Heat Equation

Mass (g)
Heat energy Change in
(calories) Specific calorie
heat ( gram C ) temperature ( C )

Example: How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of

250 grams of water from 20C to 40C ?

1. Identify the variables Heat equation: Q = mc

in the equation. Q = trying to determine
m = mass of water = 250 grams
c = specific heat of water
= 1 calorie/g C
= 40C - 20C = 20C
calorie
2. Plug the variables into the Q = (250 g x 1 g x (20C )
C
equation and solve. Q = 5000 calories
 Differences in Specific Heat
HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT LOW SPECIFIC HEAT
Temperature goes up 1C Temperature goes up 20C

100 g
100 g
Water Iron

100 calories 100 calories

When the same amount of heat is added to 100 grams of

water and 100 grams of iron, the iron's temperature gain
is 20 times the temperature gain of the water.
Specific heat is inversely related to temperature gain
 Conduction
Conduction is the transfer of heat by the direct contact of particles
of matter. The molecules in the hot cup of liquid transfer their heat
energy to the molecules in the cold spoon.
 Convection
Convection is the transfer of heat by the actual motion
of a fluid (liquid or gas) in the form of currents.

Danger!
 Radiation
Radiation is heat transfer by electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic radiation from the sun heats Earth.

SUN
A Seabreeze Convection Cycle

High Low

Air expands Air compresses

Low High
 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)!
and Ozone Depletion
The ozone layer protects CFC's reach the strato- O2 doesn't block ultra-
1 Earth from ultraviolet light. 2 sphere, destroying ozone. 3 violet light from the sun.
UVB rays UVB rays

CFC
CFC
CFC
UVB

UVB
O2 O2 O2
 Energy in the Atmosphere
What happens to the incoming solar radiation?

5% Scattered by
atmosphere
Sun
22% Reflected
by clouds

3% Absorbed by
ozone in the atmosphere 17% Absorbed by
(almost all of the atmospheric gases
ultraviolet light) water vapor & dust

3% Reflected by the
Earth's surface
50% Absorbed by Earth's surface
 Why Does Earth Have Seasons?

N
June N or
S o th e
or
S o th e u t rn H
u t rn H he em
rn i
he
rn
em
i He s p h e r
He s p h e r mis
phe
e
January mis e re
phe
re

Earth's orbit around the sun is almost a perfect circle. Earth

has seasons because it spins on its axis at an angle. When the
northern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun in June, the sun's
rays are more intense. When the northern hemisphere is tilted
away from the sun in January, the sun's rays are more diffuse.
 Global Surface Wind Patterns
H
H = High pressure
L = Low pressure L Pola
r East
erlie
s
H Prev 60
ailin
g We
sterl
ies

L Trad
e
30
Wind
s
Trad
e Wind
s
H 0
Prev
ailin
g We
sterl
ies
L 30
Pola
r East
erlie
s
60
H
 ~ Southern Oscillation
The El Nino
Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean
Indonesia Peru Indonesia Peru
Current Current
flows west reverses
direction and
flows east

The usual pattern of current flow The current reverses direction

~
during El Nino.

Coast of Peru Coast of Peru

Warm water
Normal current direction

Up-welling
cold currents
containing Nutrients blocked
nutrients by the warm water
Usually, cold water from ocean depths ~ the warm water current
During El Nino,
flows up to the surface along the acts like a lid over the cold water.
coast of Peru.
 The Rainshadow Effect

20 C
Prevailing
wind
direction

Fertile land Desert

40 C 40 C