Preface

UNIT 1. PHILOSOPHY AND METHODOLOGY

Chapter 1. Introductions

Chapter 2. The Method of Philosophy

2.1 Philosophy and Logic
2.2 Deductive Arguments
2.3 Inductive Arguments
2.4 Fallacious Arguments
2.5 Conditions and Analysis
2.6 Moral Reasoning

Chapter 3. True for You, But Not For Me

3.1 Moral Interpretation
3.2 Doxastic Interpretation
3.3 Epistemic Interpretation
3.4 Semantic Interpretation
3.5 Metaphysical Interpretation

Chapter 4. Reading Philosophy

4.1 Determining the Thesis
4.2 Reconstructing the Argument
4.3 How to Use this Text

Chapter 5. Writing Philosophy

5.1 The Goal of a Philosophy Paper
5.2 The Evaluation of a Philosophy Paper
5.3 The Content of a Philosophy Paper
5.4 The Structure of a Philosophy Paper

UNIT 2: FOUNDATIONS OF ETHICS

Chapter 6. Moral Facts

Readings
6.1 "Moral Nihilism," Gilbert Harmon
6.2 "Values in a Scientific World," Russ Shafer-Landau
6.3 "Four Arguments against Moral Knowledge," Russ Shafer-Landau

Chapter 7. Morality and Authority

Readings
7.1 "Does Morality Depend upon Religion?" John Arthur
7.2 "Humanistic Ethics," Kai Nielsen
7.3 "Master and Slave Moralities," Friedrich Nietzsche
7.4 "Moral Relativism," Gilbert Harman
7.5 "Ethical Relativism and Ethical Absolutism," Paul Taylor

Chapter 8. Moral Responsibility

Readings
8.1 "The Impossibility of Moral Responsibility," Galen Strawson
8.2 "Freedom and Necessity," A. J. Ayer
8.3 "Human Freedom and the Self," Roderick Chisholm
8.4 "Existentialism Is a Humanism," Jean-Paul Sartre
Chapter 9. Why Be Moral?
Readings
9.1 "The Virtue of Selfishness," Ayn Rand
9.2 "Three Failed Arguments for Ethical Egoism," James Rachels
9.3 "Right and Wrong," Thomas Nagel
9.4 "A Reconciliation Project," Gregory Kavka

UNIT 3. NORMATIVE ETHICS

Chapter 10. Value and The Good Life

Readings
10.1 "The Meaning of Life," Richard Taylor
10.2 "The Experience Machine," Robert Nozick
10.3 "What Makes Someone's Life Go Best," Derek Parfit

Chapter 11. Consequentialism

Readings
11.1 "Utilitarianism," John Stuart Mill
11.2 "Against Moral Conservatism," Kai Nielsen
11.3 "Some Merits of One Form of Rule Utilitarianism," Richard B. Brandt
11.4 "Turning the Trolley," Judith Jarvis Thomson

Chapter 12. Nonconsequentialism

Readings
12.1 "Natural Law," ISaint Thomas Aquinas
12.2 "Natural Law Ethics," Alfonso Gomez-Lobo
12.3 "The Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals," Immanuel Kant
12.4 "What Makes Right Acts Right," W.D. Ross
12.5 "Hypothetical Contractarianism," John Rawls
12.6 "Non-Contractual Society: A Feminist View," Virginia Held

Chapter 13. Virtue and Care Ethics

Readings
13.1 "Virtue," Aristotle, translated by W.D. Ross
13.2 "Aristotle on Virtue," Rosalind Hursthouse
13.3 "Moral Saints," Susan Wolf
13.4 "Care and Context in Moral Reasoning," IMarilyn Friedman
13.5 "The Ethics of Care as Moral Theory," Virginia Held

UNIT 4. APPLIED ETHICS

Chapter 14. The Moral Community

Readings
14.1 "All Animals are Equal," Peter Singer
14.2 "The Ethics of Respect for Nature," Paul Taylor
14.3 "Are All Species Equal?," David Schmidtz

Chapter 15. Abortion

Readings
15.1 "An Argument that Abortion Is Wrong," Don Marquis
15.2 "On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion," Mary Ann Warren
15.3 "A Defense of Abortion," Judith Jarvis Thomson
15.4 "Caring for Women and Girls Who Are Considering Abortion," Diana Fritz Cates
Chapter 16. The Environment and Sustainability
Readings
16.1 "Sustainability and Intergenerational Justice," Brian Barry
16.2 "Ideals of Human Excellence and Preserving Natural Environments," Thomas E. Hill,
Jr.
16.3 "Do We Consume Too Much?" Mark Sagoff
16.4 "Redefining the Good Life in a Sustainable Society," Lester W. Milbrath

Chapter 17. Famine Relief

Readings
17.1 "Famine, Affluence and Morality," Peter Singer
17.2 "Famine Relief and the Ideal Moral Code," John Arthur
17.3 "Feeding the Hungry," Jan Narveson

Chapter 18. Terrorism

Readings
18.1 "Terrorism: A Critique of Excuses," Michael Walzer
18.2 "Is Terrorism Distinctively Wrong?" Lionel K. McPherson
18.3 "The War on Terrorism and the End of Human Rights," David Luban

Chapter 19. Torture

Readings
19.1 "Is Torture Ever Morally Justifiable?" Seumas Miller
19.2 "Ticking Bombs, Torture, and the Analogy with Self -Defense," David J. Hill

Chapter 20. Euthanasia

Readings
20.1 "Active and Passive Euthanasia," James Rachels
20.2 "Active and Passive Euthanasia: An Impertinent Distinction?" Thomas D. Sullivan
20.3 "Self-Regarding Suicide: A Modified Kantian View," Thomas E. Hill, Jr.
20.4 "Buddhist Views of Suicide and Euthanasia," Carl B. Becker

Chapter 21. Capital Punishment

Readings
21.1 "Justifying Capital Punishment," Igor Primoratz
21.2 "The Case Against the Death Penalty," Hugo Bedau

Chapter 22. Morality and the Law

Readings
22.1 "The Harm Principle," John Stuart Mill
22.2 "Morals and the Criminal Law," Patrick Devlin
22.3 "France and the Ban on the Full-Face Veil: A Philosophical Analysis of the
Arguments," Sarah Roberts-Cady
22.4 "Pornography, Oppression and Freedom: A Closer Look," Helen E. Longino
22.5 "The Feminist Case Against Pornography," Joel Feinberg

Glossary
Argument Reconstruction Exercise Solutions
Index