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Project :
B. Large, Perimeter:
1. Total Heat 225275 Sq.Ft./Ton
2. Total Heat 4353
C. Large, Interior:
1. Total Heat 300350 Sq.Ft./Ton
2. Total Heat 3440
D. Small:
1. Total Heat 325375 Sq.Ft./Ton
2. Total Heat 3237
6 Restaurants
A. Total Heat 100250 Sq.Ft./Ton (Range 75300)
B. Total Heat 48120 (Range 40155)
C. Room Sens. Heat 2162 (Range 2080)
D. SHR 0.650.80
E. Air Flow 1.54.0 CFM/Sq.Ft.
F. Air Change Rate 812 AC/Hr.
12 Residential
A. Total Heat 500700 Sq.Ft./Ton
B. Total Heat 1724
C. Room Sens. Heat 1220
D. SHR 0.800.95
16 School Classrooms
A. Total Heat 225275 Sq.Ft./Ton (Range 150350)
B. Total Heat 4353 (Range 3580)
C. Room Sens. Heat 2542 (Range 2065)
D. SHR 0.650.80
E. Air Change Rate 412 AC/Hr.
18 Libraries, Museums
A. Total Heat 250350 Sq.Ft./Ton (Range 160400)
B. Total Heat 3448 (Range 3075)
C. Room Sens. Heat 2232 (Range 2050)
D. SHR 0.800.90
E. Air Change Rate 812 AC/Hr.
21 Supermarkets
A. Total Heat 250350 Sq.Ft./Ton (Range 150400)
B. Total Heat 3448 (Range 3080)
C. Room Sens. Heat 2540 (Range 2267)
D. SHR 0.650.85
E. Air Change Rate 410 AC/Hr.
23 Jails
A. Total Heat 350450 Sq.Ft./Ton (Range 300500)
B. Total Heat 2734 (Range 2440)
C. Room Sens. Heat 2230 (Range 2035)
D. SHR 0.800.95
26 Bowling Alleys
A. Total Heat 1.52.5 Tons/Alley
B. Total Heat 18,00030,000 Btuh/Alley
C. Air Change Rate 1015 AC/Hr.
TOWER
1 CONFERENCE/TRAINING 2 CONFERENCE/TRAINING
ROOMS FOR 20 PPL ROOMS FOR 20 PPL btuh / seat
2 SEMINAR HALLS FOR 100 PPL 2 SEMINAR HALLS FOR 100 PPL
11 SEMINAR HALL EACH EACH 647 128 775 8,339 600 840 10.00 14.00 0.05 0.07
ROOF MECHANICAL FL CHILLERS, GENSETS, COOLING TOWERS AND ELECTRICAL ROOM 256 128 384 4,132
AUDITORIUM
B AUDITORIUM 400 SEATS 1,040 192 1,232 13,256 btuh / seat min TR max.TR ton/Seat ton/Seat
SUBTOTAL 1,232 13,256 600 840 20.00 28.00 0.05 0.07
External Loads
Because of the inherent differences in these types of heat flows, they are calculated (estimated) using six different equatio
(1) qS = (U)(A)(CLTD) is used for sensible loads from opaque elements located above ground;
(2) qS = (A)(SHGC)(SHGF)(CLF) is used for radiant sensible loads from transparent/translucent elements;
(3) qS = (U)(A)(CLTD) is used for convective sensible loads from transparent/translucent elements;
(5) W = (M)(A)(delta p) is used for latent loads through elements above ground;
These equations are commonly used by engineers to calculate cooling loads and size systems based upon decisions made e
Internal Loads
Because of the inherent differences in these types of heat flows, they are calculated (estimated) using five different equatio
(1) qS = (Installed Lamp Watts)(3.41)(Usage Factor)(Ballast Factor)(CLF) is used for sensible loads from lighting systems;
(4) qS = (Installed Watts)(3.41)(Usage Factor)(CLF) is used for sensible loads from equipment;
This part of the material on design cooling load presents information on the components of design cooling load and how th
External Loads
Variable: qs = U A
a measure of the
Variable: qs = SC or SHGC
shading effective-ness A
of a glazing
shading productor
coefficient and
Units: Btuh
would like to dimensionless
any interior and/or ft sq
solar heat gain surface area of
Description: minimize this flow
sensible heat exterior
is theshading
coefficient
SC traditional element
variable through devices (such
value used foras
this
design decisions overhangs or
an intent to provide measure; SHGC drapes)
is a
solar heating will newer value that is
require summer / measured in a
Discussion: affects system size
winter coordination maximum
laboratory values often
and energy set by energy efficiency function of
Implications: consumption codes or standards calculated from
building design
imposes first- and found by calculation or plans and
Notes: life-cycle costs from testing lab reports elevations
(60) (Btuh) /
Variable: W= M A
(60) (Btuh) /
Internal Loads
NOTE: there is no CLF (cooling load factor) applied to this load; the latent (moisture) load from occupa
qs = connected
Installed
even with electrical
Wattage
efficiency 3.41
Variable: load (or its thermal
improvements,
usually estimated the
Units: Btuh function equivalent)
Watts for all in
although
would likea to magnitude
schematic
equipment
of
design
and and Btuh / Watt
of the building equipment loads seems
Description: minimize
sensible
program,
this flow
heat
some
obtained
appliances
to
from
in plans
asbuilding conversion factor
variable through andincrease
equipment more
dataand
in
Discussion: control of these
design decisions more electronic
later design phases
loads is possible equipment is used in all
Implications: through design types of buildings
imposes first- and
Notes: life-cycle costs
NOTE: there is no CLF (cooling load factor) applied to this load; the latent (moisture) load from equipment and
lope assemblies (skylights, windows, glazed openings),
alled infiltration);
slucent elements;
nt elements;
stems based upon decisions made entirely by architects. Although a building designer should have some awareness of the basic metho
ts of design cooling load and how they are affected by design decisions.
CLTD
a Ahypothetical@ temperature difference
that would result in the same heat flow
deg F a shaded element under static
through
conditions as seen in the Areal@ case
cooling
(with loadradiation
solar temperature difference
and heat storage);
includes effects of indoor and outdoor
air temperatures, daily temperature
range, solar radiation, heat storage in
assembly, and radiation storage in
building mass (minor)
SHGF an
CLFAadjustment@
factor that
Btuh / ft sq accounts for the
dimensionless
CLF is affected
percentage
cooling loadof by
solar heat gain factor the weight
radiant
factor of
energy
interior
the maximum clear-day solar radiation that is stored in
expected to strike the glazing on the elements;
the building=smay
month, day, and hour selected for be
interior massorand
less than
cooling load calculations; is affected by greater
empirical
thanat1.0
furnishings the
values;
latitude, tilt, and orientation (indicating
time of analysis
affected by orientation, tilt, month, day, found
storageinor
hour, and latitude, reference
discharge)tables;
useful as a design
statistical data; available in tables tool
delta t
deg F
delta p
inch of mercury
difference in vapor pressure between
indoor and outdoor air
a function of the interior and exterior
climate conditions
during cooling season, the exterior
vapor pressure is usually higher than the
interior vapor pressure
delta W
an Aadjustment@
accounts for the factor that
Usage Factor Ballast Factor
electrical load CLF
accounts for the
imposed by percentage of
dimension-less dimension-less dimensionless
radiant
ballasts required
an adjustment cooling energy
load
accounts for any lamps
an adjustment factor that are installed for gaseous
factor that
factoris stored in
but would not be operated under discharge lamp the building=s
conditions assumed for load calculations operation interior mass
CLF is affected
by the weight of
interior
electronic elements and
ballasts have also by the
reduced this arrangement of
factor from the lighting fixtures
1.25 value with respect to
typically used for empirical
a space and its
magnetic ballasts values;
air flowfound in
patterns
obtained from ASHRAE
function of design intent product data reference tables
CLF
dimensionless
cooling load factor
an Aadjustment@ factor that accounts for
the percentage of radiant energy that is
stored in the building=s interior mass
affected by time selected for load
and furnishings
calculation relative to daily occupancy
empirical
patterns values; found in reference
tables; values are not necessarily
intuitive, but are logical
ent (moisture) load from occupants is assumed to not be affected by storage of water vapor in the building mass or furnishin
an Aadjustment@
factor that
Usage Factor CLF
accounts for the
CLF is affected
percentage of by
dimensionless
accounts for any equipment that is dimensionless
the weight of
radiant energy
usage factor
installed may also
but factor
would notbebeused to
operated interior elements
that is stored in
cooling
account load
for the portion (if any) of load and the
under the conditions assumed for the building=s
equipment
calculations heat dissipation that is percentage
interior massof
removed from a building by exhaust equipment load
devices (vents, hoods) empirical values;
that is radiant
found in ASHRAE
function of design intent reference tables
oisture) load from equipment and appliances is assumed to not be affected by storage of water vapor in the building mass or furnishin
areness of the basic methods used to size key building systems, that is not the primary reason for introducing this information. The ma
building mass or furnishings; the load is assumed to be instantaneous.
e building mass or furnishings; the load is assumed to be instantaneous.
oducing this information. The main reason an architect should be aware of these equations is because they define all the possible deci
se they define all the possible decisions that will influence the energy consumption and comfort potential of a completed facility that ca
ntial of a completed facility that can (or unintentionally will) be made during the design of the building envelope. The majority of these
g envelope. The majority of these decisions are made--either explicitly or by default--during the architectural design process. In effect,
itectural design process. In effect, engineers use these equations to figure out how much taxes are owed after the fact; architects can u
wed after the fact; architects can use them to reduce their taxes before it is too late.