FULL SET OF NOTES, MAY 2012

GENERATING GEOLOGICAL MODELS (PETREL 2012)

The files for this tutorial are in T:\Res Sim\Petrel Upscaling Tutorial.

MODEL A: A simple model (200m x 200m x 1m), with a fine grid cell dimensions
(1m x1m x 1m).

Therefore, total number of cells: 200 x 200 x 1= 40,000

This is illustrated in the diagram below:

WellA WellB

400m

400m

1m

Figure1: Showing geological model of Permeability with a correlated random

distribution.

The following simple steps work you through building a simple geological model.
If you do not wish to create the model from scratch, download the model called
"Model A", in "T:\Res Sim\Petrel Upscaling Tutorial", and skip to the section on
"Permeability Upscaling with Petrel", P17.

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GETTING STARTED:

STEP 1: Launch Petrel Software,

1) Double Click on the Petrel icon

This brings box for selecting the License Package. (See figure below.)
2) Click OK.

3) Open a new project, using File - New Project (top left).

4) Click on File (on the Menu bar at the top of display window) and Save this
project as Project 1. Otherwise, just click on the floppy disk symbol and
Save. For the other 2 Models, you should save them as Project 2 and
Project 3.

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STEP 2: Become familiar with the Petrel work space as it relates to building
Geological Models.

Clicking on this shows the legend Clicking on this shows the x, y

automatically for any display and z axis of any display

Upper Left Explorer window (Contains

the Input, Model and Templates windows)

Input-window (will contain the Surfaces/

Horizons, wells and well logs)

Model window (will contain the 3D grid,

skeleteons, grid properties such as
Permeability)

Templates window (contains templates for Pick Mode (helps to pick

Petrophysical properties such as the values of permeability
Permeability K, Kx, Ky, Kz,) in each grid cell)

Display
Window

Lower Left
Explorer Compass-
window showing the
directions of the
object displayed

Process Window (contains significant processes

important for building simple conceptual models,
i.e Property Modelling, Utilities and also
Upscaling)

STEP 3: BUILDING A GEOLOGICAL MODEL

There are two main steps:

I) BUILDING A GRID

II) MODELLING GRID PROPERTIES e.g Permeability

In this example, we will consider the model shown previously i.e the 400m x
400m x 1m grid.

I) BUILDING A GRID:

This is also sub-divided into Make Polygons, Make Surfaces and Make Simple
Grid processes:

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 Step 3a: Make Polygons

5) Go to the Lower left explorer, Click on drop down arrow left of Utilities.
You will see Make/Edit Polygons, Make/Edit Surface, etc.

6) Double click on Make/Edit Polygons; this brings out a Make/Edit

Polygons box and you will see the following shown below. Name the
polygon Polygon A, and choose Shape: Rectangle.

Fill the following information as shown.

Width = 200, Thickness = 200. Rotation = 0
X origin = 0, Y origin = 0
Z origin = -100 (top of grid is 100m below the surface)

This makes a polygon which is 400 m by 400 m, with location (0,0) at the centre.

7) Click Run and then OK.

You will see the Polygon you have made in the Top Left Explorer window. Click on
the small box beside it to display. (If you do not see the polygon, you may not have
opened a window. Go to Window in the top menu and select a new 3D Window.)

Note that Petrel will warn you that you do not have a coordinate system set up for this
model. It does not matter, so ignore the warning.

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Step 3b: Make Top and Base Surfaces

8) Go back to the Lower left explorer window and double click on the
Make/Edit Surface; It brings out the Make/Edit Surface Box.

9) Click on the Polygon A in the Upper Left Explorer window and drop in
the Main Input-area using the blue arrow. Do same for Boundary area.
Check the Name box and type name as shown below.

10) Next click on Geometry tab, Click on the Automatic (from input
data/boundary). For Grid increment set Xinc =2, and Yinc=2 (This gives
grid cells in the x and y directions to be 2 m x 2 m)

11) Click OK and you will see Surface A in the Upper Left Explorer window.
Check the Surface A box to display.

You have created the top surface of our model (at 100m below the surface). The
next step is to create the base surface, 1m below Surface A.

12) Click on Surface A in the Upper Left explorer window and press Ctrl + C
and Ctrl +V to copy and paste the surface. You will see the new surface
Copy of Surface A.

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 13) Double Click on the new surface and the settings box comes up. Click on
Info and change name to Surface B.

14) Click on the operations tab, and also click on + sign left of Arithmetic
operations to expand. Next click on Z = Z - Constant and type in the
constant field shown below (i.e. 1).

15) Click on Run and Click on Apply and then OK

If you go back to the Upper Left Explorer window, you will find Surface B.
Check this surface and you will see it display 1m below surface A. You can use the
Select/Pick tool (refer to the display window diagram) to appreciate the display the
better

You have now made the top and base surfaces for the simple model, and can now
move on to the next step.

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Step 3c: Make A Simple Grid

16) First right click on Surface A in the Upper Left explorer window and click
on Create Surface Edge. This creates the boundary of Surface A and this
serves as the boundary of our simple model.

17) Next go to Utilities (Lower Left explorer window) and double-click on

Make Simple Grid. The Make Simple grid box appears.

18) Call the Name: Model A , Click on Edge around Surface A (Input tab of
Upper Left explorer window) and drop into boundary using the blue arrow
(see figs. below)

19) Then click on Insert Surfaces. This creates an input space for the surfaces
you have created. (Fig. below (left))

20) Next click on Surface A (Upper Left Explorer window) and then click on
the Add Surface button button indicated by the red arrow (Fig. below
left).

21) Do same for Surface B

22) Next Click on Geometry Tab, Click on Automatic (from input data /
boundary). For Grid increment put Xinc =2 and Yinc =2 for grid cell
dimensions 2 m x 2 m x 1 m. (See fig. above right).

23) Click OK

You have now created your first 3D grid.

To display the grid, go to the Model window in the Upper Left Explorer Window.

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Click on the + symbol left of the New Model Cube to expand it. Then Click
again on the + sign left of Model A to also expand it.

You will see the Grid skeletons, Intersections, Horizons, etc (see figure below).
Feel free to explore these by expanding them using the + signs to the left of the
different folders.

Remember to un-tick any property you have ticked. Leave properties that have
been ticked by default e.g. zone filters, fault filters and segment filters.

You will find out that the Properties folder is empty:

This brings us to the next stage of PROPERTY MODELLING.

II) PROPERTY MODELLING

There are three steps involved in simple property modelling. Please note that these
are conceptual models with no real data.

These steps are: i) Creating a Geometrical Model

ii) Insert Wells and Make synthetic well logs
iii) Scale Well Logs
iv) Create a Petrophysical Model

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 Step 3d: Create a Geometrical Model

1) Click on Property Modelling in the Lower Left Explorer

window. Double click on the Geometrical Modeling. This brings
out the geometrical Modelling box.

2) In the Select Method, using the drop down arrow, select constant
Value.

3) In Property template Area, select Permeability (see figure below)

4) Type 100 in the constant value Area. ( see figure below)

5) Click OK

This creates a constant permeability property of 100mD. Go the the Upper Left
Explorer window.

6) Click on the + sign left of Properties to expand the Property

folder

7) Click on the Permeability property to display.

8) Next Click on the Legend (top of Display Window) and the

Permeability Legend appears.

9) Also change the Any box (top of display window) to TVD (see
figure below). This calibrates the grid in True Vertical Depth.

9
 For TVD Legend

Step 3e: Insert wells and Make synthetic Well Logs

10) Go to the Input window in the Upper Left Explorer Window. At

the top of the Menu Bar, Click on Insert and click next on New
Well folder (see fig. below (left).

11) A new well folder appears in the Input Window ( Upper left
Explorer window)

12) Right Click on the New Well folder and Click on Create New
Well (see fig. below (right)). (Note the 2010 Version of Petrel
only says "New Well" here.)

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 13) A Create New Well box appears. Fill in the information in the box
as shown in the figure below. Name: Well A, Well Head X=-190,
Y= 0, Kelly Bushing =0.

14) Check the box Specify Vertical trace. Top MD=0, Bottom
MD=110. This creates a well from 0 to 110m vertically.

15) Check the Units box as shown, and Click OK

Notes: A new well appears in the Input window. Click on the + sign left of the
main Well folder to see Well A. Check the Well A box to display. You can also
display this together with the Permeability model generated from the Model Window

16) Create another Well B, repeating steps xii) to xv). But note that
Well B parameters have a different Well Head coordinates
X=190, Y= 0.

17) Display both wells and the Permeability model and the display
should look like the figure shown below

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Note: The wells in your display may be quite large: To change to sizes of the wells:
go to the Input tab of the Upper Left Explorer window. Double click on Wells
folder. (Input tab, Upper left Explorer window). The settings box appears.

Click on the Style Tab. In Line-Type field, use the dropdown arrow to choose Solid.
Click Apply and you will find that the wells have become smaller.

Next, click on the Symbol tab (near top of the box), change Font size to 15 using the
drop-down arrow. Next change Symbol size to 15 using the drop-down arrow too.

Click Apply and OK, Your display should look better now.

Notes: The next step is to make synthetic logs of Permeability model using Wells A
and B.

18) Double click on Well A (Input tab, Upper left Explorer Window)
and the Settings box appears.

19) Click on the Make logs Tab.

20) Check the Permeability box (shown below)

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 21) Click on the Make Logs button (see figure above bottom right)
to create a synthetic permeability log. Click OK

22) Repeat the same for well B and create same synthetic log for it
too.

23) Check the synthetic logs you have made by clicking on the +
sign left of both wells and logs

Now you have succeeded in creating two permeability points with value of 100mD
each. The task remaining is to propagate permeability between these two points over
the whole grid. The method of propagation will be a Correlated Random distribution.

Step 3f: Scale Up Well Logs

Comment: Petrel scales up the well logs you have created before doing a
Petrophysical modelling of properties.

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 24) Go to the The Process Diagram window (Lower Left Explorer
Window) and click on Property Modelling.

25) Double click on Scale up well logs and a box appears ( see figure
below)

26) Fill in the box as shown in the figure below , Remember to check
the Use Bias box; Select from the drop-down arrows :Average
Method- Mid-point pick; Treat logs Lines, Method-Simple.

27) Click Apply and OK

28) You will see a new property Permeability(U) in the Model

window(Upper Left Explorer window)

You are now ready for the final step of Petrophysical Modelling.

Step 3f: Create A Petrophysical Model

29) Double Click on Petrophysical Modelling (Lower Left Explorer

Window). A box appears (see figure below). Click on the padlock
button (indicated with the red arrow; fig. below left).

30) This opens the other part of the box ( see fig. below right): Fill in
the box as shown in the fig. below(right). Click on Variogram:

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 31) Type a Range of 40, 40 and 10 for the major dir; minor dir and
vertical. You may try other ranges later. (Diagram below shows
10 m for horizontal range. You can choose.)

32) Click next on the Distribution Tab and fill in the box as shown
below. By the button which currently says Gaussian Random
function simulation, select Gaussian Sequential Gaussian
simulation. Untick the Seed box, and select a minimum of 0.01
mD and maximum of 10000 mD.

33) Select Lognormal, and set mean =100 mD and a Standard

Deviation =271.8282. (Note that for a standard deviation of 1 for
a ln-normal distribution corresponds to a standard deviation of
128.4025 mD. For std. dev. of 0.5, use 128.4025 mD, or for std.
Dev. = 2.0, use 5459.8 mD. The formula for converting from std.
dev. in ln(k) to k is:

k exp 2ln(k) 2 ln(
2

k) ,

where ln(k) is the mean in terms of ln(k) (=4.60517, if the mean is 100 mD),
and ln(k) is the standard deviation in terms of ln(k).

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34) Click OK and check the Permeability (U) property in the Model
window (Upper Left Explorer window) to display.

35) You have now made your first Permeability model.

36) Experiment with different Ranges and Standard Deviation (SD).

Comment: Go to the Upper left Explorer window. Click on the

Permeability (U) to select. Next Press Ctrl+C and Ctrl +V to create a
Copy of Permeability (U).

37) Then double click on Petrophysical Modelling to repeat steps

xxix) to xxxiv).You can change the range and the SD deviation in
steps e.g.: Range=1, 5, 10, 50 and SD=0.5, 0.75,1 (convert to SD
in K, using formula on P15).

38) Feel free to use different combinations of ranges and SD.

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 39) You can rename the new property you have created by double
clicking on it in the Model window (Upper left explorer window).

40) A settings box appears. In the Info tab, you can change the name
to what you choose, say Permeability B for instance.

If you select the Select/Pick model (white arrow, by the right, Refer to your
display window diagram), and click on anywhere in the Permeability model you
have displayed. The permeability values are rounded to the nearest integer. To get
more detailed values of permeabilities, you could:

a. Go to the Upper left explorer window; Click on the Template

Tab. You will see a list of Templates.

b. Go to Petrophysical templates, Click on the + sign to the left to

expand.

c. Double click Permeability and a settings box appears. You

will see Show numbers with area, using the drop- down
arrow, click on 2 decimal places.

d. Click Apply

e. Then Click OK

f. You can check your permeability values again and you will
find them in 2 decimal places.

g. You may repeat the same for Kx, Ky and Kz.

However, note that permeability is rarely known to this accuracy.

PERMEABILITY UPSCALING WITH PETREL

Our next task is to upscale the fine-scale permeability grid to a coarse scale. Note that
in Petrel, to Upscale a fine grid, you need to build a new grid with coarse grid cells.
The Properties are then scaled up using the different methods.

Task: To upscale our 400x400x1 grid by scale factors of 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20, 40, 50, 80
and 400.

We shall divide this task into two steps:

a) Upscaling the Fine Grid

b) Upscaling the Permeability property

Note we will first start with upscaling the fine grid by a factor of 4.

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 1) Remember to select your Model A in the Model window (Upper
left Explorer). Next Go to Utilities in the Lower Left Explorer
window and double click on Make Simple grid.

2) Again, the Make Simple grid box appears. Type Upscaled Grid
x4 new grid name.

3) Click on Insert surfaces and drop Surfaces A and B in the Input

window (Upper Left Explorer) into the space provided (just like
before, P7).

4) Click on Edge around Surface A and drop into Boundary using

the blue arrow.

5) Next go to geometry Tab and click on Automatic (for input data/

boundary).

6) Now for Grid Increment, Make Xinc=8 and Yinc=8. Note that for
the fine grid Xinc=2 and Yinc=2.

7) Click OK and you will see a New Grid, named Upscaled Grid x
4 in the Models window(Upper Left explorer window)

Having built a coarse grid, the next step is to Upscale the properties in the
grid. In this case, we have to upscale Permeability by a factor of 4.
Note that you have created different Permeabilities with different Ranges and
Standard deviation.

8) Make sure the new grid is selected, Go to the Lower Left Explorer
window, and Click on Upscaling.

9) Double click on Scale up properties and the Scale Up Properties

box appears.

10) Select Permeability you want to Upscale from the Explorer

Window in the Upper Left. This should Permeability [U] (or one
of the fine-cale permeability distributions you have made) and
input it by clicking on the blue arrow near the top left of the Scale
up Properties window.

11) Click "+" beside Model A (or, it might just say 3D Grid), and
then highlight Permeability. This brings up a menu in the lower
part of the window.

12) Choose Averaging [volume-weighted]. Since we have a

correlated random permeability model, select the Geometric
average. Press Apply and then OK. (Do not include any
weighting.)

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13) You can view the upscaled permeabilities by selecting in the
Upper explorer window. Initially, this property will just be called
"Permeability". Change its name to "Perm Ups x4 Geom Ave" by
double-clicking on the word Permeability. This brings up the
settings window. Click on the Info window, and alter the name.

There are are other options you can use for upscaling permeability - e.g.
the flow-based upscaling method. (This is referred to as the pressure
solution method in the Reservoir Simulation Notes.)

14) Repeat steps 9) - 11) of this section, but this time select Flow
based Upscaling, as shown below.

15) Also select Finite difference, and boundary condition Closed to

Flow, as shown below.

16) This will create 3 sets of upscaled permeability values - one in

each direction ( i, j, k). They can be viewed by clicking on
Permeability-I etc in the Upper Explorer window. Once again, it

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 is a good idea to re-name the permeabilities, so that they are not
confused with other upscaling cases.

Note that in the figure below, the input distribution was called
k_sig1_lam10, and the new distribution has been called k3_ups4_flow.

You have now completed the basic steps of this simple permeability upscaling
tutorial.

You may test for yourself the effect of varying the following parameters:
semi-variogram range in the fine-scale permeability distribution
standard deviation of the fine-scale permeability distribution
upscaling factor - e.g. 5, 8, 10, 16, 20.
o Note that if you scale up by a factor of 40 or more, it takes ages in
Petrel
upscaling method
o averaging
geometric

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 arithmetic
harmonic
o flow-based
open blow boundaries
closed flow boundaries
full, or diagonal ternsors

See the Upscaling Section of the Reservoir Simulation Notes for more details
on the appropriate methods, and the accuracy of upscaling.

Export of Models to Eclipse

In order to see how upscaling affects waterflood performance, you can export the
permeability models to Eclipse.

1) Go to File (top menu bar, left side), and choose Export - you will see a
window similar to the one below (but without all the files in the
folder). Type in the name of the file, e.g. "Model_a_k_fine.inc".

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 2) You may need to edit this file in Notepad to change
"PERMEABILITY" into "PERMX".

3) Download the example Eclipse DATA files from the Eclipse folder,
which is in T:\Res Sim\Petrel Upscaling Tutorial.

A simple model with constant porosity (= 0.2) has been constructed. It is a quarter
5-spot model with an injector in one corner and a producer in the other. The example
models were created at 3 different resolutions:
fine grid (400 x 400 cells, each of 1m x 1m)
upscaled by a factor of 4x4 to give 100 x 100 cells of 4m x 4m
upscaled by a factor of 20 x 20 to give 20 x 20 cells of 20m x 20m

The thickness of the Eclipse model has been set to 50m.

The wells have been placed in the centres of cell (1,1) and (20,20) in the coarse grid,
and at the equivalent location of the other grids. This is so that the location of the
wells does not change during upscaling.

The permeability values (PERMX) are input using an INCLUDE statement, e.g.
INCLUDE
Model_A_k_fine.inc /

4) Edit this so that you input the permeability file you have created here.

5) Also, if you have upscaled by a different factor, edit the following:

Grid size - DIMENS keyword
Cell sizes (DZ, DY, DZ)
Grid properties (PORO, TOPS)
Well locations (WELSPECS)
Well connections (COMPDAT)
Time step size (TUNING)

6) Run fine-scale and coarse-scale simulations.

7) Compare the permeability and saturation distributions using Floviz.

8) Compare the Field water cuts using Eclipse Office.

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PART 2: UPSCALING LAYERED MODELS

Project 2-Model B
A simple model (90m x 1m x 30m), with a fine grid cell dimensions (1m x1m x
1m).Therefore, total number of cells: 90 x 30 x 1= 2700

This is illustrated in the diagram below:

20mD; t=7m

1,000mD; t=2m
30m 0.5mD; t=1m

10mD; t=6m

10,000mD; t=1m
50mD; t=4m

0.1mD; t=6m

500mD; t=2m
90m 20mD; t=1m

Figure: Showing Permeability in a layered model.

This layered model has 9 different permeability layers. We define a zone for each
permeability layer. A zone is created between two surfaces (horizons). Thus we
will create 10 surfaces from the top to bottom of the model.

Open a new Petrel Project as shown in the previous instructions. (From the Start
Menu, Schlumberger, etc) and save this as Project 2

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 Step 1a: Make Polygons

1) Go to the Lower left explorer, Click on drop down arrow left of Utilities.
You will see Make/Edit Polygons, Make/Edit Surface, etc.

2) Double click on Make/Edit Polygons; this brings out a Make/Edit

Polygons box. Name the polygon Polygon A, and choose Shape:
Rectangle. Fill the following information (see P4).
Width = 45, Thickness = 0.5. Rotation = 0
X origin = -45, Y origin = 0.5
Z origin = -10 (top of grid is 10m below the surface)

Click Run and then OK.

You will see the Polygon you have made in the Top Left Explorer window. Click on
the small box beside it to display.

Step 1b: Make Surfaces

Note that there are 10 surfaces for this model;

a. The Top Surface
b. The 2nd Surface: 7m below Top Surface
c. The 3rd Surface: 9m below Top Surface
d. 4th Surface- 10m below Top surface
e. 5th Surface-16m from Top Surface
f. 6th Surface-17m from Top Surface
g. 7th Surface-21m from Top Surface
h. 8th Surface-27m from Top Surface
i. 9th Surface-29m from Top Surface
j. The Base Surface -30m from Top Surface

3) Go back to the Lower left explorer window and double click on the
Make/Edit Surface; It brings out the Make/Edit Surface Box.

4) Click on the Polygon A in the Upper Left Explorer window and drop in
the Main Input-area using the blue arrow. Do same for Boundary area.
Check the Name box and type name as Top Surface.

5) Next go to the Geometry tab, Click on the Automatic (from input

data/boundary). For Grid increment set Xinc =1, and Yinc=1 (This gives
grid cells in the x and y directions to be 1m x 1m

6) Click OK and you will see Surface A in the Upper Left Explorer
window. Check the Top Surface box to display.

24
 You have created the top surface of our model (at 10m below the surface 0). The
next step is to create the various surfaces, below the Top Surface. (Note the
height of our 3D grid is 30m,

7) Click on Top Surface in the Upper Left explorer window and press Ctrl +
C and Ctrl +V to copy and paste the surface. You will see the new surface
Copy of Top Surface.

8) Double Click on the new surface and the settings box comes up. Click on
Info and change name to Surface 2

9) Click on the arrowed button (right). Keep clicking until you get to the
Operations tab.

10) Click on the operations tab, and also click on Arithmetic operations. Next
click on Z-Constant and type 7 in the constant field. (Note 2nd Surface
is at 7m below the Top Surface)

11) Click on Run just once) and Click on Apply and then OK

12) Repeat steps 7) to 11) but change name to Surface 3 for step 8) and type 9
in the constant field for step 10). With this you have created Surface 3- 9m
below Top Surface.

13) Repeat the same steps to create Surface 4, 10m below Top Surface,
Surface 5, 16m below Top Surface, till you get to Base Surface, 30m
below Top Surface.

If you go back to the Upper Left Explorer window, you will find all the surfaces you
have created. Check these surfaces and you will see them in display.

Step 3c: Make A Simple Grid

14) First right click on Top Surface in the Upper Left explorer window and
click on Create Surface Edge. This creates the boundary of Top Surface
and this serves as the boundary of our simple model.

15) Next go to Utilities (Lower Left explorer window) and double-click on

Make Simple Grid. The Make Simple grid box appears.

16) Call the Name: Model B , Click on Edge around Top Surface (Upper
Left explorer window) and drop into boundary using the blue arrow

17) Then click on Insert Surfaces. This creates an input space for the
surfaces you have created.

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18) Next click on Top Surface A (Upper Left Explorer window) and then
click on the Add Surface button button just like you did for first Model A

19) Repeat the same steps for all other surfaces.

20) Next Click on Geometry Tab, Click on Automatic (from input data /
boundary). For Grid increment put Xinc =1 and Yinc =1 for grid cell
dimensions 1m x 1m x 1m.

21) Click OK

Comment: The next thing is to create the layers for each zone. For zone 1, there 7
layers, For Zone 2, there are 2 layers, Zone 3 has 1 layeretc.

Note since each grid cell is defined to be 1mx1mx1m, a zone that is 7m thick will
have 7 layers, and so on.

To do this:

22) Make sure the current grid is selected.

23) Then go to the Process diagram window (Lower Left explorer window),
Click on Corner point Gridding.

24) Then double click on Layering and a box appears.

25) In the Zone Division column, you will see that the number of layers of
each zone is at 1. Change this to 7, 2, 1, 6, .and so on as we have
previously determined.

26) Click Apply

27) OK

If you have done this, you have created a 3D grid of 90x 1x 30 with grid cells
1mx1mx1m.

To display what you have done. Go to the Model window in the Upper Left
Explorer Window.

Click on the + symbol left of the New Model Cube to expand it.

You will see the Grid skeletons, Intersections, Horizons, Zones, etc (see figure
below). Feel free to explore these. (Remember each time, to un-tick, whatever
property you have ticked to display)

You will find out that the Properties folder is empty:

26
This brings us to the next stage of PROPERTY MODELLING.

III) PROPERTY MODELLING

There are three steps involved in simple property modelling. Please note that these
are conceptual models with no real data.

These steps are: i) Creating a Geometrical Model (a homogenous layered

situation)
ii) Insert Wells and Make synthetic well logs
iii) Scale Well Logs
iv) Create a Petrophysical Model

Step 3d: Create a Geometrical Model

1) Click on Property Modelling in the Lower Left Explorer window. Double

click on the Geometrical Modeling. This brings out the geometrical
Modelling box.

2) In the Select Method, using the drop down arrow, select constant Value.

3) In Property template Area, select Permeability

4) Type 100 in the constant value Area.

5) Click OK

This creates a homogeneous model of 100mD for all the 9 layers in our
grid. Go the Upper Left Explorer window.

6) Click on the + sign left of Properties to expand the Property folder

7) Click on the Permeability property to display.

8) Next Click on the Legend (top of Display Window) and the Permeability
Legend appears.

9) Also change the Any box (left of the Legend icon) to TVD. This
calibrates the grid in True Vertical Depth.

10) Next click on the + sign left of the Zone filter ( Upper Left explorer
window) and you will see the different zones. Remember a zone is created
between two horizons. You should have 9 zones. Un-tick and tick each of
the zones to explore these.

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Step 3e: Insert wells and Make synthetic Well Logs

11) Go to the Input window in the Upper Left Explorer Window. At the top of
the Menu Bar, Click on Insert and click next on New Well folder

12) A new well folder appears in the Input Window ( Upper left Explorer
window)

13) Right Click on the New Well folder and Click on New Well.

14) A Create New Well box appears. Fill in the information in the box as
shown in the figure below. Name: Well A, Well Head X=45, Y= 0.5, Kelly
Bushing (KB) =0.

15) Check the box Specify Vertical distance. Top MD=0, Bottom MD=150.
This creates a well from 0 to 150m vertically.

16) Check the Units box and Click OK

Notes: A new well appears in the Input window. Click on the + sign left of the
main Well folder to see Well A. Check the Well A box to display. You can also
display this together with the Permeability model generated from the Model Window.

The wells in your display may be quite large: To change to sizes of the wells: go to
the Input tab of the Upper Left Explorer window. Double click on Wells folder.
(Input tab, Upper left Explorer window). The settings box appears.

Click on Style tab, In Line-Type field, use the dropdown arrow to choose Solid.
Click Apply and you will find that the wells have become smaller.

Next, click on the Symbol tab (near top of the box), change Font size to 15 using the
drop-down arrow. Next change Symbol size to 15 using the drop-down arrow too.

Click Apply and OK, Your display should look better now.
The display should be like this.

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Notes: The next step is to make synthetic logs of Permeability model using Well A

17) Double click on Well A and the Settings box appears.

18) Click on the Arrow button to the right till you get to the Make logs Tab

19) Click on the Make Logs Tab and Check the Permeability box

20) Click on the Make Logs button to create a synthetic permeability log.

21) Check the synthetic logs you have made by clicking on the + sign left of
Well A. Next Click on the + sign left of Well logs to get to the
Permeability log.

22) You will see the Permeability log Permeability (synthetic). Right click
on this and click next on Spread Sheet.

23) A new box appears called Log spread sheet for Permeability. You will see
two columns: for MD and for Value. You will also see a constant value of
100 for all MD.

24) We start changing the values according to our original model.(see figure
below). The following steps should help you.

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 a. From MD=10.000 to MD=16.999, Type 20.

This gives a Permeability of 20mD for the first layer which is 7m

thick (see figure below).

b. From MD=17.000 to MD=18.999, Type 1,000 (2nd layer, 2m thick).

c. From MD=19.000 to MD=19.999, Type 0.5.

d. From MD=20.000 to MD=25.999, Type 10.

e. From MD=26.000 to MD=26.999, Type 10,000.

f. From MD=27.000 to MD=30.999, Type 50.

g. From MD=31.000 to MD=36.999, Type 0.1

h. From MD=37.000 to MD=38.999, Type 500

i. From MD=39.000 to MD=39.999, Type 20.

25) Click Apply and OK.

Step 3f: Scale Up Well Logs

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Comment: Petrel scales up the well logs you have created before doing a
Petrophysical modelling of properties.

1) Go to the Process Diagram window (Lower Left Explorer Window) and

click on Property Modelling.

2) Double click on Scale up well logs and a box appears.

3) Check the Use Bias box. Select from the drop-down arrows:
Average Method: Mid-point pick
Treat logs: As Lines
Method: Simple

4) Click Apply and OK

5) You will see a new property Permeability(U) in the Model window(Upper

Left Explorer window)

You are now ready for the final step of Petrophysical Modelling.

Step 3f: Create A Petrophysical Model

1) Double Click on Petrophysical Modelling (Lower Left Explorer Window).

A box appears. You will see Zone1. Click on the padlock button

2) This opens the other part of the box:

3) Go to Distribution Tab, Click on Standard under Distribution Method

4) Under Distribution Method Click on Upscaled Logs.

5) Click Apply

Notes: You will see the Zone layer come up, If you select the Select/Pick model
(white arrow, by the right, Refer to you display window diagram), and click on
anywhere in Zone1, you will see a permeability value of 20mD at the bottom of
the display window.

You may see that the permeabilities you read are approximated. To get absolute
values of permeabilities:

Go to the Upper left explorer window; Click on the Template Tab. You will
see a list of Templates.

Go to Petrophysical templates, Click on the + sign to the left to expand.

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 Double click Permeability and a settings box appears. You will see Show
numbers with area, using the drop- down arrow, click on 2 decimal
places.

Click Apply

Then Click OK

You can check your permeability values again and you will find them in 2
decimal places.

You may repeat the same for Kx, Ky and Kz.

6) Go to the top of the Petrophysical Modelling box select Zone 2 from the
drop down arrow and repeat steps 1) to 5) of this section.

This creates the layer for Zone 2, D o the same for zones 3 to 9.

Add the Legend to the display. Your Permeability model should display
like this (shown below).

This is your first Layered Model

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 UPSCALING IN LAYERED SYSTEMS

Our next task is to upscale the fine-scale permeability grid to a coarse scale. Note that
in Petrel, to Upscale a fine grid, you need to build a new grid with coarse grid cells.
The Properties are then scaled up using the different methods.

Task: To upscale our 90x1x30grid by scale factors of 3, 5, 6, 10, 15 and 30. Below,
we describe a case with an upscaling factor of 6, (so that there are 5 coarse cells in the
vertical).

We shall divide this task into two steps:

a) Upscaling the Fine Grid

b) Upscaling the Permeability property

1) First you need to make new surfaces for the new grid. Repeat steps 7) to
step 13) in the Step 1b (Make Surfaces section). Make surfaces for the
new upscaled grid which are 6m, 12m, 18m, 24m from the Top Surface.

2) Therefore for the Upscaled grid, we now have the Top Surface, Base
Surface and intermediate surfaces at 6m depth intervals.

3) Display each surface you make to be sure you have done the right thing.

4) Now you need to make the grid. Remember to select your Model B in the
Model window (Upper left Explorer). Next Go to Utilities in the Lower
Left Explorer window and double click on Make Simple grid.

5) Again, the Make Simple grid box appears. Type Upscaled Layered Grid
x6 new grid name.

6) Next Click on Insert horizons and drop all the surfaces you have made
starting from Top Surface, Intermediate Surfaces and Base Surface into
the space provided (just like before).

7) Click on Edge around Surface A and drop into Boundary using the blue
arrow.

8) Next go to geometry Tab and click on Automatic (for input data/

boundary).

9) Now for Grid Increment, Make Xinc=5 and Yinc=1. Note that for the fine
grid Xinc=1 and Yinc=1.

10) Click OK and you would see a New Grid, named Upscaled Grid x 6 in
the Model window (Upper Left explorer window)

Having built a coarse grid, the next step is to Upscale the properties in the
grid. In this case, we have to upscale Permeability by a factor of 6 (in the

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 For flow along layers, we use Arithmetic Average and for flow across layers,
we use the Harmonic average.

11) Highlight the grid for which you are calculating the upscaled properties.
Then double click on Scale up properties.

12) Click on the property you wish to upscale (Permeability [U]), and insert
into the model, using the blue arrow. Model B (or 3D Grid) will
appear.

13) Click on Model B and then on Zone Mapping below, and options for
assigning the layers of the new grid will appear.

14) Select Using specific layer indices. Then type in the top layer and base
layer for each coarse zone, as show in the Figure below.

15) Next click on the + sign next to Model B, and you will see
Permeability. Click on Permeability and upscaling option will appear,
as show in the figure below. Choose Averaging (volume-weighted) and
under Averaging method, select Arithmetic. Do not use weighting.

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 16) Click Apply then OK. Change the name of the property you have just
created from permeability to something like kx_ups6 to show that this
is horizontal permeability.

17) Repeat, using Harmonic averaging to get permeability in the vertical

direction: kz_up6.

18) Once the scale up is completed, display this by clicking the + sign left of
Property folder to expand to get to the upscaled values. (Upper Left
Explorer window).

You can repeat this for different scale-up factors, e.g. 10 or 15.

NON-UNIFORM UPSCALING

In the last example, the grid was upscaled uniformly by a factor 6. However, it is
important to preserve the heterogeneity structure as much as possible when upscaling.
An alternative way of upscaling this model, is to have one layer per zone.

Repeat steps lxviii to lxxxi to generate a non-uniform grid. This time, you can use the
original surfaces which were specified when setting up the fine-scale model. The top
and bottom layer for each zone will be set automatically. This time, you do not need
to upscale, because the permeabilities within each coarse layer are homogeneous.

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Click on the Sampling tab (with the grid highlighted), and select Target cell centre.
Then when the permeability value is highlighted, the algorithm Sample cell centre
will be already selected.

ECLIPSE SIMULATIONS

This model may be exported to Eclipse. However, since the model is simple there is
no need. Eclipse DATA files were generated for the fine-scale model and 3 coarse-
scale models. See notes in the Eclipse Folder.

This tutorial was initially prepared by

Adeoye Adeyemi
Heriot- Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering,
Edinburgh
EH14 4AS
26th October, 2007.

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