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Rfoptimization
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PublishedonJun03,2013

PhysicalchannelEachtimeslotonacarrierisreferredtoasaphysicalchannel.Percarrierthereare8physicalchannels.
LogicalchannelVarietyofinformationistransmittedbetweentheMSandBTS.Therearedifferentlogicalchannelsdependingontheinformationsent.
Thelogicalchannelsareoftwotypes
Trafficchannel
Controlchannel
BCHChannels
BCCH(BroadcastControlChannel)
Downlinkonly
BroadcastsgeneralinformationoftheservingcellcalledSystemInformation
BCCHistransmittedontimeslotzeroofBCCHcarrier
Readonlybyidlemobileatleastonceevery30secs.
SCH(SynchronisationChannel)
Downlinkonly
Carriesinformationforframesynchronisation.ContainsTDMAframenumberandBSIC.
FCCH(FrequencyCorrectionChannel)
Downlinkonly.
EnablesMStosynchronisetothefrequency.
AlsohelpsmobilesofthencellstolocateTS0ofBCCHcarrier.
RACH(RandomAccessChannel)
Uplinkonly
UsedbytheMStoaccesstheNetwork.

AGCH(AccessGrantChannel)
Downlinkonly
Usedbythenetworktoassignasignallingchanneluponsuccessfulldecodingofaccessbursts.

PCH(PagingChannel)
Downlinkonly.
UsedbytheNetworktocontacttheMS.

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1.OPTIMIZATIONOPTIMIZATION
2.BASICSBASICS
3.PhysicalchannelPhysicalchannelEachtimeslotonacarrierisreferredtoasaphysicalchannel.Percarrierthereare8physicalchannels.Logical
channelLogicalchannelVarietyofinformationistransmittedbetweentheMSandBTS.Therearedifferentlogicalchannelsdependingonthe
informationsent.ThelogicalchannelsareoftwotypesTrafficchannelControlchannelDownlinkUplinkCHANNELSCHANNELS
4.GSMTrafficChannelsGSMTrafficChannelsTrafficChannelsTCH/FFullrate22.8kbits/sTCH/HHalfrate11.4kbits/s
5.GSMControlChannelsGSMControlChannelsBCH(Broadcastchannels)DownlinkonlyControlChannelsDCCH(DedicatedChannels)Downlink
&UplinkCCCH(CommonControlChan)Downlink&UplinkSynch.ChannelsRACHRandomAccessChannelCBCHCell
BroadcastChannelSDCCHStandalonededicatedcontrolchannelACCHAssociatedControlChannelsSACCHSlowassociatedControl
ChannelFACCHFastAssociatedControlChannelPCH/AGCHPaging/AccessgrantFCCHFrequencyCorrection
channelSCHSynchronisationchannelBCCHBroadcastcontrolchannel
6.BCHChannelsBCHChannelsBCCH(BroadcastControlChannel)BCCH(BroadcastControlChannel)DownlinkonlyBroadcastsgeneral
informationoftheservingcellcalledSystemInformationBCCHistransmittedontimeslotzeroofBCCHcarrierReadonlybyidlemobileatleast
onceevery30secs.SCH(SynchronisationChannel)SCH(SynchronisationChannel)DownlinkonlyCarriesinformationforframe
synchronisation.ContainsTDMAframenumberandBSIC.FCCH(FrequencyCorrectionChannel)FCCH(FrequencyCorrectionChannel)
Downlinkonly.EnablesMStosynchronisetothefrequency.AlsohelpsmobilesofthencellstolocateTS0ofBCCHcarrier.
7.CCCHChannelsCCCHChannelsRACH(RandomAccessChannel)RACH(RandomAccessChannel)UplinkonlyUsedbytheMStoaccess
theNetwork.AGCH(AccessGrantChannel)AGCH(AccessGrantChannel)DownlinkonlyUsedbythenetworktoassignasignallingchannel
uponsuccessfulldecodingofaccessbursts.PCH(PagingChannel)PCH(PagingChannel)Downlinkonly.UsedbytheNetworktocontacttheMS.
8.DCCHChannelsDCCHChannelsSDCCH(StandaloneDedicatedControlChannel)SDCCH(StandaloneDedicatedControlChannel)Uplinkand
DownlinkUsedforcallsetup,locationupdateandSMS.SACCH(SlowAssociatedControlChannel)SACCH(SlowAssociatedControlChannel)
UsedonUplinkandDownlinkonlyindedicatedmode.UplinkSACCHmessagesMeasurementreports.DownlinkSACCHmessagescontrol
info.FACCH(FastAssociatedControlChannel)FACCH(FastAssociatedControlChannel)UplinkandDownlink.AssociatedwithTCHonly.Is
usedtosendfastmessageslikehandovermessages.Worksbystealingtrafficbursts.
9.T15T5T9T10T11S12T13T14T6T7T8T0T1T2T3T4T16T17T18T19T20T21T22T23T24I25001122334455667700112233445566770011
223344556677120msec4.615msec2626FRAMEMULTIFRAMESTRUCTUREFRAMEMULTIFRAMESTRUCTUREMSondedicated
modeonaTCHusesa26framemultiframestructure.Frame011and1324usedtocarrytraffic.Frame12usedasSACCHtocarrycontrol
informationfromandtoMStoBTS.Frame25isidleandisusedbymobiletodecodetheBSICofneighborcells.
10.BCCHCCCHBCCHCCCHBCCHCCCHBCCHCCCHCCCHCCCHCCCHCCCHCCCHCCCHCCCHCCCH01020304050
50403020100IDLECCCHBLOCKBCCHBLOCKSCHBLOCKFCCHBLOCKBCCH/CCCHNONCOMBINEDMULTIFRAMEBCCH/CCCH
NONCOMBINEDMULTIFRAMERACHBLOCKDownlinkDownlinkUplinkUplink
11.0102030405050403020100IDLECCCHBLOCKBCCHBLOCKSCHBLOCKFCCHBLOCKBCCH/CCCHCOMBINED
MULTIFRAMEBCCH/CCCHCOMBINEDMULTIFRAME51101
10151BCCHCCCHBCCHCCCHCCCHBCCHCCCHCCCHCCCHSACCHSACCHCCCHCCCHCCCHCCCHSDCCHSDCCHSDCCHSDCCHBCCHCCCHBCCHCCCHCCCHBCC
BLOCKSDCCH/4SACCH/4DownlinkDownlinkUplinkUplink
12.0102030405050403020100IDLEDCCH/8MULTIFRAMEDCCH/8MULTIFRAME51101
10151SDCCH/8SACCH/C8BCCHCCCHA2A3BCCHCCCHA0A1CCCHCCCHCCCHD7CCCHCCCHCCCHD6CCCHCCCHCCCHD5CCCHCCCHCCCHD4CCCHCCCHCCCHD
UplinkUplink
13.00110011222045204520462046204720471Hyperframe=2048superframes=2,715,648TDMAframes3h28min53s760ms1Superframe=
1326TDMAframes=51(26fr)0r26(51fr)multiframes11233494847500011242425250011222323242425250048481122494950502233
445566776.12s0235.38ms120msControl51FrameMultiframeTraffic26FrameMultiframe4.615msTDMAFrameHYPERFRAMEAND
SUPERFRAMESTRUCTUREHYPERFRAMEANDSUPERFRAMESTRUCTURE
14.CALLFLOWCALLFLOW
15.MobileoriginatedcallMobileoriginatedcallMSChannelRequest(RACH)BSSMSCSDCCHSeizureImmediateAssignment[Reject]
(AGCH)CMServiceRequest+ConnectionRequest<CMSREQ>Connection[Confirmed/Refused]LinkEstablishmentAuthentication
RequestAuthenticationResponseDT1<CICMD>CipheringModeCommandCipheringModeCompleteDT1<CICMP>IdentityRequestIdentity
ResponseSetupCallProceedingConnectionManagementAssignmentRequestAssignmentRequest[Failed]AssignmentCommandAssignment[
Complete/Failure]Assignment[Complete/Failure]TCHSeizureSDCCHTCH
16.MSBSSMSCPagingSDCCHSeizureLinkEstablishmentPagingRequest(PCH)UDT<PAGIN>PagingChannelRequest(RACH)Immediate
Assignment[Reject](AGCH)PagingResponse+ConnectionRequest<PAGRES>Connection[Confirmed/Refused]Authentication
RequestAuthenticationResponseSDCCHCipheringModeCommandCipheringModeCompleteDT1<CICMD>DT1<CICMP>Identity
RequestIdentityResponseSetupCallConfirmedConnectionManagementAssignmentRequestAssignmentRequest[Failed]Assignment
CommandAssignment[Complete/Failure]TCHTCHSeizureAssignment[Complete/Failure]MobileterminatedcallMobileterminatedcall
17.PROPAGATIONMECHANISMSPROPAGATIONMECHANISMSReflectionOccurswhenawaveimpingesuponasmoothsurface.
Dimensionsofthesurfacearelargerelativeto.Reflectionsoccurfromthesurfaceoftheearth&frombuildings&walls.Diffraction(Shadowing)
Occurswhenthepathisblockedbyanobjectwithlargedimensionsrelativetoandsharpirregularities(edges).Secondarywaveletspropagate
intotheshadowedregion.Diffractiongivesrisetobendingofwavesaroundtheobstacle.ScatteringOccurswhenawaveimpingesuponanobject
withdimensionsontheorderoforless,causingthereflectedenergytospreadoutorscatterinmanydirections.
18.MultipathMultipathMultipleWavesCreateMultipathDuetopropagationmechanisms,multiplewavesarriveatthereceiverSometimesthis
includesadirectLineofSight(LOS)signal
19.MultipathPropagationMultipathPropagationMultipathpropagationcauseslargeandrapidfluctuationsinasignalThesefluctuationsarenotthe
sameasthepropagationpathloss.MultipathcausesthreemajorthingsMultipathcausesthreemajorthingsRapidchangesinsignalstrengthovera
shortdistanceortime.RandomfrequencymodulationduetoDopplerShiftsondifferentmultipathsignals.Timedispersioncausedbymultipath
delaysThesearecalledfadingeffectsMultipathpropagationresultsinsmallscalefading.
20.FadingFadingThecommunicationbetweenthebasestationandmobilestationinmobilesystemsismostlynonLOS.TheLOSpathbetweenthe
transmitterandthereceiverisaffectedbyterrainandobstructedbybuildingsandotherobjects.Themobilestationisalsomovingindifferent
directionsatdifferentspeeds.TheRFsignalfromthetransmitterisscatteredbyreflectionanddiffractionandreachesthereceiverthroughmanynon
LOSpaths.ThisnonLOSpathcauseslongtermandshorttermfluctuationsintheformoflognormalfadingandrayleighandricianfading,
whichdegradestheperformanceoftheRFchannel.
21.FADINGFADINGSignalPower(dBm)LargescalefadingcomponentSmallscalefadingcomponent
22.LongTermFadingLongTermFadingTerrainconfiguration&manmadeenvironmentcauseslongtermfading.Duetovariousshadowingand
terraineffectsthesignallevelmeasuredonacirclearoundbasestationshowssomerandomfluctuationsaroundthemeanvalueofreceivedsignal
strength.Thelongtermfadesinsignalstrength,r,causedbytheterrainconfigurationandmanmadeenvironmentsformalognormaldistribution,i.e
themeanreceivedsignalstrength,r,varieslognormallyindBifthesignalstrengthismeasuredoveradistanceofatleast40.Experimentallyithas
beendeterminedthatthestandarddeviation,,ofthemeanreceivedsignalstrength,r,liesbetween8to12dBwiththehighergenerallyfoundin
largeurbanareas.
23.RayleighFadingRayleighFadingThisphenomenonisduetomultipathpropagationofthesignal.TheRayleighfadingisapplicableto
obstructedpropagationpaths.AllthesignalsareNLOSsignalsandthereisnodominantdirectpath.Signalsfromallpathshavecomparablesignal
strengths.Theinstantaneousreceivedpowerseenbyamovingantennabecomesarandomvariabledependingonthelocationoftheantenna.
24.RiceanFadingRiceanFadingThisphenomenonisduetomultipathpropagationofthesignal.Inthiscasethereisapartiallyscatteredfield.
Onedominantsignal.Othersareweaker.
25.ANTENNASANTENNAS
26.AntennasAntennasAntennasformaessentialpartofanyradiocommunicationsystem.Antennaisthatpartofatransmittingorreceiving
systemwhichisdesignedtoradiateortoreceiveelectromagneticwaves.Anantennacanalsobeviewedasatransitionalstructurebetweenfreespace
andatransmissionline(suchasacoaxialline).Animportantpropertyofanantennaistheabilitytofocusandshapetheradiatedpowerinspacee.g.:
itenhancesthepowerinsomewanteddirectionsandsuppressesthepowerinotherdirections.Manydifferenttypesandmechanicalformsof
antennasexist.Eachtypeisspecificallydesignedforspecialpurposes.
27.AntennaTypesAntennaTypesInmobilecommunicationstwomaincategoriesofantennasusedareOmnidirectionalantennaOmnidirectional
antennaTheseantennasaremostlyusedinruralareas.Inallhorizontaldirectiontheseantennasradiatewithequalpower.Intheverticalplanethese
antennasradiateuniformlyacrossallazimuthanglesandhaveamainbeamwithupperandlowersidelobes.
28.DirectionalantennaDirectionalantennaTheseantennasaremostlyusedinmobilecellularsystemstogethighergaincomparedto
omnidirectionalantennaandtominimiseinterferenceeffectsinthenetwork.Intheverticalplanetheseantennasradiateuniformlyacrossallazimuth
anglesandhaveamainbeamwithupperandlowersidelobes.Inthesetypeofantennas,theradiationisdirectedataspecificangleinsteadof
uniformlyacrossallazimuthanglesincaseofomniantennas.
29.RadiationPatternRadiationPatternThemaincharacteristicsofantennaistheradiationpattern.Theantennapatternisagraphicalrepresentation
inthreedimensionsoftheradiationoftheantennaasafunctionofangulardirection.Antennaradiationperformanceisusuallymeasuredand
recordedintwoorthogonalprincipalplanes(EPlaneandHplaneorverticalandhorizontalplanes).Thepatternofmostbasestationantennas
containsamainlobeandseveralminorlobes,termedsidelobes.Asidelobeoccurringinspaceinthedirectionoppositetothemainlobeiscalled
backlobe.
30.RadiationPatternRadiationPattern
31.AntennaGainAntennaGainAntennagainisameasureforantennasefficiency.Gainistheratioofthemaximumradiationinagivendirection
tothatofareferenceantennaforequalinputpower.Generallythereferenceantennaisaisotropicantenna.Gainismeasuredgenerallyindecibels
aboveisotropic(dBi)ordecibelsaboveadipole(dBd).Anisotropicradiatorisanidealantennawhichradiatespowerwithunitgainuniformlyinall
directions.dBi=dBd+2.15Antennagaindependsonthemechanicalsize,theeffectiveaperaturearea,thefrequencybandandtheantenna
configuration.AntennasforGSM1800canachievesome5to6dBmoregainthanantennasforGSM900whilemaintainingthesamemechanical
size.
32.MainLobeAxisPowerBeamwidthSideLobeBackLobeFirstNull
33.FronttobackratioFronttobackratioItistheratioofthemaximumdirectivityofanantennatoitsdirectivityinaspecifiedrearwarddirection.
Generallyantennawithahighfronttobackratioshouldbeused.FirstNullBeamwidthFirstNullBeamwidthThefirstnullbeamwidth(FNBW)is
theangularspanbetweenthefirstpatternnullsadjacenttothemainlobe.Thistermdescribestheangularcoverageofthedowntiltedcells.
34.AntennaLobesAntennaLobesMainlobeistheradiationlobecontainingthedirectionofmaximumradiation.SidelobesHalfpower
beamwidthHalfpowerbeamwidthThehalfpowerbeamwidth(HPBW)istheanglebetweenthepointsonthemainlobethatare3dBloweringain
comparedtothemaximum.Narrowanglesmeangoodfocusingofradiatedpower.PolarisationPolarisationPolarisationisthepropagationofthe
electricfieldvector.Antennasusedincellularcommunicationsareusuallyverticallypolarisedorcrosspolarised.
35.FrequencybandwidthFrequencybandwidthItistherangeoffrequencieswithinwhichtheperformanceoftheantenna,withrespecttosome
characteristics,conformstoaspecifiedstandard.VSWRofanantennaisthemainbandwidthlimitingfactor.AntennaimpedanceAntennaimpedance
Maximumpowercouplingintotheantennascanbeachievedwhentheantennaimpedancematchesthecablesimpedance.Typicalvalueis50
ohms.MechanicalsizeMechanicalsizeMechanicalsizeisrelatedtoachievableantennagain.Largeantennasprovidehighergainsbutalsoneed
careindeploymentandapplyhightorquetotheantennamast.
36.Antennaradiationpatternwillbecomesuperimposedwhenthedistancebetweentheantennasbecomestoosmall.Thismeanstheotherantenna
willmutuallyinfluencetheindividualantennapatterns.Generally5to10horizontalseparationprovidessufficientdecouplingofantennapatterns.
Theverticaldistanceneededfordecouplingisusuallymuchsmallerastheverticalbeamwidthisgenerallyless.A1separationinthevertical
directionissufficientinmostcases.
37.Antennainstallationconfigurationsdependontheoperatorspreferences.Itisimportanttokeepsufficientdecouplingdistancesbetween
antennas.IfTXandRXdirectionuseseparatedantennas,itisadvisabletokeepahorizontalseparationbetweentheantennasinordertoreducethe
TXsignalpowerattheRXinputstages.
38.AntennadowntiltintroductionAntennadowntiltintroductionNetworkplannersoftenhavetheproblemthatthebasestationantennaprovidesan
overcoverage.Iftheoverlappingareabetweentwocellsistoolarge,increasedswitchingbetweenthebasestation(handover)occurs.Theremay
evenbeinterferenceofaneighbouringcellwiththesamefrequency.Ifhoppingisusedinthenetwork,thenlimitingtheoverlapisrequiredtoreduce
theoverallhitrate.Ingeneral,theverticalpatternofanantennaradiatesthemainenergytowardsthehorizon.Onlythatpartoftheenergywhichis
radiatedbelowthehorizoncanbeusedforthecoverageofthesector.Downtiltingtheantennalimitstherangebyreducingthefieldstrengthinthe
horizon.
39.AntennadowntiltingAntennadowntiltingAntennadowntiltingisthedownwardtiltoftheverticalpatterntowardsthegroundbyafixedangle
measuredw.r.tthehorizon.Downtiltingoftheantennachangesthepositionofthehalfpowerbeamwidthandthefirstnullrelativetothehorizon.
Normallythemaximumgainisat0(paralleltothehorizon)andneverintersectsthehorizon.Asmalldowntiltplacesthebeamsmaximumatthecell
edgeWithappropriatedowntilt,thereceivedsignalstrengthwithinthecellimprovesduetotheplacementofthemainlobewithinthecellradius
andfallsoffinregionsapproachingthecellboundaryandtowardsthereusecell.TherearetwomethodsofdowntiltingMechanicaldowntilting
Electricaldowntilting.
40.MechanicalDowntiltMechanicalDowntiltMechanicaldowntiltingconsistsofphysicallyrotatinganantennadownwardaboutanaxisfromits
verticalposition.Inamechanicaldowntiltasthefrontlobemovesdownwardthebacklobemovesupwards.Thisisoneofthepotentialdrawbackas
comparedtotheelectricaldowntiltbecausecoveragebehindtheantennacanbenegativelyaffectedasthebackloberisesabovethehorizon.
Additionally,mechanicaldowntiltdoesnotchangethegainoftheantennaat+/90degfromantennahorizon.Astheantennaisgivendowntilt,the
footprintstartschangingwithanotchbeingformedinthefrontwhileitspreadsonthesides.After10degreesdowntiltthenotcheffectisquiet
visibleandthespreadonthesidesarehigh.Thismayleadtointeferenceonthesides.
41.MechanicalDowntiltMechanicalDowntilt
42.MechanicalDowntiltMechanicalDowntilt
43.Verticalantennapatternat0Verticalantennapatternat15downtiltBacklobeshootsoverthehorizonMechanicalDowntiltMechanicalDowntilt
44.ElectricaldowntiltElectricaldowntiltElectricaldowntiltusesaphasetaperintheantennaarraytoanglethepatterndownwards.Thisallowsthe
theantennatobemountedvertically.Electricaldowntiltistheonlypracticalwaytoachievepatterndowntiltingwithomnidirectionalantennas.
Electricaldowntiltaffectsbothfrontandbacklobes.Ifthefrontlobeisdowntiltedthebacklobeisalsodowntiltedbyequalamount.Electrical
downtiltingalsoreducesthegainequallyatallanglesonthehorizon.Thethatadjusteddowntiltangleisconstantoverthewholeazimuthrange.
Variableelectricaldowntiltantennasareverycostly.
45.ElectricaldowntiltElectricaldowntilt
46.ElectricaldowntiltElectricaldowntilt
47.ObstaclerequirementObstaclerequirementNearbyobstaclesarethosereflectingorshadowingmaterialsthatcanobstructtheradiobeambothin
horizontalandverticalplanes.Whenmountingtheantennaonarooftop,thedominatingobstacleintheverticalplaneistheroofedgeitselfandin
thehorizontalplane,obstaclesfurtherawaylikesurroundingbuildings,canactasreflectingorshadowingmaterial.Theantennabeamwillbe
distortediftheantennaistooclosetotheroof.Hencetheantennamustbemountedataminimumheightabovetherooftoporotherobstacles.If
antennasarewallmounted,asafetymarginof15degreesbetweenthereflectingsurfaceandthe3dBlobeshouldbekept.
48.MainRadiationDirectionHalfPowerBeamwidthSafetyMargin15DegreesBuildingObstaclerequirementObstaclerequirement
49.OptimalDowntiltOptimalDowntiltAlthoughtheuseofdowntiltcanbeaeffectivetoolforcontrollinginterference,thereisaoptimumamount
bywhichtheantennacanbedowntiltedwherebyboththecoveragelossesandtheinterferenceatthereusecellcanbekeptataminimum.downtilt
angle(D)3dBBeamwidthMainlobeHeight(H)Cellmax
50.Thefigureshowsacellscoveragearea.Theprimaryilluminationareaistheareaonthegroundthatreceivesthesignalcontainedwithinthe
3dBverticalbeamwidthoftheantenna.ThedistancefromthebasestationtotheouterlimitoftheilluminationareaisdenotedbyCellmax.Itshould
benotedthatthecellmaxcanbedifferentfromthecellboundaryareawhichiscustomerdefined.IdeallyinawellplannednetworkCellmaxshould
alwaysbelessthanthecochannelreusedistancetominimiseinterference.Wenowderivetherelationbetweenheight(H),downtiltangle(D),
3dBverticalbeamwidthandCellmax.Asshownintheschematicistheanglebetweentheupperlimitofthe3dBbeamwidthandthe
horizon.OptimalDowntiltOptimalDowntilt
51.tan()=Cellmax/H=D0.5*3dBverticalbeamwidthCellmax=H*tan(D0.5*3dBverticalbeamwidth)FortheCellmaxtobea
positivequantity,downtiltanglemustbemorethanhalfofthe3dBverticalbeamwidth.Whenthedowntiltangleislessthanhalfofthe3dB
beamwidth,partofthesignalfromthemainbeamshootsoverthehorizon.Thesignaldirectedtowardsorabovethehorizoncanpotentially
causeinterferenceatthereusesites.OptimalDowntiltOptimalDowntilt
52.INTERFERENCEINTERFERENCE
53.WHATISINTERFERNCE?WHATISINTERFERNCE?Interferenceisthesumofallsignalcontributionsthatareneithernoisenotthewanted
signal.
54.EFFECTSOFINTERFERNCEEFFECTSOFINTERFERNCEInterferenceisamajorlimitingfactorintheperformanceofcellularsystems.It
causesdegradationofsignalquality.Itintroducesbiterrorsinthereceivedsignal.Biterrorsarepartlyrecoverablebymeansofchannelcodingand
errorcorrectionmechanisms.Theinterferencesituationisnotreciprocalintheuplinkanddownlinkdirection.Mobilestationsandbasestationsare
exposedtodifferentinterferencesituation.
55.SOURCESOFINTERFERNCESOURCESOFINTERFERNCEAnothermobileinthesamecell.Acallinprogressintheneighboringcell.
Otherbasestationsoperatingonthesamefrequency.Anynoncellularsystemwhichleaksenergyintothecellularfrequencyband.
56.TYPESOFINTERFERNCETYPESOFINTERFERNCETherearetwotypesofsystemgeneratedinterferenceCochannelinterference
AdjacentchannelinterferenceCoChannelInterferenceCoChannelInterferenceThistypeofinterferenceistheduetofrequencyreuse,i.e.
severalcellsusethesamesetoffrequency.Thesecellsarecalledcochannelcells.Cochannelinterferencecannotbecombatedbyincreasingthe
powerofthetransmitter.Thisisbecauseanincreaseincarriertransmitpowerincreasestheinterferencetoneighboringcochannelcells.Toreduce
cochannelinterference,cochannelcellsmustbephysicallyseparatedbyaminimumdistancetoprovidesufficientisolationduetopropagationor
reducethefootprintofthecell.
57.CoChannelInterferenceCoChannelInterferenceSomefactorsotherthenreusedistancethatinfluencecochannelinterferenceareantennatype,
directionality,height,sitepositionetc,GSMspecifiesC/I>9dB.Carrierf1Interfererf1dBDistanceCI
58.CoChannelInterferenceCoChannelInterferenceInacellularsystem,whenthesizeofeachcellisapproximatelythesame,cochannel
interferenceisindependentofthetransmittedpowerandbecomesafunctionofcellradius(R)andthedistancetothecentreofthenearestcochannel
cell(D).C1C2C3C1C2C3D
59.CoChannelInterferenceCoChannelInterferenceQ=D/R=3NByincreasingtheratioofD/R,thespatialseperationbetweentheco
channelcellsrelativetothecoveragedistanceofacellisincreased.InthiswayinterferenceisreducedfromimprovedisolationofRFenergyfromthe
cochannelcell.TheparameterQ,calledthecochannelreuseratio,isrelatedtotheclustersize.AsmallvalueofQprovideslargercapacitysince
theclustersizeNissmallwhereasalargevalueofQimprovesthetransmissionquality.
60.AdjacentChannelInterferenceAdjacentChannelInterferenceInterferenceresultingfromsignalswhichareadjacentinfrequencytothedesired
signaliscalledadjacentchannelinterference.Adjacentchannelinterferenceresultsfromimperfectreceiverfilterswhichallownearbyfrequenciesto
leakintothepassband.Adjacentchannelinterferencecanbeminimizedthroughcarefulfilteringandchannelassignments.Bykeepingthe
frequencyseparationbetweeneachchannelinagivencellaslargeaspossible,theadjacentinterferencemaybereducedconsiderably.
61.AdjacentChannelInterferenceAdjacentChannelInterferenceCarrierf1Interfererf2dBACDistance
62.POWERCONTROLPOWERCONTROLRFpowercontrolisemployedtominimisethetransmitpowerrequiredbyMSorBSwhile
maintainingthequalityoftheradiolinks.Byminimisingthetransmitpowerlevels,interferencetocochannelusersisreduced.Powercontrolis
implementedintheMSaswellastheBSS.PowercontrolontheUplinkalsohelpstoincreasethebatterylife.PowerreceivedbytheMSis
continouslysentinthemeasurementreport.SimilarlyuplinkpowerreceivedfromtheMSbytheBTSismeasuredbytheBTS.Complexalgorithm
evaluatethismeasurementsandtakeadecisionsubsequentlyreducingorincreasingthepowerintheUplinkorthedownlink.
63.SECTORIZATIONSECTORIZATIONFor120degreessectoredsiteascomparedtoanomnisitealmost1/3rdinterferenceisreceivedinthe
uplink.Themoreselectiveanddirectionalistheantenna,thesmalleristheinterference.Reductionininterferenceresultsinhighercapacityinboth
links.
64.DIVERSITYANTENNADIVERSITYANTENNASYSTEMSSYSTEMS
65.NEEDOFDIVERSITYBuildingBuildingBuilding
66.NEEDOFDIVERSITYInatypicalcellularradioenvironment,thecommunicationbetweenthecellsiteandmobileisnotbyadirectradiopath
butviamanypaths.Thedirectpathbetweenthetransmitterandthereceiverisobstructedbybuildingsandotherobjects.Hencethesignalthat
arrivesatthereceiveriseitherbyreflectionfromtheflatsidesofbuildingsorbydiffractionaroundmanmadeornaturalobstructions.Whenvarious
incomingradiowavesarriveatthereceiverantenna,theycombineconstructivelyordestructively,whichleadstoarapidvariationinsignalstrength.
Thesignalfluctuationsareknownasmultipathfading.
67.MultipathPropagationMultipathPropagationMultipathpropagationcauseslargeandrapidfluctuationsinasignalThesefluctuationsarenotthe
sameasthepropagationpathloss.MultipathcausesthreemajorthingsMultipathcausesthreemajorthingsRapidchangesinsignalstrengthovera
shortdistanceortime.RandomfrequencymodulationduetoDopplerShiftsondifferentmultipathsignals.Timedispersioncausedbymultipath
delaysThesearecalledfadingeffectsMultipathpropagationresultsinsmallscalefading.
68.DIVERSITYTECHNIQUEDiversitytechniqueshavebeenrecognisedasaneffectivemeanswhichenhancestheimmunityofthe
communicationsystemtothemultipathfading.GSMthereforeextensivelyadoptsdiversitytechniquesthatincludeDiversitytechniquesInterleavingIn
timedomainFrequencyHoppingInFrequencydomainSpatialdiversityInspatialdomainPolarisationdiversityInpolarisationdomain
69.CONCEPTOFDIVERSITYANTENNASYSTEMSSpatialandpolarisationdiversitytechniquesarerealisedthroughantennasystems.A
diversityantennasystemprovidesanumberofreceivingbranchesorportsfromwhichthediversifiedsignalsarederivedandfedtoareceiver.The
receiverthencombinestheincomingsignalsfromthebranchestoproduceacombinedsignalwithimprovedqualityintermsofsignalstrengthor
signaltonoiseratio(S/N).Theperformanceofadiversityantennasystemprimarilyreliesonthebranchcorrelationandsignalleveldifference
betweenbranches.
70.Transmissionmedia1TransmissionTmedia2PeakFadeReceiverInformationCONCEPTOFDIVERSITYANTENNASYSTEMS
71.SPATIALDIVERSITYANTENNASYSTEMSThespatialdiversityantennasystemisconstructedbyphysicallyseparatingtworeceivingbase
stationantennas.Oncetheyareseparatedfarenough,bothantennasreceiveindependentfadingsignals.Asaresult,thesignalscapturedby
theantennasaremostlikelyuncorrelated.Thefurtherapartaretheantennas,themorelikelythatthesignalsareuncorrelated.Thetypesofthe
configurationusedinGSMnetworksare:horizontalseparationverticalseparation
72.TYPICALSPATIALANTENNADIVERSITYCONFIGURATIONSHorizontalSeparationVerticalSeparation
73.THREEANTENNASPATIALCONFIGURATION10SeparationReceive1TransmitReceive2
74.TWOANTENNASPATIALCONFIGURATION10SeparationReceive2TxRxTransmitReceive1Duplexer
75.POLARISATIONDIVERSITYANTENNASYSTEMSAsingle(sayvertical)polarisedelectromagneticwaveisconvertedtoawavewithtwo
orthogonalpolarisedfieldswhileitispropagatingthroughscatteringenvironment.Ithasalsobeenfoundthatthetwofieldsexhibitsomeextent
ofdecorrelation.
76.DUALPOLARISEDANTENNASAdualpolarisationantennaconsistsoftwosetsofradiatingelementswhichradiateor,inreciprocal,receive
twoorthogonalpolarisedfields.Theantennahastwoinputconnectorswhichseparatelyconnectstoeachsetoftheelements.Theantennahas
thereforetheabilitytosimultaneouslytransmitandreceivetwoorthogonallypolarisedfields.H/VSlant45
77.ADVANTAGESOFDUALPOLARISEDANTENNASThebestadvantageofusingthedualpolarisationantennaisthereductioninthenumber
ofantennaspersector.ReducedsizeoftheheadframeofthesupportingstructureReducedwindloadandweight.Reduceddifficultyinsite
acquisitionandinstallation.CostsavingRequiringslimtowerRequiringlessinstallationtime.Costofonedualpolarisationantennaisgenerally
lowerthanthatoftwoSinglepolarisedantennas
78.DUALPOLARISEDANTENNACONFIGURATIONSDUALPOLEANTENNATRTXRXRXDUALPOLEANTENNASINGLEPOLEARX
RXTXDUALPOLEANTENNATTRRTXRXTXRX
79.SYSTEMINFORMATIONSYSTEMINFORMATIONMESSAGESMESSAGES
80.BROADCASTMESSAGESBROADCASTMESSAGESSysteminformationisdataaboutthenetworkwhichtheMSneedstobeableto
communicatewiththenetworkinaappropriatemanner.SysteminformationmessagesaresentontheBCCHandSACCH.Therearesixdifferent
typesofsysteminformationmessages.Systeminformationmessages1to4arebroadcastontheBCCHandarereadbytheMSinidlemode.
Systeminformationmessage5and6aresentontheSACCHtotheMSindedicatedmode.Systeminformationmessages1to4arebroadcastonthe
BCCHinacyclicmodeover8BCCHmultiframes,i.e.8*51frames.Everymessageissentatleastafterevery1.8sec.
81.WhatissentisoptionalonBCCHMultiframe4and5Systeminformation5and6aresentontheSACCHimmediatelyafterHOorwhenever
nothingelseisbeingsent.DownlinkSACCHisusedforsysteminformationmessageswhileUplinkSACCHisusedformeasurement
reports.BROADCASTMESSAGESBROADCASTMESSAGESSystemInformationBCCHMultiframe102132and643and7
82.SYSTEMINFORMATION1SYSTEMINFORMATION1WhenfrequencyhoppingisusedincellMSneedstoknowwhichfrequencybandto
useandwhatfrequencywithinthebanditshoulduseinhoppingalgorithm.CellChannelDescriptionCellallocationnumber:Informstheband
numberofthefrequencychannelsused.00Band0(CurrentGSMband)CellallocationARFCN:ARFCNsusedforhopping.Itiscodedina
bitmapof124bits.124123122121016015014013012011010009008007006005004003002001
83.SYSTEMINFORMATION1SYSTEMINFORMATION1RACHControlParametersAccessControlClass:Bitmapwith16bits.AllMS
spreadoutonclass09.Prioritygroupsuseclass1115.Abitsetto1barresaccessforthatclass.Bit10isusedtotelltheMSifemergencycallis
allowedornot.0AllMScanmakeemergencycall.1MSwithclass1115onlycanmakeemergencycalls.Cellbarredforaccess:0Yes1No
84.RACHControlParametersReestablishmentallowed:0Yes1Nomax_retransmissions:NumberoftimestheMSattemptstoaccessthe
Network[1,2,4or7].tx_integer:NumberofslotstospreadaccessretransmissionswhenaMSattemptstoaccessthesystem.EmergencyCall
Allowed:Yes/NoSYSTEMINFORMATION1SYSTEMINFORMATION1
85.ContainslistofBCCHfrequenciesusedinneighborcells.MSusesthislisttomeasuresthesignalstrengthoftheneighbors.NeighborCell
DescriptionBAIndicator:AllowstodifferentiatemeasurementresultsrelatedtodifferentlistofBCCHfrequenciessenttotheMS.BCCHAllocation
number:Band0isused.BCCHARFCNnumber:Bitmap11241=Set0=NotsetPLMNpermittedRACHControlParametersSYSTEM
INFORMATIONSYSTEMINFORMATION22
86.SYSTEMINFORMATION3SYSTEMINFORMATION3LocationAreaIdentityCellIdentity87654321OctetA1111OctetBBCDOctet
COctetDOctetEMCCDIG1MCCDIG2MCCDIG3MNCDIG1MNCDIG2LACLACBinary87654321OctetFOctetGCICIBinary
87.SYSTEMINFORMATION3SYSTEMINFORMATION3ControlChannelDescriptionAttach/Detach0=Allowed1=Notallowedcch_conf:
Definesmultiframestruturebs_agblk:NumberofblockreservedforAGCH[07].Ba_pmfrms:Numberof51framemultiframes
betweentransmisiionofpagingmessagestoMSofthesamegroup.T3212:Periodiclocationupdatetimer[1255decihours].cch_confPhysical
ChannelsCombinedNoofCCH01timeslot(0)NO911timeslot(0)YES322timeslots(0,2)NO1843timeslots(0,2,4)NO2764timeslots(0,2,
4,6)NO36
88.SYSTEMINFORMATION3SYSTEMINFORMATION3CellOptionsdtxpwrc:Powercontrolonthedownlink.0=Notused1=UsedRadio
linktimeout:SetsthetimerT100intheMS.CellSelectionParametersRxlev_access_min:MinimumreceivedsignallevelattheMSforwhichitis
permittedtoaccessthesystem.063=110dBmto47dBmmx_txpwr_cch:MaximumpowertheMSwillusewhenaccessingthe
system.Cell_reselect_hysteresis:Usedforcellreselection.RACHControlParameters
89.SYSTEMINFORMATION4SYSTEMINFORMATION4LocationAreaIdentificationCellSelection
ParametersRxlev_access_minmx_txpwr_cchCell_reselect_hysteresisRACHControlParametersmax_retransmissionstx_integerCellbarredfor
accessReestablishmentallowedEmergencyCallAllowedAccessControlClass
90.SYSTEMINFORMATION4SYSTEMINFORMATION4ChannelDescriptionChanneltype:Indi.channeltypeSDCCHorCBCH(
SDCCH/8).Subchannelnumber:Indicatesthesubchannel.Timeslotnumber:IndicatesthetimeslotforCBCH[07].TrainingSequenceCode:
TheBCCpartofBSIC[07].HoppingChannel(H):InformsifCBCHchannelishoppingorsingle.0SingleRFChannel1RFhopping
channelARFCN:IfH=0MAIO:IfH=1,informstheMSwheretostarthopping.Values[063].HSN:IfH=1,informstheMSinwhatorder
inwhatorderthehoppingshouldtakeplace.Values[063].HSN=0CyclicHopping.MA:IndicateswhichRFChannelsareusedforhopping.
ARFCNnumberscodedinbitmap.
91.SYSTEMINFORMATION5SYSTEMINFORMATION5SentontheSACCHonthedownlinktotheMSindedicatedmode.NeighbourCell
DescriptionBAIND:UsedbytheNetworktodiscriminatemeasurementsresultsrelatedtodifferentlistsofBCCHcarrierssentbytheMS(Type2or
5).Values0or1(differentfromtype2).BCCHAllocationnumber:00Band0(CurrentGSMband).BCCHARFCN:Neighboringcells
ARFCNs.Sentasabitmap.0=ARFCNnotused1=ARFCNused124123122121016015014013012011010009008007006005004003002
001
92.SYSTEMINFORMATION6SYSTEMINFORMATION6MSindedicatedmodeneedstoknowiftheLAhaschanged.MSmaychange
betweencellswithdifferentRadiolinktimeoutandDTX.CellIdentityLocationAreaIdentificationCellOptionsdtxpwrcRadiolinktimeoutPLMN
permitted
93.PAGINGPAGINGWhenevertheNetworkwantstocontacttheMS,itsendsmessagesonthepagingchannel.PagingissentonthePCHandit
occupies4bursts.MShastomonitorthepagingchanneltoreceivepagingmessages.MSdoesnotmonitorallpagingchannelbutonlyspecific
pagingchannels.TherearethreetypesofpagingmessagesPagingTypeNoofMSusingIMSINoofMSusingTMSITotalnoofMS1222123344
94.CALCULATIONOFPAGINGGROUPCALCULATIONOFPAGINGGROUPFollowingfactorsareusedforcalculationofpaginggroup
CCCH_groupcch_confinSystemInformation3definesthenumberofCCCHusedinthecell.CCCHcanbeallocatedonlyTN0,2,4,6.Each
CCCHcarriesitsownpaginggroupofMS.MSwilllistentopagingmessagesofitsspecificgroup.bs_pa_mfrmsbs_ag_blk_res
95.CALCULATIONOFPAGINGGROUPCALCULATIONOFPAGINGGROUPTotalnumberofpaginggroupson1CCCH_GROUP(N)Noof
paginggroupsN=Pagingblocks*Repititionofpagingblocks=[CCCHbs_ag_blk_res]*bs_pa_mfrmsRangeofPagingGroupson1
CCCH_GroupMinimumavailablePagingGroups=Minpagblocks*minbs_pa_mfrms=2*2=4MaximumavailablePagingGroups=Maxpag
blocks*maxbs_pa_mfrms=9*9=81
96.AVAILABLEPAGINGBLOCKSON1CCCH_GROUPAVAILABLEPAGINGBLOCKSON1CCCH_GROUPMaximumAGCHreservation
fornoncombinedmultiframe=7Availablepagingblocks=2MaximumAGCHreservationforcombinedmultiframe=1Availablepagingblocks=
2MinimumAGCHreservationfornoncombinedmultiframe=0Availablepagingblocks=9MinimumAGCHreservationforcombinedmultiframe
=0Availablepagingblocks=3Noofpagingblockswillhavearangeof29
97.CALCULATIONOFCCCHANDPAGINGGROUPNOCALCULATIONOFCCCHANDPAGINGGROUPNOCCCH_GROUP=[(IMSI
mod1000)mod(BS_CC_CHANS*N)]divNPaginggroupno=[(IMSImod1000)mod(BS_CC_CHANS*N)]modN
98.ENDEND

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