Protection & Coordination R1 2015

Protection and Coordination
2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

Protection & Coordination
Agenda
Objectives
Study Procedure & Required Data
Overcurrent Protection
Overcurrent Coordination
STAR Overview & ETAP 14 Enhancements
Features and Capabilities
Protective Device & Library
STAR Short-circuit
PD Sequence of Operation
Normalized TCC curves
TCC Print and Settings Report
STAR Auto-Evaluation (ETAP 14)
Differential Protection
Examples

Objectives
Human Safety
Prevent injury and fatality
Protection of Equipment
Permit normal operation
Isolate the equipment in case of abnormal conditions
Selectivity / Grading / Discrimination
Minimal isolation of network with abnormal conditions
Permit normal operation for rest of electrical network
Reliability and Cost
Maximum achievable reliability for protection and coordination at
minimal cost

References
IEEE Std. 242-2001, IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection

and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
(IEEE Buff Book)
IEEE Std. 141-1993, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric
Power Distribution for Industrial Plants (IEEE Red Book)
IEEE Std. 399-1997, IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial
and Commercial Power Systems Analysis (IEEE Brown Book)
Other technical references

Study Procedure
Prepare an accurate one-line diagram (relay

diagrams)
Obtain the available system current spectrum
(operating load, overloads, fault kA)
Determine the equipment protection criteria
Select the appropriate protective devices / settings
Plot the fixed points (operating/damage curves, FLA,
ampacity, etc.)
Obtain / plot the device characteristics curves
Analyze the results

Required Data
One-line diagrams (Relay diagrams)

Power Grid Fault Current Data and Protective Device Settings
Generator Data
Transformer Data
Motor Data
Load Data
Fault Currents
Cable / Conductor Data
Bus / Switchgear Data
Instrument Transformer Data (CT, VT)
Protective Device (PD) Data

Major Equipments (apparatus)

Induction Motor
Synchronous Motor
Cable
Transformer
Generator
Bus
Transmission/Distribution Line

Protection Criteria
Permit: Normal Running Condition

Max permitted current at working conditions
Environment temperature, cooling media, elevation, etc.
Protect: Abnormal Fault Condition
Excessive through fault current caused by:
Improper design, installation, or operation of equipment
Incidents

Excessive Currents
Excessive currents in abnormal conditions

Overload current
(100-160% Full Load Amps)
Short-time overload current
Short-circuit current

Capability / Damage Curves
2
It I2t I2t
t
I22t
Motor
Xfmr Cable
Gen

Protective Devices
Overcurrent Characteristics Time-Current-Characteristics (TCC)

Inverse Time Over Current
Simple, cheap, and large
application in LV, and MV
Relays (OC & OL)
No tolerance band
TOC, IOC
Single / Multiple Function
LV Breakers
Represent tolerance band
PCB/ACB, ICCB, MCCB, MCB
Fuses
Overload Heater

Protection Concept Motor Protection Example

Protective Device TCC
To the left and below of
equipment damage curve
To the right and above of

equipment operating curve

Selective Coordination
Overcurrent Selectivity Rules

Downstream device curve is located to the left and below
of upstream device curve for range of applicable currents
Sufficient time margin for operation of downstream before
upstream


Margins for Selectivity*
Relay - Relay
0.12 to 0.22 seconds + downstream breaker opening time
Relay Fuse / Low Voltage Circuit Breaker
0.12 to 0.22 seconds
Fuse / Low Voltage Circuit Breaker - Relay
0.12 seconds + downstream breaker opening time
Fuse / Low Voltage Circuit Breaker - Fuse / Low Voltage Circuit Breaker
Clear space between curves**
* Calibrated protective devices

* *Possible adjustment for upstream fuse preloading and safety factors

Inherent Selective Devices

Examples
Differential Relays
Pilot Wire Relays
Transformer Sudden Pressure Relays
More expensive
Justified based on value or role of protected equipment in supply
of power

ETAP Star Overview
Star Mode
Star Mode and Star View difference
Creation of TCC and Star View
Addition of devices to existing TCC
Graphical and Editor adjustments
Star View Toolbars and Plot Options

ETAP Star Overview
Supported Protective Devices and Functions

Overload - CT based & Inline (49)
Phase, neutral, ground, and negative sequence overcurrent
(51/50)
Voltage control and restraint overcurrent (51VC/51VR)
Directional overcurrent (67)
High impedance & percentage differential (87)
Electronic & hydraulic reclosers (79)
Relay interlock with HVCB, switch and contactor
CT Ratio and multiple connections
Under / Over Voltage (27/59)
*Reverse power (32) and under/over Frequency (81) are supported in
Transient Stability

Protective Devices
Relays
Microprocessor/electronic
More expensive, faster, multiple functionality
Electromechanical
Simple, cheap, slower, limited functionality

Relay ANSI Device Numbers
21 Distance P Phase
27 Under Voltage
N Neutral
32 Directional Power
G Ground
49 Thermal Overload
SG Sensitive Ground
50 Instantaneous Over Current
51 AC Inverse Over Current V Voltage
52 AC Circuit Breaker VC Voltage Control
59 Overvoltage VR Voltage Restrained
67 AC Directional Over Current
79 AC Recloser
81 Frequency
87 Differential

Relay Characteristics
Relay TOC Characteristics Relay TOC Curves

Curve Shape Adaptation
Equipment Protection
Selectivity
Time Margin at higher fault
currents

Low Voltage Protective Devices
Low Voltage Circuit Breaker (LVCB)

Power Circuit Breaker (PCB) / Air Circuit Breaker (ACB)
UL 1066, ANSI C37.13, ANSI C37.16, ANSI C37.17
IEC60947-2
Insulated Case Circuit Breaker (ICCB)
UL489 (Non-fused MCCB, 2 step stored energy closing mechanism,
electronic trip, and drawout construction)
IEC60947-2
Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB)
UL489 (integral unit and enclosed housing of insulating material)
IEC60947-2
Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
UL489, UL508, UL1077
IEC60898

LVCB Differences

LVCB Trip Units

Thermal Magnetic
Motor Circuit Protector (MCP)
Solid State Trip (SST) or microprocessor based
Electro-mechanical

LV Protective Devices
MCCB Trip Units

Thermal-Magnetic

LV Protective Devices
MCCB Trip Units

Magnetic Only

LVCB Trip Units

Solid State Trip (SST) or
microprocessor based
Electro-mechanical
Trip Unit Segments
Long Time (LT ANSI; I> IEC)
Short Time (ST ANSI; I>> IEC)
Instantaneous (IT ANSI; I>>> IEC)

Fuse (Power Fuse)
Non Adjustable Device (unless electronic)

Continuous and Interrupting Rating
Voltage Levels (Max kV)
Interrupting Rating (sym, asym)
Characteristic Curves
Min. Melting
Total Clearing
Application (rating type: R, E, X, )

Fuse Types
Expulsion Fuse (Non-CLF)

Current Limiting Fuse (CLF)
Electronic Fuse (S&C Fault Fiter)

Total Clearing
Time Curve
Minimum Melting
Time Curve

Current Limiting Fuse (CLF)
Limits the peak current of short-circuit
Reduces magnetic stresses (mechanical damage)
Reduces thermal energy

Current Limiting Action
Ip
Current (peak amps)
ta = tc tm
Ip
ta = Arcing Time
tm = Melting Time
tc = Clearing Time
tm ta Time (cycles) Ip = Peak Current
tc
Ip = Peak Let-thru Current
CLF Let-Through Chart

Assumptions:
1. Short-circuit X/R Tested Short-circuit X/R, or Short-circuit
power factor tested power factor

Assumptions
2. The fault is on the load terminal

Impact of Downstream Breaker

The fault current passing through both PDs
The breaker may start to open representing a dynamic
impedance causing reduced let-through current with different
trip time
A combination test is needed to make sure this is not
happening. This is a series rating test.

Assumptions
3. The sum of motor full load currents contribution between the series
rated devices should not exceeds 1 percent of interrupting rating of
lowest rated device.

Let-Through Chart
7% PF (X/R = 14.3)
230,000
Peak Let-Through Amperes
300 A
12,500 100 A
60 A
5,200 100,000
Symmetrical RMS Amperes

Fuse
Generally:
CLF is a better short-circuit protection

Non-CLF (expulsion fuse) is a better Overload protection
Electronic fuses are typically easier to coordinate due to the
electronic control adjustments

Zones of Protection
Protective devices and protected equipment represent the

Protection Zone

Motor Protection
Motor Starting Curve
Thermal Protection
Locked Rotor Protection
Fault Protection

Inrush Current
Starting Current of a 4000Hp, 12 kV, 1800 rpm Motor

First half cycle current showing
current offset.
Beginning of run up current

showing load torque pulsations.
Motor pull in current showing motor

reaching synchronous speed

Motor Protection
LV Motor Protection MV Motor Protection

Motor Protection
Standards & References

IEEE Std 620-1996 IEEE Guide for the Presentation of
Thermal Limit Curves for Squirrel Cage Induction
Machines.
IEEE Std 1255-2000 IEEE Guide for Evaluation of Torque
Pulsations During Starting of Synchronous Motors
ANSI/ IEEE C37.96-2000 Guide for AC Motor Protection
NEMA MG-1 Motors and Generators
The Art of Protective Relaying General Electric

Overload Relay / Heater
Motor overload protection is provided by a device that models

the temperature rise of the winding
When the temperature rise reaches a point that will damage
the motor, the motor is de-energized
Overload relays are either bimetallic, melting alloy or
electronic

Question
What is Class 10 and

Class 20 Thermal
OLR curves?

Answer
At 600% Current Rating:
Class 10 for fast trip, 10
seconds or less
Class 20 for, 20 seconds or less
(commonly used) 20
There is also Class 15, 30 for

long trip time (typically
provided with electronic
overload relays)
6

Answer

Overload Relay / Heater
When the temperature at the combination motor starter is more than 10

C (18 F) different than the temperature at the motor, ambient
temperature correction of the motor current is required.
An adjustment is required because the output that a motor can safely
deliver varies with temperature.
The motor can deliver its full rated horsepower at an ambient temperature
specified by the motor manufacturers, normally + 40 C. At high
temperatures (higher than + 40 C) less than 100% of the normal rated
current can be drawn from the motor without shortening the insulation
life.
At lower temperatures (less than + 40 C) more than 100% of the normal
rated current could be drawn from the motor without shortening the
insulation life.

Motor Starting and Thermal Limit
Sample data provided by the manufacturer

Motor Protection - Overload Pickup
(NEC Art 430.32 Continuous-Duty Motors)
Thermal O/L (Device 49) Pickup
Motors with marked Service Factor 1.15
Pickup = 125% of FLA
Motors with temp. rise not over 40C
Pickup = 125% of FLA
All other motors
115% of FLA

Motor Protection Inst. Pickup
1
I
XS Xd "
LOCKED
ROTOR
Recommended Instantaneous Setting:

I PICK UP
RELAY PICK UP 1.6 TO 2
I LOCKED ROTOR
If the recommended setting criteria cannot be met, or where more sensitive
protection is desired, the instantaneous relay (or a second relay) can be set more
sensitively if delayed by a timer. This permits the asymmetrical starting component
to decay out. A typical setting for this is:
I PICK UP
RELAY PICK UP 1.2 TO 1.2
I LOCKED ROTOR
with a time delay of 0.10 s (six cycles at 60 Hz)

Locked Rotor Protection
Thermal Locked Rotor (Device 51)

Starting Time (TS < TLR)
LRA
LRA sym
LRA asym (1.5-1.6 x LRA sym) + 10% margin

Fault Protection
(NEC Art / Table 430-52)
Non-Time Delay Fuses
300% of FLA
Dual Element (Time-Delay Fuses)
175% of FLA
Instantaneous Trip Breaker
800% - 1300% of FLA*
Inverse Time Breakers
250% of FLA
*can be set up to 1700% for Design B (energy efficient) Motor

Low Voltage Motor Protection
Usually pre-engineered (selected from Catalogs)

Typically, motors larger than 2 Hp are protected by
combination starters
Overload / Short-circuit protection

(49)
I2T
O/L
tLR MCP
(51) 200 HP
ts
Starting Curve
MCP (50)
LRAs LRAasym

Low-voltage Motor
Ratings Range of ratings
Continuous amperes 9-250
Nominal voltage (V) 240-600
Horsepower 1.5-1000
Starter size (NEMA) 00-9
Types of protection Quantity NEMA
designation
Overload: overload
relay elements
3 OL
Short circuit:
circuit breaker current 3 CB
trip elements
Fuses 3 FU
Undervoltage: inherent
with integral control
supply and three-wire
control circuit
Ground fault (when

specified): ground relay
with toroidal CT

Minimum Required Sizes of a NEMA Combination Motor
Starter System
FOR A 50 % CURRENT CAPACITY
FUSE SIZE
MAXIMUM CONDUCTOR LENGTH FOR ABOVE AND
CLASS J
FUSE
BELOW GROUND CONDUIT SYSTEMS. ABOVE GROUND CIRCUIT BREAKER
SYSTEMS HAVE DIRECT SOLAR EXPOSURE. 750 C
SIZE
CONDUCTOR TEMPERATURE, 450 C AMBIENT
460V NEC FLC
CONDUCTOR
GROUNDING
MOTOR HP
STARTER
MINIMUM
SIZE
SIZE
LARGER GROUND
LENGTH FOR 1%
LENGTH FOR 1%
LARGER WIRE
CONDUCTOR
DROP WITH
USE NEXT
MAXIMUM
MAXIMUM
VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE
LARGEST
MINIMUM
250% 200% 150%
DROP
NEXT
WIRE
WIRE
SIZE
SIZE
1 2.1 0 12 12 759 10 1251 15 15 15 5
1 3 0 12 12 531 10 875 15 15 15 6
2 3.4 0 12 12 468 10 772 15 15 15 7
3 4.8 0 12 12 332 10 547 20 20 15 10
5 7.6 0 12 12 209 10 345 20 20 15 15
7 11 1 12 10 144 8 360 30 25 20 20
10 14 1 10 8 283 6 439 35 30 25 30
15 21 2 10 8 189 6 292 50 40 30 45
20 27 2 10 6 227 4 347 70 50 40 60
25 34 2 8 4 276 2 407 80 70 50 70
30 40 3 6 2 346 2/0 610 100 70 60 90
40 52 3 6 2 266 2/0 469 150 110 90 110
50 65 3 2 2/0 375 4/0 530 175 150 100 125
60 77 4 2 2/0 317 4/0 447 200 175 125 150
75 96 4 2 4/0 358 250 393 250 200 150 200
100 124 4 1 250 304 350 375 350 250 200 250
125 156 5 2/0 350 298 500 355 400 300 250 350
150 180 5 4/0 500 307 750 356 450 350 300 400

Required Data - Protection of a
Medium Voltage Motor
Rated full load current
Service factor
Locked rotor current
Maximum locked rotor time (thermal limit curve) with the motor at ambient and/or operating
temperature
Minimum no load current
Starting power factor
Running power factor
Motor and connected load accelerating time
System phase rotation and nominal frequency
Type and location of resistance temperature devices (RTDs), if used
Expected fault current magnitudes
First cycle current
Maximum motor starts per hour

Medium-Voltage Class E Motor Controller
Class El (without
Ratings Class E2 (with fuses)
fuses)
Nominal system voltage 2300-6900 2300-6900

Horsepower 0-8000 0-8000
Symmetrical MVA interrupting capacity 25-75 160-570
at nominal system voltage
Types of Protective Devices Quantity NEMA Designation
Overload, or locked Rotor, or both:

Thermal overload relay
NEMA Class E1
3 OL OC TR/O
TOC relay
3
medium voltage starter
IOC relay plus time delay
3
Thermal overload relay 3 OL
TOC relay 3 OC
IOC relay plus time delay 3 TR/OC
Short Circuit:
Fuses, Class E2 3 FU
IOC relay, Class E1 3 OC
Ground Fault
TOC residual relay 1 GP

NEMA Class E2 medium
voltage starter
Overcurrent relay with toroidal CT 1 GP

Thermal Limit Curve

Thermal Limit Curve
Typical Curve

Cable Protection

Cable Protection

IEEE Std. 242-2001, IEEE Recommended Practice for
Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial
Power Systems (IEEE Buff Book)
IEEE Std 835-1994 IEEE Standard Power Cable Ampacity
Tables
IEEE Std 848-1996 IEEE Standard Procedure for the
Determination of the Ampacity Derating of Fire-Protected
Cables
IEEE Std 738-1993 IEEE Standard for Calculating the
Current- Temperature Relationship of Bare Overhead
Conductors
The Okonite Company Engineering Data for Copper and
Aluminum Conductor Electrical Cables, Bulletin EHB-98

Cable Protection
The actual temperature rise of a cable when exposed to

a short circuit current for a known time is calculated by:
2 t
A
T2 234
0.0297log
T1 234
Where:
A= Conductor area in circular-mils
I = Short circuit current in amps
t = Time of short circuit in seconds
T1= Initial operation temperature (750C)
T2=Maximum short circuit temperature
(1500C)
Cable Short-Circuit Heating Limits
Recommended
temperature rise:
B) CU 75-200C

Shielded
Cable
The normal tape

width is 1
inches

NEC Section 110-14 C
(c) Temperature limitations. The temperature rating associated with the ampacity
of a conductor shall be so selected and coordinated as to not exceed the lowest
temperature rating of any connected termination, conductor, or device. Conductors
with temperature ratings higher than specified for terminations shall be permitted
to be used for ampacity adjustment, correction, or both.
(1) Termination provisions of equipment for circuits rated 100 amperes or less, or
marked for Nos. 14 through 1 conductors, shall be used only for conductors rated
60C (140F).
Exception No. 1: Conductors with higher temperature ratings shall be permitted to
be used, provided the ampacity of such conductors is determined based on the
6OC (140F) ampacity of the conductor size used.
Exception No. 2: Equipment termination provisions shall be permitted to be used
with higher rated conductors at the ampacity of the higher rated conductors,
provided the equipment is listed and identified for use with the higher rated
conductors.
(2) Termination provisions of equipment for circuits rated over 100 amperes, or
marked for conductors larger than No. 1, shall be used only with conductors rated
75C (167F).

Transformer Protection


National Electric Code 2011 Edition
IEEE Std 242-1986; IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and
Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
C37.91-2000; IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Power
Transformers
C57.12.59; IEEE Guide for Dry-Type Transformer Through-Fault
Current Duration.
C57.109-1985; IEEE Guide for Liquid-Immersed Transformer Through-
Fault-Current Duration
APPLIED PROCTIVE RELAYING; J.L. Blackburn; Westinghouse Electric
Corp; 1976
PROTECTIVE RELAYING, PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS; J.L.
Blackburn; Marcel Dekker, Inc; 1987

Transformer Categories
ANSI/IEEE C-57.109
Minimum nameplate (kVA)

Category Single-phase Three-phase
I 5-500 15-500
II 501-1667 501-5000
III 1668-10,000 5001-30,000
IV above 10,000 above 30,000

Transformer Categories I, II

Transformer Category III

Transformer Category IV

Transformer
FLA
200
Thermal
t I2t = 1250
(D-D LL) 0.87
(sec)
Infrequent Fault
(D-R LG) 0.58
Frequent Fault
2
Mechanical
K=(1/Z)2t
Inrush
2.5 Isc 25 I (pu)

MAXIMUM RATING OR SETTING FOR OVERCURRENT DEVICE

PRIMARY SECONDARY
Over 600 Volts Over 600 Volts 600 Volts or Below
Transformer Circuit Fuse Circuit Fuse Circuit Breaker

Rated Breaker Rating Breaker Rating Setting or Fuse
Impedance Setting Setting Rating
Not more than 600 % 300 % 300 % 250% 125%

6% (250% supervised)
More than 6% 400 % 300 % 250% 225% 125%

and not more (250% supervised)
than 10%
Table 450-3(A) source: NEC

Recommended Minimum
Winding and/or power system Winding and/or power system
Protective system grounded neutral grounded neutral ungrounded
Above
Up to 10 MVA Above 10 MVA Up to 10 MVA
10 MVA
Differential - -
Time over current

Instantaneous restricted
ground fault - -
Time delayed ground

fault - -
-

Gas detection
Over excitation -

Overheating -
-

Question
What is ANSI Transformer Shift Curve?

Transformer Shift Factor

Dyg Transformer Through Fault

Question
What is meant by Frequent and

Infrequent Faults for transformers?

Frequent and Infrequent Faults
Source
Transformer primary-side protective device

(fuses, relayed circuit breakers, etc.) may be
selected by reference to the infrequent-fault-
incidence protection curve
Infrequent-Fault
Incidence Zone* Category II or III Transformer
Fault will be cleared by transformer

primary-side protective device
Optional main secondary side protective device.
May be selected by reference to the infrequent-fault-
incidence protection curve
Fault will be cleared by transformer primary-side

protective device or by optional main secondary-
side protection device
Feeder protective device
Frequent-Fault Fault will be cleared by

Incidence Zone* feeder protective device
Feeders
* Should be selected by reference to the frequent-fault-incidence protection curve or for transformers
serving industrial, commercial and institutional power systems with secondary-side conductors
enclosed in conduit, bus duct, etc., the feeder protective device may be selected by reference to the
infrequent-fault-incidence protection curve.
(Frequent Fault = More than 10 through faults (lifetime) for category II and 5 faults for category III)
Zone Viewer
Display of protection zones in Zone Viewer

Path, Zone, or Component tracking on OLV
Filtering capability based on zone type or voltage
User selection of Zones or Elements
Creation of Star TCC Views
Individual TCC per selected zone and elements
Single TCC for all selected zones and elements

Zone Selection Tools
Zone Selection Tools

Extend to source
Extend between
Extend bus levels

Ground Fault Protection
NEC Requirements for Solidly Grounded System

Articles 215.10 (feeders), 230.95 (services), 240.13 (overcurrent
protection), etc.
260 V (150 V, L-G) Line-Line Voltage 600 V
Main disconnect is rated 1000 A or more
GF Settings is limited to 1200 A pickup and 1 sec for ground
faults > 3000 A
Industry Practice
Grounded wye systems 2400 V or more

Ground Fault Detection
General Concept
Measurement of Residual (IR) or Zero
Sequence current (3I0)
IR = 3I0 = Ia + Ib + Ic (Vector
Summation)
Balanced Fault: Ia = Ib = Ic and IR = 3I0 =
0
Unbalanced system Ia Ib Ic and IR =
3I0 > 0

Direct (Ground, 50G/51G)

Grounded-phase (3I0) current is detected directly with a current
transformer installed in the grounded neutral conductor.

Balance Flux (Ground, 50G/51G)

(Core Balance or Zero Sequence CT)
Grounded-phase current (IR) is directly detected by a doughnut-
type current transformer installed around the three phase
conductors
Note: The equipment grounding conductors (including conductor shields)

must not be installed through the current transformer.
Residual
Grounded-phase current is detected as the unbalance in the
current produced by the phase current transformers

ETAP Terminology
Relay Ground Function (50/51G)

Externally measured residual current (2 inputs)
Indicates relay has Ground CT source
Relay Neutral Function (50/51N)
Relay internally measured residual current (6 inputs)
Indicates relay internally calculates residual (3Io) current
from Phase CTS.

Relay Ground Inputs

Relay Sensitive Ground Inputs

Relay Neutral Inputs

Relay Function Diagram

Ground Fault Coordination
GF Selective Coordination
Device ground fault overcurrent coordination with:
Other devices with ground detection
Other devices with phase overcurrent detection
Combination of phase and ground fault detection
Minimum and Maximum Fault
Phase and single-line to ground fault coordination

Ground Fault Coordination
Individual Phase and GF Curves Phase and GF Curve Combination

Overcurrent Protection Types
Overcurrent
Inverse Time Over Current (TOC)
Instantaneous Over Current (IOC)
Directional
Differential

Bus Differential Relay

High Impedance Differential

Operating signal created by connecting secondary of all
CTs in parallel
CTs must all have the same ratio
Must have dedicated CTs
Overvoltage element operates on voltage developed
across resistor connected in secondary circuit
Cannot easily be applied to reconfigurable buses and
offers no advanced functionality

High Impedance Bus Differential

Percent (Low Impedance) Differential

Relay typically perform CT ratio compensation eliminating
the need for matching CTs.
No dedicated CTs needed
Used for protection of re-configurable buses possible

Percent Bus Differential

ETAP Star Auto-Evaluation
Automated and intelligent detection of protection zones
Overcurrent Protection and Coordination Evaluation
Customized evaluation criteria based on Rule Book
Evaluation and Fault Current Type selection in Study Case
Tabular and graphical display of evaluation results
Graphical snapshot and evaluation report

Protection Zone Detection
Intelligent detection of protection zones

Source (Generator)
Bus (single, multiple sections, ties)
Branch (transformer, cable, line)
Load (synchronous/induction motor, static/lump load)
Extended Zone (source and branch, cascaded branches, branch
and bus, bus and load)

Evaluation Rule Book
Protection Rules
Default rules based on industry practice
Adjustable evaluation criteria based on
standards or user defined
Support of NEC overload protection such as:
NEC 240.101 for HV cable protection
NEC 430.32 for motor protection
NEC 450.3 for transformer protection

Protection Rules
Default rules based on industry practice
Adjustable evaluation criteria based on
standards or user defined
Support of NEC overload protection such as:
NEC 240.101 for HV cable protection
NEC 430.32 for motor protection
NEC 450.3 for transformer protection

Coordination Rules
Delay time margins
Instantaneous minimum current ratio
Global or individual consideration of switching time for HV/MV
breakers
Optional coordination between main and tie

Star Auto Study Case
Selection of rules
Evaluation
Protection
Coordination
Fault Type
Phase
Ground (Coordination)
Phase and Ground
Evaluation Messages
Results Viewer
Tabular and graphical evaluation results

Max through fault current
Colorful status indication
Extensive messages
On the spot editing capability
Evaluation update after modification
Dynamic
Static
Rule Book View

Results Viewer
Graphical evaluation (Temp Star View)

Dynamic update of view based on through fault
Correlation between selected elements on graphical and
tabular view
Graphical adjustment of settings
Graphical tools
Screen capture

Evaluation Report
Excel
Study assumptions
Separate sheet for each protection zone
Coordination sheet
Extensive messages
Option to have passed messages

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Protection and Coordination

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

IEEE Std. 242-2001, IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

Prepare an accurate one-line diagram (relay

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

One-line diagrams (Relay diagrams)

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

Major Equipments (apparatus)

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

Permit: Normal Running Condition

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

Excessive currents in abnormal conditions

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

Overcurrent Characteristics Time-Current-Characteristics (TCC)

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

Protection Concept Motor Protection Example

To the right and above of

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

Overcurrent Selectivity Rules

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

* Calibrated protective devices

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

Inherent Selective Devices

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

Supported Protective Devices and Functions

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

Relay TOC Characteristics Relay TOC Curves

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

Low Voltage Circuit Breaker (LVCB)

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

LVCB Trip Units

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

MCCB Trip Units

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

MCCB Trip Units

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

LVCB Trip Units

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

Non Adjustable Device (unless electronic)

Application (rating type: R, E, X, )

Expulsion Fuse (Non-CLF)

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

Limits the peak current of short-circuit

Reduces magnetic stresses (mechanical damage)

Reduces thermal energy

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

Impact of Downstream Breaker

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

2015 ETAP PROPRIETARY & CONFIDENTIAL

Symmetrical RMS Amperes

CLF is a better short-circuit protection

Protection & Coordination R1 2015

Protection & Coordination R1 2015