9/13/2015 Amplitide,Phase,andFrequencyModulations

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Amplitide,Phase,andFrequencyModulations

InradioorTVbroadcast,theaudioorvideosignal tobetransmittedisusedtomodulatetheamplitude,phase,orfrequencyofthecarriersignal

withcarrierfrequency ,whichismuchhigherthanthehighestfrequencycomponentofthesignal .Themodulatedsignal isthentransmitted.

AmplitudeModulation(AM)

Theamplitudeofthecarrierismodulatedbythesignal andbecomestimevariant:

where istheamplitudemodulationindex,andweassumetheamplitudeofthesignalisnogreaterthan1.Forexample,ifthesignalissinusoidal

,thenthemodulatedsignalis:

Inordertotransmitallsignalfrequenciesuptothehighestfrequencycomponent inthesignal,abandwidthof

centeredaroundthecarrier(orcentral)frequency isrequired.

PhaseModulation(PM)

Thephaseofthecarrierismodulatedbythesignal andbecomestimevariant:

where isthephasemodulationindex.Forexample,ifthesignalissinusoidal ,thenthemodulatedsignalis:

where isthephasemodulationindex.Thephaseangleofthecarrierismodulatedtovarywithintherangeof .

FrequencyModulation(FM)

Thefrequencyofthecarrierismodulatedbythesignal andbecomestimevariant:

where isthefrequencymodulationindex.As ,theangleisalsotimevariant:

andthemodulatedsignalis:

Forexample,ifthesignalissinusoidal ,thenthemodulatedsignalis:

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Theamplitudemodulatedsignalcanbedemodulatedtorecoveredthesignal fromthetransmittedsignalbyRFamplification,rectification,lowpassfiltering,and

audiosignalamplification.

Inanyofthethreecaseabove,itrequiresacertainbandwidtharoundthecarrierfrequency totransmitthemodulatedsignal.Consequently,the valueofthetuner

ofthereceiverneedstobeverycarefullychosen.Itneedstobehighenoughforgoodselectivitybetweendifferentradiostations,but,ontheotherhand,itcannotbetoo
highinordertohaveabandwidthwideenoughtocontainallfrequencycomponentsinthesignal.

Radio/TVBroadcastingandFrequencyAllocation

TheAMradiofrequencyrangeisfrom535kHzto1605kHzwith10kHzfrequencyspacingorbandwidth,i.e.,thehighestsignalfrequencyallowedisabout5kHz

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(whiletheupperlimitoftheaudiblefrequenciesis20kHz).
TheFMradiofrequencyrange(VHF)isfrom88MHzto108MHzwith0.2MHz=200kHzfrequencyspacing,correspondingtoamuchwiderbandwidththat
makeshighfidelityandstereobroadcastingpossible.
TheTVbroadcastingisalsoinMHzfrequencyrangewithamuchwiderspacingof6MHz,neededtocarryvideoaswellasaudiosignals.
VHF:54MHzto210MHz(notcontinuous,forchannels2to13)
UHF:470MHzto884MHz(notcontinuous,forchannels14to83)

TheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)hasveryspecificfrequencyallocationregulations,seetheFCCfrequencyallocationchart.

Example1:

AseriesRCLcircuitcomposedofaninductor and andacapacitor isconnectedtoavoltagesource.Findthevalueof forthiscircuitto

resonateat ,alsofindthebandwidth.

Solutioin:

Thequalityfactoris

Thebandwidthis

or

Example2:

ResonantcircuitiswidelyusedinradioandTVreceiverstoselectadesiredstationfrommanystationsavailable.Thecircuitareshowninthefigurebelow.Assume
,and isavariablecapacitor,whichcanbeadjustedtomatchtheresonantfrequencyofthecircuittothefrequencyofthedesired

station.Assumethefrequencyofthedesiredstationis640kHz,findthevalueof andthebandwidthofthetuningcircuit.Moreover,iftheinducedvoltageinthe
circuitis (rms),findthecurrent(rms)intheresonantcircuit,andtheoutputvoltage(rms)acrossthecapacitor.

Solution:Atthedesiredresonantfrequency ,thereactanceoftheinductoris

andthequalityfactor ofthiscircuitis

Thebandwidthis:

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Theresonantfrequencycanbeexpressedas:

Solvingthisweget

Thecurrentincircuitis

Thevoltageacross is

Theoutputvoltageacross is

whichis timesthevoltage across (sameasthevoltagesource).

Example

Inreality,allinductorshaveanonzeroresistance,thereforeaparallelresonancecircuitshouldbemodeledasshowninthefigure.

Theadmittanceis:

Asfrequency appearsintherealpart aswellasintheimaginarypart ,thefrequencythatminimizes hastobefoundbysolving

However,whenthequalityfactor associatedwiththenonidealinductorislargeenough(e.g., ),allpreviousdiscussedrelationsforideal

inductorsstillholdapproximately,andtheresonantfrequency canstillbefoundapproximatelybythepreviousapproachbyletting :

For tobereal,wemusthave

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Typicallywehave ,andtheresonantfrequencyis

Note:Forthesamereason,whenconsideringthetransferfunctionofaseriesRCLcircuitwhentheoutputisthevoltageacrosseither or ,thepeakfrequency is

notexactlythesameastheresonantfrequency ,whichonlyminimizesthedenominator,butthenumeratorisstillafunctionof .Onlywhentheoutputisthe

voltageacross (i.e.,thenumeratoris ,aconstant,notafunctionof ),willtheresonantfrequency bethesameasthepeakfrequency.

anotherexample

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