12-GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY, VIRUS, FUNGUS, PARASITE

vector-ds
Aedes(tiger mosquito)-Dengue, Rift valley fever, Yellow fever,

in
Chikungunya(DRYChikun)
Anopheles-malaria
blackfly-onchocerciasis
Culex(nuisance mosquito)-Bancroftian lariasis, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile

s.
fever, Viral arthritis(BJWalaVirus)
cyclops-guineaworm, sh tapeworm
deer/mangofly(Chrysops)-Loa loa
Hard tick(Haemopophysalis spinigra, Head visible)-Tick typhus(Rocky mountain
spotted fever)(Rickettsia Ricketsii), Tularemia, Tick paralysis, Viral encephalitis, Viral

housefly-porters of inf
iim
fever, Viral hgic fever(KFD), Babesiasis, Indian Tick typhus(Rickettsia conorI)(T3V3BI)

IxoDed tick-Borrellia burgDorferi(Lyme ds), Ehrlichia chaffeensis

Louse(Pediculosis homonis corporis)-Dermatitis, EPidemic typhus/Brill Zinser/jail
ds(Rickettsia Prowazeki), Epidemic RElapsing fever(Borrelia REcurrentis), Trench
fever(Rochalia quintana), Vagabond ds(pediculosis corporis)(DERTV)
Mansonoid-Brugia Malayi,chikungunya
4a
Mite-Scrub Typhus(Rickettsia TSuTSugamushi), Rickettsial Pox(Rickettsia
akari)(PSM)
Rat flea(Xenopsylla cheopis)-Bubonic plague, Endemic/Murine typhus(Rickettsia
typhi), Chiggerosis, Hymenolepsis diminuta, Leptospirosis(BEnCHLe)
Reduviid bug-Chagas ds(Trypanosoma Cruzi)
Sandfly-Oriental sore, Kala azar(leishmaniasis), Sandfly/Oraya fever(Bartonella
m

bacilliformis)(SOKS)
Soft tick-Q fever(Coxiella burnetti), Relapsing fever(Borrellia hermSii), KFD(QRK)
Tsetse fly-Trypanosoma bruzi(sleeping sickness)

word-organism
Ai

A/c Angle dichotomatous branching, Antler horn, V form, invasion of bld

Vess-Aspergillus
air conditioning-Legionella
aquatic insect, pond bath, protozoa, spherule with endospore in KOH-Rhinosporidium
aseptate branch at right angle, ribbonlike, irregular, DKA, deferrioxamine therapy, a
wall invasion, lid thrower-Mucor
barrel shape arthroconidia, valley fever, desert rheumatism,
spherule-coccidioidomycosis
 barrel shape egg-Trichuris
Broad Base Budding yeast-Blastomycosis
Buruli ulcer-M ulcerans
ca cOlOn-Str bOvis
catheter related UTI-E coli
child with thalassemia& Fe overload-Y enterocolitica
cross matchstick app-Candida krusei
dental caries-Str mutans

in
Diene Method, fried egg colony-MycoplasMa
Diene Phenom-Proteus
draughtsman colony-Str pneum
eosinophilic meningitis-Angiostrongyloides
sh tank/Swimming pool granuloma-M marinum

s.
GI Sx-Enterococcus
hair perforation-Trichophyton mentagrophyta
Himachal, thorn prick, aSteroid body, cigar shape yeast-Sporothrix Schenkii
Maltese cross on microscopy-Babesia, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus
iim
Multiple budd, Mickey Mouse, Mariner wheel yeast-ParacoccidioidoMyces
nAtive valve endocarditis, botryomycosis-Sta Aureus
pigeon, HIV pt, brown mucoid colony, Maltese CRoss in polarising microscope,
Capsulated yeast-CRyptococcus
post injection abscess-M chelonei
prosthetic valve Implant(<12mth), catheter related bld stream inf-Sta epIdermIdIs
prosthetic valve Implant(>12mth)-Str vIrIdans
4a
pseudohyphae, Raynaud Braun phenom-Candida
refrigerated food-Listeria monocytogenes
satellitism-H influenzae
sClerotic body, phaeoid, verrucous Cauliflower, Cu coin app-Chromoblastomycosis
Spore with Tubercle like projection, bat-HiSToplasmosis
TPN with lipid-Malassezia furfur
umbilicated Molluscum contagiosum like lesion, Manipur, brooMstick, paintbrush
m

app, septate yeast-Penicillium Marnef

Warthin starry sky, seagull, S shape-H pylori
Warthin starry sky, seagull, S shape, poultry-Campylobacter
Ai

DNA virus
cOmpleX-nOnenv-POXviridae
ss-env-Parvoviridae
ds-nonenv-linear-adenovirus
ds-nonenv-circular-PapOvaviridae
ds-env-linear-Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae

RNA virus
 ds-nonenv-Reoviridae
ss+ve-env(TCR)-Togaviridae, Coronaviridae, Retroviridae
ss+ve-nonenv(PC)-Picornaviridae, Calciviridae
ssve-env-Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Filoviridae,
Flaviviridae
Circular(ABC)-Bunyaviridae, Arenaviridae

virus having segmented genome(ABOR)

in
Arenaviridae=2
Bunyaviridae=3
Orthomyxoviridae=8
Reoviridae=10-12

s.
largest(DNA) virus-Poxvirus
smallest(DNA) virus-Parvovirus
largest RNA virus-Paramyxovirus
smallest RNA virus-Picornavirus

virus-inclusion body
intracytoplasmic
rabies-Negri
vaccinia-Guarneri
iim
fOwLpox-BOLlinger
molluscum contagiosum-molluscum
4a
small Pox-Paschen
PML(JC)-oligodendrocyte inclusion
nuclear(HAYPC)
HSV-CowdryA
Adenovirus-CowdryB
Yellow fever-Torres
Poliovirus-CowdryB
m

CMV-owl eye
both-measles

interference-virus interfering inf by other

Ai

viral growth in culture

cytopathic effect(morphologic change in culture cell)
enterovirus-crenated& degenerated cell
meaSleSvirus-Syncytium formation
HHV-focal degeneration
adenovi-larg granular grapelike crump
SV40-cytoplasm Vacuolation
 hemadsorption-influenza, parainfluenza

inoculation in embryonated egg

allantoic cavity-influenza, paramyxoviridae, vacc production
amniotic sac-influenza
yolk sac-virus, Chlamydia, Rickettsia

virus envelope(lipoprot)

in
lipid-host cell
prot-virus encoded
susceptible to lipid solvent(ether, chloroform, bile salt), not propagat next
generation

s.
Herpes virus
HHV1-HSV1-trigemin ganglion-herpetic whitlow, herpes gladiatorum(wrestler),
eczema herpeticum, keratoconjunctivitis with dendritic ulcer
HHV2-HSV2-sacral ganglion-genit inf
iim
HHV3-VZV-spinal root ganglion(T3L3)-chicken pox(child), Herpes zoster(adult)
HHV4-EBV-Bcell(CD21)-infectious mononucleosis(kissing ds), oral hairy leucoplakia,
nasopharyngeal ca(anaplastic), Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, Bcell
lymphoma, adenoma(tonsillar, gastric, thymic)
EBV sp Ab test
anti Viral Capsid Ag
anti EBV nuclear Ag
4a
anti early Ag
HHV5-CMV-salivary gld-MC virus in organ transplant, owl eye inclusion,
retinitis(CD4<50)
HHV6-Human Bcell Lymphotrophic Virus(SER)-Sixth ds/Exanthema
subitum/Roseola infantum
HHV7-RKvirus, CD4 in HIV pt
HHV8-prim effusion lymphoma, Kaposi sarcoma, multicentric Castleman ds
m

paRvovirus-eRythema infectiosum, fetal hydrops, aplastic anem

Ebolavirus-loviridae
Ai

coxsackievirus
A-Herpangina, Hand foot mouth ds
B-pleurodynia, myocarditis, pericarditis, Bornholm ds

hepatitis virus
HAV-enterovirus72
HBV-hepadnavirus
 HCV-hepacivirus/flavivirus
HDV-virioid
HEV-calcivirus

HAV-max inf fr 2w bef-1w after app of jaundice

HBV marker
HBsAg(surf/Australia Ag,S gene)-1st marker, epidemiologic marker, endemicity

in
HBcAg(core Ag,C gene)-not seen d/t HBsAg coat
HBeAg(envelop Ag,C+preC gene)-active replication
HBV DNA-quantitative marker, marker of level of liver inj
DNA Polymerase(P gene,largest)
HBxAg(X gene)

s.
HBeAg absent-precore mutant

HBV precore mutant

HBsAg+
HBeAg
antiHBeAg+
HBV DNA+
SGOT,SGPT
iim
organism-lymphoma
Borrelia-cutaneous Tcell lymphoma
4a
Chlamydia-ocular margin zone lymphoma
EBV-nonHodgkin lymphoma-DLBCL, prim CNS lymphoma, PTLD, hairy cell leukemia,
angiocentric lymphoma(T cell, NK cell)
H pylori-MALToma
HCV-splenic marginal zone lymphoma, lymphoplasmocytic lymphoma
HHV8-primary effusion lymphoma
HTLV-adult type T ALL
m

HIV
gene-prot
env-envelope prot
Ai

gag-core virion(p24Ag)
pol-protease(reverse transcriptase)
window period=4-8w
macrophage trophic strain bind-CCR5
T trophic strain bind-CXCR4
Dx
child-DNA PCR
adult-4th gen ELISA(p24Ag+ HIV Ab)
 monitoring
child-CD4
adult-viral load+CD4

Myxovirus
Influenza
A&B-8segment,C-7segment
A-16H,9N

in
H1N1A(swineflu), H2N2A, H3N2A, H5N1A(birdflu), H7N9A(birdflu epidemic China
2013), B
parainfluenza-H,N
measles-H,N
RSV

s.
no H,N
Gprot-virus attach cell surf
Fprot-Fusion b/n viral&host cell memb Syncytial formation

Adenovirus
1,2,3,5-resp inf
iim
3,4,7-pharyngoconjunct fever(swimming pool conjunctivitis)
8,19,37-epidemic keratoconjunctivitis
11,12-a/c hgic cystitis
40,41-infantile gastroenteritis
4a
hgic conjunctivitis-Enterovirus70

HPV(VESseL)
Virulence-E prot, E6 gene-p53, E7-Rb
Serotyping-L prot
ca oropharynx
m

rubella-togaviridae
Forscheimer spot(petechial exanthema soft palate)

group A arbovirus
Ai

chikungunya,Sindbis
group B arbovirus
dengue,West Nile,JE,KFD

Arbovirus
Flaviviridae
mosquito borne
M-Murray valley
 S-St Louis encephalitis
Dhoni-Dengue
Wears-West Nile
Yellow-Yellow
Jersey-JE
To-Tickborne
Play for-Powassan
Super-Spring summer

in
Kings-KFD
Togaviridae
mosquito borne
Victor-Venezuelan
Went-Western Equine

s.
England to-Eastern equine encephalitis
Study-Semliki forest
M-Mayaro
R-Ross river
C-Chikungunya
S-Sindbis
Bunyaviridae
mosquito
Hanta-Hanta fever
iim
Crossed-California encephalitis
Rift valley-Rift valley fever
4a
To go to-Tickborne
Congo-Crimian Congo hgic fever

JE
grpB flavivirus
Culex tritaeniorhynchus(mosquito)-vector
pig-amplier
m

cattle, buffalo-mosquito attractant

man-incidental host
heRon-Reservoir host
pig mosquito pig
ardeid bird mosquito ardeid bird
Ai

prodromal stage a/c encephalitis late stage

dengue
undifferentiat fever
classic dengue fever
dengue hgic fever->1virus
dengue shock synd
 Dx-earliest-NS1 Ag detection

SARS
coronavirus4,health care worker

rabies
virus persist in saliva=3-6d

in
Nipahvirus(1998)
paramyxovirus,emerging inf India

slow virus ds, encephalitis synd, not cause hgic fever

grpA-sheep-lentivirus-Maedi, Visna

s.
grpB(prion ds, suba/c spongiform encephalopathy)-PrPc(norm prion prot) Pr
PSc(abnorm prion prot)
man-Gerstmann Straussler Scheinker synd, Kuru, Creutzfeldt Jakob ds, fatal familial
insomnia

ds)
grpC-SSPE, PML
iim
animal-Scapie, Mink encephalopathy, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy(madcow

classif of fungi-based on sexual spore

1)Zygospore-Mucor
2)Ascospore
4a
3)Basidiospore
4)Deuterospore(M.C.)-no sexual stage

asexual spore(conidia)
sporangiospore
arthrospore
blastospore
m

phialoconidia
chlamydospore

morphologic classif
Ai

1)yeast-Cryptococcus
2)yeast like-Candida
3)mould-dermatophyte
4)dimorphic-systemic mycosis(mould- 25C, yeast-37C)

dermatophyte
charactTrichophytonMicrosporumEpidermophyton
macroconidia(/)-pencil shape,few-spindle (boat) shape,plenty-clavate(club)
 shape,plenty
microconidia(\)-plenty-few-no
zoophilic Trichophyton-mentagrophyta
ID rxn+
site-lesion
scalp-tinea capitis
c/c scalp inf, dense crust(scutula) in hair follicle-favus
boggy lesion scalp-kerion

in
beard-tinea barbae
nail plate-tinea ungium
groin, perineum-tinea cruris(dhobi itch)
nonhairy skin-tinea corporis(glabrosa)
concentric papulosquam scaly patch-tinea imbricata

s.
foot-tinea pedis(athlete foot)
ectothrix-arthrospore surround hair
M auduinii, M canis, T mentagrophyta
endothrix-arthrospore inside hair shaft
iim
T tonsurans, T violaceum, T schonleinii
Rx-tinea ungium-oral griseofulvin 3mth

deep mycosis
subcutaneous mycosis
mycotic mycetoma
chromoblastomycosis
4a
sporotrichosis
rhinosporidiosis
subcutaneous phycomycosis
systemic mycosis
cryptococcosis
blastomycosis
paracoccidioidomycosis
m

coccidioidomycosis
histoplasmosis
opportunistic systemic mycosis
aspergillosis
Ai

penicillosis
mucormycosis

fungal cell wall-chitin, mannan, glucan

mucor-most fulminant-rhinocerebral mucormycosis(Rhizopus arrhynius)

Splendore Hoeppli phenom

in ts, fungi are surrounded by refractile eosinophilic halo, which is due to immune
 complex deposition around organism
sporotrichosis
blastomycosis
cutan zygomycosis
schistosomiasis

eumycetoma
RED-ActinomaDuRa pelletiERi

in
yellow, white, thin lam-Actinomycosis, Nocardia asteroides, Nocardia brasiliensis,
Actinomadura madurae, Streptomyces somaliensis, Allescheria boydii
Brown,Black,Broad lament, chlamydospore-Madurella mycetomi, Madurella grisea,
Phialophora jeanselmei

s.
piedra
whiTe-Trichosporum, soft, yellow nodule on head
black-piedra hortae, dark,hard nodule on hair, ascospore

polysaccharide capsule
urease production
melanin+
iim
Cryptococcus-pathogenic yeast
A,B,C,D

mannitol+
superoxide dismutase
4a
mating type

Candida
pseudohyphae-width of bud> of parent bud-failure of daughter to separate
true hyphae-width of germtube< of parent bud-germtube formation/apical
elongation(Raynaud Braun phenomenon)
C albicans-germtube formation
m

C Dubloniensis-chlamyDoconiDia
non albicans-no germtube, no chlamydoconidia, blastoconidia on cornmeal agar
C tropicalis
C glabrata-UTI, no pseudohyphae
Ai

C krusei-dry colony
C parapsilosis

parasite
ecto-live on surf of body, no penetration
endo-live inside body
temporary-short duration
permanent-whole life in host
 facultative-opportunistic
obligatory-cant live without host
occasional/accidental-unusual host
proliferous-multiply in host
nonproliferous-no multiply in host

host
denitive-sexual reprod

in
intermediate-asexual reprod
reservoir-source of inf
paratenic/carrier/transport-no multiplication, no developm

protozoa classif-organ of locomotion

s.
Rhizopoda(pseudopodia)-Entamoeba histolytica, E coli, Naegleria(lobopodia) fowleri,
N gruberi, Acanthamoeba(Hartmannella-acanthopoda) culbertsoni, A polyphagia, A
castellani, A astronyxis
Mastigophora(flagella)

Leishmania
iim
intest/vag-Giardia lamblia(duod-fallen leaf motility), Trichomonas vaginalis
haemo

donovani-kala azar(visceral)
tropica-oriental/typic sore(Delhi boil)
brasilensis, mexicana-espundia(mucocut, nasopharyng)
Trypanosoma
4a
brucei-sleeping sickness(African)
gambiense-West African(old World)
rhodiense-East African, American(new World)
Cruzi-Chagas ds(South American)
Sporozoa(nonmotile)
bld-Plasmodium falciparum, P vivax, P malariae, P ovale, P knowlesi, Babesia
microti, B divergens
m

ts-Toxoplasma gondii
intestinal(coccidian)-Cryptosporidium parvum, Isospora, Cyclospora, Microspora
Ciliata(cilia)-Balantidium coli(largest protozoa-colon)
Ai

helminth(CTN)-metazoa,triploblastic(3germ layer)
Platyhelminth
Cestode(tapeworm)
segmented
hermaphrodite(monoecious)
gut absent
inf by ingest of encyst larva
no body cavity
 head-sucker+, hook+
PseuDophyllidean(false/slitlike groove)-Diphylobothrium latum(largest helminth)
Cyclophyllidean(Cuplike round sucker)-Taenia saginata, T sOlium(hOOk+),
Echinococcus granulosus, Hymenolepsis nana(smallest cestode), H diminuta

Trematode(leafworm)
unsegmented
hermaphrodite(except Schistosomes)

in
incomplete gut, anus absent
inf by larval stage by skin penetration or ingestion
no body cavity
head-sucker+, hook
bld fluke-Schistosoma haematobium, S mansoni, S japonicum

s.
liver fluke-Fasciola hepatica(duod), Clonorchis sinensis(duod)
intest fluk-Fasciolopsis buski(largest), Gastrodiscoides hominis
lung fluke-Paragonimus westermanii

Nemathelminth
Nematode(roundworm)
iim
unsegmented(elongate, cylindrical)
separate sex(dioecious)
gut present, complete anus present
inf by skin penetration/ingestion
body cavity present
4a
head-sucker, hook, buccal capsule+
intest-Trichinella spiralis, Trichuris trichura, Strongyloid stercoralis, Necator
americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale, Ascaris lumbricoides(jejunum-largest intest),
Enterobius vermicularis
ts-Wucheraria bancrofti, Loa loa, Brugia malayi, Onchocerc volvulus, Mansonella,
Dracunculus medinensis
m

wormname
African eye-Loa loa
beef, unarmed tapeworm-T saginata
Chinese/oriental liver fluke-C sinensis
Ai

common/sheep liver fluke-Fasciola hepatica

dog, hydatid-Echinococcus granulosus
dragon, guinea, serpent, madina-Dracunculus medinensis
dwarf tapeworm-Hymenolepsis nana
sh-Diphyllobothrium latum
giant intest fluke-Fasciolopsis buski
hook-Ancylostoma duodenale
Manson bld fluke-S mansoni
 oriental bld fluke-S japonicum
oriental lung fluke-P westermani
pork, armed tapeworm-Taenia solium
rat lungworm-Angiostrongylus cantonensis
rat tapeworm-H dimmunita
round-Ascaris lumbricoides
seat, pin, thread-Enterobius vermicularis
vesical bld fluke-S haematobium

in
whip-Trichuris trichura

parasite-inf form
Acanthamoeba-cyst
AscaRis-Rhabditiform larva

s.
AnkyLostoma-Lariform larva
Babesia-sporozoite
B coli-cyst
Brugian malayi-microlaria
C sinensis-metaCerCariaiim
Cryptosp parvum-oocyst(4sporozoite)
Dracunculus-3rd stage larva
D latum-plerocercoid(3rd stage) larva
Echinococcus-Egg
E histolytica-quadrinucleate cyst
Enterobius-mature Egg
4a
Fasciola hepatica-metacercaria
Fasciolopsis buski-metacercaria
fungal inf systemic-arthroconidia
Giardia-cyst
H nana-egg
Isospora-mature oocyst(8sporozoite)
L donovani-promastigote
m

LoA LoA-LArvA
Naegleria-flagellate trophozoite
Onchocerca-larva
P westermani-metacercaria
Ai

Plasmodium-sporozoite
Schistosoma-cercaria
Strongyloides-lariform larva
Taenia-cysticerci(larva)
TOxOplasma-mature OOcyst
trematode-metacercaria
Trichinella spiralis-encyst larva
TRichomonas-TRophozoite
 T trichura-embryonated egg> rhabditiform larva
T brucei-Trypomastigote
W bancrofti-3rd stage larva

parasitedenitiveintermediateaccidental host
Acanthamoeba-man--
Ancylostoma-man--
Ascaris-man--

in
Babesia-hard tick-man-
B coli-pig--man
B malayi-man-mosquito(Mansonia)-
C sinensis-man,pig,dog,cat-Snail(Bulimus) freshwater sh(Cyprinidae)
Cryptosporidium-man--

s.
Dracunculus-man-cyclops-
D latum-man-cyclops freshwater sh-
Echinococcus-dog,fox,wolf,jackal-goat,sheep,cattle,pig,horse-man
E histolytica-man--
Enterobius-man-- iim
Fasciol hepatic-sheep-snail(Lymnaea)-man
Fasciolopsis buski-man,pig,dog,rabbit-snail(Segmentina)-
Giardia-man--
H nana-man--
L donovani-man,dog-sandfly(Phlebotomus argentipes)-
Loa loa-man-mango/deerfly(Chrysops)-
4a
Naegleria-man--
Onchocerc-man-blackfly(Simulans)-
P westermani-man-snail(Melania) fresh water crab,cray sh-
Plasmodium-fem anophele mosquito-man-
S haematobium-man-snail(Bulinus,Ferrisia tenuis)-
S japonicum-man-snail(Oncomelania) -
S mansoni-man-snail(Biomphalaria)-
m

Strongyloides stercoralis-man--
T saginata-man-cow,buffalo-
T solium-man-pig-
Toxoplasma-cat-sheep-man
Ai

Trichinella-pig--man,rat
Trichomonas-man--
T trichura-man--
T brucei-man-tsetse fly(Glossina)-
T cruzi-man-reduviid bug-
W bancrofti-man-mosquito(Culex>Aedes,Anopheles)

man intermediate host(BSTEP)

 Babesia
Sarcocystis lindemanni
T gondii
E granulosus
Plasmodium

parasite
ovoviviparous-Strongyloides stercoralis

in
oviparous-N americanus, A duodenale, T trichura, A lumbricoides, E vermicularis
viviparous-D medinensis, W bancrofti, B malayi, T spiralis

bile stain egg

fertilize egg of Ascaris, T trichura, Taenia

s.
Nonbile stain egg(NEHA)
Necator americanus, Enterobius, Hymenolepsis nana, Ankylostoma

iim
ds in which human act as end host
JE, echinococcosis, trichinosis, tetanus, bubonic plague

all helminthic egg float in sat salt soln of NaCl except

unfertilize egg of Ascaris lumbricoides
Taenia
Trematode
4a
larva
visceral larva migrans-T canis, T catis
cutan larva migrans(creeping eruption, ground itch, sandworm)-A braziliense, A
carinum, Gnathostoma, Gastrophilus
larva currenS-Strongyloides
m

parasite cause autoinfn(CCHEST)

Capillaria philippinensis
Cryptosporidium parvum
H nana
Ai

Enterobius vermicularis
Strongyloides stercoralis
T solium

protozoa with no cyst phase

Trichomonas
Entamoeba gingivalis
Dientamoeba fragilis
 worm not multiply in host
A duodenale
E vermicularis
W bancrofti

worm crawl out

E vermicularis

in
T saginata

parasite cause subconjunct cyst

T solium(cysticercosis)
E granulosus(hydatid cyst)

s.
W bancrofti(larial cyst)

laria with tail free of nuclei

W bancrofti
O volvulus
M ozzardi

microlaria-tail nuclei
iim
B malayi-2 fragment(nuclear chromatin Blurred)
Loa loa-extend to tip
W bancrofti-does not extend to tip
4a
unsheathed microlaria-Oncocerca volvulus

eosinophilic meningitis
nematode-Angiostrongyloides, Gnathostoma, Toxocara, Bayliscaris
trematode-T solium, Schistosoma
m

parasite infesting lung

Ascaris-rhabditiform larva
Paragon westerman-golden brown egg
Strongyloides-lariform larva
Ai

Ancylostoma-lariform larva
Entamoeba histolytica

E histolytica
stom-excystation(cyst trophozoite)
dist coloN-eNcystation(trophozoite cyst)
invasion-cysteine proteinase-degrades collagen,elastin,IgA,IgG,C3a,C5a
calmodulin like Ca binding prot3 inh formation of phagolysosome by binding with
 actin& myosin
pathogenicity-22isoenzyme(zymodene), 10-invasive, 12-noninvasive,
phosphoglucomutase(MI)

Toxoplasma
Tachyzoite

post kalaazar dermal leishmaniasis

in
nodular lesion on face, after recovery fr
visceral leshmaniasis-East African< 6mth
L donovani-Indian subcontinent> 3mth

Schistosoma

s.
unisexual, no rediae, non operculate egg
S mansoni-lat spine, inf mesenteric v
S hemaTobium-Terminal spine, urinary schistosomiasis(endemic hematuria,
bilharziasis), ca UB, Katayama fever, swimmer itch

Plasmodium
vivax
iim
S japONicum-NO spine, sup mesenteric v

tachyzoite& hypnozoite seen, merozoite invade reticulocyte& younger RBC,

erythrocyte schizogony=48h, RBC enlarged,pale,single inf,light brown,all stages seen,
early trophozoite ring form>RBC, amoeboid merozoite>12, gametocyte-spherical
4a
falciparuM
no hypnozoite,eryth schiz=48h, shortest incubat period(12d), RBC norm,multiple
inf,black,early&late stage seen, early trophozoite ring form</5RBC, accole form, early
schizont not seen in PS as they develop only in capillar of int organ), signet ring, high
parasitemia, saucage(crescent) shape gametocyte, G6PD def are resist to P
falciparum, PfHRP2+ve(HisRichProt2)/LDH
malariae
m

no hypnozoite, preerythrocytic schizont not observed, erythr schiz=72h, longest

incubat perio(17d), no pigm in RBC, band form trophozoite, basket form,
merozoite<8/RBC
ovale
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hypnozoite seen, enlarg RBC, merozoite infect young RBC, merozoite>12, eryth
schiz=48h
knowlesi
SE Asian reg
serology-LDH-all species
mortality ratio cerebral malaria=25-50%
vivax-Schuffner dot
falciparuM-Maurer dot
 Malariae-ZieMann dot
ovAlE-KAmEs dot

sterilization-article surf/med free of all organism

disinf-removal of all pathogen organism
decontamination-article/area free of danger fr contaminant
antisepsis-inh bact growth in wound/ts

in
sterilization
quality control>10^6 spore of Bacillus sp
Autoclave(121C15min15lbp)(Ankit Se Dus Baar Caha Gaya)-Sx equipm, Dress,
Bandage, Cultur med, Gloves-Geobacillus stearothermophilus(1/w-Bowie
Dick/vacuum leak test

s.
autoclave(134C5h), NaOH(2N)-prion
Hot air owen(160C1h)(Hot Glass Se Liquid Piyo)-Glassware,bSharp equipm, Liquid,
Powder-Bacillus subtilis niger/Bacillus atropHaeus
etHylene oxide(SSG)-Suture, Syringe, Glove, respirator, heart lung machine-Bacillus
atropHaeus iim
IonIsIng radIatIon/cold sterilisation(SSG) -Suture, Syringe, Glove-Bacillus pumIlIs
/electron beam radiation-allograft
ltration(memb lter=0.2)-vaccine-Pseudomonas dimunita/Serratia marcessans
gas-plasma sterilization(argon/H2O2 (electric eld) ionise plasma state
break DNA)-Bacillus stearothermophilus
inspissation(80C1h3d)-LJ med, Loeffler sr slope
4a
Tyndallisation(100C1h3d)
100C1d-sugar media
pasteurisation of milk
Holder meth-heat at 63C30min
flash meth-heat at 72C15-20s cool at 13C
salvon=cetrimide+ hibitane(chlorhexidine)-clinical thermometer
HEPA(High Efciency Particulate Air)-removes>95%microorganism with diam>0.3
m

lter
canDLE-BerkefELD, ManDLEr
aSbestos-Seitz, Sterimat
sintered glass
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memb
ethanol(70%)

Spaulding system of sterilization

critical-sterile body ts-Sx instrum, endoscope, cardiac catheter, colposcope-complete
sterilization(autoclave)
semicritical-non intact skin or mucosa -laryngoscope, vag speculum, USG probe,
bronchoscope, colonoscope-high level disinfect but not bact
 spore(2%glutaraldehyde20min, laparoscopy-2%glutaraldehyde2h)
noncritical-intact skin-stethoscope, ECG electrode, BP cuff, thermometer-low
disinfect (ethanol/70%isopropyl alcohol)

Disinfection
high-2%glutaraldehyde, formalin, H2O2+ peracetic acid, orthophthaldehyde
intermed-alcoh, phenol, Cl releasing comp(1%NaOCl)
low-quartern NH4 comp, cresol, savlon

in
efcacy of disinfectant
conc
pH
contact time

s.
organic comp

testing of efcacy
phenol coeff
Reidel Walker
Chick Martin
iim
Kelsey Sykes/capacity test-organic compound measurem

resistant
high low
prion spore(Ca dipicholinic acid) non-env virus env virus
4a
agent use for disinfecting faeces
disinfectant-%use(BCFP)
Bleaching powder=5
Cresol=5
Formalin=10
Phenol=10
m

sputum disinfect
collect by handkerchief&burnt, boiling, autoclave, cresol
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room disinfect
formaline, Cl

OT zone
protective-changing room, transfer bay, sterile store, anesth room, administration
room
clean-ABG room, doctor waiting room, preparat area, preoperat room, recovery room
sterile/aseptic-main operat room, scrub station, anesth station, instrum sterilizat,
 trolly place
disposal-dirty wash up, linen room, disposal corridor

test-read at
patch-d2
early Fernandes rxn-d2
induration TB-d3
skin doubling time in psoriasis=4d

in
Kveim-w2
late MitSudA rxn(clASSic>progn)-d21
normal skin doubling time=4w

intradermal allergic test-ds/organism

s.
Casoni-Echinococcus
Dick-susceptibility to scarlet fever
Fairley-Schistosoma haematobium
Fernandes, Mitsuda-leprosy
Frei-LGV
Kveim-sarcoidosis
Mantoux-TB

microscope
iim
dark ground-reflected light
phase contrast-transmitted light diff in vel diff in intensity
4a
fluorescent-UV light, auramine, rhodamine, lissamine, fluoresceine isothiocynate
polarization-intracellular struct, bifringence

limit of resolution of
light microscope=200-300nm
electron microscope=0.2-1nm
unaided eye=200
m

neutralization rxn
virus
neutralization of virus by Ab
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plaque inh test

toxin
in vitro
Nagler rxn
in vivo
Dick test
Schick test
 particulate Ag+Ab agglutinate(clump)
slide agglut-bld grp, cross matching
tube agglut-Widal test, Weil Felix rxn, Strept MG agglut test, Paul Bunnel test,
Coombs test
passive agglut-Rose Waaler test(RA)

soluble Ag+Ab precipitate(insoluble)

solubl Ag+Ab flocculate(suspend in sol)

in
bld stain, seminal stain, food adulterant
ring test-Ascoli thermoprecipitin test, grping of Strept by Lanceeld techn
slide test-VDRL(syphilis)
tube test-Kahn test(syphilis)
immunodiffusion(precipitat in 1%gel)

s.
single diffus in 1dimens(Oudin)
double diffus in 1dimens(Oakley Fulthorpe)
single diffus in 2dimens(radial)
double diffus in 2dimens(Ouchterlony)

electroimmunodiffusion
iim
Elek test(toxigenic diphtheria)
immunoelectrophoresis(Graber William)

countercurrentimmunoelectrophoresis
sr AFP, cryptoccus& N meningitidis Ag in CSF
1dimens single electroimmunodiffusion(rocket electrophoresis)
zone phenomenon
4a
prozone-Ab excess
postzone-Ag excess

complement xation test

Wasserman test(syphilis)

lab animal
m

mice
congenic-identical at all loci except 1, BALB/c sensitivity to all radiat, used in
hybridoma, many myeloma cell line generated
inbred-homozygous(b/n brother& sister 20gen), 98%loci identical
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knockdown-silencing of gene by mRNA degradation using iRNA

knockin-replacem of endogenous gene by gene of choice by homologous
recombination technology
KNockout(RAG1)-T&Bcell defect, NKcell intact, embryonic stemcell receive DNA,
mutated gene, transfer of embryonic stem cell into histiocyte& implant into foster
mother, loss of gene
nude-chr11 defect
SCID-artic strain can be created
 suCKlIng-coxsaCKIevirus
syngenic-identical at all loci
transgenic-TNF transgene, anorectic, wasted, zygote receive DNA, nat gene use,
microinj into zygote& implant into foster mother, gain of gene

Abbreviations
a-artery, AA-amino acid, abtc-antibiotic, AI-autoimmune
bef-before, bel-below, b/l-bilateral, bld-blood, b/n-between, bn-benign, br-branch,
Bx-biopsy

in
ca-carcinoma, carb-carbohydrate, c/i-contraindication, c/l-contralateral,
conc-concentration, cong-congenital, Cx-cervix
d-day, def-deficient, ds-disease, d/t-due to, Dx-diagnosis
E-estrogen
fem-female, fr-from

s.
gld-gland, glu-glucose
h-hormone
idiop-idiopathic, i/l-ipsilateral, inf-infection, inj-injury
lig-ligament, LL-lower limb, l/t-leading to
m-muscle, maj-major, mal-male, MC-most common, met-metastasis, min-minor,
iim
mtx-methotrexate, Mx-management
n-nerve, norm-normal
P-progesterone, pl-plasma, prot-protein, pt-patient
Rx-treatment
SCC-squamous cell carcinoma, sr-serum, Sx-surgery, sz-seizure
tm-tumour, ts-tissue
UL-upper limb, u/l-unilateral
vag-vagina, VC-vocal cord, vel-velocity, vert-vertebra, vit-vitamin, vol-volume
w-week, wt-weight
4a
Xr-X ray
y-year
#-fracture
-degree

THESE NOTES ARE ONLY FOR THE PURPOSE OF GUIDANCE AND HELP TO PG
ASPIRANTS, NOT FOR COMMERCIAL OR OTHER PURPOSE. REFERENCE HAS
m

BEEN TAKEN FROM VARIOUS STANDARD TEXTBOOKS.

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