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IMPACT TEST- IZOD

AIM:

To determine the impact strength of the given material using Izod impact test.

APPARATUS:

1. Impact testing machine


2. A steel specimen 75 mm X 10mm X 10mm
3. Specimen setting fixture

Izod Impact testing equipment


Schematic impact testing

Position of specimen for Izod test


SPECIFICATIONS:

Impact capacity =164 J


Least count of capacity (dial) scale = 2J
Angle of striker before striking =90
Distance b/w supports =40 mm
Striking velocity of hammer = 5.6m/s
Specimen size= 75 x10 x 10
Type of notch = V-notch
Angle of notch = 450
Depth of notch= 2mm.

THEORY:

In manufacturing locomotive wheels, coins, connecting rods etc...the components are


subjected to impact (shock) loads. These loads are applied suddenly. The stresses induced in
these components are many times more than the stresses produced by gradual loading. Therefore
impact tests are performed to asses shock absorbing capacity of materials subjected to suddenly
applied loads.

In an impact test a specially prepared notched specimen is fractured by a single blow


from a heavy hammer and energy required being a measure of resistance to impact.
Impact load is produced by a swinging of an impact weight W (hammer) from a height h.
Release of the weight from the height h swings the weight through the arcof a circle, which
strikes the specimen to fracture at the notch.
Kinetic energy of the hammer at the time of impact is mv 2 /2,
which is equal to the relative potential energy of the hammer before its release. (mgh),
where m is the mass of the hammer and
v = 2 is its tangential velocity at impact,
g is gravitational acceleration (9.806 m/s 2 ) and
h is the height through which hammerfalls.

Impact velocity will be 5.126 m/s or slightly less.

Here it is interesting to note that height through which hammer drops determines
the velocity and height and mass of a hammer combined determine the energy.

Energy used can be measured from the scale given. The difference between potential
energies is the fracture energy. In test machine this value indicated by the pointer on the scale. If
the scale is calibrated in energy units, marks on the scale should be drawn keeping in view angle
of fall () and angle of rise ().

Height h1 and h2 equals,


h1= R (1-cos ) and h2= (1-cos)
With the increase or decrease in values, gap between marks on scale showing energy also
increase or decrease. This can be seen from the attached scale with any impact machine.
Energy used in fracturing the specimen can be obtained approximately as Wh1-Wh2
This energy value called impact toughness or impact value, which will be
measured, per unit area at the notch.

Based on the mounting of specimen and Angle of striker, There are two types of impact
tests, commonly:

1. Izod impact test (specimen mounted in vertical position and Angle of striking =900)

2. Charpy impact test (specimen mounted in horizontal position and Angle of striking =1600)

FORMULA USED:

Energy absorbed (K)


Impact strength (I) = -------------------------------- J/mm2
c/s area of specimen(A)

PROCEDURE:-

1. With the striking hammer (pendulum) in safe test position, firmly hold the steel specimen in
impact testing machines vice in such a way that the notch face the hammer and is half inside and
half above the top surface of the vice.
2. Bring the striking hammer to its top most striking position unless it is already there, and lock it
at that position.
3. Bring indicator of the machine to zero, or follow the instructions of the operating manual
supplied with the machine.
4. Release the hammer. It will fall due to gravity and break the specimen through its momentum,
the total energy is not absorbed by the specimen. Then it continues to swing. At its topmost
height after breaking the specimen, the indicator stops moving, while the pendulum falls back.
Note the indicator at that topmost final position.
5. Again bring back the hammer to its idle position.

OBSERVATIONS:

S.No Material C/s area of Energy Energy spent Energy (K) Impact
Used the given absorbed by to break the absorbed by Strength
material, A, force (A) specimen (B) the J/mm2 ,
mm2 J J specimen I = K/A
(A-B) J
PRECAUTION:-

1. Measure the dimensions of the specimen carefully.


2. Hold the specimen (lzod test) firmly.
3. Note down readings carefully.

RESULT:

The impact strength for the given material is _________ J/mm2.

VIVA VOICE QUESTIONS:

Impact Tests

Impact tests are designed to measure the resistance to failure of a material to a suddenly applied
force such as collision, falling object or instantaneous blow. The test measures the impact
energy, or the energy absorbed prior to fracture. The most common methods of measuring
impact energy are the:

Charpy Test

Izod Test

What is Impact Energy

Impact energy is a measure of the work done to fracture a test specimen.

When the striker impacts the specimen, the specimen will absorb energy until it yields. At this
point, the specimen will begin to undergo plastic deformation at the notch. The test specimen
continues to absorb energy and work hardens at the plastic zone at the notch. When the specimen
can absorb no more energy, fracture occurs.

Brittle materials generally have lower impact stregths, while those registering higher impact
strengths tend to to be tougher.

The Izod Test

The Izod test is has become the standard testing procedure for comparing the impact resistances
of plastics. While being the standard for plastics it is also used on other materials.

The Izod test is most commonly used to evaluate the relative toughness or impact toughness of
materials and as such is often used in quality control applications where it is a fast and
economical test. It is used more as a comparative test rather than a definitive test. This is also in
part due to the fact that the values do not relate accurately to the impact strength of moulded
parts or actual components under actual operational conditions.

What Does the Izod Test Involve?

The Izod test involves striking a suitable test piece with a striker, mounted at the end of a
pendulum. The test piece is clamped vertically with the notch facing the striker. The striker
swings downwards impacting the test piece at the bottom of its swing.

Figure 1. Schematic of the Izod impact test.

Some Izod impact testers are equipped to be able to utilise different sized strikers, which impart
different amounts of energy. Often a series of stri8kers may be used to determine the impact
energy, starting with small strikers and working up until failure occurs.

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