been
felled in 594.

The pagoda has a height of 32.45 meters (122 feet) and its
base is about 6.1x6.1 metres (20x20 feet) square.

The main hall of the the temple (kond) which is located side-by-side to the Pagoda is widely
regarded as the second oldest wood building extant in the world. The hall measures 8.5 meters
by 15.2 meters. Extensive damage was caused to this old structure due to fire which broke out
on January 26, 1949. Although it has been reconstructed it is estimated that about only fifteen
to twenty percent of the original seventh century Kondo materials is left in the current building.

Due to this unfortunate fire damage and subsequent restoration the main hall is considered as
the second oldest and the Pagoda is considered to be the oldest wooden structure in the World.
It is also listed in the Guinness World Records.
In 1993, the complex was included in UNESCO World Heritage Site and a National Treasure of
Japan.

4.) Chengyang Bridge

Chengyang Bridge (also

known as Wind and Rain
Bridge) was built in 1916, and it
is the most famous among the
wind and rain bridges in the
Dong Minority Region in China.
The bridge stretches across the
Linxi River and it still in heavy
use. It is constructed of wood
and stone without nails or rivets
and is the largest of all the wind
and rain bridges. It is 64.4
meters long, 3.4 meters wide
and 10.6 meters high.

5.) Borgund Stavkirke, Lrdal,

Borgund Stave Church was built

sometime between 1180 and 1250 AD with
later additions and restorations. Its walls
are formed by vertical wooden boards, or
staves, hence the name "stave church".
The four corner posts were connected to
one another by ground sills, resting on a
stone foundation.[1] The rest of the staves
then rise from the ground sills, each stave
notched and grooved along the sides so
that they lock into one another, forming a
sturdy wall.[2]

How Borgund Stave Church was built

At the time the stave-churches were built,

there was already a long tradition in
building in wood. The Viking Age had come
to an end, but Norwegians were still a
seafaring people. Impulses from church
building abroad were combined with local traditions.

Borgund stave-church has withstood the ravages of time as the timber groundframe rests on
stone foundations. The wood does not rot, as it is not in contact with the damp earth.

1. The timber may have been seasoned on the root, drawing the tar to the surface. Once felled,
it was trimmed to shape. A stave-church can consist of 2,000 pieces.
2. The sturdy framework was put together on the ground and then raised upright, probably
with the help of long poles.
3. The construction takes its name from the major uprights or staves that form the framework
of the central room. They are capped with carved faces.
4. The staves are held firmly together with pincer beams.
5. The diagonal cross-braces are named after St Andrew who was crucified on a diagonal cross.
6. The rounded arches are made from angled joints or knees taken from strong, naturally
curved parts of the tree between the trunk and the roots.
7. The external wall-planks are set vertically in a frame consisting of groundframe, wall plates
and corner posts.
8. Limited light entered through the round portholes. The present window in the end wall is
more recent, but there was probably a window here in medieval times.

B.) FAMOUS STEEL STRUCTURES AND LANDMARKS

1.) EMPIRE STATE BUILDING

The Empire State Building is an

iconic office building known as "the Most
Famous Skyscraper in the World."
Construction began in 1930, and the grand
opening was held on May 1, 1931. It was
the world's tallest free-standing structure
until 1967 and the world's tallest skyscraper
for over 40 years. It was displaced in 1972
by the construction of the World Trade
Center towers

At the time, new technologies were

pushing commercial real-estate development ever higher. Steel-frame construction allowed a
building to support more weight, allowing for taller structures. The elevator was a vital
invention that could provide access to upper floors - no one would lease space on the 50th floor
if they had to take the stairs to get there. In 1930, the Chrysler building (a building some
people mistake for the Empire State Building) took the record for world's tallest skyscraper at
77 stories and just over 1,000 feet tall. Even more notable is the sunburst design at the top,
one of the best examples of Art Deco design.

The construction itself was a model of efficiency as well, based on the emerging
principles of industrialism, assembly lines and division of labor. To maintain the strict schedule,
pieces like steel beams and stonework were prepared off-site, then delivered ready to be
inserted into place by workers. A series of hoists and narrow-gauge tracks inside the building
moved the pieces to the top-most floors, while large external winches were used for heavy
stone pieces. Workers perched hundreds of feet above street level as they riveted steel girders.
While the project was considered very safe for the era and complexity, six workers died. As
many as 3,500 workers were at the job site at one time, with the weekly payroll sometimes
approaching $250,000 [Source: Berman]. Because it would have been impossible to get all the
workers down from the site, then back up again in a timely manner for their lunch break, food
concessions were placed every few floors.

2.) U.S STEEL TOWER, PITTSBURGHS TALLEST BUILDING

Constructed in 1970, the U.S. Steel

Tower has come to signify the
transformation of Pittsburgh from the
Steel City to a bustling metropolis filled
with art, technology, and innovation.
The 64-story skyscraper is home to
numerous building tenants, including its
largest, U.S. Steel (occupying over
500,000 square feet of commercial
office space.

Located in the heart of downtown

Pittsburgh, PA, the U.S. Steel Tower is
architecturally noted for its triangular shape with indented corners. The steel building also made
history for being the first to use liquid-filled fireproofed columns. Fire protection of the U.S.
Steel Tower is provided by 18 hollowed columns filled with a mixture of water, antifreeze, and
rust inhibitor.

The towers architects and building contractors deliberately placed the massive steel
columns on the exterior to showcase a new product of the time called Cor-ten steel. Cor-ten
was resistant to the corrosive effects of rain, snow, ice, fog, and other weather conditions by
forming a coating of dark brown oxidation over the metal. The Cor-ten steel was manufactured
in the former U.S. Steel Homestead Works plant. This treatment saved the building managers
money over time by cutting the cost of painting or rust-prevention maintenance over the life of
the building.
3.) THE AKASHI-KAIKYO BRIDGE

The highest, longest and most

expensive suspension bridge on
earth, Megastructure Akashi Kaikyo
bridge caries a huge 6 line free way
linking Kobe with the island of Awaji
in to the south. For the people of the
fishing villages on rural south island
it's a vital link to hospitals, schools
and the city on the main land. For
Japan it's a symbol of national pride,
it is the final linking network of
bridges that will unite all four
islands. This bridge provides rapid
transportation, rapid access and opening up the island of shokoko to business commerce and
tourism.

Statistics / Facts:

1. Location: Kobe and Awaji-shima, Japan

2. Completion Date: 1998
3. Cost: $4.3 billion
4. Length: 12,828 feet
5. Type: Suspension
6. Purpose: Roadway
7. Materials: Steel
8. Longest Single Span: 6,527 feet
9. Engineer(s): Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Authority

In 1998, Japanese engineers stretched the limits of bridge engineering with the completion of
the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge. Currently the longest spanning suspension bridge in the world, the
Akashi Kaiko Bridge stretches 12,828 feet across the Akashi Strait to link the city of Kobe with
Awaji-shima Island. It would take four Brooklyn Bridges to span the same distance!

The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge isn't just long -- it's also extremely tall. Its two towers, at 928 feet,
soar higher than any other bridge towers in the world.

Structural Design of Akashi Kaikyo Suspension Bridge

The design features a two-hinged stiffening girder system, which allows the entire structure to
endure earthquakes (8.5 on the Richter scale), 286 kph winds, and extreme sea currents. The
Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge also has pendulums designed to damp forces. The bridge expands up to 2
meters a day because of heating. It is located at a height of 280 meters and is the highest
suspension bridge on earth. Its two towers each stand as tall as 80 story building with a central
span just over a mile. It's also the longest suspension bridge in the world nearly twice the
length of San Francisco golden gate and at $4.3 billion it's the most expensive bridge ever build.

The Akashi Strait is a busy shipping port, so engineers had to design a bridge that would not
block shipping traffic. They also had to consider the weather. Japan experiences some of the
worst weathers on the planet. Gale winds whip through the Strait. Rain pours down at a rate of
57 inches per year. Hurricanes, tsunamis, and earthquakes rattle and thrash the island almost
annually.

How did the Japanese engineers get around these problems? They supported their bridge with
a truss, or complex network of triangular braces, beneath the roadway. The open network of
triangles makes the bridge very rigid, but it also allows the wind to blow right through the
structure. In addition, engineers placed 20 tuned mass dampers (TMDs) in each tower. The
TMDs swing in the opposite direction of the wind sway. So when the wind blows the bridge in
one direction, the TMDs sway in the opposite direction, effectively "balancing" the bridge and
canceling out the sway. With this design, the Akashi Kaikyo can handle 180-mile-per-hour
winds, and it can withstand an earthquake with a magnitude of up to 8.5 on the Richter scale.

By comparison, the Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge is 366 meters longer than the former record holder,
Denmark's Store Baelt (East Bridge), which also officially opened in 1998. It is also 580 meters
longer than England's Humber Bridge, which was constructed in 1981. The Akashi-Kaikyo
Bridge is also 692 meters longer than New York's Verrazano-Narrows Bridge (constructed in
1964), the longest suspension bridge in the United States. It is 710 meters longer than the San
Francisco's world-famous Golden Gate Bridge, built in 1937.

Here's how this bridge stacks up against some of the longest-spanning bridges in the world.
(Total length, in feet Akashi Kaikyo Bridge 12,828')

Facts of Akashi Kaikyo Suspension Bridge:

A. The bridge is so long, it would take eight years Towers laid end to end to span the same
distance.

B. The length of the cables used in the bridge totals 300,000 kilometers. That's enough to
circle the earth 7 times!

C. The bridge was originally designed to be 12,825 feet. But on January 17, 1995, the
Great Hanshin Earthquake stretched the bridge an additional three feet.

D. The bridge holds three records: it is the longest, tallest, and most expensive suspension
bridge ever built.

E. Over 2 million workers, billions of dollars, 181,000 tons of steel and 1.4 million cubic
meters of concrete were used in its construction
 F. Its foundation is as deep as a 20 storey apartment blocks, towers almost as tall as the
Eiffel towers in Paris.

G. Its span is nearly 2 km (1/3 times more than any other suspension bridge built ever
before)

H.

I. Theory of suspension bridge design

J. Two main cable suspended across the water, held up by two towers

4.) SYDNEY HARBOUR BRIDGE

Sydney Harbour Bridge is one of

Australias most well known and
photographed landmarks. It is the worlds
largest (but not the longest) steel arch
bridge with the top of the bridge standing
134 meters (440 feet) above Sydney
Harbour. It took eight years to build and
opened in March 1932. Because the steel
expands or contracts depending on
whether it is hot or cold the bridge is not completely stationary and can rise or fall up to 18 cm
(7.1 inch).

A bridge across Sydney Harbour had been proposed by many people since 1815, but it
was not until 1922 that the New South Wales Government began to seriously consider the
project. There were 20 different designs submitted, but the winning one was from Dorman,
Long and Company. John Job Crew Bradfield was the head engineer involved in building the
bridge - the road surface on the bridge is named the Bradfield Highway after him. Refer Image1

In 1925 work on both ends of the bridge began at the same time - at Dawes point in the
south and McMahon's Point in the north. The construction work moved inwards and met in the
middle five years later.

Building the steel arch of the bridge was an immense task - apart from designing a way
to keep the arch up in the air while it was being built, the engineers also had to come up with a
way of letting the steel arch expand and contract. Steel expands (gets bigger) when it is warm
(like on a hot day) and contracts (gets smaller) when it is cold. The arch of the Harbour Bridge
rises and falls 18cm, depending on whether it is hot or cold. The engineers got around this
problem by installing two massive hinges on both ends of the bridge that allow it to move,
without the arch collapsing in on itself. The arch was held up in the air during construction by
hundreds of thick steel cables that were attached to the ends of the incomplete arch and
threaded down through U-shaped tunnels built into the sandstone foundations. Refer Image2

By the end of 1929 the arch was well underway. Huge 'creeper' cranes were used to lift
the large steel sections of the arch into place and they were then held in place by rivets. Over
six million rivets were used in the construction of the Harbour Bridge. In August 1930 the two
halves of the arch finally met. The next stage was to build the road deck. The creeper cranes
were used again to hoist the 'hangers' (the vertical pieces of steel that connect the arch and the
road deck) and the platforms that formed the road deck.

By the end of 1931 the bridge was complete and had undergone a series of tests to
make sure it was safe. The official opening took place on 19 March 1932. The New South Wales
Premier, Jack Lang, had decided that he would open the Harbour Bridge, instead of inviting a
member of the Royal family to open it. Before he could cut the rope, however, a uniformed
man rode up on a horse and slashed the ceremonial ribbon with a sword. His name was F.E. De
Groote and he was a member of the right-wing paramilitary organisation the 'New Guard'. De
Groote was protesting 'in the name of the decent and loyal citizens of New South Wales' against
Jack Lang performing the opening ceremony and not the King. As De Groote was arrested, the
ribbon was re-tied and Jack Lang officially opened the Harbour Bridge.

5.) The Taipei 101 Tower.

Standing in the Xinyi District of

Taipei, an area known for its financial
services and vibrant shopping malls, TAIPEI
101 represents a worldwide precedent for
sustainable skyscraper development. It
achieved a LEED Platinum certification for
Operations and Maintenance in 2011, an
impressive feat for a tower if its size and
complexity.

The tower rises from its base in a series of

eight-story modules that flare outward, evoking the form of a Chinese pagoda. The top of each
module houses mechanical floors that accommodate garbage systems, ventilation equipment,
water storage, and MEP services. Near the top, a smaller tower caps the structure, forming a
pinnacle that has become a familiar sight for the city. The faade of the tower features double-
paned green glass curtain walls that are highly reflective and block solar heat gain by 50
percent. Other sustainable features include energy efficient luminaries, custom lighting controls,
low-flow water fixtures, and a smart Energy Management and Control System.
TAIPEI 101 contains a 728-ton tuned mass damper (TMD), a large spherical steel pendulum
that offsets lateral movements caused by strong winds. The TMD is located in a large multi-
story cavity near the top of the tower. This location is ideal for countering overturning forces, a
necessary precaution in a typhoon-prone part of the world.

Nearly every aspect of the buildings design is steeped in symbolism. The number 101
represents January 1, the first day of the year. As such, the building has become a central
component of New Years celebrations in Taiwan. Every year, all of the towers lights are turned
off and each of the stacked modules light up in sequential order, counting down the last eight
seconds before the New Year, which is followed by a dazzling fireworks display.

CASTRO, DOROTHY P. CIE 099 (TIMBER AND STEEL)

BS ARCHITECTURE MARCH 10, 2016

FINAL EXAMINATION

FAMOUS LANDMARK AND STRUCTURE THAT USES TIMBER AND STEEL