Formulary: TC.2 Silver Stai N Remover

Formulae (I)
W /A
TC.2 SILVER STAI N REMOVER

Stock Solution A CHARACTERISTICS
Metric Avoirdupois AI\;) PURPOSE
1000 c.c. Water 80 ounces Dish cleaner (or the
S.O,rams PotllSsium permanganacc 175 crains removal of silver and
10.0 c.c. Sulphuric acid (concentrated) 6 drachms most other stains .
Add the sulphuric acid slowly while stirring the perman&anatc solution rapidly.
Stock Solution B
1000 C.c Water 80 ounces
10.0 ,rams Sodium bisulphlte 350 ,rains
For use, pour a sufficient quantity of solution A Into the dish to cover the stains and allow It to
remain (or a few minutes, then rinse with water. Apply solution B, and wash thoroughly.
S.s HAND STAIN REMOVER

Solution No. 1 CHARACTERISTICS
,I
Metric Avoirdupois A 0 PURPOSE
7.5 ,rams Potassium permanganate 260 ,rains Hand stain remover.
1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces
Solution No.2 FORMULARY

~80.0 crams Sodium bisulphite 38 ounces
Rub the hands in a small volume of the No. I Solution, rinse in water; then rinse with No.1
Solution. which will remove the stains. finally wash the hands thoroughly with water.
S.6 STAIN REMOVER

Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE
5.3 ramS Potassium perman,anate 18S,rains Removal of developer
1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounce.s oxidation stains from
negatives.
Stock Solution B Issued by the
5.0 ,rams Sodium chloride 6 ounces
16.0 C.c. Sulphuric acid (concentrated) I ounce 135 minims
1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces RESEARCH LABORATORIES
Use equal parts or A and B.
In mlxtn, Stock Solution care should be taken to see that the sodium chloride solution is cool
KODAK LIMITED
before adding the sulphur1c acid slowly and with constant stirring.
The ne,atlve should first be hardoned by immersion In a S per cent formalin solution for 2 or WEALDSTONE
3 minutes, followed by 5 minutes washin,. The Ima,e Is then bleached. an operation which should
be complete in 3 to 4 minutes at 650 F. (18 0 C.). The brown stain of manganese dioxide is then
removed by immersing the negative in I % sodium bisulphite solution. Then rinse well and develop HARROW
in strong light with any nonst3.ining developer. e.,. 0 .71 diluted I part to 2 parts water. (Do not
use a developer containing high sulphite and low alkali content. because the sulphite tends to dissolve
the silver 'ma,e before the developer can aCt on it.)
CLEANING FORMULAE
FOR CLEANING DEVELOPER HANGERS AND CLIPS
Dilute 5 fluid ounces (60 c.c.) or ,Iacial acetic acid with water to make 80 ounces (1000 C.c. or
solution. Soak In this solution for one hour. and scrub in clean water.
FOR CLEANING VERTICAL TANKS
Deep tanks should be scrubbed thoroughly with clean water. preferably by means of a double
sided brush. It is advisable to sterilize the developer tanks occasionally. especially during warm
weather. In order to prevent bacterial growth.
Stone tanks can be sterilized by scrubbing the sides and bottom with a paste of bleachin, powder
(chloride of lime) made by mixing the dry solid with water. The tanks can also be cleansed with a
solution of sodium hypochlorite. prepared by add!n, a 10 per cent solution of sodium carbonate
to a ~ per cent solution of bleaching powder until no more precipitate forms. The mixture is
allowed to settle and the clear solution of sodium hypochlorite is decanted from the sediment.
Tanks which have been sterilized by either of these methods should be thorou,hly wuhed
before use.
Issued by the Research Labaratories, Kodak Ltd., \ffealdstone, harrow, Middx.
Kodak D... Booklet W.I
A2067WP2S~~
32 June 19H
fII
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11
I I I I I ! I I
I' I I ( I j I I i I (j rI
I i INDEX TO FORMULAE
E~~~2~~g~~~~~ ~:;~
Formulae Pog~
Comparison of Fahrenheit and Centigrade Thermometer Scales Acid fixing-bath, non-hardening F.S2 23
" hardener F.S3 23
.. hardening-fixing bath F . S~ , F . S~a 24
tropical F.S 21,23
.. rinse ... SB . I,SB . I. 22
Antirag Tablets, "Kodak" 7
Bleaching bath R.2IA 19
"Bromesko" developer D.IS6, D.166 13, 15
.-<
o
o "Calgon" ...
o Cements, film
S
7
Chemicals , " Kodak" Tested 7
Chrome-alum fixing-bath F.16 23
harden Ing bath SB .3 22
'"
....
LU Chromium i "tensifier
Cleaner, dish
INA
TC.I
2S
31
=
<
hand 5.5 32
.... o
Clearing bath
Concentrated developer solutions
R.2 IB 19
7
Z 8
-cr::
o Developer, " ~romesko " No. 1 .. . D.1 66
..... No. 2 .. . D.IS6
IS
13
'"
LU
II)
a:
buffered borax
concentrated
contrast, high
D.76d 12
7
>
Z U o extreme
D.S, D. 19b. D.72
D. IS3, D . IS~
9. 10, II
13
I-
o a:
I-
U
<
II Dolmi"
"Elon"
D. 170 16
j
D. 16S 15
w u. "Elon"-caustic D. 169 16
l:
LU
z .. -hydroquinone-borax D.76 12
cr:: o
l-
o .. -hydroquinone"Kodalk"
finegrain
DK.SO
D .76, DK .20
IS
12, 18
:) II)
generalpu rpose
a: D.6Ia, D.163, "Kodinol" II, I~
'"
<
LU
II)
oA.
w
> ~
0-
~ ~ ~
hyd roquinonecaust l c
HKodaline"
D.S, D. IS3
D.I54 ...
9, 13
13-
::E Z "Kod.lk" DK.20, DK.SO, DK . IS , DK. ISa 18,21
1!:I ~
:J
o
o "Kodatol" DK.20 IB
Q
a: u HKodinol" 7
Z t- " Kodura" No. ! D. 166 IS
< o '" N
tt'\ No.2 D. IS6
> 8 c<'lt- 13
....:::z:::
'" < 0 "''-<
ON
0"';
c<'l
"Kodu rol " hydroquinone , . .
lowcontrast
maximumenergy
D. IS9
D. 16S
I~
15
-
D.S2 12
C) portrait D.6Ia, DK.SO I I, IS
LU press .. . D.72, D. 167 10,15
~
Press Contrast 7
process D.IS3, D.15~ 13
pyro-"Elon" D.167 ... IS
...soda D.1. D. ln S. 17
JI staining D.1 67 IS
tt'\
rap id, for recording papers D.171 16
o reversal D. I68 15
N
N softtone D.1 6S 15
SpeCial D.1 63 14
substitute for " Velox" D.I 73 17
tanning , for "Silvalith" plates D. 17S 17
Ti me Standard 7
2 3
Formulae Page Formulae Page
Developer, tropical, for films ... OK.15,OK.15a 21 Harden ing bath ... 58.3 22
for papers 0.163 14 acid F.S3 23
ultra~rapid, for recording papers 0 . 169 16 formalin SH . ! 25
" Velox" 0 . 158 13 tropical S8A 21
"Velox" substitute 0 . 173 17 Hot~weather processing 22
Warm~tone No. I 0 .1 66 15 Hypo ~alum toning bath T.S I 30
No.2 0 .1 56 13 eliminator ... HE.I 24
X-ray Ultra Rap id
Developer for aero~films 0 . 19b 10
7 tt test solution HT. la ... \ 2S
" Bromesko" 0.156,0.163, 0 .1 66 13, 14, IS Intensifier, chromium INA 28

bromide papers ... 0 . 163,0. 170 14,16 mercury IN.I 28
cardiograph records 0 . 19b ... 10 silver ... IN.S 28
cine film ... 0.76,O.76d 12 uranium IN.21 29
cine positive film 0.16 9 Iron toner T.II 29
clinical photography 0.19b 10
control of development rate 0.76d, OK.50 12,18 UKodafiat" solution 8
graticule~making with HKodak" UKodato l" developer OK.20 18
Maximum Resolution plate 0 .8 9 "Kodino'" 7
in fra-red plates '" 0.19b 10
"Kodaline" films 0.153,0. 154 13 Mercury in tens ifier IN .I 28
paper 0.154 ... 13 Mordanting bath for dye-toning T.17 30
"Kodura" paper 0.156,0.159,0.166 13, 14, IS
lantern slides 0 .32,0. 166 10, IS
Negatives, stai n-remover for 5.6 32
maximum emulsion speed 0.76,0.82 12
Maximum Resolut ion plate 0 .8,0. 154 9, 13
metallographic negatives 0 . 19b ... 10 "Photomechanica'" plates, reversal of ... 20
miniature films ... 0 .76,OK.20 12,18
photogravure positives 0.165 IS Reducer. 8eliusky (modified) R.8 27
photomicrographs 0 . 19b 10 cutting ... R.2, RAa, R.4b 26
"Photoscript" plates 0 . 153 13 Farmer's RAa, RAb 26
reversal of 0 .1 72 20 permanganate ... R.2 26
process places 0 .1 53,0. 154 13 persulphate R.I 25
recording materials 0 .19b, 0 .169, 0.171 10,16 proportional ... R.S 27
red tones on "Kodura" paper 0 .1 59 14 super-proportional R.I 2S
reversal ... 0 . 168 19 Replen ishe r for 0.16 0 .1 6R 10
or "Photomechanical" plates 0 . 172 20 0.19b 0.19bR 10
spectroscopic plates 0.19b 10 OK.20 OK .20R 18
under-exposures 0.82, 0 . 167 12, IS 0.61a 0.61aR .. . II
warm tones on "Bromesko" paper 0 . 166 ... IS 0.76 0 .76R .. . 12
lantern slides 0.32,0.166 10, IS Reversal developer 0 . 168,0. 172 19,20
Wash-off Relief film OK.50 ... 18 processi ng 19,20
X-ray film 0 .1 9b ... 10 for "Photomechanica'" plates 20
Dish cleaner TC.I, TC.2 31 ,32 Rinse, acid 58.1,58.1. 22
Dye~toning, mordanting bath for T.17 30
dye bath for T.17a 30 Selenium toner T.SS, T.S6 31
Sepia toner T.SI, T.S2, T.S6 30,31
'Etch-bleach bath ... R.22 27 "Silvalith", tanning developer for 0 . 175 17
Silver intensifier .,. IN .S 28
F.5, F.54, F.54a 23,24
stain remover TC.2 32
fiXing-bath, acid-hardening
Stain-remover, dish TC.I 31
chrome alum F. 16 23
F.5, F.54, F.54a 23,24 hand 5.5 32
hardening, acid
non-hardening, acid F.52 23
for negatives 5.6 32
silver TC.2 32
tropical, acid F.5 23
Stop bath! S8.I,S8.la 22
Fixing Salt, "Kodak" Acid 7
Formalin hardening bath SH.I 2S
fungicide, "Kodak" 8 Toner, blue T. II 29
brown T.9, T.SS 29,31
dye T.17a 30
Gelatin etch bath R.ll 27
hypo-alum T.SI 30
iron T.II 29
Hand~stain remover S.S 32 red T.9. 29
Hardeners 7 selenium T.SS, T.S6 31
4 5
Formulae Poge
Toner, sepia T.SI , T.S2, T.S6

T.S2, T.S6
30,31
31
KODAK TESTED CHEMICALS
sulphide
selen ium T.S6 31
29 Most chemicals of use for photographic work are supplied by Kodak Limited
uranium ... T.9
Tropical acid harden i ng-fixing bath F.S 23 in a tested quality of guaranteed purity. In addition, a number of the developer
developers OK. IS,OK . IS. 21 formulae given in this booklet are available as "Kodak" Packed Developer
h.rdening b.th ... SBA 22 Powders or in solution form. These are indicated on the formulae concerned.
Uranium intensifier IN .21 29 The following preparations are also supplied in packed form : -
toner ... T.9 29
Wett ing Agent, "Kodak" B DEVELOPER POWDERS

10
"Kodak" X-ray Ultra-rapid Developer Powder. Designed for the develop-
X-ray work, develop er for O.19b
ment of radiographs in 15 to 30 seconds, during surgical operations.
"Kodak" Time Standard Developer Chemicals and Replenisher. Designed to
give the same degree of development at a given time and temperature
throughout its life when large numbers of routine negatives have to be developed.
CONCENTRATED DEVELOPER SOLUTIONS

"Kodak" Press Contrast Developer. A rapid-working developer for general
NOTES ON SOME CHEMICALS MENTIONED work, requiring dilution with up to 9 parts of water.
"Kodinol." A highly concentrated developer solution which requires only
IN THE FORMULARY
dilution with 16 to 40 parts to make a clean-working developer for general
work: the concent rated solution has a long life.
"Dolmi" is a pure form of diaminophenol hydrochloride, also known under
the trade name of "Amidol. "
FIXING SALTS
"Elon" is a specially purified form of monomethyl paraminophenol sulp hate "Kodak" Acid Fixing Salts with Hardener. For preparing a standard hardening
and is also known under other trade names, such as " Metol," "Genol," etc. fixing bath for general work.
"Kodak" Rapid Fixer. For preparing a non-hardening acid fixing bath.
"Kodalk" is a new alkali, introduced by Kodak Ltd., intermediate in act ivity
"Kodak" X-ray Fixing Salt with Hardener. For general X-ray work.
between sodium carbonate and borax. Films developed in a develope r in w hich
"Kodak" X-ray Rapid Fixer. Packed to enable either a non-hardening or a
"Kodalk" is used as an accelerator will not blister when placed in an acid fixing
hardening acid bath to be prepared.
bath, even at high temperatures. "Kodak" X-ray Ultra-rapid Fixing Salts. For use in conjunction with "Kodak"
"Kodurol" is parahydroxyphenyl glycine and is also commonly kno wn as X-ray Ultra-rapid Developer Powder.
glycin .
HARDENERS
Pyro is I : 2 : 3 trihydroxybenzene , also known as pyrogallol or pyrogallic "Kodak" Liquid Hardener. For addition to acid fixing baths.
acid . "Kodak" Hardening Powder.
"Kodak" Tropical Hardener.
FILM CEMENTS
"Kodak" Industrial Film Cement. For use with safety-base film.
"Kodak" Film Cement (Nitrate).
"Kodascope" Film Cement. For use with safety-base film.
MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUNDS
K.A.F. "Kodak" Antifog Tablets. For addition to developers when unfavour-
able circumstances tend to promote chemical fog, as when development has to
be prolonged or carried out at high temperatures or when materials have deteri-
orated through age or incorrect storage conditions. Development of printing
papers may thus be forced, for instance, to enable under-exposed prints to be
saved without fogging or staining. The amount used should be determined by
6
7
experience but about one or two tablets of K.A.F. to each 20 ounces of developer DEVELOPER FORMULJE
(2 to 4 tablets per litre) are usually used.
"Calgon." For addition to developing solutions to prevent the precipitation
D.1 THREE-SOLUTION PYRO DEVELOPER
of calcium salts when using hard water.
"Kodaflat" Solution. For holding films and papers on temporary supports Stock Solution A CHARACTERISTICS
during exposure. 9.8 grams Sodium bisulphite 345 grains A normal-contrast pyro-
"Kodak" Lens Cleaner. For cleaning lenses and optical equipment. 60 grams Pyro 4 ounces 350 grains soda developer for use
1.1 grams Potassium bromide 40 grains in dish or tank for the
"Kodak" Cine Film Cleaning Fluid. (II c.c.) (or 10% solution) (420 minims) development of films and
"Kodak" Varnish. For the cold application of a protective layer to plates and 1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces plates-general use.
miniature, cut-sheet and roll films. Stock Solution B
"Kodak" Special Retouching Medium. 210 grams Sodium sulphite. crystals 16 ounces 350 grains
(105 grams) (or anhydrous) (8 ounces 175 grains)
"Kodak" Opaque and Spotting Medium. 1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces
"Kodak" Mounting Paste.
Stock Solution C
"Kodak" White Ink. Specially prepared to flow smoothly on to negatives,
200 grams Sodium carbonne, crystals 16 ounces
prints and paper. (75 grams) (or anhydrous) (6 ounces)
"Kodak" Fungicide. For protecting negatives and prints from the attacks of 1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces
fungi and insects. Dissolve the chemicals In the order given.
FOR DISH DEVELOPMENT-Take I part A, I part B, I part C and 7 parts of water. Develop
"KODAK" WETTING AGENT for 5 to 7 minutes 65 F. (18 C.).
Recommended as an addition to most liquids used in processing photographic FOR TANK DEVELOPMENT-Take one part A, I part B, I part C and II parts of water.
materials. It ensures uniform wetting of the material when placed in the liquid, Develop for about 12 minutes at 65 F. (18 C.).
and uniform draining away of the liquid when the material is removed. This
promotes even development, reduces any tendency to the formation of air bells
prevents drying marks or "tear marks" and, because the fluid drains away much * D.8 HYDROQUINONECAUSTIC DEVELOPER,
more completely from the surface, greatly curtails the drying time needed. SINGLESOLUTION
"Kodak" Wetting Agent is chemically inert towards photographic solutions Stock Sol ution CHARACTERISTICS
and may be added with advantage to all kinds of photographic solutions without Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE
interference with their normal chemical operation. For example, it may be 180.0 grams Sodium sulphite (cryst.) 14 ounces 175 grains Highcontrast developer
(90.0 grams) (or anhydrous) (7 ounces 90 grains) (or line work and graei
used with fixing, toning, reducing, intensifying, colouring, opaquing, spotting -45.0 grams Hydroquinone 3 ounces 265 grains cule-making with the
37.5 grams Caustic soda 3 ounces "Kodak" Maximum Res-
and retouching (dye or chemical) solutions as well as developers. Acid and neu- 30.0 grams Potassium bromide 2 ounces 175 grains olution plate.
tral solutions generally require greater additions than alkaline solutions to pro- 1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces
duce the optimum wetting effect. With very alkaline developers, however, the Dissolve the chemicals in the order given.
addition of any wetting agent increases appreciably the tendency to froth. For use take 2 parts of stock solution and I part of water.
Develop "Kodak" Maximum Resolution plates for 1-5 minutes at 70 F.
Instructions for Use * Available as a "Kodak" Packed Developer Powder.
For general purposes where only a small quantity of solution is required add
to all solutions I to 2 drops of "Kodak" Wetting Agent to each 8 oz. of bath
emp.loyed. For larger quantities it will be found more convenient to make up D.16 NORMAL CINE POSITIVE TANK DEVELOPER
a 10 per cent. solution. This should be added to the various processing baths in CHARACTERISTICS
accordance with the following recommendations:- Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE
0.31 gram "Elon" II grains Normal to high contras:t
Developing Solutions. 5-10 cc. of "Kodak" Wetting Agent (10 per cent. solution) 79.2 grams Sodium sulphite (cryst.) 6 ounces 150 grains developer. Mainly used
per litre of solution (I drachm per 25 fluid ounces). Use the smaller amount for (39.6 grams) (or anhydrous) (3 ounces 75 grains) as tank developer for
6.0 grams) Hydroquinone 210 grains Motion Picture Positive
the more alkaline developers, such as the special high-contrast formulae. 50.5 grams Sodium carbonate (cryst.) 04 ounces Film. Also suitable for
Fixing, Reducing and Intensifying Solutions. 20 cc. of "Kodak" Wetting Agent (18.7 grams) (or anhydrous) (I ounce 215 grains) negative development
0 .86 gram Potassium bromide 30 grains where medium or high
(10 per cent. solution) per litre of bath (I drachm per 6 fluid ounces). (8.6 c.c.) (or 10% solution) 310 minims) contrast Is required;
0.68 gram Citric acid 24 grains also for variable width
The Final Rinse Bath to be Used after Washing. 20 cc. of "Kodak" Wetting agent 1.5 grams Potassium metablsulphite 52 grains sound negatives or prints.
(10 per cent. solution) per litre (I drachm per 6 fluid ounces). For hard water 1000 c.c. Wt.ter to make 80 ounces
use a smaller amount of wetting agent. Where the water is very hard and tends Dissolve the chemicals in the order given.
to deposit a scum on drying, give the final rinse in distilled water containing this Use without dilution.
addition of wetting agent. For Motion Picture Positive film, development time will vary from 5-10 mins. at 65 0 F. (180 C.)
according to the contrast required and the degree of agitation employed.
8 9
D.16R REPLENISHER FOR FORMULA D.16
CHARACTERISTICS * D .61a DEVELOPER- " ELO N " -HYDROQUI NONE
0.3 gram "Elon" II gr.lns To be add ed to the S t o ck So lu ti o n CHARACTERlsrlCS
SO grams Sodium sulphite (cryst.) 6 ounces 175 g~ins tank as needed to main- Metric AVOirdupois AND PURPOSE
(~O grams) (or anhydrous) (3 ounces S5 grains) tain its original vo lume 3. 1 grams "Elon" 109 grains General dish or tank
9 grams Hydroqulnone 316 grains ISO grams Sodium sulphite (cryst.) 14 ounces 175 grains developer for plates and
100 grams Sodium carbonate (cryst.) S ounces (9O grams) (or anhydrous) (7 ounces SS grains) flIms. Recommended for
(3S grams) (or anhydrous) (3 ounces) 2.1 grams Sodium bisulphite 74 grains portrait, commercial and
0.7 gram Citric acid 25 grains 5.9 grams Hydroquinone 207 grains technical record photo-
1.5 grams Potassium metabisulphlte 52 grains 31 . i grams Sodium carbonate (cryst.) 2 ounces 213 grains grophy.
1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces (11.5 grams) (or anhydrous) (<103 grains)
Dissolve the chemicals In the order given. 1.7 grams Potassium bromide 60 grains
(17.0 c.c.) (or 10% solution) (I ounce 173 grains)
* " D.19b" XRAY , INFRA-RED AND INDUSTRIAL RECORD Dissolve the chemicals in the order given.
DEVELOPER
For dish development, take one part of the above stock solution to one part of water: develop
CHARACTERISTICS about 7 minutes at 65 0 F. (ISO C.).
Metr;c Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE
2.2 grams "Elon" n grains High~contrast dish or For tank development, take one part o( the above stock solution to three parts ,o f water: develop
1+4 grams Sodium sulphite (cryst.) II ounces 220 grains tank developer for X-ray about I~ minutes at 65 0 F. (ISO C.).
(72 grams) (or anhydrous) (5 ounces 333 grains) film and paper. also
S.S grams Hydroquinone 30S grains recommended (or gener. Add 0 .61 R replenisher to maintain the strength of the solution.
130 grams Sodium carbonate (cryst.) 10 ounces 175 grains al clinical work, oscillo-
(~S grams) (or anhydrous) (3 ounces 36S grains) graph, cardiograph and ,., Available as iii. "Kodak H Packed Developer Powder.
" grams Potassium bromide 1<10 grains other line records, aerial
(<IO c.c.) (or 10 % solution) (3 ounces 96 minims) photography, metallo-
1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces graphy, spectroscopy and
infrared photography.
D issolve the chemicals In the order given.
Use without dilution or diluted as directed In the instructions issued with the material to be
* D.61aR REPLENISHER FOR FORMUL A D .61a
developed. Stock Sol ut ion A CHARACTERISTICS
Recommended development time for X-ray Flims-5 minutes at 65 0 F. (ISO C.). Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE
* Available as "Kodak tl Packed Developer Powders. 5.9 grams "Elon " 33 grains Replenisher for Formula
360 grams Sodium sulphite (cryst.) -4 ounce' 350 grains D.6Ia.
(ISO grams) (or anhydrous) (2 ounces 175 g,.ins)
* " D .19bR" REPLENISHER 3.8 grams
11.9 grams
Sodium bisulphite
HydroQuinone
22 grains
70 grains
CHARACTERISTICS 3. 1 grams Potassium bromide IS grains
Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE (31 c.c.) (19S minims)
(or 10% solution)
4 grams "Elon" 140 grains When used to maintain 6000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces
144 grams Sodium sulphite (cryst.) II ounces 230 grains the level of the developer
(72 grams (or anhydrous) (5 ounces 330 grains) in a tank , the activity of
16 grams Hydroquinone I ounce 125 grains the developer will re Stock So lution B
130 grams Sodium carbonate (cryst.) 10 ounces I7S grains main approximately con
(3 ounces 370 grains) 64S grams Sodium carbonate (cryst.) 25 ounces 400 grains
(4S grams (or anhydrous) stant.
(2<10 grams) (or anhydrous) (9 ounces 262 ,rains)
7.5 grams Sodium hydroxide 260 grains
Dissolve the chemicals in the order given. Dissolve the chemicals in the order given.
The ItD.19b" developer should be maintained at a constant level in the tank by (requent addition For use, take 3 parts Solution A and I part Solution B, and add to the t'\,nk of developer as required
of the above repl,enisher solution. to maintain the level of the solution . Do not mix the solutions until ready for use.
* Available as "Kodak" Packed Developer Powders.
... Available as a "Kodak" Packed Developer Powder.
D.32 LANTERN SLIDE DEVELOPER

Stock Soluti on A CHARACTERISTICS
Metric
Sodium sulphite (cryst.)
Avoirdupois
I ounce
AND PURPOSE
Hydroquinone caustic
* D.72 D EV ELO PER- "E LO N " -HYDROQ UI N ON E
12.6 grams
(6.3 grams) (or anhydrous) (220 g rai ns) soda dish developer (or CHARACTERISTICS
7.0 grams H ydroquinone 240 grains warm black tones on Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE
3.5 grams Potassium bromide 120 grains lantern slides.
(35 .0 c.c.) (or 10% solution) (2 ounces 380 minims) 3.1 grams "Elon" 110 grains High-contrast rapid dish
0.7 gram Citric acid 25 groins 90 grams Sodium sulphite (cryst. 7 ounces 90 grains developer (or plates and
1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces (45 grams) (or anhydrous) (3 ounces 265 grains) films: Press, Commer ..
12 grams HydroQulnone 420 grains cial and Industrial pur ..
S to ck Solutio n B ISO grams Sodium carbonate (cryst.) 14 ounces 175 grains poses.
(67.5 grams) (or anhydrous) (5 ounces 175 grains)
SI.O grams Sodium carbonate (cryst.) 6 ounces 210 grains 1.9 grams Potassium bromide 65 gr.ins
(30.0 grams) (or anhydrous) (2 ounces 175 grains) (19 c.c.) (or 10% solution) (I ounce 250 minims)
4.2 grams Sodium hydroxide (caustic 1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces
soda) 1~5 grains
1000 <-c. Cold water to make 80 ounces Dissolve the chemicals In the order given.
Dissolve the chemicals in the order given. For leneral use, take I part of the above solution to 2 parts of water and develop about 4 minutes.
For use take I part A, I part B. For stili warmer tones I pa rt A and 2 parts B.
For treater contrast, dilute I : I.
Develop for about 5 minutes at 70 0 F. (21 0 C.).
* Avail~ble as a HKodak" Packed Developer Powder.
10
II
* "0.76" FINEGRAIN DEVELOPER D.1Sl PROCESS DEVELOPER
CHARACTERISTICS Stock Solution A CHARACTERISTICS
Metr;c Avoirdu"ois AND PURPOSE Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE
2.0 grams HElon " 70 grai ns A low-contrast fine-gra in 25.0 grams Hydroquinone 2 ounces Extreme-contrast d ish
200.0 grams Sodium sulph it e (cryst.) 16 ounces d ish or tank developerfor 25.0 grams Potassium metabisulph ite 2 ounces developer. For use with
(100.0 grams (or anhydrous) 8 ounces obtaining the maximum 25.0 grams Potassium brom ide 2 ounces Process and "Photo-
5.0 grams Hydroqu inone 175 gra ins effective emuls ion speed (250.0 c.c.) (or 10% solution) (20 ounces) script" plates. "Koda-
2.0 grams Borax 70 gra ins and shadow deta il. Re- 1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces line " and Process films
1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces commended for Portrait for line and halfton.
Commercial . Aero and Stock Solution B nogat lves.
Dissolve the chemicals in the order given . Motion Picture negatives
Use without dilution . on panchromatic mate- 50.0 grams Caustic potash 4 ounces
r ials . See Data Sheet 1000 c.c. Water to ma ke 80 ounces
* Available as "Kodak" Packed Developer Powders . on fine gra in develop- Dissolve the chemicals in t he order given .
ment. Use equal parts of A and B.
Develop lor 2 minutes at 65 F. (ISO C.).
* "D.76R" REPLENISHER FOR DEVELOPER "0.76"

CHARACTERISTICS
* 0.154 DEVELOPER FOR "KODALINE" PAPER,
Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE "KODALINE" FILM AND "KODALINE" WET
3.0 grams ' IElan" 105 grains Replen isher (or Form ula STRIPPING FILM (TRANSPARENT)
200.0 grams Sod ium sulphite (cryst.) 16 ounces D.76. CHARACTERISTICS
(100.0 grams) (or anhydrous) 8 ounces Metri( Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE
7.5 grams Hydroquinone 266 grains
20.0 grams Borax I ounce 261 grains 1.25 grams HElon " 45 gra ins A singlesolution high
1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces ~5 .0 grams Sod iu m sulph ite (cryst.) 3 ounces 260 grains contrast developer for
(22.5 grams) (or anhydrous) ( I ounce 350 grains) Kodali ne paper, Film.
Dissolve the chemicals in the order g iven . 6.0 grams Hydroqu inone 210 grains Wet Stripping Film and
Use the replenisher without d ilution and add to the tank to ma intain the level of the solu tion. SO.O grams Sodium carbonate (cryst.) 6 ou nces 175 gra ins Document Recording
(30.0 grams) (or anhydrous) (2 ou nces 175 grains) materials.
* Available as a flKodak" Packed Developer Powder. 0 .5 gram
(5.0 c.c. )
Potassium bromide
(or 10% solution)
18 grains
(190 minims)
Dissolve the chemicals in the order given .
D.76d NEGATIVE DEVELOPER- BUFFERED BORAX Use without dilution. Develop uKoda li ne" films for 3-4 minutes at 65 F. (18 C.) ; Kodali ne
paper for 2-3 minutes at 65 F. (ISo C .).
CHARACTERISTICS
Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE * Available as a " Kodak" Packed Developer Powder.
2.0 grams "Elon" 70 grains A low contras t d ish or
200.0 grams Sodium sulphite (cryst.) 16 ounces tank develope r fo r mo-
(100.0 grams) (or anhydrous) (S ounces) tion picture negat ives
5.0 grams Hydroquinone 175 grains and var iab le density * 0.156 No.2 WARM-TONE DEVELOPER
S.O grams Borax 2S0 gra ins sound records.
8.0 grams Boric acid 2S0 grains Stock Solution CHARACTERISTICS
1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE
1.7 gra ms " Elon" 60 grains Normal-contrast deve l-
Dissolve the chemicals In the order given . 44.0 grams Sodium sulphite (cryst.) 3 ounces 220 gra ins oper for "Kodura," " Ko
Use without dilution . (22.0 grams (or anhydro us) (I ounce 330 grains) dopa''" and "Bromesko"
6.8 grams Hydroqu inone 2-40 gra ins papers.
By Increasing the quantity of borax with a corresponding decrease in the boric aci d content, +4.0 grams Sod ium carbonate (cryst.) 3 ounceS 220 grains
he development rate is increased . By decreasing the borax and increasing the boric acid propor- (16.0 grams) (or anhydrous) (I ounce 110 grains
lonately, the development rate is decreased . 6.3 grams Potassium bromide 220 grains
(63 .0 c.c.) (or 10% solution) (5 ounces)
NOTE: The slight initial fog of a freshly mixed sample of the Buffered Borax developer (Formula 1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces
IID.76d ") may be controlled by adding 15 grains of potassium bromide per gallon (0.25 gra m per
Dissolve t he che mi cals in the order given. Use I part deve lo per to I part water.
litre) of the mixed developer.
( Approx imate development t ime at 65 F. (18 C. ) is 2 minutes.
* Available as a "Kodak " Packed Developer Powder and in solution 'f orm .
0.82 MAXIMUM-ENERGY DEVELOPER
CHARACTERISTICS
Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE * 0.158 "VELOX" DEVELOPER
4S.0 c.c. Methylated spirit 4 flu id ounces High-contrast dish de- Stock Solution CHARACTERISTICS
'''.0 grams HElon" I ounce 50 grains veloper,giving maximum Metric AVOirdupois AND PURPOSE
105.0 grams Sodium sulphite (cryst.) 8 ounces 175 grains energy. for ' use with 3.2 grams "Elon" 110 grains Normal-contrast devel-
(52.5 grams) (or anhydrous) (4 ounces S5 grains) extreme under - expo- 100.0 grams Sod ium sulphite (cryst. ) 8 ounces oper for bl ue-black Im.ge
14.0 grams Hydroqulnone I ounce 50 grains sures in Press , Commer- (50.0 grams) (or anhydrous)
Sodium hydroxide (caustic ("-ounces) tones on Velox and Gas-
S.S grams cial and Industrial pho- 13.3 grams Hydroquinone I ounce 40 grains light papers.
soda) 30S grains tography. IS6 .0 grams Sodium carbonate (cryst.) 14 ounces 375 grains
S.S grams Potassium bromide 30S grains (69.0 grams) (or anhydrous) (5 ounces 220 grains)
(88.0 c.c. (or 10% solution) (7 ounces) 0.9 gram Potassium bromide 32 grains
1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces (9.0 c.c.) (or 10% solution) (350 minims)
Dissolve the chemicals in the order given. 1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces
Use without dilution. Develop about 5 minutes at 65 F. (ISO C.). Dissolve the chemicals i n the order g iven . For use, dilute with an equal bulk of water.
Develop " Velox" Paper lor 30-40 seconds at 65 F. (ISO C.).
The prepared developer does not keep more than a few days in a full bottle or more than 2 hourr
In an open dish. * Available as "Kodak" Packed Developer Powders and in concentrated solution.
12 13
0.165 DEVELOPER- " ELON "
0 .159 DEVELOPER- " KODUROL " .HYDROQUI NONE
Stock Sol uti on CHARACTERISTICS
Stock Solution CHARACTERISTICS Metric AvoirdupoiS AND PURPOSE
Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE 6.0 grams "Elon" 210 grains Low-contrast dish devel-
SO.O grams Sodium sulphite (cryst.) ~ ounces For red tones on Ko- 50.0 grams Sodium sulphite (cryst.) 4 ounces oper recommended for
(lS.O grams) (or anhydrous) (2 ounces) dura t I paper. (25.0 grams) (or anhydrous) (2 ounces) photogravure negatives
4.0 grams "Kodurol " (glyein) 140 grains 100.0 grams Sodium carbonate (cryst.) 8 ounces and transparencies, and
7.0 grams Hydroqulnone 250 grains (37.0 grams) (or anhydrous) (3 ounces (or bromide papers when
70.0 grams Sodium carbonate (cryst.) 5 ounces 220 grains 1.0 gram Potassium bromide 35 grains a softer result is wanted
(26.0 grams) (or anhydrous) (2 au nces 35 grai ns) (10.0 c.c.) (or 10% solution) (3S0 minims) than that given by 0.163.
1.0 gram Potassium bromide 3S grains 1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces
(10 c.c.) (or 10% solution) (350 minims)
1000 C.c. Water to make 80 ounces Dissolve the chemicals in the order given.
Dilute I part of the above stock solution with 3 parts of water.
Dissolve the chemicals in the order given. For use dilute I part developer with 2 parts water.
As a low contrast developer for bromide prints develop for 2 minutes at 65 F. (18 C.).
Exposures should be adjusted so that development is complete in the time required to reach the
desired tone. For Gravure Positives on BAO Plates develop (or ~-6 minutes at 65 F. (ISO C.).
1< 0 .163 " KODA K" SPEC I AL DEVELOPER 1< 0.166 No. 1 WARMTONE DEVELOPER
S t ock S ol uti on CHARACTERISTICS
S tock S olution CHARACTERISTICS
1.15 grams "Elan" 40 grains For maximum warmth
2.2 grams "Elon" 80 grains Normal-high contrast 50.0 grams Sodium sulphite (cryst.) 4 ounces of tone (short o( red
150.0 grams Sodium sulphite (cryst.) f20unces universal paper dcvel (25.0 grams) (or anhydrous) (2 ounces) tone) on "Kodura." "Ko-
(75.0 grams) (or anhydrous) (6 ounces) oper; may also be used S.S grams Hydroquinone 300 grains dopal" and "Bromesko"
17.0 grams Hydroquinone I ounce 160 grains with negative materials 68.0 grams Sodium carbon~te (cryst.) 5 ou nce.s 220 grai ns papers and on Warm-
175.0 grams Sodium carbonat. (cryst.) 14 ounces as a dish developer. Re- (25.0 grams) (or anhydrous) (2 ounces) tone Lantern plates .
(65.0 grams) (or anhydrous) (5ounces SO grains) commended as a tropical 12.5 grams Potassium bromide I ounce
2.S grams Potassium bromide 100 grains developer for papers. (115 c.c.) (or 10% solution) (10 ounces)
(2S.0 c.c.) (or 10% solution) (2 ounces 130 minims) 1000 C.c. Water to make 80 ounces
Dissolve the chemicals in the order given.
Dissolve the chemicals in the order given .
* Available as uKodak" Packed Developer Powders and In Concentrated Solution form. Use I part of developer to 3 parts of water.
Develop for 3 minutes at 65 F. (18 C.) : with this time of development, the correct exposure will
give a first appearance of the image after about SO sees. development. The warmth of Image tone
F O R BROMI D E PAPERS : may be varied by increasing or decreasing the time of development with a corresponding decrease
or increase in exposure .
For n o rmal res u lts dilute I part of the above stoc.k solution with 3 parts of water. Develop
(or 2 minutes at 65 F. (ISOC.).
Available as a "Kodak" Packed Developer Powder and in solution form.
For brilhter r esults dilute I part of the above stock solution with I part of water. Develop
(or It minutes at 65 F. (ISO C).
T IM E.TEMPERATURE C HART FOR 0.167 STAIN I NG DEVELOPER- PYRO" ELON "

BRO M ID E PA PERS
So lutio n A CHARACTERISTICS
SOO F. Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE
65 F. 70 F. 75 F. SSO F.
ISO C. 21 C. H O C. 27 C. 30 C. 5.0 grams "Elon" 175 grains High contrast Hstaining"
10.0 grams Potassium metab isulphlte 350 grains dish developer for Press
90 sees. 70 sees. SO sees. -40 sees. 30 sees. f ounce 110 grains and Commercial nega-
15.0 grams Pyro
1000 C.c. Water to make 80 ounces tives where maximum
effective speed, high con-
S o lution B trast and rapid process-
200.0 grams Sodium carbonate (cryst.) 16 ounces ing are required. and for
FOR "VEL OX" A N D GASLIGHT PAPERS: (75.0 grams) (or anhydrous) (6 ounces) cases of known or sus-
1000 C.c. Water to make 80 ounces pected under-exposure.
For normal results dilute I part of the above stock solution with 3 parts of water.
For b righter results dilute I part of the above stock solution with I part of water. Develop
(or 60120 seconds at 65 F. (ISO C .). Take I part of Solution A and I part of Solution B. Oxidation is very rapid and therefore solu-
tions A and B should not be mixed until immediately before use.
TIM ETEMPERATURE C H ART FO R "VE LO X " Develop (or 23 minute. at 65 F. (ISO C.).
AND GAS LIG H T PAPERS
65' F.
ISO C.
60 sees.
70 F.
21 C.
45 sees.
75 F.
24 C.
30 sees.
SOo F.
27 C.
25 sees.
l-wc-'-
SSo F.
20 sees.
0 .168 K ODAK REVERSAL DEVELOPER see page 19.
15
14
0.169 ULTRA-RAPID DEVELOPER FOR RECORDI NG PAPERS 0.173 SUBSTITUTE DEVELOPER FOR "VELOX" PAPER
CHARACTERISTICS CONTAINING NO " ELON "
Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE CHARACTERISTICS
90.0 grams Caustic soda 7 ounces 90 grains Ultra-rapid developer Meuic Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE
100.0 grams Sodium sulphite (cryst.) 8 ounces for recording papers. '15.0 grams Sodium sulphite (cryst.) 3 ounces 260 grains A developer for use with
(50.0 grams) (or anhydrous) ('I ounces) Owing to the caustic 22.5 grams (or anhydrous) (I ounce 350 grains) "Velox" papers when
30.0 grams "Elan" 2 ounces 175 grains nature of this developer. 175.0 grams Sodium carbonate (cryst.) 14 ounces "Elon" is not available or
1000 C.c. Water to make 80 ounces it is unsuitable for use (65.0 grams) (or anhydrous) (5 ounces 85 grains) for those who suffer from
with papers on very 0.375 gram Paraminophenol hydrochloride 13 grains Metol dermatitis.
thin base. 7.5 grams Hydroquinone 265 grains
0.15 grams Potassium bromide 5 grains
A development time of 35 seconds at 65 0 F. is suitable (or most uKodak" recording papers, although 1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces
if maximum effective emulsion speed is required longer development time (up to 30 seconds) is
necessary, this varying with the type of recording paper concerned. Dissolve the chemicals in the order given. For use dilute with an equal volume of water and
develop for 3545 seconds at 65 F. (18 C.).
0.175 TANNING DEVELOPER FOR "SILVALITH" PLATES

* 0.170 DEVELOPER FOR BROMIDE PAPERS- uDOLMI"
Solution A CHARACTERISTICS
Stock Solution CHARACTERISTICS Metric AND PURPOSE
Avoirdupois
Metrje Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE
'1.0 grams Pyro 140 grains A tanning developer
50.0 grams Sodium sulphite (cryst.) 4- ounces A developer for bromide 10.0 grams Sodium sulphite (cryst.) 350 grains specially designed for the
(25.0 grams) (or anhydrous) (2 ounces) papers. (5.0 grams) (or anhydrous) first development of
(175 grains)
1.0 gram Potassium bromide 3S grains 1000 C.c. Water to make "Silvalith" plates .
80 ounces
Solution B
For use. dilute the ' above 16 ounces (200 c.c.) of stock solution with water to make 80 ounces
75 .0 grams Sodium carbonate (cryst.) 6 ounces
(1000 c.c.) and dissolve In this 160 grains (4.5 grams) of "Dolmi." The diluted solution does not
keep well and should be made up as required. (28.0 grams) (or anhydrous) (2 ounces 95 grains)
1000 C.c. Water to make 80 ounces
Time of development for bromide prints: 2 mins at 65 F. (18 C.
Mix equal parts of Solutions A and B immediately before use.
Ava ilable as a "Kodak" Packed Developer Powder.
Develop for 2 minutes at 65 F. (18 C.).
*D.ln DEVELOPER- PYROS ODA

0 .171 RAPID DEVELOPER FOR RECORDI NG PAPERS
CHARACTERISTICS Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE
1.4 grams Potassium metabisulphite 50 grains A pyro-soda dish devel
50.0 grams Sodium sulphite (cryst.) ~ ounces A rapid developer inter- 12.5 grams Pyro I ounce oper for plates and films.
(25.0 grams) (or anhydrous) 2 ounces mediate in rate of devel- 1.7 grams Potassium bromide 60 grains For general use.
162.0 grams Sodium carbonate (cryst.) 12 ounces 430 grains opment between D.169 150 C.c. Water to make 12 ounces
(60.0 grams) (or anhydrous) ("Iou nces 350 grai ns) and "D.1 9b."
0.5 gram Potassium bromide 18 grains Solution B
14.0 grams "Elon" I ounce 50 grains 150 C.c. Solution A 12 ounces
3.0 grams Hydroquinone 105 grains 1000 C.c. Water to make 80 ounces .
Solution C
Dissolve the chemicals In the order given and use without dilution.
100.0 grams Sodium sulphite (cryst.) 8 ounces
When this developer is used the maximum agitation must be given in order to ensure eVen devel- (50.0 grams) (or anhydrous) (4 ounces)
opment. The normal development time is 20-30 seconds, but longer may be given when too weak a 100.0 grams Sodium carbonate (cryst.) 8 ounces
trace is obtained at the shorter development times. (37.5 grams) (or anhydrous) (3 ounces)
Dissolve the chemicals in the order given. For negatives of average contrast, use equal parts of
Solutions 8 and C. For portraits and softer negatives. use equal parts of Solutions Band C and
2 parts of water. Develop for 5-8 minutes at 65 F. (IS" C.).
0.172 REVERSAL DEVELOPER see page 19 Available as a "Kodak" Packed Developer Powder.
16 17
"KODALK" DEVELOPER FORMULJE
The following developer formulae contain "Kodalk" as accelerator. IOKodalk" is an alkali inter- REVERSAL PROCESSI NG
mediate In activity between sodium carbonate and borax. It permits of greater control of the The following method of reversal processing, giving direct positives from camera exposures has
I!nergy of the developer : and does not evolve carbon dioxide on acidifying, Risk of blistering is ~oii~w~o~nd to be of general application to "Kodak" materials. The order of processes is as
thus eliminated while there Is less tendency to precipitate aluminium sulphite sludge from fixing
baths containing alum. First development (0.168) for times given below.
Wash for .. 5 minutes
Bleach in R.2IA for 35 minutes
Wash for ...
* "DK.20" EXTRA FINE-GRAIN DEVELOPER Clear in R.21 B for
5 minutes
2 minutes
CHARACTERISTICS Rinse for .. ... ... '" .. . .., ! minute
AVOirdupois AND PURPOSE Expose to white artificial light for about ... .. . 2! minutes
Metric Second development (0.158) by ar'ifociallight for
5.0 grams "Elan" 175 grains Normalcontrast dish or 25 minutes.
200.0 grams
(100.0 grams)
(or anhydrous)
16 ounces
(8 ounces)
tank developer for mini.
mum graininess. For
me~~C~i~~~ga~06S~F.~~erial used. the following are suggested as a guide to suitable first develop-
2.0 grams "Kodalk" 70 grains general use with films
1.0 gram Potassium thiocyanate 35 grains or plates. "Kodaline" Film Rapid ... 7 minutes UKodaline" Paper Rapid 7 minutes
(sulphocyanide) "Kodaline" Film Extra Rapid 20 minutes Safety Positive Film of minutes
0.5 gram
1000 C.c.
Potassium bromide
Water to make 80 ounces
18 grains
r
Dissolve the chemicals in the order given. D.168 DEVELOPER FOR FIRST DEVELOPMENT
Use without dilution. Average development time about IS minutes at 65 0 F. (180 C.). Times
for specific materials are given on their specification sheets. The useful life of this developer can Metric CHARACTERISTICS
be increased 5 to 10 times by the use of OK.20R replenisher.
Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE
2.0 grams "Elon" 70 grains
180.0 grams Recommended as . the
Available as a "Kodak" Packed Developer Powder. Sodium sulphite (cryst.) , .. ounces 180 grains first developer for rever-
8.0 grams sal of certain Kodak films,
Hydroquinone 280 grains plates and papers.
120.0 grams Sodium carbonate (cryst.) 9 ounces 260 grains
(~ . 5 grams) (or anhydrous) (3 ounces 245 grains)
* "DK.20R" REPLENISHER FOR DEVE LOPER "DK.20" 2.0 grams Potassium thiocyanate 70 grains
(sulphocyanide)
CHARACTERISTICS 1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces
7.5 grams "Elan" . 265 grains Replenisher for Formula
200.0 grams Sodium sulphite (cryst.) 16 ounces '0.K.20." The first development times may be varied according to the contrast requi red4
(100.0 grams) (or anhydrous) (8 ounces)
20.0 grams "Kodalk" I ounce 260 grains
5.0 grams Potassium thiocyanate 175 grains
(sulphocyanide) R.21
1.0 gram Potassium bromide 35 grains BLEACHING AND CLEARING BATHS
Stock Solution A-Bleachinll Bath
Dissolve the chemicals in the order given. Metric Avoirdupois
Add to the tank a.~ necessary to maintain the volume constant. 1000 C.c. Water 80 ounces
50.0 grams Potassium bichromate 4 ounces
DEEP TANK USE. A given high-light density will be maintained throughout the developer 50.0 C.c. Sulphuric acid 4 fluid ounces
life for a constant development time at a constant temperature. provided the volume of replenisher
added is about 5 gallons per 1000 rolls of film (SO,OOO square inches) processed . .Di~solve the bichroma~e in the wace,:. then add the sulphuric acid slowly. and with constant
stlrnng, to the cold solution. For use dilute one part of stock solution with 9 parts of water
Av.llable as a "Kodak" Packed Developer Powder.
Stock Solution B-Clearinc Bath
1000 c.c. Water 80 ounces
* DK.50 DEVELOPER- " ELON"-HYDROQUINONE-"KODALK" (50.0
1.0
grams)
gram
(or anhydrous)
Sodium hydrOXide
. (4 ounces)
35 grains
CHARACTERISTICS
Metric Avoirdupois AI'!D PURPOSE
2.5 grams " Elan " 88 grains Normal-contrast dish or
60.0 grams
(30.0 grams)
Sodium sulphite (cryst .)
(or anhydrous)
4 ounces 350 grains
(2 ounces 175 grains)
tank developer for plates
and films. Portrait, Com
* D.158 DEVELOPER FOR SECOND DEVELOPMENT
2.5 grams Hydroquinone 88 grains mercia I and Photomech- Metric AvoirdupOis
10.0 grams "Kodalk" 350 grains anica!. Recommended 3.2 grarns "Elon"
0.5 gram Potassium bromide 18 grains for "Kodak" Wash-Off 100.0 gr.ms 110grains
Sod ium sulphite (cryst.) S ounces
1000 C.c. Water to make 80 ounces Re lief Film and for the (50.0 grams) (or anhydrous)
making of colour separa (4 ounces)
13.3 grams Hydroquinone I ounce 40 grains
tion negatIVes from c"l .. 186.0 grams Sodium carbonate (cryst.)
our transparencies. 14 ounces 375 grains
Dissolve the chemicals in the order given. 0.9 gram Potassium bromide
(9.0 c.c.) 32 grains
By increasing or decreasing the quantity of "Kodalk" in the formula it is possible (a) to increase (or 10% solution) . (350 minims)
or decrease the contrast obtained in a given time of development; (b) to decrease or increase the
time of development without affecting the contrast. Dissolve the chemicals in the order given.
Average development time about 10 minutes at 65 0 F. (180 C.) or as recommended for specific For use, dilute with an equal bulk of water.
materials on their specification sheets.
* Available as "Kodak" Pac ked Developer Powders. and in Concentrated Solution.
Available as a "Kodak" Packed Developer Powder.
f Re~development should preferably be carried out in artificiall!ght, since staining somecim es results
rom exposure to strong daylight iii.[ this stage.
18
19
REVERSAL PROCESSING OF PHOTOMECHANICAL MATERIALS
TROPICAL PROCESSING
The following modification of the normal reversal procedure is suitable for use with photo-
mechanical materials . The principal changes in treatment concern the first development and the * DK.1S " KODAK " TROPICAL DEVELOPER
re-development. CHARACTERISTICS
Metric AVOirdupois AND PURPOSE
B.IO ("Photoscript"), B.S and P.2S plates, Slow and Rapid "Kodaline" films : - 5.7 grams "Elon" 200 grains A normal-contrast d ish
First development: for 3 minutes In developer D. 172 at 651, F. 180.0 grams Sodium sulph ite, (cryst.) 14 ounces 175 grains or tank developer (or the
Rinse in running water for I minute.
22.5 grams "Kodalk" 1 ounce 335 grains development o( films or
Bleach In R.2IA solution (about 45 seconds). J.9 grams Potassium bromide 67 grains plates at high tempera-
Wash in running water for 5 minutes (I minute rinse for B.IO plates) .
105.0 grams Sodium sulphate, (cryst.) 8 ounces 175 grains tures (75 0 to 900 F.)
Clear in R.2IB solution (about 15 seconds). I litre Water to make 80 ounces (240 to 320 C.).
Rinse in water and blacken for 2 minutes in a sulphiding solution. This may be carried Dissolve the chemicals in the order given.
out in the light, if desired, though no light is necessary. * Available as a "Kodak" Packed Developer Powder.
Wash in running water for 5 minutes. WAR N I NG: It is important to agitate the films or plates when first immersing them in the
developer and at intervals during development to avoid streakiness.
Slow and Rapid "Kodaline" papers : -
Proceed as (or plates, above, until the prints have been cleared in R.21 B solution, then A(ter development, rinse for I or 2 seconds in water and then immerse for 3 minutes in the t ropica l
hardening bath (Formula S8A). After hardening, fix for at least 10 minutes in the hardening fixing
Wash for 5 minutes with room lights on. (. bath (Formula F.5) before trans(erri ng to the wash water.
Re-develop in 0 . 172 until completely blackened.
Wash in running water (or 5 minutes.
DK.1Sa
Maximum Resolution plates : -
A (ormula giving much less contrast may be obtained by using only 170 grains of "Kodalk" per
First development : for 3 minutes in developer 0 .8 at 65 F. 80 ounces of developer (5 grams per litre) instead of the quantities given above. This formula
Wash in running water (or 2 minutes. Is known as OK.ISa.
Bleach in R.2IA solution (about 45 seconds).
Turn on room lights.
Clear in R.2IB solution (about 30 seconds). SB.4 T ROPICAL HARDENING BATH
Wash in running water for 2 minutes.
see page 22
Expose close to a IOO-watt electric bulb (or IS seconds.
Re-develop in D.8 for 3 minutes at 65 F.
Wash (or 5 minutes and bathe for 2 minutes in dean industrial spirit to remve the
F.S TROPICAL ACID HARDENING FIXING BATH
yellow dye.
Formulae overleaf, page 19. see page 23
WAS HIN G: After fixing thoroughly, wilSh (or 10 to IS minutes. If running water is not available
5 minutes' immersion in each of three changes of water will suffice. but the negatives should be
0.172 REVERSAL DEVELOPER re-washed in running water as soon as poss ible. The temperature of the wash water should not
exceed 95 0 F. (35 0 C.).
Stock Solution A
Metric Avoirdupois DRYI NG : Wipe both sides of the negative with a tuft of wet cotton-wool or damp chamois
25.0 grams Hydroquinone 2 ounces leather to eliminate markings. Dry in a draught o( air or before a (an, if necessary surrounding the
Potassium metabisulphite 2 ounces film with mosquito netting to keep out insects.
25.0 grams
25.0 grams Potassium bromide 2 ounces Very much fuller information is given in Data Booklet A.37, "Photography in the Tropics."
1000 C.c. W ater to make 80 ounces
Stock So lution B HOT-WEATHER PROCESSING

Metric Avoirdupois
50.0 grams Potassium hydroxide "" ounces During hot weather in the British Isles it may be difficult to keep developrT"ent temperatures down
1.5 grams Sodium thiosulphate (hypo) 53 grains to 65 F. If they can be kept below 75 0 F. no special precautions need be taken, though the use o(
1000 C.c. Water to make 80 ounces highly alkaline developers should be avoided where possible and all development times should be
appropriately reduced . Where the solutions cannot be cooled below 75 f. the trop ical process-
Dissolve the chemicals in the order given. Use equal parts of A and B.
ing recommendations above should be followed. For small amounts of work the (ollowing mod ifi-
cations of these recommendations may be used : -
SULPHIDING SOLUTION . I % sodium sulphide or ammonium sulphide may be used. Amore (0) A high concen t ration of a neutral chemical may be added to the normal developer to prevent:
convenient solutio n consists of:- swelling o f t he emulsion. For instance. 010.76" developer can be used with the addition of
Metric Avoirdupois 45 grams per litre of anhydrous sod ium sulphate (not sulphite) or 105 grams per litre o( the crystalline
1.0 gram Thiocarbamide 35 grains com pound.
4.0 grams Sod iu m hydro xide 140 grains (b) Instructions given above regarding rinsing should be carefully (ollowed.
1000 C.c. W ater to make 80 ounces
(c) The film or plate should be hard ened in Formula SB.4 after rinsing and before fixation.
T his lat te r solution w ill kee p very well in a corked bottle. but it req uires a longer time (a bout (d) W ashing should not be prolo nged if the wash water is also warm. Ten to fifteen minutes'
-4 minu tes) to blacken t he plate. was hing In running water is sufficient.
20 21
RINSE AND HARDENING BATHS FIXING BATHS
F.S TROPICAL ACID HARDENING-FIXING BATH
SB.1 ACID RINSE
CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS Metr;c Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE
Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE Sodium thlosulphate (hypo) 19 ounces 90 grains Tropical acid hardening
2<40.0 Ira ms
1000 c.c. Water 80ounce.s Rinse (stOp) bath for (150.0 ,rams) (or anhydrous) (12 ounces, 100 ,rains) fixing bath for films and
15.0 ,rams Sodium sulphite (anhydrous) 2ounces 175 grains plates. used In conjunc-
17.0 C.c. Acetic acid (,laci.l) I ounce 2 drachms papers.
17.0 C.c. Acetic acid (,lacl.l) I ounce 2 drachms tion with DK.I S devel.
7.5 grams Boris acid ' 260 ,rains oper and S6.4 hardening
Rinse prints for S seconds. Workin, life : .bout 25--8 X 10 prints per quart (litre). 15.0 ,rams Pou.ssium alum I ounce 90 grains bath.
Dissolve chem icals in the order given.

Films and plates will be fixed properly In 10 minutes If a freshl prepared fixln, bath has been used
Prolon,ed Immersion at hi,h temperatures Is harmful.
S .B.1 A ACID RINSE
1000 c.c. Water 80 ounces Rinse (stop) bath for F.16 CHROME ALUM FIXING BATH
50.0 c.c. Acetic acid (,laci.l) .. ounces films and plates. StopS CHARACTERISTICS
development almost in - Metric Solutio n A Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE
stantaneously and thus 320.0 ,rams Hypo 26 ounces A hardenln, fixln, bath.
hel ps to preven t streaks <40.0 ,ram. Sodium sulphite (cryst.) 3 ounces 90 grains This formula. when
on negatives. (20.0 ,rams) (or anhydrous) (I ounce 260 ,rains) freshly mixed. is especi
1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces ally recommended for
use during hot weather.
S.B.3 HARDENING BATH Solution B but it rapidly loses its
500.0 C.c. Water ..0 ounces hardenln, properties.
60.0 ,rams Potassium chrome alum " ounces 350 grains with or without use.
1000 c.c. Water 80 ounces Hardenerrinse buh for 8.0 C.c. Sulphuric acid (concentrated) 5 drachms Scum which may form
30.0 ,rams Potassium chrome alum 1 ounces 175 grains films and plates. Fo r use 1000 C.c. Water to make 80 ounces on the surface of the
in hot weather between ne,ative when an old
Pour I part Solution B into 3 parts Solution A. whilst stirrin, bath Is used is remov-
Agitate the negative for a few seconds immediately after Immersion. development and fixa- A rapidly. and use same day. able by swabbing with
Maximum harden!"a: takes 3-5 minutes In a fresh bath . tion. cottonwool before the
ne,ative is dried.
F.S2 NON-HARDENING ACID FIXING BATH *

CHARACTERISTICS
SB.4 TROPICAL HARDENING BATH Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE
CHARACTERISTICS 250.0 grams Hypo 20 ounces An acid fixing bath for

25.0 ,rams Potassium metablsulphlte 2 ounces use with materials. such
Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE 1000 C.c. Water to make 80 ounces as 'T ransferotype" or
1000 c.c. Water 80 ounces Tropical hardening rinse Bromoil papers, with
for films and plates. for which hardening must
30.0 ,rams Pocuslum chrome alum 2 ounces 175 ,rains be avoided.
I <40.0 ,rams Sodium sulphate (cryst.) II ounces 90 grains use at temperatures of
(60.0 ,rams) (or .nhydrous) (4 ounces, 350 ,rains) 75" to 95" F. (24" to * As an alternative to preparing your own fixing bath, "Kodak" Rapid
Fixer is available In powder form.
35" C.). Used in con
A,it.J.te negatives for 30 to 4S seconds when they are first immersed, junction with DK.IS
to avoid unevenness, and leave them (or 3 minutes. After the equiva- developer.
lent of 20 10 X 81n. films per ,allon h.ve been treated, the bath should
F.S3 ACID HARDENER STOCK SOLUTION *
be replaced, otherwise scum markin,s will result. CHARACTERISTICS
The freshly-made bath Is violetblue colour and keeps Indefinitely while unused. A partially 100.0 ,rams Sodium sulphite (cryst.) 8 ounces Acid hardener stock
used bath deteriorates on standing for a few days, the colour changing to a yellow-green. (50.0 ,rams) (or anhydrous) (4 ounces) solution for use with
75.0 C.c. Acetic acid (,Iaclal) 6 ounces Formula F.54 or F.54 .
IOCtO ,rams Potulium alum 8 ounces
Dissolve the sulphite in 250 C.c. (20 ounces) of w~rm water (about 125" F. (52" C.) and allow to
cool . Then add the acetic acid slowly and with constant stlrrin,. Dissolve the potassium alum in
about 500 c.c. (<40 ounces) of hot water and allow to cool to below 70" F. (20 C.) before add in, to
the sulphite and acetic .cld mixture. Finally make up to 1000 C.c. (80 ounces) with cold water.
NOTE that "Kodak" Liquid Hardener, as sold. is 2i times stron,er than formula F.Sl. Therefore
If tf() ounces of K.L.H. Is speCified in a formula It would be necessary to take 100 ounces offormula F.Sl .
... As an alternative to preparing your own hardening solution, "Kodak" Hardening Powder or
"Kodak" Liquid Hardene r are available, see p. 7.
22 23
F.S4 ACID HARDENING-FIXING BA'f.HS* HT.1a HYPO TEST SOLUTION
CHARACTERISTICS CHARACTERISTICS
Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE Metric Avo;rdut>o;s AND PURPOSE
500 c.c. Warm wlttr .fO ounces Acid hardening - fixln, 1.2 grams Potassium permancanatc -40 grain. Solution for testing for
250.0 crams Hypo 20 ounces bath for paper. l.~ grams Sodium hydroxide 85 grains elimination of hypo dur-
To this. when cold. add: 1000 c.c. Water (distilled) to make 80 ounceS
50 c.c. "Kodak" Liquid Hardener .. ounces
inc washing of films and
(125 c.c.) (or Acid Hardener Stock Solu- plues.
tlon Formula F.53) 10 ounces
1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces To make the test with film, take 8 ounces (250 c.c.) of pure water In a clear ,lass and add '* drachm
(I c.c.) of the permanganate-caustic soda solution.
F.S4a
CHARACTERISTICS FI LMS OR PLATES : Take six films or pl .. es size 3! x ~! in. (or equivalent area) from the wash
Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE water and dra in them into the ,lass of test solution. If hypo is present, the violet colour will turn
SOO c.c. Warm water 4fO ounces Acid - hardening fixinC orange in about 30 seconds and with a larger concentration the orance colour will change to yellow.
<400.0 grams Hypo 32 ounCe5 bath for films or plates. In either case the film should be returned to the wash water until further tests produce no chance
To this. when cold add: in the violet colour.
75 c.c. "Kodak" Liquid Hardener 6 ounces
(185 c.c.) (or Acid Hardener Stock (15 ounces)
Solution-Formula F.53) NOTE. Since o)(idisable organic matter, if present in the water, will react with the permana:an;ace
in a similar manner to hypo, a blank test should then be made. The permanganate solution is
As an alternative to preparing your own fixing baths, "Kodak" Acid diluted as instructed but with distilled water and about 2 drachms (10 c.c.) of the mains water added
Fixing Salt with Hardener is available In powder form.
PAPERS : Although the a.bove test can also be used for testing papen (usln& six -4 X 5 In. prints
HE.1 HYPO ELIMINATOR or equivalent area) when complete freedom from hypo is required (e.c. for chlorobromlde prints
CHARACTERISTICS likely to be submitted to tropical conditions) the test is not a completely reliable indication and the
Mrtric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE hypo eliminator H.E. I should be used in conjunction with the test for residual hypo given under
500.0 c.c. Water 40 ounces Hypo eliminators are not this head ing.
125.0 c.c. Hydrogen peroxide (3 ~ usually required in pro
solution*) 10 ounces cesslng negative mater
100.0 c.c. Ammonia (3% solutiont) 8 ounces ials. In the case of prints,
1.0 litre Water to make 80 ounces however. traces of hypo
are tenaciously held by
* I.e. 20 vol. solution, as purchased. the paper fibres and may
lead to lading 01 the AFTER-TREATMENT FORMULJE
t To make 3% ammonia. dilute 9 parts of .880 ammonia to make 100 image on long keeping
parts of solution. under "tropical" condi-
tions. HE. I used as
directed converts the SH.1 FORMALI N HARDENER
DIRECTIONS FOR USE hypo to Inert sulphate
Wash the prints for about 30 minutes at 65 to 70 F.* in runnln& and also facilitates Its CHARACTERISTICS
water which flows rapidly enouch to replace the Water in the vessel removal. (Comm. No. Metric A,,'oirdupois AND PURPOSE
(dish or tank) completely once every five minutes. Then immene 780 from Kodak Res.
each print for about six minutes at 70 F. in the hypo eliminator solu Labs.. Photo J. 19<40. 10.0 C.C. Formalin (4fO~~ formalde Alkaline formalin hard-
tlon (Kodak HE. I ) and finally wash for about ten minutes before drylnK. p. ~58). hyde solution) 6 dra.chms ener fo r films or plates
13.5 crams Sodium carbon .. e (cryst.) I ounce 35 grains or for removing stains.
LIFE OF HE.1 SOLUTION (5.0 crams) (or anhydrous) 175 gnins Recommended for the
Abou fifty 8 x 10 in. prints or their equivalent per calion (4I1tres). II used on plates. films or 1000 C.C. Water to make 80 ounces trt3tment of negatives
lantern !Ides the eliminator should be diluted with 10 parts of water, otherwise the emulsion may when the emulsio auld
be rendered unduly tender. After hardening for 3 minutes in the above bath, negatives should be otherwise be softened
rinsed and Immediately immersed for 5 minutes in a. fresh acid fixing considerably by chemical
TEST FOR HYPO. Process with the batch of prints an unexposed white sheet of photographic bath and washed thoroua:hly before they are ,Iven any further chemical
paper (same wei,ht and size as majority of prints in batch). After the final wash, cut off a strip of this treatments as In the re.
sheet and Immene it In a one per cent silver nitrate solution for about three minutes; then rinse treatment. monl of several types of
In water and compare, while wet, in subdued da.ylight or artificial light, with the wet, untrea.ted stains, in tensification or
portion. If the hypo has been completely removed no colour difference should be observed. A
yellow.brown tint indicates the presence of hypo. reduction.
CAUTION ! Silver nitrate solution stains the skin black; a.void d irect contact with the solution. R.1 PERSULPHATE REDUCER
OCCASIONAL EFFECTS WHEN USING H .E.1 ELIMINATOR CHARACTERISTICS
Merr;c AVOirdupois AND PURPOSE
(I) Tendency for prints to stick on the belt of belt driers. avoided by bathinc the prints for
3 minutes in 1% forma.ldehyde prior to dryln,. 1000 C.C. Water 80 ounces Super - proport ional re-
(2) Slicht change of Image colour avoided by addinc 15 crains of potassium bromide to each quart 60.0 grams Ammon ium persulphate '" ounces 350 grains ducer for ovrr-developed
(I gram per litre) of H.E.I. 3.0 C.C. Sulphuric acid (concentrated) liS minims negatives of contrasty
(3) Slicht yellowin, of whites avoided by bathing the prints In 1% sodium sulphite for 1 minutes
prior to final wash. subjecu .
For use take I part Stock Solution and 2 pa.rts water.
* For lower temperatures, increase the washing time. Double the wuhing time should
be used when double-we ight prints are treated .
When reduct ion is complete, immerse the ne,ative in an acid (i)(ing bath ror a few minutes, then
A positive test with silver nitrate ma.y also be obtained In the absence of hypo, if wuh.
hydrogen sulphide or wood extracu are present in the water supply.
24 25
R.2 PERMANGANATE REDUCER R.S PROPORTIONAL REDUCER
Stock Solution A CHARACTERISTICS Stock Solution A CHARACTERISTICS
Metr;c Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE Merric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE
52.5 grams Potassium permanganate .. ounces 90 grains Cutting reducer for gen 16.0 c.c. Sulphuric acid (10% solu A proportional reducer
1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces eral use. For reducing t ion) I ounce 2 drachms (or lowering the contrast
0.3 ,ram Potassium permanganate II grains of negatives.
density without loss of 1000 c.c. Water to make SO ounces
Stock Solution B contrast. The stock solu-
1000 c.c. Cold water 80 ounces tions keep well but the Stock Solution B
32.0 c.c. Sulphuric acid (concentrated) 2 ounces .. drachms mixture should be used 30.0 grams Ammonium persulphate 2 ounces 175 grains
immediately. 1000 c.c. Water to make SO ounces
Add the sulphuric acid very gradually to the water with constant
For use, take I part of A to 3 parts of 8. When sufficient reduction is secured, the negative should
stirring. be ~Ieared in a I per cent solution of sodium bisulphite . Wash the negative thoroughly before
drYing.
For use. take:
To obtain consistent results it is recommended that distilled water {or water free (rom iron) be
Stock solution A I part used in making up these stock solutions.
Stock solution B 2 parts
Water ... 64 parts
When the negative has been sufficiently reduced. immerse it In a 2 per cent solution of sodium
bisulphite to remove the stain. Fix in a fresh acid fixing bath for a few minutes, after which wash
R.8 MODIFIED BELlTZSKY REDUCER
thoroughly. CHARACTERISTICS
It is very important to wash the negative thoroughly before giving this treatment-otherwise an
iridescent irremovable scum may appear on the negative after drying. 25.0 grams Ferric chloride 2 oun ces A single solution cutt ing
75.0 grams Potassium citrate 6 ounces reducer that keeps well
60.0 grams Sodium sulphite (cryst.) 4 ounces 350 grains in a tank. Suiuble for
(30.0 grams) (or anhydrous) (2 ounces 175 grains) pro(essional and motion
20.0 grams Citric acid I ounce 260 grains picture use. Specially
200.0 grams Hypo 16 ounces suiuble for the treat
1000 c.c. Water to make SO ounces ment of dense negatives,
by lowering t he contrast
R.4a FARMER'S REDUCER Dissolve the chem,!cals in the order given. and clearing the shadows.
Stock Solution A CHARACTERISTICS ~se foull strength (or maximum rate of reduction. Treat negatives I to 10 minutes at 65 F._70 F.
Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE (18 20 C.). Then wash thoroughly. If a slower action is deSired, dilute I part of solution with
part of Water.
75.0 grams Potassium ferricyanide 6 ounces A cutting reducer for
1000' c.c. Water to make 80 ounces correcting over - expo-
sure and cleaning the
Stock Solution B shadow areas of nega- R.21 BLEACHING AND CLEARING BATHS
240.0 grams Hypo 19 ounces tives. Solutions A and
1000' c.c. Water to make 80 ounces B should not be com Stock Solution A-Bleaching Bath CHARACTE RISTICS
bined until they are to Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE
For use, take I part solution A, ~ parts solution 8, then add water 27 be used. They will not 1000 c.c. Water SO ounces Bleaching and clearing
parts. Pour the mixed solution at once over the negative to be reduced. keep long in comblna 50.0 grams Potassium bichromate 4 ounces baths used in conjunction
50.0 c.c. SulphuriC acid 4 fluid ounces with Formula 0.168 in
Watch closely. The action is best seen when the solution is poured tion . the Kodak Reversal Pro
over the negative In a white tray. When the negative has been reduced Dissolve the bichromate in the water, then add the sulphuriC acid ce. s (s.e page 18).
sufficiently, wash thoroughly before drying. slowly. and with constant stirring, to the cold solution. For use dilute
1 part of stock solution with 9 parts of water.
Stock Solution B-Clearing Bath

1000 C.c. Water 80 ounces
TWOSOLUTION FARMER'S REDUCER (50.0 grams) (or .nhydrous) (4 ounces)
R.4b 1.0 gram Sodium hydroxide 35 grains
7.5 grams Potassium ferr icyanlde 260 grains This formula has the
Water to make 80 ounces advantage of givi ng al -
R.22 ETCHBLEACH BATH
1000 c.c.
CHARACTERISTICS
most proportional reduc-
Solution B tion, thus correcting (or
over .. development and 100.0 C.c. Hydroge n peroxide (20 voL) S ounces A bath for etching gelat.n
200.0 grams Hypo 16 ounces 10.0 grams Cupric chloride (hydrate) 350 grains from negatives image-
1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces lowering contrast. 50.0 c.C. Acetic acid (glacial) 4 ounces wise, to leave a plain
1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces gelatin stencil.
Trear the negatives In solution A with un l(orm agitation (or I to.lf minutes at 65 F._75 F.{18 C.-
21- C.), depending on the degree of reduction desired . Then immerse them in solutIon 8 (or 5 Rock the negative in the solution until the silver image has changed to a light buff colour. The
minutes and wash thoroughly. The process may be repeated I( more reduction Is desired. for the gelatin in these regions will then have been decomposed . Swab the negative gently with cotton
wool to remove the last traces of the image.
reduction o( general (og, one part of solution A should be diluted with one part of water.
27
26
IN .1 MERCURY INTENSIFIER IN .21 URANIUM I N TE NSIFIER
Bleach the ne,atlve In the following solution until It is white, then wash thoroughly : Sol u ti on A CHARACTE.RISTICS
CHARACTE.RISTICS Metric AND PURPOSE.
Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE. Avoirdupois
20.0 ,rams Uranium nitrate 2 ounces A simple method of ob
22.5 ,rams Potassium bromide I ounce 350 cralns A mercury Intensifier 10 c.c. taininc maximum intensi-
Glacial acetic acid I fluid ounce
22.S ,rams Mercuric chloride I ounce 350 ,rains recommended where 500 c.c. Water to make fication In films or plates.
Wuer to make 80 ounces considerable intensifica 50 ounces
1000 c.c. As with aH uranium
tion is desired . Where methods, clean working
The necuive can be blackened with 10 per cent sulphite solution. a permanence of the re- Soluti o n B and exact observance of
developing solution, such as Formula 0 .72. diluted I to 2. or 10 per cent sulting Image is essential Instructions are necessary
ammonia; these clve procressively greater density in the order liven. ammonia should not be
20.0 ,rams Potassium ferricyanide 2 ounces
500 c.c. Water to make SO ounces if satisfactory re.sulu are
To increase contrast creatly, treat with the follow ing solution: used for blackenin,. to be obtai ned.
Metric Avoirdupois Use I part A, I part Band 6 parts of water. The film or plate should be washed very thorou,hly
15.0 ,rams Sodium or potassium after fixing. to remove all traces of hypo. Maximum intensification will be obu,lned with 23
cyanide I ounce 90 gra.lns minutes' immenlon In the above working solution: further treatment only Increases fog. The
22.5 ,rams Silver nitrate (cryst.) I ounce 350 ,rains intensified Imace should have a reddishbrown colour. Wash only briefly before drying. since
1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces the usual alkaline wash water will destroy the intensification.
Dissolve the cyanide and silver nitrate separately. and add the lauer to the former. until a perm a ..
nent precipitate is just produced; allow the mixture to stand a short time and then filter.
WARN ING : Cyanide is a deadly polson and should be handled with extreme care. It reacts
with acid to form poisonous hydrocen cyanide gas. When discarding a solution containing cyanide. T .9
always run water to flush it out of the sink quickly. Cyanide solutions should never be used In URANIUM TONER
poorly ventilated rooms.
CHARACTE.RISTICS
Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE.
INA CHROMIUM INTENSIFIER 2.5 ,roms Uranium (uranyl) nitrate 90 grains A convenient toner for
S t ock Solution CHARACTE.RISTICS 2.5 grams Potassium oxalate 90 grains obtaining brown to red
Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE. 1.0 ,rom Potassium ferricyanide 35 ,rains tones in slides or films .
6.0 grams Ammonium alum 210 ,rains Su itable for motion pic
90.0 crams Potassium bichromate 7 ounces 90 grains An intensifier which 5.0 ,rams Hydrochloric acid ture work.
64.0 c.c. HydrochloriC acid perm Its of the degree of (10% solution) 190 minims
(concentrated) 5 fluid ounces Intensification being 1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces
1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces controlled by varyln, the
time of re ..development Dissolve the chemicals In the order given.
For use take I part of stock solution to 10 parts of water. or by repeating the
Bleach thoroughly. wash until the yellow stain Is removed (immersing process. The intenslfi The solution should be perfectly clear and pale yellow In colour.
the blea.ched and rinsed negative in a. 5% solution of sodium carbonate cation is approximately
for a few moments quickens this scace) and then re.develop with a non- proportional. It is light ..sensitive, however. and should be stored In the dark. The msximum effect is produced
staining developer, e.,. 0.72, In artificial lI,ht or diffused dayll,ht. in about 10 minutes. the tone pasSing from brown to red during this time.
Wash thoroughly and dry. If greater density is required. the opera
tion may be repeated. The degree of intensification can be controlled It is convenient to keep 10 per cent stock solutions of the cons t ituent chemicals of the above
by varying the time of re ..development. ton ing bilth for quick compounding of a new bath.
N .B. Fine crain developers of the borax type containing a high concentration of sulphite. are not
suitable for redevelopment since the sulphite tends to dissolve the silver chloride before the devel After toninI, wash for about 10 minutes, though the washing should not be prolonced, especially
oping a,ents have time to act on it. if the water is slightly alkaline. since the toned image is soluble in alkali.
IN .S SILVER INTENSIFIER
S t o c k Solution No. 1 CHARACTE.RISTICS
Metric (Store in a brown bottle) Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE. T.11 IRON TONER
6O.0,rams Silver nitrate (cryst.) -4 ounces 350 grains A proportional Intensi
1000 c.c. Distilled water to make 80 ounces fier which will not change CHARACTE.RISTICS
the colour of the image Metric AvoirdupOis AND PURPOSE.
Stock Solution No.2 or affect its stability. 0.5 ,ram Ammonium persulphate 17 ,rains Toner for obtaining blue
120.0 ,rams Sodium sulphite (cryst.) 9 ounces 260 ,rains Easily controlled by vary 1.04 ,rams Iron ammonium sulphate tones on lantern slides
(60.0 ,rams) (or anhydrous) (04 ounces 350 ,rains) ing the time of treat- (Ferric alum) 50,ralns or films. 8y mixing the
1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces ment. Equally suitable 3.0 ,rams Oxalic acid 105 ,rains uranium (T.9 ) and iron
for positive and negatiY~ 1.0 ,ram Potassium ferricyanide 35 ,rains (T. I I) tonln, solutions
Stock Solu ti on No. 3 film . 5.0 ,rams Ammonium alum 175 ,rains in d ifferent proportions.
105.0 ,rams Hypo 8 ounces 175 ,rains 1.0 c.c. Hyd rochlorlc acid t o nes r anging from red
1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces (10% solution) 40 minims d,ish-brown to chocolate
1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces are prod uced. Analogous
St ock Soluti on No. 4 results may be obtained
10.0 ,rams Sodium sulphite (cryst.) 350 ,rains by immersing in each
(5.0 ,rams) (or anhy drous) (175 ,rains) Dissolve the chemicals in the order given.
solution succeSSively for
8.0 ,rams "Elon" 280 grains The method of compounding this bath is very important. Each of the vary in, times.
1000 c.c. Water to ma ke 80 ounces solid chemicals should be dissolved separately in a small volume of
water, the solutions them mixed strictiy In the order ,Iven, and the
Prepare the intensifier solution for use as follows: Slowly add I part of solution No.2 to I part of whole diluted to the required volume. If these instructions are fol ..
solution No. I, stirrin, to obtain thorough mixing. The white precipitate which appears Is then lowed, the bath will be pale yellow in colour and perfectly clear.
dissolved by the addition of I part of solution No.3. Allow the resulting solution to stand a few
minutes until clear. Then add. while stirrin" 3 parts of solution No. 1 . The intensifier is then Immerse the slides or films from 2 to 10 minutes at 70 F. (21 C.) until the desired tone Is obtained.
ready for use and the film should be trea.t ed Immediately. The degree of Intensifi~tlon ?btal!'ed Wash for 10 to 15 minutes until the high .. lights are clear. A very slight permanent yellow colora.
depends upon the time of treatment. which should not exceed 25 minutes. Afte r intenSIficatio n. tlon of the clear gelatin will usually occur. but should be too sli,ht to be detectable on projection.
immerse the film for 2 minutes, with agitation. In a plain 30 per cen t hypo solution. Then wash If the hi,h-li,hts are stained blue, then either the slide (film) was fOiled durin, development, or the
toning bath was stale, or not mixed correctly.
thTh~u~il:~d Intensifier solution Is stable for approximately 30 minutes at 65 F. (ISO C.).
All dishes used mus t be scru pulously clean and the operations should preferably take place In Since the toned image is soluble in alkali, washing mould not be carried out for too long a period
art ificial lI,h t . especially If the water is sli,htly alkaline.
28 29
T.17 MORDANTING BATH FOR DYE TONING
Stock Solutio n CHARACTERISTICS * T.S2 SEPIA TONER- SULPHIDE METHOD
Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE A. Bleachin. Solution CHARACTERISTICS
S.O ,rams Uranium (uranyl) nitrate 280 ,rains Uranium Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE
mordantin,
04.0 crams Oxalic acid 1-40 ,rains bath lor dye tonln, 01 50 .0 ,rams Potassium ferricyanide .. ounces Bleachin, and re-devel-
04.0 crams Potassium ferrlcyanlde 1040 ,rains lantern slides or film . 50 .0 ,rams Potassium bromide ~ ounces opment toner: sulphide
1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces 1000 C.c. Water to make 80 ounces method lor bromide
prints.
The uranyl nitrate should be of lood quality and should not contain an excess of free nitric add. B. Stock Sulphide Soluti on
First dissolve each chemical separately In a small volume of water. Then add the oxalic acid solution
200.0 crams S~~ium sulphide (pure) 16 ounces
to the uranyl nitrate solution and finally add the ferricyanlde solution. After mlxin, the bath
should be lI,ht yellow and perlectly clear. The solution should not be exposed to lI,ht more than 1000 C.c. Water to make 80 ounces
Is necessary.
C . To nl n. Solution
For use take I part of stock solution and -4 paru water.
50.0 c.c. Stock Solution 8 .. ounces
Immerse the film at 65 to 70<:1 F. (18 0 to 21 C .) until a very slight chocolate~coloured tone is 1000 C.c. Water to make 80 ou nces
obtained, and remove at once . If mordant ing is prolonged much beyond this point, inferior tones
will be produced. Bleach in solution A. wash until yellow stain is removed, and tone in solution C. Complete with
brief washing In runnln, water. Throwaway solution C after use.
,
With a new bath this will require from Ii to 2 minutes, but the time will need to be Increased u
the bath ages. The solution may be revived at Intervals by addin, a little of the concentrated
stock solution. Available as "Kodak" Sepia Toner In packed Powder and Solution form.
After mordantlng , wash until the high.lights are free from yellow stain . This usually takes about
10 to IS minutes. Do not prolon, the wuhin, for more than 20 minutes or some of the mordant
will be washed out . * T .SS SELENIUM TONER
T. 17a DYE BATH

CHARACTERISTIC
\ Metric
300.0 ,rams
St ock So lution

Avoirdupois
21 ounces
CHARACTERISTICS
AND PURPOSE
A single-solution toner
Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSES ( 150.0 crams) (or anhydrous) ( 12 ounces) lor chi oro-bromide pap-
0.2 ,ram Dye 6.0 grams Selen ium powder 210 cralns ers and warm-tone lan -
7 grains Dye toning bath for use 190.0 ,rams Ammonium chloride 15 ounces tern slides. yield in, a
5.0 c.c. Acetic acid. 100 3 drachms with T. 17. variety of tones from
1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces 1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces
brown to redbrown
To convert ,Iacial acetic acid into 10% acetic acid, take I part glacial acetic acid and add It Dissolve the sulphite In about 700 c.c. of hot Water, then add the accord ing to depth and
slowly to 9 paru of water. selenium powder and boil until It is completely dissolved. Allow the colour of the developed
solution to cool; then add the ammonium chloride ~nd stir until It Is image. Images toned in
Thoroughly d issolve the dye in hot water, add the acid and dilute to volume with cold water. dissolved. Finally make up to the required bulk with cold water. this bath may be lurther
The followin, dyes are suitable for ton in,. For use dilute I part of stock solution with five parts of water. enriched by subsequent
tonln, In T.S2.
Prints should be fixed and well washed before toning in the above
Safranine A Red solution lor 10 to 15 minutes at 65' F. (IS' C .). Finally wash well belore
Chrysoidine 3R Orange drylnc.
Auramine Yellow Available as "Kodak" Selenium Toner in concentrated solution form.
Victoria Green Green
Methylene Blue SB Blue
"Methyl VIolet Violet T .S6 SULPHIDE-SELENIUM TONER
A . Bleachin. Sol u ti on CHARACTERISTICS
For methyl violet use onequarte r the quantity of dye ,iven In the formula . Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE
Immerse the mordanted and washed film In the dye bath for 2 to 15 minutes according to tne 50.0 ,rams Potassium ferricyanlde .. ounces Sulphide..selenium toner
colour desired. The quantity of dye which mordants to the image increases with time . In case an 50.0 crams Potassium bromide .. ounceS lor chloro-bromlde. cas-
image is over.dyed. some of the dye may be ren.oved by Immersing in a 0.2 ~Io solution of ammonia: 1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces light and other papers
then rinse before dry in,. which do not ,Ive a
B. S t o ck S u lphide-Se lenium So lu t ion satisfactory tone In For-
If after dyein, (or 10 minutes, the Image does not mordant sufficient dye, remove the film, wash mula T.S2.
thoroughly. immerse again in the mordanting bath, wash and re.dye. 250.0 crams Sodium sulphide (pure) 20 ounces
5.7 grams Selenium powder 200 cralns
Intermed iate colours can be obtained either by mixing the dye solutions or by immersing the film 1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces
in successive baths .
C . T o n in. Solution
50.0 c.c. Stock solution B .. ounces
T .S1 HYPO-ALUM TONING BATH 1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces
CHARACTERISTICS Bleach In solution A until the yellow stain is removed and tone In solution C. Complete with
To prepare the hypo-alum tonlnc bath. dissolve I lb. (200 crams) AND PURPOSE
01 hypo in 80 ounces (1000 c.c.) 01 hot water. then add 3t ounces (.... brief wash In running water. Throwaway solution C after use.
grams) of ordinary potusium alum; stir well and boil (or twO or Hypo - alum toner - a
three minutes; cool down to about 150' F. (65' C .) and add the lollow- direct toning bath for
ing sliver ripener : - papen.
TC.1 DISH CLEANER
Dissolve 20 ,ra.lns (O.S ,rams) of silver nitrate in I ounce (IS c.c.) of water nd add, drop by drop CHARACTERISTICS
(.880) ammonia with vi,orous stirring until the precipitate first formed is JUSt redissolved, and stir Metric Avoirdupois AND PURPOSE
the solution so formed into the hypo-alum mixture. In a further ounce (IS c.c.) of water d issolve 1000 c.c. Water 80 ounces A useful cleaner which
040 ,rains (I ,ram) 01 potassium Iodide; add this also to the hypo-alum mixture and stir well. 90.0 ,rams Potassium bichromate 7 ounces will remove stains caused
This bath can be used repeatedly. It may be kept up to its orl,lnal bulk by the occasional addition 96.0 c.c. Sulphuric acid (concentrated) 8 ounces by oxidation products of
of fresh solution, being discarded when it ceases to tone satisfactorily. developers, as well as
Dissolve the bichromate In the water, cool and add the sulphuric silver stains. and some
Prints (or ton ing by this method should be fixed as usual, briefly rinsed In water, soaked for ten acid slowly, whilst stirring: the solution. dye sulns.
minutes in a saturated solution of potassium alum, rinsed and then toned at a temperature not
exceeding 1"fO F. (60 C.). After toning, sponge the prines with lukewarm water to remove Pour a sma,ll volume of the dish cleaner solution into the vessel to be cleaned. Rinse the solution
sediment and wash as usual. around so that It has access to all pa.rts of the vessel. Then pour off and wash the dish thoroughly
with six or el,ht chanles of water.
30
31
Formulae (I)
W /A
TC.2 SILVER STAI N REMOVER

Metric Avoirdupois AI\;) PURPOSE
1000 c.c. Water 80 ounces Dish cleaner (or the
S.O,rams PotllSsium permanganacc 175 crains removal of silver and
10.0 c.c. Sulphuric acid (concentrated) 6 drachms most other stains .
Add the sulphuric acid slowly while stirring the perman&anatc solution rapidly.
Stock Solution B
1000 C.c Water 80 ounces
10.0 ,rams Sodium bisulphlte 350 ,rains
For use, pour a sufficient quantity of solution A Into the dish to cover the stains and allow It to
remain (or a few minutes, then rinse with water. Apply solution B, and wash thoroughly.
S.s HAND STAIN REMOVER

Solution No. 1 CHARACTERISTICS
,I
Metric Avoirdupois A 0 PURPOSE
7.5 ,rams Potassium permanganate 260 ,rains Hand stain remover.
Solution No.2 FORMULARY

~80.0 crams Sodium bisulphite 38 ounces
Rub the hands in a small volume of the No. I Solution, rinse in water; then rinse with No.1
Solution. which will remove the stains. finally wash the hands thoroughly with water.
S.6 STAIN REMOVER

5.3 ramS Potassium perman,anate 18S,rains Removal of developer
1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounce.s oxidation stains from
negatives.
Stock Solution B Issued by the
5.0 ,rams Sodium chloride 6 ounces
16.0 C.c. Sulphuric acid (concentrated) I ounce 135 minims
1000 c.c. Water to make 80 ounces RESEARCH LABORATORIES
Use equal parts or A and B.
In mlxtn, Stock Solution care should be taken to see that the sodium chloride solution is cool
KODAK LIMITED
before adding the sulphur1c acid slowly and with constant stirring.
The ne,atlve should first be hardoned by immersion In a S per cent formalin solution for 2 or WEALDSTONE
3 minutes, followed by 5 minutes washin,. The Ima,e Is then bleached. an operation which should
be complete in 3 to 4 minutes at 650 F. (18 0 C.). The brown stain of manganese dioxide is then
removed by immersing the negative in I % sodium bisulphite solution. Then rinse well and develop HARROW
in strong light with any nonst3.ining developer. e.,. 0 .71 diluted I part to 2 parts water. (Do not
use a developer containing high sulphite and low alkali content. because the sulphite tends to dissolve
the silver 'ma,e before the developer can aCt on it.)
CLEANING FORMULAE
FOR CLEANING DEVELOPER HANGERS AND CLIPS
Dilute 5 fluid ounces (60 c.c.) or ,Iacial acetic acid with water to make 80 ounces (1000 C.c. or
solution. Soak In this solution for one hour. and scrub in clean water.
FOR CLEANING VERTICAL TANKS
Deep tanks should be scrubbed thoroughly with clean water. preferably by means of a double
sided brush. It is advisable to sterilize the developer tanks occasionally. especially during warm
weather. In order to prevent bacterial growth.
Stone tanks can be sterilized by scrubbing the sides and bottom with a paste of bleachin, powder
(chloride of lime) made by mixing the dry solid with water. The tanks can also be cleansed with a
solution of sodium hypochlorite. prepared by add!n, a 10 per cent solution of sodium carbonate
to a ~ per cent solution of bleaching powder until no more precipitate forms. The mixture is
allowed to settle and the clear solution of sodium hypochlorite is decanted from the sediment.
Tanks which have been sterilized by either of these methods should be thorou,hly wuhed
before use.
Issued by the Research Labaratories, Kodak Ltd., \ffealdstone, harrow, Middx.
Kodak D... Booklet W.I
A2067WP2S~~
32 June 19H

Formulary: TC.2 Silver Stai N Remover

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Formulae (I)

TC.2 SILVER STAI N REMOVER

S.s HAND STAIN REMOVER

Solution No.2 FORMULARY

S.6 STAIN REMOVER

" Bromesko" 0.156,0.163, 0 .1 66 13, 14, IS Intensifier, chromium INA 28

Toner, sepia T.SI , T.S2, T.S6

Wett ing Agent, "Kodak" B DEVELOPER POWDERS

CONCENTRATED DEVELOPER SOLUTIONS

fungi and insects. Dissolve the chemicals In the order given.

D.32 LANTERN SLIDE DEVELOPER

* "D.76R" REPLENISHER FOR DEVELOPER "0.76"

T IM E.TEMPERATURE C HART FOR 0.167 STAIN I NG DEVELOPER- PYRO" ELON "

0.175 TANNING DEVELOPER FOR "SILVALITH" PLATES

*D.ln DEVELOPER- PYROS ODA

Stock So lution B HOT-WEATHER PROCESSING

Dissolve chem icals in the order given.

F.S2 NON-HARDENING ACID FIXING BATH *

CHARACTERISTICS 250.0 grams Hypo 20 ounces An acid fixing bath for

Stock Solution B-Clearing Bath

T. 17a DYE BATH

Sodium sulphite (cryst.)

TC.2 SILVER STAI N REMOVER

S.s HAND STAIN REMOVER

Solution No.2 FORMULARY

S.6 STAIN REMOVER

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