CHAPTElI 4
COMIIAT SElIVICE SUPPORT
5ectiOft I. GENIRAL
4-1. PUfpoM
Thill dtllpt.er outlmell pnwt'dUtl'lI {or cumbBt IIl'rv
Ire lIupport \If jungle ..moLal. OpeFOItiollll lo m
dude .upply, mtlinlenance. transportation, and
comb..t Htvice support IIMpecb! of medical treat-
ment and eVl:I.(ualiorJ, and perllonnel roanagermUlt
and flt'rvic~.
4-2. loti< Con..._
4. 'fM> eIItaLliahed principles of combet IM!rvlce
lIupport apply to jungle OJM!'rationll. LoaiatiCII
:chniqUH, ptueedurell tlnd crjlanizationaL ron
~ptM must bP modified to provide re8ptJHIIIW!: eup_
port to cambtlt elenten18 ItS f"@quired by the
specific: lIitU8lion.
b. tn a juoirle environmeot. movmnent overland
is .IleVl!i"*ly N'tltrid.ed. The ronftiUtaUon of the
terrain, denaity of veretation. availability of
ground linfm of communication, and tbe Muon
have a direct inftuence on the ty~ of traol!ijl(lrl,a.
lion thllt ran b. used. and. eonaequentl:r. on the
fundiontn,lf 01 the supply, maintenance, and med
kil} evacuaUnn .IIY.llteml!!, and Ptll"3Onnel manaie-
ment and Ilervice.ll.
c. <;nrulideralion mUlt be acwrded Inereaaed
mainUonan>:e requiNltnenta Nlsultinl frum hip
humidity and u:mpera\ure; iJUpport of small iso-
lated units enll~ in illdtopendent operatloNl;
and requiremenlll ror Lmtperawrf' and humidity
controlled swrue fad Uti" til proleft shelf life
of dimauHlenaitlve items.
4. The !Opt1CilJ .upport unit must be IlQ lo-
cated as to bel!t atwmpllllh its IIUpport mluion.
and mU.IIt be prepared to provide all or part of
tht!i.rown ~urity.
_ II. $Ul'Pl.Y
Planning for eombat oparatluna In the jungle wilt
alwaYIl include (:on~ider.t.ion of the supply cap....
f. Loj(l~tictd requirementll mUlit be antldpated
well in IIdnm:e of attual need!!.
4-3. Orgonlaation
Caml.mt operationll in the junJtlciJ are CArried. out
by tlmall unita or tuk forct'tI operaUnr on an iso-
lated ilnd independent bll!ljll. Dinw.:t lIuPJIQrt ill
!~roYlded by 11 mobile logistk element tailored for
and attached to each lluIk fort't!: general I!!upport
IA furnillhed on lin Area built.
4. mred Support. The function of the dlreet
!lupport element is to provide dOR and contin-
UOUII IqiaUc .IIUpport tu customer unitll of the
tuk forte. 'I'M dired Ilupport element mU.llt have
m.lfl'~O\lntry fMbllity and the capability to IIUI!-
uin the combat opel""tltion& ;}f the t'lUpported unit
fur a definite period of tinw without rMuppb.
The rompoaition 01 the dinw.:t IIUPJXIrt .tern.nt
vArl8 accorGmlt to the type of uTnt l'Iupported and
Ittl peculiaritiea in equipment.
b. Ge,.~rcl SUVPQrt. General .upport adivill.
in Sllpport 01 jungle oJ)l!talions are Mublilbed at
point. that facilitate Jotr!atical movement.!! .ueh ..
waterway., roadl!. lind lllnding fieJdll, and Include
.IIupply. maint.enanCe, Mlrvlce element. of the anv-
ieM lind medica! evacuation flnd hUdplt.ll&ation
capablUtie.ll. (rimefa) .IIupport actlvitie& aNI orpn-
ized to provide backup lIupport to diN .llUpport
eklmentll of the tuk force, Theile pn.ral .upport
organizations hold &umcient IltockaM"M to .upport
the projected O~TatlOnll, with due conlilckr.t!on
to local "fllenlllhment cydell, time and dl.tance
fador. and uall()nlll rilllupply conll.ld.,aUohs:
ha'l't'" !.he cap&bHlty to OJ.lIIfate liBel of communica-
tion to direct l'IUpport element.!! crou-country and
by Army aircTlIft; aad hue the cRpabllity to de_
fend themllelvf!ll IIIAIMt attack.
bllity to support the operlltion. Supply ~ratiQt'la
wHl affect combat unitA in aeeordan with ,....
quirementtl that .lUPPUtI.II be made avanable in the
4-.
ri)tht amounts Rlld at the Ti.ht time MOO pl1tcc.
lWtjuir~mflnL~ for all d.lt~~~ of Hupply IU'C tlJ
fcd!:'d lIy jnultlt, q,nditiom<.
4-5. lam CqmicMra'lon.
<1, Units t'n)tniwd ill Junlt!t, ('omh.l 1)ltCrlltwlIa
IItwuhi be prHvllied ntll.'" th!)l\!' ~uLlpnt'lil !lnd ~\lip-
mt'nt L"I<~enlH.l tn thf' j\1'tomJ~hllhmpnt of UII:' .II:'.
lI!ltl1M mi~lItPII !llld NlIltiUJlcnt'ie~ whidl: may
krl!l~,
II, Hullklt'llt IJrt'f"A"ll)H11 IItt/fk!! of lIUPllliclI !lud
~ul"mf'nt "h,,"1!! 1M. mniltultJwtl (ur each unit to
In"ure thf' l'rnvHlI,m of h)KlllbrallllJII1,urt without
Illterruptmtl.
r. The {)l!lnninlt uf TI'lIUPP)y a .. Hvitiea \n in_
dude klnX f&flJof(' l'rnjH:tiul1 uf requir!Jmenl. multt
ho:> vlttremdy d.. tailNi twd .!Iccomplj~hed wcll in
!ldvance uf udm.1 rr,plIremclltll, (':oHlIideratitlll
mUM! he X1H'1l tf) lhl' d(>liVl'ry mean:\. nvailable. At
tim~ it may hI' 1lI'\'~~!llIrf to 1l~ ('arryifllf l)IUUto'II.
d, The In.. k uf I1l1ffidt:l\l 8.!1 well all J\Ceur'i
ground lillclt of ,'ummuUlCAtion III the junx!(>
often Fequirell Utte uf AeriAl r~upply; however,
(autiofl mUllt b~ f'ltereilwd in the u~ .of aeriAl re-
AuppJy tu II.mid dilW'loIIun' uf PlIllitioAA und JOM of
lIurprlAe.
t. Procedur~ fur rt~lu"hlinJ( itMnll .of lIupply
IIhould bE ~imphl\t'(1 IIml u:reo\'iiy 'Coden ahould be
IIRd whenever pc)llflib!e.
f. Unit dilltributi;:;n Ilf ~upptif'1I Mhould be em
p.io)'f'd Ii.tI tar forward 88 pc!Allihle.
g, RKOnniU:Wln('4! 01 MlJpply routeb and water
poinlri must be (untinuou9, Afld alternate route8
and diAtributiml; ~)intl& mU./lL t.w Im:.ated and dev!"l_
opod,
....., Cla.....f Supply
(I., ClaM 1. NonperillhabJe canned, dried Ill' de
hydrated iwms primarily are UMd durin/!! jUflgle
operatiofls under eonditiOIUJ wht"~ kitc~fl C.eili-
tleB. with the e(eeplion of Nlfril'"rAtwn, are nor-
mally available, and the unit ia not actively en
KtI'"d in eombat, Rations (individual combat
meal, lonl' ran~ patrol. or 11"",11 dettu:hment ra-
tiona) nornut.lly will be IUUed to unit. actively
engaged in eotTlhat. Tbe number of ratioM car-
ried by the individual IIOldier should be deter-
mined by such fadot'M alt weight, how and in
what quantitiell food can be: brought (orwatd,
wbe:fl retlupply WLIl be: effected, and the e:.Umated
duration or the operation, Hot mealll (lncludlnc
standard A ration) should be lIerved whefMt\'e:r
poasible, eapecially wh&n retrill!ration is ava.lla
ble. Fccdm. i~ usually a~'t'ompli~hed durin, day-
light ~Rvlle of the danger and diftkulty 01
mllvt'lJltmt Ht niJtht Rml the Pl'RRiblhly of enemy
ilnlhu~h I" nl.ll'bt altLu'kti.
II. ('Im(lI fl. !1\ II lrulJlioul "!lvil'l)lImimt rnpid de.
t(>r:nrHtin!1 tl! II jlrHunry (OIlMid.. rll.tiIlU In (:III.M II
r.Vj!pJy: i""ue dtlthlOl{. vartlcularl.v combnt bootll
Ilnri llrkJl.. IUlIt II v~ry !';hort lime, rOUT item!! of
thill n!ltvr/!'. rf'quiremefltll ahouJd be MtlmaWd well
II! ad"anft' Hud Rpedlll woviskm" shlluld be made
f01 JIllfltillatt' re~upply. At hIIttalitlll It'nl. limited
t'ml'r)teIIl'Y I\oUI)J)hl~1I o! 1llUffi:rted comba~ boots,
JIl)I"kll, 111111 l!nnilur It<:>ml! Ilf )!hurt Wear ~rlodlt
>lhoul11 bt- lIt\wked.
f', ('UI}!}! Ur. Too lIupply Itf GJU!! 111 i~rM dooJ!:
not initially prellenL II. great probl&m, WI rela-
tively few vehielc... wH11x! in op(!ration. However,
('IKAA filA will be relluiN!d in Jar.,., II.tnuunlri.
Uuitt> mm~t l'lIt!lblu~h C!tt8$ III diMtribution pointll
for vf'h:ide~ II.mlll.ircrl1ft II.Il required. Tank ll'U(ka
will l;w' 11"'1'11 jt..~ fnr forward all IlOssible; f)(}(l gill-
Illn I"llllaJllllible drumM are UIlOO for Clau lIt fi!-
lO,upply whel'l \ank trucks cannot rueh the (or_
ward arl'M, When dTC'urnl&w.ncell ptrmlt tM UM
of tracked vehide.., planninr mUll. indude addi.
tional POL !linct;' tracked v('hides normally have
I higher fud l'ul1xumpti()n rate when operating in
TU .I((!11 brrail1. The UIM! of helicopter" 14 support
operalionA rf'qul!'('l!\ that afl adequa:w Iuppiy of
rllll411 IliA be available at forward .IIUpply huel.
a, CIaIHI fll. TM lupply of CIB!18 IV itemll -will.
ror tht' mMt PArt, concern IIpecial items of indi-
vidulil and unit equipment In many CaM\ll, the
equipment normally authorized a unit will be
augmented by ndditional aliowalWeI. The UM ot
iarjte amount>; of epKial equipment and
fon.iflcation!b&rrier maleriel ror rie(el'lelve poai~
lionl will be difficult due to tralUlpDrtalion prob-
ierM aaaociated with: brinilnx up such m.teritl.
(/, elM.1.'. Because of the weight and bulk in
voj~. the Ilupply of ammunition and exploaivM
ofwn pfelle:nlri the mOl'lt ditReun rellupply prob-
lem. Cloae e{)ntNil exerelaed by .11 lea~n: OVfir
ammunition expenditurflll: within thelt unita and
the employmen1 of the appruprlate welpon
(or the 11 mitvlion will A8IIllIt in eliminating un-
n~ry ammunition rMuppiy. 1'lNt nature ot
the terrain and c1imatlc conditiona in the tropies
magnify the problems involved in siw 1MIleetion
and ammunition lltor.... Lat~ percefl.tapa of
the a""a aN! not IlUltable 101' etorap due to ....
eon14ur. Lewd, firm I'round may be wowrted to a
Quall1lli:re overnight .. a rflal.llt of the huV)'
downpour. ot rain frequently "parl.need. Rain
f.-.Ilnwed by intfWlI1' h'-Ilt 'Combir'i!' to proolJ('e COil.
dlti(ms thKt Jof,"'idtly at't'elerate the deterioratlHn
or ammllllilloll _nd Il!l;ddnx mail'rialt<, Iligh blh
mlll1ll .... , {'nUI}h~1t with iltt.-nl<f' heat. liIalt thl'
IItn'/I,Illh HI "~1<'r!\lin~ perMlTInt'1 t .. redm'e thl'
Krtlotmt uf wurk thllt ('11Il be fI.-rform"d. ltltpidly
fnmHll1{ funltl III lad. rJuth t'<lMrml\\'ntll >lurh II~
pmf.wthllll rhlkl'gt' UIlj(" Ilbd ham!lJlel'rll. T~rmlh! ..
elli thrl,uJ(h PIl1'khl)t rna1.'rlllll1 fwd wvod"/I
dunll!\~e. Cumbint'il, t~ ("ooditwM amplify th ..
IJrublemli thllf facf' _mmunlti(1O prroonn,,1 in the
trol'i1')I. Th., 1It1j)(ll"tant't' af Mlf;'(juat" dutl!lRjI'l"
Itlwlt!;'1', and \l1'lIti1l1.tion in ... tnrill/!! nmmlmitioH
rlUlrlllt IK> !)vl'rV'mllha"iited,
{. L'1<M~ Vf. Th{')le lofe p~rjlfmlll demanil item"
(n.mmilitnry )lalet< itemtt! nrld !lhould ~ made
availilble when poll8iblt' Iw.enulle of their In1\uence
()Il ihe mordle of trooJll'.
II, Cup", 1.'fl, The/4e life m1lj{)r vnu item"': A
final t'nmbinatwn of I'nd pr()t!u<v. which il4 ready
for iL"I ilttf"udvd UIM', (',Jr., tanb, lmlflchefH, ./Ihopll,
and vt'hldl'~, F:~Juillm.. nt in thiM I'II.tel/"ory i.!l ex.
trcmrly Important to tht' ('t)ntlu ..t 111' optlraliQM in
a jnttttle envir<;>nment lwi"auM ther~ Are few ladl.
itieM in lhe jun.,le 1M the alillembly vf heavy
ilemH of ('Quipment. ('Ue mud i:}(" eJ(en:ised to in,
Mure mainlrnan("(' I)f thtme iwfW'\ while in IlWrage
110 that they will be oJX)rlltional when Uwy are lit.
lIued to thf' combat fOf<;'('.... CummanderM Hhuuld
makE" detailed tl.1lA1Yflia of their ~dll for Hpedfl.r
item", of !\upply in thilt f'eilUlll, eCAUU rome of
theKe itemt< mllY hav/! limited UlW .nd appliellUon
in a junKle envimnmenl
Sftt"'" III. MAlNflNANCE
MainWhant'c (jrJ<llm~ij,tioIlM function eMentmlly
the lIame WI in other operations, The hixh humidity
and temperlltul'e prevalent in jungle an>all wilt
inere&5e maioienatl(e reQuiremf'ntll, Pre""entive
"",in~nallCe in of paramount irnjlvrt.ll.nte. II.lld the
need for coniinuou... command empha,,11l ill more
Important than in temperate an'all, EmphlUli.ll ill
placerl on (lB-lIite maintenance and thc Vile of air-
eraft for tran.flporlin.ll' maintenance teams and reo
pair partll trt unit level. Due trt grester reliance
pla<ed on small unit aetiona in junl'ie ('{)mbat op.
eratiorn!. sdeqUlI.te eommuni<'atioos becomell in-
cn!38ingly important and the uood for N!sponsivf'
ilff'lal mllintenanee ~upport ill: e.,Mmtia!. TheN! ia
a need (or an expanded maintenance f\o8t for im_
mediate dill!('t elchan~ uf lIervleeabJe tor uSllIerv
leeable il.emll,
II. ('/a.WH VII'" Thvllt' un' mcdlral mi\tcriel ill.
dudlntt ml':'<lki\1 jWClllinT rl.'plllr part!' Thl'&e
Itmlll lire mlm! Important to the lIuptlOrt of IUlY
t'''mhat adiun llfid purtlt'ulffrly t;. thl' IIUPlmrt of
J'IIl.ll'lI' ulllndlOn<~. He1'1IIIhl' ,hI' hllHt "'1)\1 hijl'h hll.
Illllilly fMI I'ml.'il' dl't.;>rlOrutwlI IIl1d 10>111 ,,{ pole!'b'Y
of ('('f1l~1O ml"llirnl "Illmli.,,, alHl medit'ine... , ft'l"-
q\!f'Ht rt'RUlIllly lI.ut! rvplm'empl1t o! thes .. itemh
mLly In.' )'tl(lhlrt'll, "lid thl!r,! will 1~ hn IU(Teallcd
heed fllr rrfdj\Nntlun eqUIpment Ttwn' will nor.
mnlly be un im'r"n)lt'd l'el.luirMwnt (.-.1' I'lutiseplir
ffillh'ri ..11Jl'\'nll!4'i' thl' bi.llh hNlt lind hUhllciity art'
('{)mlUr'IH' In IlIfl'I'till",
" Clu,,/I IX, Thl'l\p 1If<' rlo',,_,r pllfb .1!"MIll mrril-
1'111 J~'lIIHlr tI'lHlk IlIIrtll), I&ml indudt 1111 rt'p"ir
parh and ('omllOnt'nb, !I. indudf' kill<, lUuwmhli..l'.,
I&nd "lIblll\l!\'lIlblit'!l ifl'pairllbk! and nonrvpairablrj
rl'quir..d luf mninl('nll.nrt' IlU11jlilrl of u!! i!'quip-
mt'nt. ThiN dul'I~ uf KUpp!}' tllk~ on added 1m.
Iwrtan{'{' ill Il. Junxlr environment l:'wcause of t~
ftl.ll'h mortnlity rnte of (OmlXlnt'lItH, of .lIlrnd ltem~
jpara 4-7 and 4-8,. r.ummllndenl. at nil It'vel~
mUllt {'Unl'ltalltly !'mphunlt,(' lind l'pf"tn' l)wpl'r
mllmteruulct' of all typ!"l'l 01 equipment to prevent
cxee)l!lll.'f' lJSll..Ill' of rf'palr IIRrtll.
f. ('(m", X. ThlM ill. malrriel reqUired to lIupport
I1Immil:tll.ry prnltmmll, e .II'" uJtr~culturl' and t't't,.
nom/(' d(,\lt,jlljlml'nt /lnt IUd\1I1t'd In ('111l1li..,. I-IX.
The~e itemll are not required for the 'CQndud of
e(.nveuLjllnal rumbat operRtilinA in the jUnl'le;
howewr, they are very important in the condud
of stability uJH'ration~,
4-8. Maintena~ OP't'l'Qtiona
(I. OrllUnl.ti'llwnuj M'ail1trndl1rf', Ilimwlty of re.
Ilupply in tlw junl{le demand/! tontinuin,ll empha~
SlS (HI the performance of orXAniutionll1 maint
'lanCe, Hi.llh humidity rWIU wf'afns npidly, TIe-
lIIIitatil1~ froquent dtlanin)t, Unnll<!f'lIs8ry expo.
"ure "f IlmmuniWm eauKh: rapid deterll)ratton.
Weekly mnintelllutce, nnrmlilly IJer(ormed on hI'-
nal equipment in a lemperllw dimAte. will proba-
hly have tn be ll'Ccompiillhed fin a dAily basis, 8pe.
l'itk in.llrudion~ on .. lue and malntpnllnre nf
rlothm., ~Iulflment 8ml l'luppJie)o' ('an be found in
pertinent !WId and tKhnicllll1\llualli<
b. fHrOlr.( $l.Ipprwf, Direct lIupport malntenanc
ill providerlll1 the area of "perlllit)n!! by cOntpot!ite
maintenallt:e c()nUt1.'r. team!!, It ill normally lin'llted
tu mallltt-Illlnt"e lall-kM that CAn be rompleUd
IIpoodily. without heavy repair equiPI'Ilf'nt or
hellvy, bulky repuir Illlrtl', Contact le~m~ mny be
Itllllij(rwu til orwrllle (urwnrtl with the mHUI'IWer
h.ltlillOlI~, Ilr mny iJt:' held (.n.I'nll al a bHtIe IIreU,
Mall1l('IIUIH'(' pl'r1l:0I1IIf'i nmy hI' airlifted intn thr
l~rrtt ltf I>lwratLnl)~ by hdH.'ollter tn perform crili
,'1.1 IIU-l>lh' n'l)<I I 1''', lIJl~rn'l<'l'llbk fOm\)(lnl'nlll and
~nli !h'm~ fl'lluiriuK l'Xl:(>tJIIIV\' f{'lmlrM liN' "VI1('U
$eelion IV. MEDICAl
M"11II'1I1 lIUj.rll.rt In JUlIxl,' "llI'l"!ltium'l followR ih,.
1"'1"11 I'TIfIOpli's IIwl I'rnl'tw.'", ,;f mihtnry mt'o:li
"lnl'. jr"vi,.inn of l'I'\('(Ii.'u! tn'.tmi'nt 'lIld ('~l>CUIt
t: ..11 will IIf' "ompilolh,d by trwexil'Bdeli dllltant'e1'4
bi>tWN'n ltupportm tmllt'lIl\m:l BreM (If operatinnll.
the ItHlepenilellt nHture of OJ}<'rutiml, Hnd inat'ccll-
"ibilih' flf h,rrain, The mllllner in which nwiical
Ulll~ RIIVI".rt tHt'l!!';ll HrsrlUI!:mtmll1'4 will thJlI.'lId
1)n ttw tlmploYlTWnt Ilf Hit' IIUPJiurted unit Hnd
tl'w tys.w uf J'HlK!" III whwh tht'y Hrl: operl\tinK,
The rl.latwel;v hiKh il\{'ldeIH'f' of dUUlbility caulIl'tl
b)' twat. huml/,Ilty, lill!! iMf'dlionlC (ilM'allt';5 will
Tli"l:lulre inrrcllllt'd l'mpballis fill health and IUl.nitl\-
tlOn rn"HlIlIfr1'4, If) addition, ml'dkal dortOn! may
reqUlr(' oril'nlutliln IIIl di)<j'Ill'4l'~ IIml !lhll~~;'1t ~H'I'U
IiHr to rprtain tropi('.llIrt'I\, Srwl'ild prf!'t'autinll~
will hav" to M tak(>ll in tbp lltoru;c of certain
meiht'1I1 IIUI)llli~'" lind mrdl.:jlltlll dll(' tn h(,lIt I\nd
nllrh humidity whiton I'nn "H\1~e d*tf'norHtlon and
10l1li nf potrnry EqUIpment mlly require modif!('II.
lion to permit mK':imlim etH('iellt',V in combBt.
4-10, o,.rotlan of Mtdi(ClI Unt'"
Thf' prlllt'lpt"" ~I't (urih ii, FM 8 Hi II.hollht
(t.
be r!f!h.w~,1 til th,' \'lI:t~nt jl!;"rmiHed by the liilua-
tifltl; .,,'ntrl>lil(>(t ""ntrn), when Ilrltrtieable, ill more
('mei~nt than deeentratieatlOn, l"riendly air IIU~
riorlty coupl..t wjth availability of helicopter..
may KreatLy redure tbe requIrement (or elltabUllh_
ment of aid atationll and other intRrmtldlate rru>dl-
<,al lluJ)p(lrt Ilu'iHUl'It ttl pN"'id~ tan'! for lIerinulI
battle ealtUalUeK Aid l!'tations and other interml'
"'Ate medil'aj lIupport fa(>ilihef. ar~ N'quired for
sick rall, outpatient rare, unit,ation eupervillion.
immuhtzationa, lind ltUJetleld rellu8Cltation. Air
eVB.('uation may Mt bt" poou;ible bec&UIM! the enemy
cApahllitiea, t~ weattwr, or the terrain may
pNvent the UI\f' HI .irf*yaft. Moo.iI"'Alllupporl plan.
nlnsr Will have Ie be buM {ill a ;::f)neideration of
the fat1crs of mlMlon, enemy, troope and wratn
(METT). Evacuation planll muet be euffic!ently
ftexibl. to inilUre the &C('!)rnPU.bmellt of the mi.s--
elon wh4n helicopters &re not aVAilable.
IIt('(\ by wutef('rilft, hch{'l)]ltH, Uf whooilltld trll",k
vo:hklf'1'I Ill! haekhllul \(>J\(\14. Nu unaervicellblf'
('(Iuipm~nt of Tlo~~ibl\' V1I10<' to helltil" r~)rl'l'~
~h()uld h(' left Ut1~t'('urt'd whLlI' IIWuitillj( l'VU'\UI
llmL
/', (;("" 11(1 .'\'/J'iwrl. Ft,r II di,'lt'U~Minll IIr {i~nl'rnl
SlJlllmrll!~lwltl{',~, 1'1'" pnruj(r/IPh 4 MI,
k MjtLelll lmllll mllY rL'lpl1r(' ('(jn~id"rltbl,' au!\'-
mClllnlwll wh\'ll Mlllj)<>rl!l\l( jllrllOh' h]Wr.!lI!),," 101',
,'llIllIt' of the 10,01 .. 1<,\1 1;>"HtlO)I1~ "f IIU!elwIH!elll pp-
I'TX\l'm" nnd lhl' (lIiIlnllty 1\1 ('rtl~:;inK ~Hrh ter-
fam WIth p.u!!I'Hl IoIIHI1'4 WhN"kd IImbulllll1'\'~" in
lrnmt ,'n'w", wlll haH' il) 1:11' N'll;lU'I'd hy nther ;'IK-
olltlOn mt'atu; nmN' HpprUpr,nk for 11/\(' in ttw
jlll1lt'l, When tlit!kult {('rruin "nd wide dt~IKmml
"f \'t'nl!lIlt pjt'nwnt>< did"!" th., flt,f'd f,,' ,.,lIhttlnK
.. r hntlllimn nid MU.tH>!\~. h(lhtu>f!hl rrwdil'nl Iwr"
lU)llIlel wlllh' rfi]\;lrl!,J Wnl'll II "ll:Nlb!;' unit up,
t'rnh~ fl'llm a JIIIIKle hlllill' ,'ami) urNI, it m"y he
advauil11l('!'H!i to! n,jh)('nlto a moL1I\" army Mlll'jfknl
h(!~pjtnl with it, 111 JHII"l!' ternill, ml'<Jil'al "VA("
llfllion IIjwrationl< mllY be fndlihtkd b), the ('11-
tabh:<hrnenl of I'olll't'tinl>t JlOlnh. t>pef'llttkl by IYWd-
dl.lrinJ{ IIUfh moW!mpnt!!, and in AddltitHl. may b<-
,{'n! IIld mt'n l,t mt..rnwtilltlt' puintM Itlmll( tne
rl.ruk ,of t'I'UCUlltHiII Thi.ll mny U('l,"ur whl"u il iM
prlll'l\o; III to lnUl1'4rt'r Tllttit'nu. rTUm (IIle type of
lrltllllj)prtlitiOlI toj Rll(,lhl'l' ~);t'h II:; from Iiller
oonrerl'l to IUllh<.!luw;(<iI "r bl'lil'Hlltel'll, ('nfl' m(llll
hi' ext'rei~I'd In lht, \l!!t of th('M! pl'~ureR flHlrl'
~\I",h ,~mlll1 i!lnlAleil pomt!! mny be profitable lllr_
4-1 t, ivacuCllion
1/ (;IIIf'rni, Th(> ,'\'a("uu.bol\ (.f wnundrd in Jlltr-
KII' wllr(are prl'lIf'ntl' VBrlM probk-mll, The pro-
portion of Litter "II~'!! to aml:mlatnry rlU'.eK !II in
rrea~fii in JUIIKW nrellll Aine.> even a IIlilthtly
w!)undM indiviliulIl may rmd It dlffi('ult to lra_
v~rlW thf' rllffJl't'd terrllin Ali a n'llult, the callulI:lty
urdinHrlly dAII"jl\ed aM "walkln, wounded" may
berame litter {'ftfltL Smt'f' the combination n(
heat Ilud humidlly ill rotidU<-lve W inln1iol1ll,
spet.'ti of evileuII:tion III v\tal. Spe\ial ('(Inllideration
must be given to the romrervati<1J! of manpower,
Litter hauls mWlt lw kept t<H jIIh(trt as the tactical
JIIltulllion will permit. Wbt'tl t'vJltuatkm by litter
ill requirfli. All forward medklll lrullallatJoM
IIhould ~ llit.l.IlltM All eJoAe JlJI poMible to the
trOOPB IIUpPt'lrtl'd in order to redure exhaujlltingly
iong litter nau18,
b. Evacttalion MfalU, The 'lYquitmltl'lt And prop..
erty normnll;o prelWribed by tllbltHI of orjlauixlI-
tion alld equipment (TOE) for mtldiral eVII('\U\
tion unilll mHy nut ~ the mlll>t 1I\lItahle for junjlll'
opt'rntilln~, TO"; v('hid~M mllY Ilot be ahlt' lo tn,.
v .. rlll' lhl' ll'rrain whcrl' operlitiolUll l:.H.!<'ome nCl:eft
lIary, "nd t'Varlllltwu ()f pjllit'ntM hy liHer may bt>
It IIlow and exhl/;u~tLn~ t!illk, f't>(\uidnjl aUlnl1cnla
tiOIl IIf lht ml'di(,lI.l unit'! with many nonmt'dit'a!
per1'!nnn{'L AU IIvaililb!e nwthOdM may be UHed to
IIUlfml'nt or,(lln[c m('di('ul t'vII;rl1Ut)(m melinll. They
may inc!ud~' trli\'"kl"d ..... hidel>, pa<"k allimalll, r.CU,
hlJa"', Imnrt'", h('hl'o]ltefll and ]ittl'f hCllr'CrM. Indilf
eni'<IUtI. ]ll'nI(!nlll'! m"y tn' Illll'd lUI lltwr bl'al"frl'.
wh!.'u Ilt'Ollerly MIJ1WrvlIWtI hy Army Mediral ne.
partment (AM";IJl), rwrlimmel Groulld medieal
eVIU'lIlltinn m thl' junsrll' wilt normally bt" alome
aupp!y rnutrul. 1(ince the5l' roUifoll are usually jllven
all pOlu<ib!t' protct'tion from the enemy.
{l} i,tiffTl'" All type,.; of littt>rll may be Uflert
durin, opernti;1Il1I io thl' jUl!jl1t~, but whell evatua_
timl illVlllVl!!t trlUlllllllrimsr j:mtienbl over l\trulWll.
jpliliell (}r IIl('Pp MllI1Wl>, mellil hmd<et ittf.l>rll mlluu_
tain typt>: or StllkeM liU\"rI) other some advan-
taJ{t'fI o~er tbe ~tafld.rd foldin)(litter!!. Metal ball-
ket Jitteu provid.- more 1I('('urily to the PAtientfl
reAdily rlllll~! fflr UM! "u 1)Q('k AnimAl!!. Illdip~
noWl l)et'}lOl1llel 111100 all llttpr i.waNlrll may pr.!'fer
to WIt' ('lmVIUI ~hN'w wllh Pi,l!' looPl' Attathed,
The CHllvall III liitht Ilnd 1IlU'lily tarried, And poleJl
mAy be ",ul .us net'dt'd, l.itb>rK may A1IIO be impro_
vi,.ed from tlothinsr, POn('nOll, IIheller h.!vell or
other HVIlHable material.
fZ) ,liT' /<:I'/If/wfiml. Thl' many dif'flrultiefl of
medil'lil e~lIt'U/lti(Jn I'll('ounh'rl'd in jungle opera
tion,. emllhll!d1.l' thl' Ild~Rntf\JI'''~ nrair evaruation.
In the jUllllil', helieoptl'rll I'tnvlde faftter. more ef.
ftt'icnl tran!!Pf)rtatil)n fur tll ... ultLUeft than other
ml'thod!l- whirh mljlht bl' llsed, The reduttion (Of
time betwf'f'tl injury nnd treatment hM- dired;
ef'f~t on thf'" tirru> ~luired ror recovery and the
So"'" V.
4-n, o.n:aral
Thit; ,.,cti\>fl pretU'nb only II: very baak dlS(usaion,
Detalbl conrerninjt transportation rt'tOdM, emplGy_
ment. and related doctrine art' N'lnt.Airnhi 1n man~
1/aiB of thl> r'&'weril'M. With few exe.>ptiotIBur~
far\" tr&nllp!:lrtation fMdlltie!l in the humid tftlPiea
Are poorly developed Bnd have. very limited t'....
p&bllity for movinj{ larKe lonn.1iN of {'arro or
numht-n ()f per6()nnel for even reiAtively short
fll'lAl rt'>lultll or tlw trt'.tmt!lll. Tht! UI<{' uf tht m{)llt
rltpirl, mO!lt wmfnrtllUil'. and tnt' ilafNlt mt'Anll of
rVII!'uatiulI i~ fat'lhtll[('l.l wht'n landinsr ,wn\"lI a"e
/lvjllllll) .... t'\OIlf' ttl thl' blltth Hr~'II; ht,w.I'\'"r, in
I\r,'/\M whl'fl' thl' folhlxe ill den~I' and n(') landinJl'
1.11111'11 IIfI' IIVl\illlhlt,. n ht,]j{'olll\'r 1'lluil/JICd witb II
t'able hni~t K,\'~lenl ('nil LM' U;;I'I\ for lbiH purpolw
In lIirm!Jblll' upl'rlltinllll. ml'dieal !;!vAtuation pllotll
mu~t be fully briefed on initial land;nsr lonell, re"
IIU!Jp)y inndiuK zoneJI and any other pertinent ill>
fllrmHtian rrllljifill to:! tactical (fOOIl mtwetnenhi
Mr(h{'u! lI:irH!lft mny nrbit over a spt't'it1c pOint
dllrinjl th .. itJJtiHi ph&lW of Sil iillrmr.bil .. (')per.t!(')1'1
to .. xpedite r\'Jlcuation dnrillll thill t'riUea! perioo.
(:0 Pr/Olrip/f't1 of Nrorua/wrL Prifl{'iplt>1'! (If
e\'a.uatiml lIrc to~er ..d in detail in FM 3-35, Fcr
prinfiplt's or pVlIcuatiof\ in mnuntaint)ulI jllnjllf'
tl'rrain,li<'I.' PM 31_72,
4-12. Mtdkol Suppliaa and EqulptMnf
ItPtnB of m!'(ll"Al TO": etlulpment fthould M (>vAlu-
ntM tn df'tl'rnnnt' mlAAinn il~fillnt!:!tA in a humid
tNlpieBI ellmHie EqUipment may AIAo require
m.)dlfl('lttion to permit mMximum efficienry in
<'omhnt Medical elemt'nt" I\Upportillsr independent
UJllt olWrAlllln!( mm>t inllure that they have lIuffi-
I'lent mt'dkal "IJPlllie.;, Pro~'i"'WII rnuJl1 bf! mad..
ror rel\upply when medkal l\uppliM drttp below
the nlquired I"~el. Certain druj(R Rut'h 811 penlcil
lin, whole blood, f;lintml'nti<. hydro('ortiMln liquidn,
Mult.liquid.l!l. ek .. have critit'ai IIWrajf'e temperA
ture rAnpll, To pl'~vent \(IM of JK)tency and !Ipoil-
a.we, proviaiO'II muat be mllde to provide Adeql.latt'
storaJ{t' for thele drUj(M, When reliJllible, An air
rOlldlliolll!d IItMII,,1' facility "hlluid be used, Card.
board eOhtainerll uled for Iljlrkinj( O'f rnl'diealllup-
pJletl II:nd IlIbel,. used on bottle druR'1! and medi
cinea df'leriorate and become iIle"ible or fall oft
.tter perio(hJ of open aWran in wet humid di.
matea Adequate rovered slor8J{e il!' an e/i/iential
requir"ment for maintenJince (')t these lIupplil'lI',
llIANIPOIIT..TION
distances. Tbe manpower lind materiel rt'sOurcell
requirM fQr ronl5truction, improvement, .. nd
m.lnten.~ of lIurf~ tranaportatlon mode. in
junJ{t. operationll. togetber with aecurity prob-
lems, time lImitll:tionA_ and almil.r relat.d fac-
tor&, may In mAny inetanrea be alpfteantly r ..
dlK'fid or (wermme by uain, by uIln, II:J\ air JIM
of communieatiollll. Howev.r, for muimum
.flkienty 11 moo. ebollki be coraider.d. and

'114 :u-"
should I.w inf'()rp,)rated into au i"tf!j(rlited rapid
lrAUlIport lIy~tl'm IlPprnprillie: to the situAtion Ilnd
openltimw.t telIWfN'rlettU!
4-14, Transportation MoRt
.1.llrmwlIl'"rf(I(lf".
(I} A blll'!l" mell.n~ (If mm'inM' :'\Ul'plif"A lind
~Iuipment in jung!!' Op<!fU(>It~ i~ HUll of hMnt.!~
("jury!!l/( by trnoplI or mt.!igf'OUllH penlOnncl At
J)(!lIl. lhl" nll.'lhod ia alo .... lind laOor!lJoll and, pltr-
Ul'IJlllrl;V wlwll tN!HI,1I art' ll~cd. ill iUt'fficient. Ad-
dltimu,lIy, th., carrying plLrty, wh<'iher Militllry
ur indii'n"tlll, mU>lt iududf' additionfll rWrH(lnnt'1
all >w<:urify r!)r!"\'~ to pfoifft thfO party from
f!nemY [Ielml!. PhYIlJrliil {'mlflitionin" a)1(1 traitllnjt
of t~'P<" in tht' m;:thmlll lind techlliqlttlll o( Io.d
earryiull, lnKl'tht'r with timitinlt hand cliTried
IUlul" lo ollt'rlltll!1U)[ ''1UIt'nhfll Ilt'mM will materi.
ally i IICrea!\(' tr.mp fl\rrll'r efft!l"tiven4'1I1I.
CO Tht' i~!I'- pad!: honrcl is H Aervk~ab\.e
carryall. If It ill not avaii8ole, load (urytnll' de-
vite. suth ..'\ tht" "A' frame u"t!d in KerN:!. may
be o"blained (r(!m indigenous IWurces. One or two
mall ItI6d cArryinK devi<'es may be improvilled
frum wood. t'anvas, or rope,
(3; for eVlltU8tlOl) of patienUi. the boot litter
svailable LK the Slokell meta! litter which
weigM ~II.~ puunds. Thit! litter 1M of rigid ton-
dr!lcllon and will not mllapse IIhould one o( the
beuers fall. Additionally, il can be rAppelied
down tllffs aod uaed in helicopter hoiat rf.!COV-
eTielt. An rxpedlt;nt tilter made (rClm twu polelt
and tWil (atill'ue jacket.8 is useful in the event. of
emergeucie/t,
II. A,fll'1J'4l [.uk,
{.I; AlthoUjth the UJ3. Army is no 10l1ger au-
thorim pack animals in the ayatem. they do have
A plaCe in Jungle tranllportation and can, in ""fIH~
a1"t&il, be obtained by wntrad or purchue fmm
locallWurCelill. Pack Animals sultable for UAe in the
"veral jungle a~" of the world include tlw
Aors!!, Mule. donkey, water buffalc, and eler>hAnt-
(2) The lOAd carried by a pack anim.t Is
dependent upon th(!' typeil of anlmll1 used; type,
weij'ht Ilnd bulk (If !!lad; diatan t.o be traveled;
terrain; And ra~ of march, Since there ia little
forage in the junirle for dome-&tieated anim81&,
tMlr use requiree that fW811"e 00 carried by the
anlmAla, thereby redudnj' the r<aylood.
tSl Ulle of native handlera with pack ani~
malll ia dellirable in that native hltndlera are nor
malty more IIkiUed with the animalll and, partieu.
luly in that troopa are thereby releued ror oth.r
duti~.
f', Hiqhu'(t/J (0,,/ MIlM,. TmnRporf.
III (;enerfll!y .'!!wakinl<. l1lt('rior road)'! ill
)\\IIlll(' IIrl'R~ ar~' rare. Th<llw thllit ('Xillt, alth(luvh
p<llllljhl~' ltdetjuatt' (<lr tiormal indllf')n<)U1I \lite,
;juwkly neh'rjnrllt.- under fHI)' ~lIhRtantially ftI
."t'II.'1(>(1 tra/lll' Hnw J)urinv WI'! weAthl'r mill'll
r1lKdll !IO',IImt' Iml'lIl1)\ub!t' t() nil v;'hid(' trank.
";v('o durmll dry HNI~II1, (\llllwuin;:: "fll(im'>'rin;::
.-Wort mil)' he rL'<oluireti til in.'!vre their IIlIflhitity by
m!lltllfY vehlch~. MlIl!y IIrea.'! l)f'(wld(' nothing
mllr!' thllll trnill\- pUl\-lIRble ()Illy t() Ilaf'k animnh. {lr
to mPIl nil fut)t. lillrillil lh.- f/lIllY lIeal'l\)1! ~'VI'I!
tnlill! fH'<lul'll11y l;>e!uml' implV<l!Jlhl(' or, al l;>eld,
J(hI'ml' y riill\('ulc ";Xt'l'llt rur anltilll NUld~ f~w snd IH'rl~n'lI\t'l lind fIJr ('VllcHatton o( clUlu*It!eJ:;
hridg~ .. n-tl !tllli nl.>Ht of th.'l1e ure inni))ahl., of
hUPPlll"tlnll mlhtury v('hwlplI without e;.;wmuvt
I'nM'lIwer t'onlltrudlOlI c-tf1lrL lJurillK tlw rainy lWa-
lIUll mill!)" I<trf'tlmll lIr~ ul~ford!thl<i by vehide. The
lack of !.l'O&-t ttl!!llt'{'tiunll hetwe.m exiating road!!.
m trllill' hamltl'rl< or prl'vetllll "j,mmUBitlJili,m~
lind clmtrnl tt-lw;>t'll mov~mf'Jlill ;>II'lI'jJnrale UlI.eH
nn Thl' tYlll' Illttl numb!'r u( vphid('!4 thlJit l'lln
be f\TIl(liJIb!y ulled 'Ill any plu'tit"'ular junl("ie !)lJera
timl litre Ifepend('ltt UpOll the avallnvl" roadll Alld
traill!, terrain, dimllw, vell;etJolion. and lIOil traJ
llubiHty An additlofllll, Ilnd frequently d"dlllve.
fllt"tor III l'on.~ldering movf'melll by vehidt' il! lhe
t'IlPRblhty to Mltillfy ('Ouvoy ~C("urity require
mentR.
(3) Wheeled vt'hl('J ..... lire mlrm .. lIy relltri.'ted
to dry w...thcl' \1M' of rl)lldll .1Iq wide trails. For
('rullll-Ctluntry movement, trlK'ked vehiclefl may
prove l<uitnhle provided vegetation and terrAin
nbBtadffl IIml soil trallkllbllity pernnt Cra8ll~
~1I\fltry mOVl'TT!!'nt r('llult't'l! rt'(:onnalllllll.nCC, Ilnt.!
pN'!Iei('{tion and mHrkinit of mut.t~. with J'mrll\'\!
Illr attl'ntlOn 1I.t'("fded the ~tJhof'tlon of Huitnble
river, sircMm, lwd t'anHI rr{)MlnK Mit-l's,
d. fnliJnd WafnWill/, Riverll, sLreamll. and m_
nab. provide an ewnomkal mode (ar moving Stlp_
ph.,~ and juipmenl in junR"le operatinna. In I'e-
mnt"" Itreaa, lttlflnd waterWaYII may very well ron-
sUtur. the bat'kbulle of the tranaport system.
Larke rivera dr.ininll the area may aeeommodate
the llatlMage or sme.11 1Ihip!l and lanre OOfttA (or
lWveral hundred miles inlflr.d. Where smaller con.
tributory streams brarn;;h oat, transfer points.
may bt! established (or the tnnslolldlng of Clirgo
lot.> smaller WliWttra(t far further movement
into the interior_ flooding ('onditiontl in IImaller
streaMlI, while constllubnj( an added haurd may
aIM prove advflntageous by permiUinlf the ule of
deeper draft w*terer*ft and or motors Movement
by miU\Ary watercraft may be auppltmtenta.d by
Usin" rwtiw <'rart, (In'fl'rnbly o!)('rated hy indill;e.
noua per,.unlwi. 11\ eml'rgency. rafts may bt! con~
strudt'd for \.lAt, Il~ lin ('xl~ief\t However, r*ftll
ani: dlffit'ull to ('onlrol, (lartkularly in "witt nr
turbulent 'Itnum~. ('aution ;o;hnuld be eurdsoo in
consirut'lil1g" rlllt fmm JunKie haniwDUOII If the
1<>1( ill of Mu<h ,kll)!lly thnt it will not {lmlt. the
urt will !lot fI(llll.
1'. A.r.
(1) Th.. lI(lllll'(' o( jungl.-: operatinnlt and lhe
environment WIthin which th .. operationll are car
ried Qut; ttw n'l'llrring requirements (or rapid
and tho.!!>I,. mowl'n('Jll uf IIllllpHH,. e<]uipment,
th.. lel!jllh (!r the helicopter CII.rj{(l wind! cablf.
and the (tI'1pWlll n"l!exi"t.-ncl' or inadi'tlulli:Y of
other mov"mt'llt model{ all {'ombine to emphssize
the .'Iillnitirunr(l 01 an air line o( rommunirationll
in lIuPPllr! ~)t j\ln~df' "prrati(JnA. Rupport may be
either hy tlxt'd Wing "i,,raft nr hy heJit'opter
Both typ\'l~ of ftitf't"nft arc .~ubJet'l to perfnrm&nfe
limilillHWII jmp"..,,~! hy temperuturlO'denaity alt!.
tud.-: ('(lJlditinnll. "h.- IIj}f'nt(Jr"M m.l!ual puhlilthed
for etl('h type uf alrrratl ('olltalns dt1:ailed per-
forman('.-: nll'l\bility t.!ata for that ty!)(, of aireraft
under lIr>edfled co!\ditl{)n.~. {Simply stated, air-
craft J~rform"ncl' rapability dec!'e8&ls lUI the
oou.idt' IIlr temp .. ,.ature inf'rt!&AeR and/or density
dre&lle~. Air de(~ in denMity all it bocom..
Warmer,)
(2) Gelwf8lly, fixed wing trunsport aircraft
can operate .. I ;::n-ater radiUM dtlllnnct'li \dillta~es
out nnd bao:k without rduclingl than <'8.n the
trsnSj'hlrt tmlieopter. However, !,lit of fhfed wing
air1:raft ror air,!anded 10ll;istic support o( jungle
operlltioful rmlujrell lIu'ltable landing .trips. nOr_
mally not found in forward or remote junrk!
are~. AirfllfW ('onlltructim! in theae areas USUAlly
require. th .. URe of h.-:avy equipment, involves tbe
"l>enditur~ of lIi"nilleant Amoont.! of manpower
and Materiel, requiN's ('(Inlliderable time, and
(rmrtkularly during the wet aeason) ia acrom-
pUaht'd under extremely adverse conditions. Ad-
ditionnlly, e<mtlnuinll; mnlntenanee ia normally
requi red if the air lItrip ill to remain operabte. An
alternative iA to airdrop the lIuppll .. and equip-
ment. However, bt!t'Auile of the dense Junllle CAn-
opy and the often impenetrable underrGwth, *
high percentse of airdropped supplies rna), not
be found by sUPJlOrted elements Gr may be r'ov,
ered by (,!leroy troopa
an Helicopters are particularly well s!,llted
for movement of Rupphea and equipment In sup..
port of junKie operatir.nH, Although more re-
atrleted thsn the fixed wing tranHport in the ra-
'MJI_U
dio" ,Ii"tant'l' fit wh:,h it CAn "peO!~', thf' hl'li('op...
ti'r in airlRndt'd operations re'llIireR rnmpara
lIvely llUle III tht' way j}f lanninv fH('lliliell eun
... /rudiorl. U'Munlly heliropter IIreMII rsn i)fl enn-
idrJl('~'d hy !rtlOp" "r 1ll(lilleneou~ pel'llmnel uaing
hannltml~, powef MaW" and ell:l!lo!livffl. Sinre tht'
hi'!il"Uplf'r clin ;"arry ('1lt"lofu eXlf'rnsily, thc nir.
I"rsfl may Iw hover ..d and tnt' carll;<I rel ..MNI
from, or attached to, t.he helICopter fll.r}!O hook
Without the airrrllH a('tually landing. rf ne'l1
;'ary, the, helicopter nperated II.t spprnprtillely re-
du~ weheM, un be hovered over the jllnJ("ll' clln
upy ur (tthH II.reas III heighl.i! romtn(!n~urate with
lMtR"th.
I, Rail.
(1) With few exeeptionll, nil muvement
t'llpilbHities ill junille /Ueall are limited or lIunex-
illt('nL EXcellt for {'O&IIta] linM, mtlf!t serve .11
(\('dt>r hneft from commerdsl elttsblillhment
(plantatiQll, mine or (actory) toa port.
(2) Track Ittrudu~ is ulluaUy light, and
track Stauge may \lllry between dlfrennt areall.
The t'cuntry may 00 dependent. upon import tor
etljtinelt, rolling stock. construetjcn and mainte-
nance llq\llpment, and tor (abrka~ ateel items
SlJch 88 rails and atl"uetur.1 memoorll for bridle
lind tuiverti!,
(S) Railroad right.&.of.way in the jlJnlle
afelLS are diffi('uH. to m.1ntaln, partfeularLy dur_
inr the rainy sea~nn, 180latliln. vuln.rahllity to
sabotage, and the absence 01 alUtrnate route!! may
aubjt rail movement to frequent traffic inter.
ruptions,
11. Pi,.U'IUI. Normally, if pipeline is svailable
in jURj't. lire.., It 1a comparatively Hmito.!d and.
in moat c ....., MrV1Nl only to rlear the port by
movl1lj' POL trom the pon to ItClrage t&eilltl.
\lfllallyloeated only a .hoM distance inland.
4-1S. s.-tIy
a.. Security of UMfI. of communication in junrle
operation. I. a COIltinutnj' Pl'Ohltm. edtical to
.uce. .(uJ l'Mupply support of forward etemlht&
J4c,at aurfae. IIG" of eommunieation .n co"'rod
by a buY)' ov.,hud follap c.t.nOPY that Imw..
ferel wah or p,.",nta ~t!ve Ml'Ial reeonrllu,.
!lance. Heavy un.rl1'Owth. partl.eularly -.JOlla' in~
land watarway., faellltfial.nerny ambuah of .u....
face MOvement..
b-. Contblutna rout. .un,IUanet aDd f'tiCOlI-
llAl...nee of ~nd and watar rout. Ia nQUlNd to
Iocata and ellmlnata min... ~ ambuh.
and darnaae or d..truetion of ..rout. fadUt:l-..
Armed ellcorl, surface !lnd fur !llr, ahould ill' J,l'iv('n
IndIvidual vehicle!! and f'nnvoya of land and water
mu ... eml'ntll na rl'quir('(l Wherl' ternlin permitll.
armol't.d elemrntK mlly ht ulled to escort II'round
Vt.hW!t'K. Armed J,l'unrlill ma~' ride WIth rilll move.
nWllh. Armed ht'licullter~ t'lln lx' efTedively UKl'd
1I11 t'1I('orl. particlllnrly with nir movement. De.
tailed plnnK of countera('tion to lIpt'rific ~ituationll
~houlrl be developtd. rehe!lrst'd. and coordionted
with e.~cort elemenill. Pian~ ~hould include provi
Ilion fnr arlllltry and el,,~e 1I1r lIupporl o ...er the
I'litirl' rnutp. EfTertl"'t Hnd r('lillbh' communicn
tinn hctw('t'll 1111 tltmenlll of the ("OIlVOY ami Kllil
IlnrlinJ,l' IIccurlty el('m,'nt~ nrt' l'riticnl to mo"'\.'
mpnt ~erurtt.v.
Se<tion VI, PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
AND SERVICES
4-17, General
Tht UUilllll' t'rlvlr(JlImt'1i1 or thl' JunJ,l'le pre!lf'nt~
t ... {ry ('omm(lIl(\I'r WIth uddtd per~onnrl mllnnJ,l'I"
ml'lIt Jlrohlcm~. Exll"el1l('~ of tempernturt, eli
male, yell'elntioll II'rowth. It'rwin tCll1ure!l. llRtiv(,
cultlln'~, and wildlifl' mak!' thc junll'le appt'nr 1111
a natural (Iud formidable foe. In it, the !loldier
f(l('('~ tht llrollped~ of Ilt'W Rnd !ltrllnJ,l'e circum.
lItnn('I~. pott'nl mlly fntul I ropiclll diRt'fllle!l. heat
npJll"f'lI~iVt hUnlldlt~'. exltnded periodll nf ~llefl('e,
!lemldnrkfl('~~. or tulal d)(rkne!l~. I1nfllmiliar
siJ,l'hbl, ~JI1cllll, lind Huulld,~. slrnnJ,l'e lIati\'t,s, pre~.
em'e of wild ben!ll~. tlillkulty or muvement under
the \xo!lt of (ol1dllilln.~, pl'riudic illolatioll from
~upporl element~ which hrinJ,l' him mRil. pay lind
t'lItt'rtlllllmeut. nnd ('(1I1111Rnt threat of ('nemy Rm
hu~h Rnd dO~f'.tl\lllrh'ra combnt. Thell(, faC'lorll
will hll\'(' R diret'l lx'ilrinll' on hili auility to prop.
erly rf'nl'l 10 hl.~ It'lIder,~hip and hill dellire to
con!li~tenlly perfurm ul peak efficiency, Corn.
mRnderJ{ .~hnulrl recoJ,l'nize the requirement tor a('
dimlitillition and p~ycholoJ,l'kll\ adjustment of 1I11
pl'r~connel. ellllt'{'lllily Individual replacemcnta (1Iet'
chap 6) nnd Inl\\l1"(, thnl 1111 perannnel re('eiv(' II
('umplete orif'ntlltion of thl' unit, it~ millllinn. lind
lhe rO\ltint,~ of jU11I1'I(' liVing, workinJ,l', lind flJ,l'hl
inll'. To thl' extent prRcticllbl('. all men Khouid he
kept 1I1formed (If the oyerull situation since it i~
lIeldom pO!lllible for II mnn to observe th(' actionll
of ndjll('ent unit!l or even individulII!l. Elich man
mll.~t reailz(' his pnrt in the overall operation if
hl~ mllximum ('ITedivellt'IIII iK to be II'nined Elich
lIHlividulll. particularly newly arrived replac('.
mellt~. ,~hould 1)(' furniKhed II r(,RllOnRhle period of
time to mnk(' It ~RtlllfaC'lory initilll adjulltment to
4-16. Moyementt tive lial!llln nlld \'ommlinicRtion~ exillt betwf'('n und t'VIIt'uutiO!l of dt'('ell~p(1 p('r,~onnel will nor
their Ilupportt'd unit~ und th(' !lollrc(' of P&A Ser .... mnlly he uvniluhl(' to the ('ommand('r in the jun-
For maximum I'ffiC'ien('y, RlI modt'~ IlvRilable for
u.~e In R lillt of cummUIl1('allnnK ~hould ht l'()n~ld
ieell and lhat thcir 1I.~.~iJ,l'nf'd pf'r~onnt'l who ar(' J,l'1, t'n",l)"llnmtnl. All t(,htI01II1 or ('nmmumlllhould
chRrJ,l't'd WIth I'&A n('ljoll!1 nnd liailloll rellpon!li. tmphU~I\(t lht' lnll",rlulU'I' of l'xr)('diti'Ill.~ remnval
erf'd for inrorporlltioll into 1I11 iuteJ,l'rat('d rapid
bilitw~ lllldt'I'~lnlJ(l nnd npprl'l"int(' lht' ne('1i for fIr r,'nlllinn III thl' Illlt'rl'.~l.~ of troop morule, to
tmn~p"rt Hy.~llm nppropriRtp to the operntionnl
expl'llit iOUH. Iu(urnlt, nnd timtly pt'r!ltllll1el ,~tntu,~ prl'YI'nt lo.~~, 1')(l't'~~IV\' 111IIrJorulion. or multiln
reqlllr('mf'ot" To R!lIlUrf' 1lt'\'e~~llry mt('J,l'ralion
reportinJ,l'to I'&A dire('l !lupJlort el{mtntM. tum (If n'nlnlll~ III Iht jlln.,;lt. IIIHI to muintnin our
nnd (oonhnlltioll. thf' ~y~tl'm mu~t nlll'rRt(' und('r
c, Milllrz,.U 1'111/. C()mmnudf'r~ !lhould impre!lH nutlOlo.~ cnllndell{,(, in tht uniformed lIer ... irell
cenlrnllled ("outrol. Thi~ control i~ e)(erri!l('d by 1\
upon their men Ixoture nn oJlf'ralion beJ,l'illll that melhod,~ of hurl(lhnl< Ihl'lr dend, Th(' hot and
mo ... ('m('ntll ('ontrnl c('ulpr a~~iJ,l'ned 10 th(' !lUP'
there is litllt' or no nt,pd for money in the junJ,l'h' humId cllmnl(', pr'f'lI('!1{'1' of willi nnimal~. birds.
portmJ,l' InJ,l'i~tical hendquRrters Fnr division op-
t'rRtlu!I~, th(' divl~iou lrnn~pnrtntion otlice and
and ('nCUUrRJ,l't lhpnl 10 JlnrticiplI1(' in programll lnlllI't.~, nllliv('.~ IIll1ltht' d(,I1~(, v('g('lution and poor
mlWf'nwntK control ~1'dlonK III t'nch hrlJ,l'nde con whi('h providt' tur pay tlt'JlO,~lt~ in thl' Unifnrml'll vl.~lllilily Oil thl' JIIIII<I!' flour nil pl"t~ent !lpeciltl
SavinJ,l'~ llt'p(lKit~ 1'1"!I1I'1"IIm. trnnHnlittnlnf riel puy Jlr(lhllm~. If hll.~ty Imrilll!l IIrt' lluthori1.t'd lind im-
trnl m(lvemt'utM thrOllJ,l'hout Iht divI~I()n. For R
to II bunk or uulhorl'ted KII"'II1J,l'K )l1l1tltlitlOI1 by pl,tllt'llhd !t!l n 11I.~1 1'('~lIrl Whl'lI m('nll,~ of I'VIII'Ua
dl'llllif'd di!lCll!l.~inli ..~I't' 1"1.1 1')1)-1 n.
C'heck from thl' ~t'rvit'inll' linnllt't' nnke, or ac('rllnl tinn or prf'Mt'r\'lItion of n'mninH ure not IIvailable
of pay Rt thl' fman('(' ofllce for withdrllwnl by the I" thl' l'ommnlldtI'. ('urI' mUllt hI' e)(l'rC'i.~('(1 to ron-
member Rt It tutur(' dRt('. Particular ('mphallill Hpicu(lusly mnrk J,l'rRW ~it('~ to enabl(' their
IIhouid be place(1 011 the RdvanlllJ,l'eH to the mem_ relt)('utlon. finpid I<rHwth of vegetlltiol1. heavy
ber ot dillt'hnrJ,l'inll' hi!l t1nanC'inl rellpollllibililiell rnlll~. lind nther Illllunil fn!'\or!l t('I1(1 tn alter lht'
th!' JllnJ,l'h' I'llvlronml'lll F.lfllrls should ht mad(' throuJ,l'h pny nliotment.w.. npJnnrullI,( of junJ,l'lt, tt'rrnin ovt'r Hhort periodK
to promult' thl' huddy Hy.~tem. ('In~eknit tellm or of timt' IIl1d rt'('ovI'ry of rt'ml\ln~ from hllllly bur-
~ll1ull'J,l'ronp rtlutlOn!lhip~. :-:'ul'h rt'IRtinnllhip~
4-19. Grovet Reglttration 1111 1I1tl'.~ {,Iln Ill' l'xp('ttl'll t" h(' ditlkliit und('r the
wll! hf'lp predudt !l1lf lsolution. ('(Imbut rlt'riod~ "t'.~l of ('lrI'UmKU!.nCI'M.
of t')(tremf' loneliup!ls. nnd !'>hould n.~~1111 ill th(' Direct lIupporl for lh(' recovery. id('ntification
identification at an early time of symptoms of in-
dlVlllull1 or unlt inlltulily to ~lJ('l'e~.~fullr cope
With tht junJ,l'lt l'nvll'onmf'llt
4-18, Penonnel and Admlnlttrotive Service.
II. (;I'II('rlll. I'&A ~ervi('{'.~ rUnctlOn cIIsenlililly
the ~umt' UII in more cOllventiounl environment!l;
howt'vpr. thl' mnnlll'r in whleh they lire furnished
dl'peud~ upon nvailable tranJ{portation Rnd the lo_
cation of lIulIPorted umt!!. Complete peraonnei.
Rdmilll.~lrnlivI'. replm'('ment and IlOlItal J{er ... i('eM
(I'M 12-:!). un(1 finlll1('I' (FM 14..,1). normnlly will
hI' uvuilubl( ut hlille (amp~. and pruJcct('d a~ r('
Iruin'li to lIuiJllOrled unit~ hy the Olle of Rmlill ('(Ill
tart lellmll. Splcial Ser ... ice~ ('an be expected ltl be
minimlll in the jUnll'ie und will C'on~i91 mainly of
the indiddunl and small J,l'roup recreational pur-
lIuil~ RepillCementll Rlld mall WIll. In th(' major-
Ity of ru~r~. bl' delivered by IIlr (prohably h('\1
('uph'r) 10 lho~t, unit.~ whil'h arf' i!lolllt('d from
mnin wllter. uir~trip. or roud lhorouJ,l'hfar(,H. On
o('{'a.~)(m, thc wenthcr, terrnin fenlurell of n pRrti.
culRr l()('ality in th{, junJ,l'le. ur preval('nt bnltle
('ondition~ mny temllorurily delay deli ... ery of
mnil or r('placements; the~e InstRllcell should b('
of \'f'ry ~hort durnlion Ilnd !lhould ntot develop
mto t'rill('alitie~ which will uffect the lIupport('(1
lInit',~ enpability to perform It II millllion,
/J, PrrMOllllf'1 [./(1I1IUIi rzlld Sln/11i1 Rrportmo.
C'ummand('r!l Ahoultl allaurf' thf'msel ... ('~ that efTeC'
 CHAPTER 5
JUNGLE OPERAliONS
_ . I. GENERAL CONSIOIRATIONS
5-1. <hruH"ol
Standard and ~urrcnt combat pl"inciple& mual be
applied to a jutll(le eno:jl"'<:!Ilment. with em phaRis
plated 011 Ow mnditkaliol1 to l.b.llIe prineipit!!I that
art tlt'8l1itateti by lhe enlltrunment JUII.\f1(. oper.
.lIODH arechara{'teri~wt by relltricted maneuver.
Alaw tempo or operRtinM. dOAe combat under ron
dltlons of e:dreMI'lY limited vi.llibUlty, and dim.
('ulty in !.rovidin!l' 1()w:i8tical 8Upport. Spec!a! op-
erations. ..!len lUI patrolling Actiotlfl. ~ration~
from forward poaitiot1a, ambush, and other fl)rmR
of c!Me ('ombllt anHommon in jungle areAll.
5-2, fottol'l AH.ctJitI Imp!oy,,*,t
II, lrli6M(m, Bet-au"t' of the difflculties of CIml'
mand, control and t'ommunieatiot1a, junl(le open.
tlOrnl ~uit'e eenlrnliU<! planning and decentral-
ized execution. Comml\nders mYllt use miMlion
type Mm.", that give mllllimum latitudl' to .ubor.
dlnateB, It III e,,&enlia) that the miuion be under.
.t(lOd by all pel'MnneL
h. Eflt-mll. The (:QmMander will requi'l't timely
and accurate information on eoemy loeatlon,
.~ngth, d!IlPl'N'>ition. eomJlQtlltion. and activities
II() tbat he l'l'UtY mllke II. continuing Mtlmate !)(
enemy capAbilities and lIulnerabillt'ie . In thl' 001-
lectig.n effort, extensiw patrolling ~llon wlll be
f1t!e.s& ..y due to the limitation of other MOrrell
normally available. PooT observlI.tion froM both
ground and air will make it dllli<'ult to delt'rmlne
enemy loeatioM and tltremrth, Commanderll and
Int.lIiaeoce offic('rll mUllt bit cautioull not to roo-
elude that the enemy t"anoot attack throuah ,,"up-
poIMdly impenetrnble areas or that he ('annot
r.ln(ot'fi.! in time tQ alfect the mission Movement
(rom (rlentil), 1l<l!!iti<lllH lo an objertlve may take
lonl<er tban \,,:,limat~, and the enemy may take
advantascp 1)( thill tl> rpjnfor('e w'lth II unil in!-
U"II)' t1>n~ldered tO(l /lIr away to m- Ulled IOR'icaUy
(OT lhllt fiUTjIOM' An "nrmy rApablllty of employ-
inR' IIlrbnrll!' or l!:ir mohi!(' (orr(']<, mUFt be ronald-
er('d by th~' ('ommander.
(;, if'rNli7l.and Wmthf!r.
(1) Terrain.
j/l) Kill Urrain. Key terrain in jungle
arNS Inducl~ trailR (11.1,. 5-1). rOll.dll (flj. 6-2),
bridl!'N<, IllrenmbedH. and communkatlon~ c4!lnterll.
Hiih Itround il< atill II4!Ileded aA k<'Y terrain but
for v/;ITyinsc "'Ulona. A hill mAY be the only fea-
tun~ in the /iTeA whkh alfor& II. suit.b1e area fnr
defentle', A river thtouJ(h an oliIerwille Impenetra-
ble fOl"6lt may be II key ternin (eAtUn! (ilg. ~).
A h.,lirnpter hmdinj lone ffluJd .lao (an into thill
('at.elCory.
(b) OIlIItr'Catimt and fleld ot flrt. In
t1eut.e jllnlCle, omervation and I'te:ld of ilr. Are Hm-
H,erl by the underKrowth. In the rain forNit.,
howe\~r, althouKb Kood obl\en'fttion into the for-
est from the outllide or above may be nQnes;bltent,
it ilo Il09aibte lo have lair observation Aad good
6eida of tire for a realKmablA dlatanc4!I at around
level tAIt. f) 4), '1'hill nmditi01l u:;i"bI where the
branchea of till! tr<'(:11 inter!~e to form a e.nopy
thrnusch which few t<unrftYI'I penetrate, thereby
prohlbitlnK the J<TOwth of ICI'IlM, bual:"".. !)1' other
fi)liaa~. When old fON!1<i.II have burned ('IT hue
b('f!n destroyMl. the nmultifli tangle of sl!conduy
p:rowth seriously limits both observation and
AeldJI of fire. In Opefl ar4!lftll oblltlrllatlon and fleldJl
of fire may be limited by the heilCht or lhe junj}e
SCt'lUl&, whkh IlOmetimmo gt'l.wlllU'verfll feet <}ver It
mao',Mhead.
(d ('1H'1'r Itnd wIIUlIlrm'nt. Oenll(' folingl'
/;lifOI'd!! ex('t;llenl t'olltealmt'tlt from the ground
and air oooery-atinn (fill:, GAl). Cover is provided
by lIurface irreSCLlillritimo "oeh a, ravinCll and I<ul
Iif'!!. III ctlriain jllngle aNall the prruo.enee of ex_
leluiv(! grnond l('lIel root" will make IliR'lI:inll' lIery
tiitlkuJt, requirinl[ lhe ('ulllllrul'Lwn of pm.itioM
"b.Wt' ground level
((ll OIldar!t-lI. Many natural obatades
nix! wilhlll the varimlll typt'~ o( jtUlgLe areAl". III
th" older fnre"l,q {hut' 1.11 ltt'ul'rn\1y nu uhlllllde to
rfOu4 m{IVWfll'nl qth{'r lhnll 1I1l'1t1{'l\tul I\wampy
l)t"a~. m'{'n~imljll fallt'n tr(~t'~, vin!'..; (fisc, r.-6),
.-.

and ex tensive groulld M"el rooll Hii'. &-7). H ow_
!'I'U , l Ile l ~ themliC!ll'es, d("J)fJI.d ing on th ei r
" pM ting ldl u the mol!ll r.f oU'lld. ad IU (lll>llacw...ll t.o
\'r.hicula f mOVentE'nl Manmade obttAcles llJ"e
Orl.n mort.. etrocth'l! In j unJ,(ll! a raB Lhan In nor.
mltl terra in, due to limited comrnuni c:aticln r out ($,
A log b,lr r ie r ac ro5!l II tra il ro r n u isance m inina
a lo ng the rond may c.aUlie a marked i ner9S0 in
lite delay to th e OI)POStnJ( force and m,>' TOqUir Cl "
greater : l fJ'AioU lt l of offort fOl" its removAl (o r the
t)rl'fl4ratJon of a byp~gs.
{." A ' "'III.4 OI I'MJr(xl.~li . StlltBbrl! r ouWl(,
considerin,l!" t he a~p ~b <,1 zood observatio Jt!'! , field
of fire, use of key lerr:ti n, emler, and aVoiding ob-
s laclel!. mn,\' be virt ually imJIQ~ sible to find. A
,
...
,"" 31-35
I:V IJ1 f1rO"\I ~ (I rnuJt be ft1 a d~ ~..use (I f thl!! limited
I!x lllhli' r<JLt\.w. Clri.tinJ( of IitIw I ra ita u d rep' lil'
(I f t hose :tln';ul,\ ' in .'xi81" nr <, ill', ... ()n ~ ta n t t ask:!
I n ~lo'('Un!\ of ;1\'~ IIlIO "r il ppr O;k h 1t\'llil;!. b le to
th. ell I,)InY. t he nmlllHl lld(w 11l~ 11 the In telligence
Oflker .~holllfJ nvt \"Oll!>ider Iiny por tion o f the
jlmf(le 3 r~1l to be impa .~ M bl('. U() matler how dif-
fICult o r th k k.
( f} 1l"! I'It'" rr,~ . \ l~o Iwr 1i:"a).:"r;lph!l
t hrQllab 6-10 f o r U l l!lIl"~ i,,u ~ uu t h .. Hhow'.
,~) 15'" , /1" '1".
I,!) W('athl'r f"rN' Il~ ~. will 11(1 ,~ellerll1iy
rd[.b~ In JtI~l r. urea!! d ue to t he more apparent
d h'l!Ii on ~ bet ",~ n the t wo predomi na nt ~e/lSOn s
--dry Ji.nd r~ in~--ex ce pt ill certa in IIr('311 where
5-3
fM 31-35
there are no dry seasons. During rainy seasons
rainfall can be predicted with rt'a!of18ble acCu
racy. The ....olume of rainfall is the most impor.
tant fac tor. Two hundred inches of ra in are not
unc.o mlt1o n in a year ; duri ng dry f.ca!lOllS, it is not
unllllUal for t wo or more months to pi\..~~ wilh 110
pred pication wh nt.soever.
(0) Visi bility may be g reatly restricted
during rainy 8~a!lOns due not onl y to the rainfall
itselC. but 3.lso to hea ....y ground fogs which may
It n~e r (or several hours afte r sun rise. Licht da ta
which I;Qultl be u.'led in drier climatell is of IHS
Vil liII' under ai.lch ci rcumat.ancl'll.
(e) Abill!nce of wind in area.s of dens e
jungle or under ..ro wth will ha ....e a marked effect
on the employment of smoke. High winds may
not be felt in heavily vegetated areas since t hey
tend to pass above the jungle canopy.
(d ) Tempera t ure changts in mountainous
jungle areas will sometimes rang-! 40 to 60 de-
g rees over a period of 12 hours. In other jungle
area! the deviation fr om da y to night will be con-
stant and have very little chanlCe.
(e) Trafficability vari~ " 'ith t he location
of the jungle ar ~:t . Ncar large bntlies of water .
low ,ll'round may be cons tantly soft, cven in the
d ry !lesson and may, therefore, be pasuble with.
out improvement only to foot troop~. Conversely,
at higher elevations, Lrafficability may remain ex-
cellent throughout most of the year, becoming
poor only duri nr, t he wor"t part of tht:' rai ny Se:l
$On. At times. elien when traffic.a bility bas twen
excellent, the volume of r:.ill fall within an hour
or 16S~ may completely hnlt .... !hlCula r mO\'elOent
and s everely restrict foot mo vement.
d . Tr'OO'p' A t!a il4ble.
(L ) No reali&tic plans can be made or ac-
tions taken that do not cons ider the cnpabilities
of t he forces available.
( 2) The capabilities of a force :l.T e depen-
dent on:
(a.) Number of units.
(b) Type of units.
(e) State of training.
(d.) MoraJe.
(e) St re ngth in men and equipmenl
(f) Previous. present aad contemplated
employment.
(g) Location Ind di ~p Of;it ion .
(h) State of maintenance and supply.
(i) AdequHcy of rombal ~u pport and rom-
bat service sUllport.
(n Experience of commanders.
>-3 . Operational l imitations
In junA'le warfare, ro rce~ may ha ve to move rap..
idly from primarl' jungle through t.eCOndl\Ty
;ro ....th to rull ivllled areas. This ""'juirl':!l grut
flexihil ity in thouK'ht, planning. organi1;ntion,
equipment, and taCtiCli; it may require dt{:elltrali-
tlllion of command and control for at tirnca a unit
may be located where eonlrol is easy ; on otber oc
casions. small un it leaders may find thems elves
operating on their o..... n initiali ve for loni periods.
FM JJ--3S
The pO~lI i h ilit)' of ~ u d dtH\ ~nemy air or ground at.
tack a t 3.ny time must not he Qverlooked. The unit
fightinlL' in jungle has to operate within its own
resourcea more often than in any other type of
terrlli n. The j.unjtle unit lnU~t be 1\0 balanced that
it i.~ CApable of devcloJlill~ al any time an elfe<:_
tive degree of mobility and firepower without
support from higher echelons. Thht abilitv will
!&rgcly be dependent upon the factora of com-
munication , maintenanee and diScipline. The ef.
fects of the restrictions imposed by juna-Ie on op-
erRtions are_
II. f>'orccllihould move on lIeparated aXb.
b. Tht: amount of heln'}' ef,uipmeul and sup.
portill,lt' WeRponll thl.t can be ul!('d il ae>,'el"l!ly lim
ited.
c. Control ill difficul t Rnd must be de~enlral_
ired.
d. Fronl:1I!'H mul't be s hortened and interval ~
must be !eAAened in Ino\eme nt.
r. Nu meruuII limited ob;er:tiv8 mUllt be u-
l!i.ikned ill IIll aHack.
;. Maintaining- directioo of movement is dim-
eull
g . Silence and security meklurel! increase in
importance.
 FM 31 -35
FM 3 1-3.5

5-"
fM 31-35

~_ Preparation hw Combat tlnd shelter preV-rations, march rate, :l:nd forma-

For jungle operations, a detailed lIand in, operat- tions. The batt le drills s hould provide (or action
in, p r ocedure (SOP) and rehearsed battle drills to be 14ken in the event of sudden enemy coDtaet,
should be prePlI!ed by all units down to Ilnd in- OC(upalion of patrol baBes, defensive positions,
cI\.Iding fire teams . Th.i.~ SOP mAy include organi- And silent eommunieati ons.
r.aliull for combat, ,upVly pr()('edur,-~, bivoullc
SeC1ion II. RECONNAISSANCE. SURVEIllANCE AND
SECURITY OPERATIONS
5-5 . Reconnaiuanca end d i&pC)$ilion. The ~utce.S!\ of olfenllive opera-
R. r.o.urtU. Reconnaissance operolion ... take on t ions dt>siglled to destroy the E'l1emy dl'lu'uds upon
".l(kd importance in ju ngle wa rfare. M:IIIY offell_ bEoinR" ab le to lind him . T he excellent con~aJment
si vl' ,, ~rationl in the jungle ta ke on uspe:b of a found in the jU lIlCle C'R."\blNl the enemy to COII-
rC"(.:vllIllliSl!anee oper:ltion durinlcC mOVenlent to .... trucl wi!ll c:onctaled pu:<ition:< and oftR.1I e nab les
contact. E :den ~i \" e patrolling will be r eq uired to him to move largely u lln bgerved, both d uy a nd
obtain infOlmahon on enemy locatio ns. strength ni g ht. Although the primary objeclive of recon-

Illli~..... nt1! In jun"lt, !)!:r/l,tH;fl_' 18 to Plr/l,te I!.nd to
oblnin illf"rmatitln ,ll thll eUl'my. the enemy'~ r~
'ltlur{,\'11 Hlill terrAin r!'ltttlr!',.. rrmy II{' ns--.. iI{Mli 1111
.~~'ul1dnry oLd~tl>'('tj. R!'cllIlltillllunre ill a ,,{}p.
linuilll{ rf'lIpotlldhilily u( PHd} t'ommul1dt'r ~JHI
lIo1d1er. All \lltjt~ htlv!, retOllnl,l>b\ll.OCe capah!1ities
and n'_~lu)f\.~ib!litiell whirh may he limited In
short putrol.~ durinl{ condurt flf normHI roilmion
activHi ...... or roilY eXit'.);l to ()ffe!\lIive operntioll)O
involving ~pe<'il\{' r('('()Ulln!~!Yillrv Ulllkll.
b. IJ{flrwitJ (.'u>lIrfl{, um} ("j(jrliilllUllJlj uf R.,
rUIII'lIillll(III;"';> Adit'illtll, H(,l'()nlUlilu4h!lt"e I!Jllnning
in JflHl(lt, ""{"Flltlon,, mll~t hl' thllf1'lIKh lind 1/)"0-
vi(II, for d"liul!',1 ",Hlt)",)1 lind nH)rrlillll\IUll. ItN'un.
ntlifu<tHlr(' mU,,! be rQiln!JlIAh<d ut all level~ nf
command to im.urt. ml'ntimum remlts !rom the in~
telliltt'llI'" {tf1;rt, prh'Plll ll\lplln~tiun III ,'!1"nr!,
and j)rnvide for ''l:nnomil'ul \lilt' of rerOIHlal~..ance
loi"'lI. ('nmmuoderJ' ,'()l!dudII1K th.c rerOlllllli1\...
allte will ,11'11" radin UK the primary meao"ll nf !'Im-
trot. When nml!tt't is I,.unlt> with an enemy lou,
In tht' jlH'll{ie, the JIIIlulltjon mUK! be de\felopd aH
quickly IlK pllusible and the information relayed til
the COlltrullinl{ heudlllUirh>rll immrdill.tt'!y.
c. fJr"und ltl'rl)fHl(lIIlI'IlJt{'f Ground re("01lnul"11"11-
anee meuM in jungle IIperlltwn.!! <:OnKiat of obller-
vation I)lmt.!! lind Hhort. Mnd lunK r.n~ J1!i.'onnajS/l-
anee palrol!!, 'rbe value of obl'oervatil'in po_!!1 will
be Umiwd dlle til viRibihty limi~tionll in the jUll-
gle. OWJ('rvlI.tion 111l8ta Hl.abliAhed I!.lonit trail!.,
roads and IItrearru. are a Imurre of valuable infor
matio!l on enemy movement ReeonruUllfliuree pa-
trola In the jungle ideally <:onsll.t of aix men or
!eM m.winw by 8teaJth:. takinw advantage of natu.
ral I"'ooce.alment, .lind avoiding IJn,y enW8jft'ment
with tht eMmy. The depth at whkh theae patrols
can operate in e1wmy ar~1UI is increased by the
UM of heJicopten: and other lra1Ulportahon means
to deliver and rttrieve them, For further details
on reeonnailillAnce patrola, ~ pauitrapb r~4.
d. ,Hr Hl'cIYlt1lai""'I4t1cl', VI1I1,Ial observation from
the air am be uHd to locate the enllmY in tholle
areu whel't' I{1lPA exillt in the jungle canopy and
to Identity prominent terr.llin teatul"8, Aerial
phoWjfl'apha are a prime IIoutce of informatioh
on ttlrrain and enemy imltallatlon' and aclivitlel.
Dettllled photo interpretation an dillCiMe hidden
eM!my poIIitlonll and ('amplI not vjllible to tnt air
oburver, Theile plfotographll can allo be !red IU
a mean!! 01 locatinlf lIuitaWe helicopter landin.
aollU for friendly toncellL Deaptive air reCoil-
naiuanc~ mult be practiced during sUl!h IUghta
110 that enemy tOrJS are not warned of imp41nd.
il1K &<'tionl.
fM 21--lS
f', Oth", H"i'fIlHIIIIMR(lllCf' Ad{otlll,
(I t Uuonml'HIIIlIICi' 111 /mv;r, PrmciplNI and
IN'hJI!tj!l<''' !If thill bill' (If rocI>llUniM;l;l1c\'I ar('
<Jrt!'J) 111'111 I... ! in jIHl;rIt> Illwrationll. One dilltinl't
'hllrml\'ri~ll( (,f Yt>t .. !I1Il11I;{:iHlwe in forrt' ln the
jtllll.rle I" t.lw drvplopmt'nl ,,( mor!' and "muller
mll.IWUVef ",a.ment!' thall 1;< ch.. racleridir flf such
IIperHliom'lI'\ nonjunjflt' arfl'U!
(2) RF(mllilfii!H~ItU:I' /IJI fir', This type of re-
\'()mll.till~lllwe iH made II.l tht' rillk of Io~in;r /lur,
\lriH{" !tl JI111Kle Opt'fM\ionll. H rnlty be Ul'l('(1 .. n'oc
tivel,v tll ti!'lrrmtul' th1' fhulks ur gaplI In enemy
linr!' Itff\>l\l\nlH.IIlI.uo:'e hy I1rt' from armed atlll("k
helil'ojltt'I")I till l\1J1lpt'd UI'{'U!! ill lin effective meaIll'
of 100'Utilll{ well.t;ooC'('aleti t'llenlY troops, Recoll-
nlli!l;llHlre by ';n> mny ahn tw employed effP<'hvely
by trill'ked vehidell mnviug j\l'r-.", l'l)untry and by
all \'ehic18 In march ('nillmll _lolli( Jungle roadA,
Such I1r('X will _id in lhl' ellrly idi'ntlfkatio!l of
f'fi('My "trouJ( point." gull Jl.mbuKh loratio!ls 8nd
Will I\i'lp I1r.'vellt ~urpt!lW gnd dOlleIII alt.at:k by
the Plle-m,v. When m'liug r<H'lnaillllan('f'- by fin,
"Ollllider&tion must be gi'.'en to the larlff! quanti.
tie!' of nmmunitiml expended and the difficult!ell
"f tt'llupply,
$-6, Sur",.illance O~
fl. (;n,I'ntl, Rllr\1e!lhlllC(' operatioh! In the jun
Kle !'IWUmpllM .. I! t('('hlllilue~ ot Ilt't'omJlllabin)l!
NllItinuOUll ~YHtem.tk watC'h nver ge!leral junale
MH", ns well 11M IWlected areal! lIueh lUI tralla,
..;;treamll. an~l jlllll(it' dt'Hringt Ln ;\ete('t th,' prell.
ell!'. or absence 01 lh(' enett'ly. They art" usu.lly
t'arril'd Hut tn Sllppnrt nther miuiOfla or forees,
Whl!lI planning Ilurvellllllll'(! IJperations. the ta~
Irll of Mf<~TT will govern the orKaniution and
dillprn5ltwn of farrell.
b. Ground Surw-illancf. r;mployment of round
aurvril~am'v deviceM IU JOIlKles ill limited to tbnlle
MrcaM wht.rt' Q'>fetJitHtI1 ill)!! u!l'rtun d(> !lot h'-
>liriei htwof-lIll{ht. Tht' romplexlty ul ~~'rr,jtjll and
the envirohment mtt'ke it diflkolt t.o diMplace and
move t!'lec-tronk lI~nllorK in time to be- rellp4l1t1iv..
1.0 immediate n!quirement.[l, Higb temperaturell
and hlKh humidity have an adverse elfeelon the
life of the power eOON:e tor theee de ... ke~,
(1) Shurt rangt' KtOlll1d 8urVl!iHanct. radars,
niKht ohflervatil!l de ... it~, and \Jnattended jlTound
aenllOrH un prnvlde information on ent"tny mavt'_
mellt. estimalt!d sixe, dirution, and raw of movt!'-
ment, Tlte radar Ilnd unattended round lIenllOtli
flft! equally effective d.y and niht while the
night obeervatlun devit-e" IIj1ffate only during
darkneJitl.
 {il Th., m!lIlY waYI\ that th(' unAttt'mlM mutt< l>/T ('I)jCflll:f'd in rivt'rmt hrwratiom~ or am-
arovpd 8t'H>1J'1I rAU be empliwed Ilnd Ul'Ied i .. )!:ain phibiouit<JjWrllttnht< alonK jungle roolll'L
infnrmatinn koout tht' enemy llt'tlVily mAke t~m
a valuable ~ 11\ tht' Jun)!:l ... $-7, S-1Oy Cpo_n.
(" Air SU"'f'Ui41HfC 0, (rl<nrnll. "ht' fU!l(b:mcntal. of lWt'urity oper-
n) Villual !lir KurvNlIant'e mlly be eon- atlun1\ ,u.. N'Hftlthwd in FM 7 20, F)( i7 I and
ducted frum helll::~)Pten anti n~ed wing fl,ircraft, fo'M 61-1DlI. LacKP I\('ltlt' 5eCurity miflflinn1\ fluph J:l!
Piluu and ubaerIMrA .h .. uld be completely famil- a corpll ('tlverlnJ!' forc .. are not normally required
iar with ground Sltivlty in their ar~&l\ of nllpCIlI- in juttJ(li!' operatiuns berliulW nf the nature of the
sibility in order to NlCOlniu kny d~viati(ln rrom terraIn and the relatively !mall siu of unit! em-
TKlrm.al palterm. Sy~tematk ('Qvers.lte by the ploycd in th ..se operatlonM. NurmAlly. Kubordinp,te
&Ame penonnei will llIuli~t In revealln, unuRual commlulder" command their own covetinl rorcclI.
e.ctlVity, Thue p.. r~onnel (!an alao locate and re- II. St'tIH'itll Fflftf'l/, 8flcurlly in Jungle ('Orobal
port Ukely l..ndinK tones in 'aat mavin, situa- operation/! conflilitfl ot covering for, advance
tionll fer employment of alrm.. bile furcell. gUlI.rd, lIank Kuard, reat guard, lind ~reening
(2) Alrial ph%graphll. Periodic photo cov- millRioOfl. OperationR will be slower in th ... Jungl ...
t'ral~ of an .. rt'a ran be used to supplement viaual and the diatance IX'lween Ml~urit.y torc... and the
air .urveillllnce, For further detailll on the em- torce beinl lIO"Cured are reduced. Surity mea&-
ployment of aerial photoKrAphll, refer to FM ure~ are intenRII1..d ~au" of redured obanva
30-20. tion, diffi~ult;e1\ ot control, cummunleationR, and
(S) Sidl1.tooking 4irbttrhi' radur (SLAR). movement. It a unit III OfHtraUnl Independently,
Pen~ratlon of tM foiiAP with radar emiNJion all.round. aecurity is eeeentla.1, In dt'l\H g'rOwth,
from an aerial pt.J.ttorm ill limited; hOWi!ver, Rank l\I8eurity torc mWlt cut tMIt own tran.
SLAR ean IX' uiled effectively during the day, at and often cannot maintain a uniform rate of
night, or durinlf perloda ot poor Vi3ihility, It ean speed, They must he rotated freqJ.ltntly to avoid
dilJCove:r location and movem~nt of elWmy wa.ter~ fstigue and a ~/)wn in alertneu. The aeturity
(!ratt along jungle COMta a.nd on rivera, anemy ve. obtained from fritmdly uniu located un tha 1\snka
hkln on roalD, and railways. It will also locate mU8t he analyud thoroulfhly .. small raps ...an
uvannu and diacover a.ny vehicular movement provide ini!ltration roum for the hmlY. The pe..
therein, rimetf!r defettM: (dilSCuued in pa.ra 6-17-&---111)
(4) Infrll~d dd~ctimf dt'llicel. ThNe de- should be or,aniiWld by iaolat.ed unita. and by aup-
vieu an ABIIilt in detectlnr eciin8 of enemy troop port units locattld in rur area& .. the junlfre af
concentrations and .toekpiles ot auppli... The ef. tOr$ the enemy many opportunitiel!l for infUtra-
fed.h-eneaa ot these devle.s is rodurod by foe. tion II.nd atta.ck from any dlmdion,
eiouda, v~tatl(in and prtcipitaUon. See FM ~. Suuritv of I.llltltl of Communicntttm. Lin..
80-20 tor d*taill. or rommunleatlon surh all toad., paMablt t.rallll
and 'W&lerwaya aTfl critical to jungle operations
(5) Airbur'nf! ~rto1l1l/l1 /Utl/etor dtt!ic~.
all well &Ii the economies 01 civll population and
(8ftiff,llT.). Theile devlc.. sre valuable in
laeatinll' mUlIl be aetured. Securing linea or eommuniClltion
human habitation under the junlle eanopy. They involv~; route aurveillanet to dlllCover and elimi-
detect product.t of hum .. n metabolism in the air. nate minee, other barrltt. to movement, and am-
The effeetivenea of thele device. I. redueed by bUl'lhell: security of bridles to prevent deatrud!on
fOff. p1"fIIeipltatlon and windy conditions, by int'lltrawrII or If\lerrill.. : and I'lctiona outlined
(Ii} S.ppm"l!'1lg "meU, Air Foree reeon in parasrraph 106, Flit 17-1. Clear!nl of the vere-
naluanee wina. ~an provide a.ddttkmaJ l'lurv"U. tation alonl' route. will aaaillt In the elimination
lanee in(Qrm ..tk!n llueh all niht pho1oll'aphic, of II.mOOahe. and will enhanca Ilurveillanee. Se-
radar photolfraphic and weather information. curity of watentaYK normaUy is ABIIiped to the
Naval and Marlnt' air ..an provide similar aup- Navy; hoWt'ver, at tinwll It may be nec.etNry for
port and may I:w primary lK<ureM when Army Army unit& to perform tnill miMJon,
s.rtMtn III. OHINSi
make the beg UtIe of the capabllitie!'l of all Ita t>le-
menlL The prindplflll of offefUllve combat apply
4.Ctmtf!"t. Unl'" eondueting offensive opera- to a jungle environment, how"t:v,r, cerwin modlfi.
tions will have to IX' tn'll'AnilNt for eombe.t to
0-1.
ClltiOWl will bE< reQ\urm depending on the srelt.
JunKie opt>rations !ark th .. unity charactuilltic of
offensive combat If! morl!: (lpen hn'tain and ..pera-
tiona betom.. a M'rlt'~ nf I\mall rtKtlntra!i%.ed and
etten irlliep"ndt'nt unit elljifAjft!'menU. Stt!;urity ele-
ments are ~fltial I.n jUffVt'nt tlurprifte' and to
prott the corum.mt Jungle areu fl,r .. rondocive
to surprise attackll, ambullh, Infiltration and
flllerri1la warfate,
b, F'v"dtt'Mf!lItul8 of Of!enl/ive Action,
(I) In the off~n .... , romtlat power is aUained
by formlTlJt rellponsiv-e combined uml' forret! ....-
pable ot M{IVillg t'lIph1Jy in lllnlCl-e tli'rraln without
lou of ability to tieliver flr~utate ftre and main.
taln ('ontinuoul( rommulliN&tiuIU.
(2) The reillrided horitontal and vertical
vlaibility requirell thli' ulle ot III means, in~ludinK
eItenllive ret'onnflj!lfl.anre and security aetionll, to
locate the ent'my, On('p locllted the li'nemy mu~t be
qukkly nnd creciHively pUlaS('ed lIince contact III
diffirult 1.<1 mnintairL
(3) lntMmation ('onrli'rnilllr the en.. my and
hla capabillti..ff I~ diffi('ult to obtain in jungle
artalL 1n all offelll<lVe a('t\olla rommandeFM mUlit
take lmmediatf; artion to dewrmine the IItrengih
and locati(m of the t'ruomy'lI main ~itlon to prn-
\>fillt premattlr.. dt'Pluym .. nt ot th .. main body
(4) flt!t>a\llt(' nf thf> la('k Ilf artequaU! rout ..s or
communication. tht, f..w (>xllltinJt h"lknpt.r land
In.. ~'fWs, MIldlt, anrl tralll< ltTe rritk,ll to junKIe
combat. CommandeNl mUKt lle('ure and ('ontl'Ol
luch reatun's and deny their lise to the enemy.
(Ii) The emlt'llt'uratlon (If the terrain with it
artompanying herivy vegetation will requj~ dOle
t:OOrdination I)('twfl'n fire, 8r.. lIupport, and mft-
neUVl'r "It'rnentll l(j croal,(' II. preP6ndli'rance or
combd powf'r anti insure the mom~ntum !It th ...
attack.
(6) JunKI .. r!lmbat rli'quirps a r(,SE'rVe to gen_
erate arlditi!lnal rombat power to exploit IIUCCe1\1I
and to inllure ~omllletE' dPfllrucUon of an enemy in
retreat.
r. F()rTft-t! flf .t(fl1H'ltrcr. The initial ('f)fUlidera-
tlon in a mSlleunr tactir 1& lhat th~ plan muat IX'
lIimpl.. aM that the manE'uver f'lement doel! not
mask the 1\N! fl.t the &uP1K>rt element, Forma of
offenllivt maneuver in the junlfie an! normally
re.trirted to t'nve:!oPm.. nLA and trontal atta...kII.
Envelopmenta are' e;;;et'uted. where pouible. in
ronjunction with frontal aUarka. Airmobile
forr"l1 art' tilleful in t''If'(''uting ertvek'J}nwntfl in thP
form of aurpritte atwks, lIankinlf maneuver. a.nd
In blu<:kinK eTlemy toutC'il of withdtawaL Inftltra
Uon tactic1\ and lhnlqu('11 take on incre8M!d em-
phalli. for oppollinr tol"t~ell beeaUH of tha vlslbtl-
ity reatrlctionll impoud by jUn,le vera\l1tion, For
further tactical ton.iderationll in lfOund and air.
mobile maJWuv.r, see FM 7-11, F)( 7_20. and F.
100-lt
d. ObjN:tittU, Key tenain teatuf'M In jungle in-
dude hiICh Kf'und. roads, trails. nav! ..ble water.
way/!, rommunicatlon tent.el'6. and landing z.onee,
The8e featurell may be ABIIigned All ubjecUvee in
{lTder kI deny their u.e to the enemy, The impor-
tance of hiICh lO'ound All & wrrain objective i. tit-
ducM by f'Mtridiona on obllervaUon and Rel,da of
Rrf! eXcept where jungleJI border cultivated arH!
or Kfualandfl. Since Jungle ope:rationa aN!' mar.
S('teri'Zed by limited capability kI reRupply the
forre, anem), bAllelll of IIl1Pply and operstlon4 an
pro!\table objectives. The enemy forte iIMlf win
alwllY1\ be ronllidered an objective in junrl:e oper-
atiltll ....
.5-9. Plannu,g .... Aftodt
IT, ';f"ttPrdf. The plan of a.ttll.rk lac:'lud the
!+ch"mt' (Of mll.neltver and plan fot lire aupport;
lIimplirity of plan is the e83l!tI" or a lIul!ceMful
jungle operation. Sueh planninK mullt provide tor
~f!ntin\Joll" t>lfedive ('Ontl'ol by the commander.
Rerum\(" of In., diffleulty in obtalnlnlf Information
Uti tht' Nwm)<. planning tor an attaek may occuPy
day!+:: hoW"Vl'I', In many inl\taneew. the commander
will haw only a f..w hOUri or mlnut. tn plan and
launch hi. aUllrk. For thill reason, unit!! must
me.intaln & CUTrl'nt SOP to Include rehearM!d bat-
lie drilL. to eover mail! ('Qntmlienri~, For d.e"
lailed roverage ot planning in offenllJve combat,
__ FM 7-11. FM 7-2{l, and FM 61-100.
IJ. Srhn"f" of Matltljl!l'r. Th" detailed phmnlnll
for pllN!ment and movemtnl Iff thr maneuvetlnll
ror~e I. baRed upon the faciora or MB'rT' and Mn_
phll1\ill i1\ placed on the lillie of meAIIUreli to Inllure
maximum control. Close combat eonditioM in the
JunKlt' require thllt durlnj( an attack the com.
mandt'f be poJdtio-ned where hI! hall the maximum
!)pportunity to control the eQurse of the battle. H~
mUt<l relate hill obaervatlonll and avallaOM Infor-
mation to the manellver and he muat I:>e prepared
to modify hili flCheme of maneuver baled on
enemy reactio-n,
r, ()rganizatian for (;ombot, OrranltJI:tion for
jungle combat eombinell adequate tort:ea w ae~
mmplillh the millsion .nd facllltetea eotnmand
and control of th_ fot'CM, In moat JunJle at'ea~
th'" vegetation wlll be den.. and traffleability
ponr, neeeuitatinr the employment of dlamounted
and lightly equipped infantry unibl, Savanna
1-11
'MII-U
Itr.1I1Il am! ""mt' tropkal r.in tQretlt and ~ondary
Itrowlh (,'rellt ~rrM will be suited tor combined
armJl torcv", Airm()bilr (lr Itiroorne torcell Ciln br
luu'd dT(I{'tjv(lly wh('n adequate !lIIooin!( aN'WI and
llroj! tllMff ,are Av!!.ilabl .. The ('om bitt tor' mUllt
IJ/.' wt'll bll,lun;.-ed Aud bt- able to ItN!nmplUlh the
mlll~i'lII with Ii nmnmum or IltldltionAllmpporL Re-
~e-rve ("!Xell mUl't bf. ~ll.Pltble ot r,al,id deployment.
d, Plan !If Fir, SUJrrwrt. Fire IIUpport iA.u: M-
~cutiAIIn Utr jun!(!e IMi in open terrain, Fin' IIUP'
purt I'lunll mu~t be duwio\lvd in rollM,nance with
~I'hf'me \it mltllNIV(lr. ThIll t,ltm must proviM fvr
the 1'(ljJNhnAllOJ, ot all available fire lIuPllOrl
ff#m:ies to mdude tM:tielll air, nilvAI jtllnll.Nl, and
ffrm"d helil'ntltvr~. Maximum USf' should 00 m ..de
fit Army And Ail' f.'orce owri!!.1 tire IIUpport when
avalliiblt\ liecan!le of the Isolated nature of jun~
!(le cl>mhat, commander" at thy lowetlt m:l:wIoIDI
mu~t lx> awar .. (It the (!1I('tull tiro rlUPIWll't plBn
aud ht' eupable (It rallinlt tor atld din;ebnJ{ urtil~
Ivy, tadi... 1 tIlr. I\fival Ituni'tr#, .. tid armed hvll-
coplkrl',
>', Confrnl Hlld Courtil1Uliion. Control of an at.
tt:it ttl jun!(le deI*nd. upon the COl'nmander and
hi. lIuoordlnatt' leaders hninlt current informa-
tum abnut the prol{l'1!SS of the RU.ack and having
t1Hcicnt means tu paM inf(lrmation on to all eon
cerM<t The eummander lncl'elll!e& hia control of
the Itltuallon by 1IOI'Itioninit himaelf lie he can ob-
Ilerve the adion. it the lH'rain permil..B, IAmmuni-
eationa arc the key to command contlVl in the
junl{U! attack, Good COMmunlcatlona can be fKlli
tated by ealabhahini :I headquarteR on a reduced
seale wt!"11 forward before the attack ataN, ThJil
hudquarteu ,hook! be- .ited in an tnoonl!lpkuoua
po.ttlon which favorl! radio equipment and aftor-dt!
a .uitabl# command poat ;:IOIIe .t hand, The com-
maooer l!houkl lene thl. CP only durlnr the ac-
tive pha" of the battle when he conaidel'a that
hia prellence will directly inl1uenee the outCOme of
the attsck, or when he can be-It ec.ntrol frc.m an
aerisl cp t.bove the bottle Bre.. In eloM junale
where CQntrol ilt adYetllely affected, lw mu.t poll.
tion hlm"elf whel't' hv can beJ\t inl\utnce the a.:Uon
.nd where he can qukkly move tn th~ area. al-
fM:"."d. In areas where the ve~tion penn-Ita.
amoke can be used etreetlvely to mark the nanklll
snd poIition of I'r~endly torlll.
$-10, MoWI'Mnf tv Camad
4. G'Mrol, The muvement to contact ill otten
Nstricted unleM trailll are cut. Flank protection
tor moviOl{ columns i8 difficult and fMlCurlty
toree8 work at greatly reduced distancea. The
.....
rate ot march j,.; govern~d by the nature ot thl:'
lerrgto and vel(f'iabon. In the' junKie, llm~ faet{)r,~
will be increaRed and gpac(' faClflrs d('rrralll'O
Thl' \,ommflndN" 1,1a('~ him.~lt Rill! hill Itupport_
iOJ( .... ('lIpon~ well forward WhNl thl' pOKltion or
tbl' enl'my hAil IK'efl d.'!ermined and contact l~ lm-
mlm>nt, tht' linKI IIb1K~ of the movemcnt ill madc.
Tbe adVRI1"e ill loy boundg, from fine terrain (ea-
tUN' W another, maintaining visual {'ontact hP
tw.-.'n Munding el('mentA. Lin!! formation" lin'
ntN'ly ~..ed by leading demenu until I.'fllltact jl>
malle.
b. i'f.tjrtllw(I. lJ..tldlL'd planniAg ghouJd ("oJlAid(lr:
(1) '1'1", t'onfiguratiol) of lhe Itround and type
ot YeJ('t'utwll.
(2) Ukely ambugh Klte,,-- I"mg and egpceially
lltf'ep, IItraiJibt stretches of trall networks, bendlll
ill trailll parlieularly 011 eresbl. !!:mliJl open areP,
n('ck and rh'er Cnm&iAlfl', timber edgn, traiiA cut
or won; Int<:l hlllKides and grauland tfrowthll
IIhfl\dd '*' t'aN'fully mllrked 011 the map and ron-
Kidert'd M dllnlter lireaK,
(3} Like!y enemy outpoat or oblM!:rvation po..
lIiljnn~.. KnoUs, the end! o( ridge linea alonK
whIch the axi, of advant'e passes, variations in
the \o'e)(etatwn palterM which provide l{ood flelda
of fire to the enemy, and trail Junction!! IIhould ~
avulded or carefully reconnoitered prior to Crag-
inK.
(4, Any marked "'arlation in terrain or ve~
tation Uitely to require .. chanp 114 formation,
.nch u the tr .. nllition from jungle to vlliaft! areall.
lIwamp!!, U .....l.ndil. and cultivatioM ahould ~
identified and pl..na formulated accordjna'ly,
....
(/li) Poajble po&.ition! for indl1'td lire weap-
c. Fl)nn.iltiou. The veretation found In pri-
mary jungle or LWCondary a'rowth often torceI! the
unit to ad,,'&nce in the ftle formation. Whenever
poae:ible, however. the unit IIhouid move in multi-
ple eolumnll even if the columlltl are forced tn ad.
vance in file, Such a platoon or company ronna"
tion i. more difficult to control under theM dr"
cum"tancea, and they may require greater than
oormal time to deploy. In order to apeed up de-
ployment trom 1I.1e or multiple columlUl in dMe
junKie country, un itA should develop and reheane
SOP'III and immediate action relllpon.~. It a "Quad
ill Uged, &II. the point durina' the advance, dilltancel
betwHin men may avera1ft' ftve to !!even pacl'll! but
troop! mUlIt retain villual contact. It a platoon ia
uaed, thia lame IIIpacina' lllhouid be continued
thrOUa'hout the platoon IU) that the oV&l'all lenKtb
of the point platoon applVximatea 2W meten In
lenl{th. The main body may Ule one or both sidem
of the path mBde by the pOint ilnd the intervAl
be,ween men IIhl.uld be rndueed to thre.! p&u:ell. It
tM' main llOLly jN Hit' (".-.malnder of a company. jlJl
ow.ratl length wm!ld bt.' HpprUXlmltlely 40(j \II 6lW
~r~ . l{w:h II 10rmatlllJj iii suitnbli' (or move
tnfl'nt thr{lugh .Iell.'\(! jHl1ltle, In I'hmbttions with
J'lrulRr ruw,'! of tn"('/t it w!Juld he vulllrl'llbl~ \V
rnacbillegtifl lil"r, On PRlIIIiolt Into pflddy field", vi!
lap and uI~n /tWBMp1<, the formation IIhould be
opened lip 11I1 t'1It'my ob!!!fVlttlOA ill inerenMld. Ttw
commander o( tht' point IIhould rPNllve IIllJtrut~
tioJ)tl IllI to thl' mvthud flf tWulillK with uny unex-
pected ..haogt'l> ot tOpolfraphy. Le. wh..ther tu by
J*III tl:w area and then narth bACk, (If whether to
.Iter the fnrmHtwn and pa'<ll thrnugh .
d, Seelfr-it-y, See parii!(rltph 57 and FM 7-00.
Fill 17_1, aAd PM 61-100. Por brief haltA local
ttCurlty la ubtained by havln!( troop!! face oul
.ard!!: (rom the "atb Hf movement and by laltio!(
up lI.ring PMilions just away from it. For longer
haIti:. p at mtllil tIme., lIquad. and platoon!
.houid form un flU-mund dcfl!nIW- and llCcurity
.lnentl! JihOjl!d be employed_ S('(;urity mea.aurell
Jb01,11d hc .!It~fldard oottlc drill lind ueeuh1d with-
out orders during hAth.
5-11, MMting InVO"tMnft
$. G~f'fft Meeting en!(a.wt!roontll wilt l'lCtur
fr.tuenUY In junKie are.u: ~Ruae of varyinl{
Ihnllbetl of eir'!"Lation which restrict v[.ibilit)'
aAd muffle Ilounda of m.ovement, The prindpal
eharact4:ristiC& ot juna'ltt meetina enppment.ll
.... a minimum of ti1n4'l for the commander to de-
...Iop tbe lIIituaUen and a NQuirement for rapjd
fQrmul~tion lind execution of pia,.,.
b. CtntdtU~t qf MtetiftQ Enpup(\1tt.tJnt",
(1) fn a mMtlna eneaaement the commander
who tkat eatimates tb, situation. arrlvea ..t a d....
cl.ton, humes his ordeu and executea hia plan,
OI!.h.aneu hil chanc", of .ucoo... By rapidity of
action, he seiux the inlUatlve and p.!nil l\lrpriM.
Th, nature at the ena'apme:nt coupled with lIm.w
ited obeeryation will require th. commander tv
bue hill Mtimate and decillion on very limited In-
tormation.
(2) The tollow!na' teatures common to meet,..
inll:' ena'Rlft'menll ilhould be noted:
(u) There il no ilta,. ot development ot
the column_ The troopil may, from route column
to &Mault poIltiona.
(b) Supportlng tire! are delivered on the
enemy immediately upon contact and attempt to
.aln itre luperiority while the friendly (oreel de-
ploy,
PM 3il-H
(e) The envelopinK Coree muat move rap-
idly but mW'It arrive at the aIlIalJlt position In
lIhy~iclll t;olldltlon to enter the lI.re ittfht.
(d) If /Wrlal 6re 1I0pport 1111 to be UM. the
I,'ader ot thc flnvfi!opinlt forCft must knDw It. .nd
Ow l,jjotll mU8t be ('aretully inatructed a8 to tbe
i\fi'IVI. timWl Imd dirtion in which tbt!y are to
mak1' bombihil and lItral1nl{ rUM.
(;> J Wtwn 8upportlnil I1rcs are used, they
at(> lifted or IIhltted by the comma.nder ot the en-
lteblPIlig foret:!!.
l/l T{lfflervc elementA pmtect thtt NlAr and
d(>feud all.lnilt enemy countemnvt'lopmenh. If
not required (,n' "uch purpo8M, the rpctve ele-
meutll may be ul<ed tl> e.pln!t a IIIUCCI!8IJ or extend
an envelopment. but they ahould always be held
"ut imtially until thtt l!ituaUon i. clear,
5-12. CondUit of the Attack
B&IU~ on information obtained by n;ermnaiuance
lind other 1I0Ur('$!!, the commander deddM on the
dlref'tiou "'f attack, The attack illl conducted with
a fprmation 81milar to th .. t ua.ed In night attack
:0 "'pen country, Dll!l:ance and interv&ls aN r~
duood. and the column formation III maintained u
tar forward all pO&llllble. Flm IIl1pport !II .... ttuen
tlal in tbe junKltt all In open terrain; uMupported
infantry ",rdlnarily cannot breach a detenalve po-
IIltton without !ncurrlna heavy cUIl.tUn. 'l1Ie
are to be brea:ehed muli be pinpointed. Artillery
and mortar forward abHrYertI may bave to ap-
proach within .xtremely l!bort r.nee of their own
firM, Durin, the ulIalllt. Ilupportin,a: fl.rw; ahoilid
continue until they are lifted ar shitted by tile .....
...u!tlnr commander. They ar~ them .hltted to
eever the speelfte ta......bJ that will moat ...ltt the
prorretlll of lh, al&aultin. torce and block proba-
bl~ withdrawal routel. of til, ClnIIID),. Beau.. of
terrain and vhubUftt reetrletlon, an aluult line.
u Iuh, I. not nonully tormed, Rather, .~
lift ftN and movement by __ultina: fl.re tElarna
ar& conducted to overcome enem)' l'flliataDei. Due
tv the dltneulty Irt I~..tlba: e-nem,y empiaetment.&
by vlaual muna alone, th& f\n abd nIOYIJJ1Mnt
phue of the .....ult may f01'e& tile enemy to dla-
ciNe his poeltion. AI eDemy emplaeem~nt8 &ra lo-
cated, the ....loIltlJl,f force: ,..nerally movee oa a
ain,le axil. with the ftre oone.Dualed OD a M-
leeted and limited aNa of the enemy d4i1ttMiv...
perlm.ter. Smoke mQ' btl UNd to ecnen oft' the
I\snka ot tht ..na ot the tnernt dtt-en.lve ,"rim..
Ulr, 8m!).. mQ' be wted to It:NIrl oft' the t.ua of
the arM Mlect.d for peHtn,UoI\, Thl objeetivt of
the Initial ...... utt ,. to achieve a local puwtn,t1on
.....
Into th~ mflin battl~ poaition nf th .. enemy. Onc"
th~ JWMlratinli :J'I mad~, It is exp!<llttd until the
obJtive ill takl'1\, Aft~r the obj<FtUvf' j", OVCTrun,
it mUllt b.o J'lt'C'urO'd immcdl;ltely with II haJ'lty pe-.
rlml"ler, ,,('curity mt'allurt"ll IICt UI) and preparli-
t.OUII mad(> tn r!!pel an tnf'my ('Ilunt{,rllttfl('k or tl)
1HII'IIII1' rt'J'lidual el1em~ f-or('ell,
S- 13. Infiltration
II hmgle "relUl flYt' lde-Ally !\uitt'd Ul inflltrJl_
tlon, Ik<n5t' Y~If(>tbtitlfl flnd unullual landformll
wIn limit (h1' !'!WmY'1I nwrvalinH and hi" abimv
t() d.. tl't"( n\iIVl'mt'nt All a t&hni1tu{' of movf"m('~t
throusrh {'nemY pn~ilionll, infiltraUon may ~ ul'etJ
III conjunction with offfl'n"ive fTum1lver in tlw
Jungle. Allhotigh jU!lltJe mflltYationll are uMaHy
diMMounl{'d, undcr certain CirtuMilt/lnC{,1I aircraft
and watercrAft ('an t.. ufl!!d effectlve!y til expedite
ffH1V\,ment.
b, An inlilln.tlnn 11rior to tin tdtock iM diffic1!!t
to \'Otlrdinate uhd t'olllm:, rlklminl{ mUlil lw. de-
tailed and tmtlpA must be urefully brided,
IWads, iralllt Hnd watfirwaYA will n<trmully be
under e!wmy !lurwillal'lCc and cAution IIhould be
ext'reilWti when tillinll lh~JIIt! tUI inliltration TOII{i>II,
Movement by IItenlth through dpnJ'lP jungle wit
00 extremely IIlow and exhnullth~ll. Adt!<juute ('urn
mllnicatimu! mUMt be provided in order to check
the prOllre"" (It the \Ijwralion and to coorninate
lirell with the mOVement. .~or further ladicul
euh.~iderAti(Ontl of infi]trlllion Bee FM fit-IOO.
5-14, Ixplofhlttorl ond "'-MlUif
11. f:rploitatifl1L Etwh 10('11.1 SUN'eM should be
pl:ploited immedIately and vlltOro!lsly by reat'rve
e!emenb tn ('ut "ff the rctTt'at of il\Olated efU!trlV
toTeel'. Airmobiffi, tl'()(!PU can be u"w E'ffectively
to block retreat hy employment alonll probable ell_
cape mutell as weU 811 to cause haraH"ment and
disruption of efl(!my r8~rve and Aupply arealt
Artillery should IlI"twide fire- Mupport to cov"r ell-
I'ape ave-nuell. Helicopters may be e-mployed to
shift artillery weapon" and fwward owrver!!
rapidly. without relt'ard to terrain ob8tadt>l'I. and,
it armed. tn altack Withdrawing ('Mmy rorre~.
Tllnka may be utill:Ni aio1l trails, rQlld/!, and
1t'M den&t' jungle flnms (0 atta~k and/or block re-
treating enemy to~" Tattkal air BUpptort, if
available. "hould ~ called uJW)n to attaek retr!!'at~
inlt' rOrC". HelleopUir ffUnshiPf. may alllo be MU'
pkJyM. nuriJlIl exploitation, tht' security of rear
aN!&!! mUlit b\! allll~red aj(ainllt actions of bypaaaed
enemy j(FOUpll.
...,.
Il. Punmit. In pur.!lUlt or defeatoo enemy fOree!!
tht' N)mmander may be upetted to run many
morr risb thlon would ordinarily ~ tolerared.
S\)('('I!\!JI in jUfllf!e p~rlluit j~ del'*ndenl on mllin-
tfIJlUll1( \'\)nh(t, eIther rhYllicall;.r or by short dill-
tllll\'('~. }o~xlrtt. llre(,l\utlOn~, whkh mUMt \M" taken
tv tt.v(lld moving into an /lmbUJ~h, rfln "low pl1T11ult
UlleratlOlls ('(IMinelably. Normally the fatlj(ue of
the AiHarkinl{ troo])/I will exc~d tlUlt (lr the de-
fender. For thll' I'{'allon It ili! betttr t<> emp!oy re-
lleryell in the purlluit inlluad (If tbe troops nf the
IIttllt'klflsr t'Chdon,
$-1 S, Night Cambell
/I, {;I'tIl'Yfll. N1R'ht fightinsr in the Junlt'le iM ex-
trl'J\ldy (liln('ult; lrourll mUiSlt be e<rnditioned to
the (lid t.hat It i~ nut jmpOll~ible, but on the ron-
trar)" (luilt, probllble. 1n jung!e wherl' ther!! ill II.
nlllO!).\', 1lI1lhl hriug/l ('nmplt>tl' darkn('AJ'l to lhr
I(nmll'!. Thl~ t'lItHl:tijHl !()l'ft'~ the :-toldier til ulle
hi~ ~1'nlW.!I of lime!), h('Krinlf and tlluch to il high
;jeIlT"(' Trntlllll, R!< It t'tlllf!e<juenef'. iSlh(,~ld T~ive
liltell!<ifivd niltht trRining ....I\durted eltht'r in jun-
Itte terraiu or in dell!<e WoodA iht' fmldier should
he mlld.' .. w..re thnt thirk velretuUon Mild heavy
mill IIbw moveml'llt, nml lIIrreUlie tht> d./li<'ulti~!I
of nmlJJtmllllllf n.nl-n('t with J(rouj'Y.< All ;If theIW
flldor~ .... hullid i)(-' rt'lnled to the prl)bwm/l nor-
nw!)y Il""{)("mled with fllKht ol'*rlltiliOlI ~fI Itn), lypt'
..r tl~rrajn.
b. Ni,<,hl MIll'fnlt"lj 011(1 Mailllflu/I1ID ('()"Inct.
[Jurlnlf-thf"fIlllht rruwement in the Jungle is tnollt
~uc'KI\rul wheu ('(lnlinvd to Ntablished trails and
Y"KdM, It MUlit Iw remembered, RoW{'ver, that
lIu('h tmiJ!< lind rhad~ are putentl.. l kill!ng
Ifrtnm<ix rur t'flf'my amliullfwJI, GrOlllm mdnll' theIW
rllum mUllt be- prepand t(lr ImfM{liKlo' adion. If
it ill Hilt l}t)lIlIiblc ur tea.'I,lb)e h' u"e thlMW routei',
troops shvuid be Itr{'pared to nwVt> ('TO$-roun-
try. 'fhi" mvwmvlll wlll be Hlow, IlrdUOUI, and ~X:_
hsulltinl(, Extenllive nilt'ht movement i/l not prar-
t."a!, IlApt>cially for IIh:able unill!. 'The problem of
('(lnlrul afld maintaininlt' rontal't will b.! difficult
!\lId Will reqllire thorough I)lllntlinil.
t". Niuht Fir/hlinlJ Tahtliqlletf. For a detailed
aCrOlJllt and dellcription or the thnil.juell of
llillnt f1"b\illl{. 1Ie' PM 21_60 and F'M 2j_15.
5-16. CoordinDMd Attock Agoifttf Q U\orolJJ!'h and contlnuoue around ree<>nnaiuanre
fortified Penh_
11. Whf"n attackinlt' a tortiflw p06iti(ln, man-
made ob8t.adell .u('h aft heavy bunkers, prote(\iYf!
and t.l'Liul wire, and mineR will be enco.unlered.
The elWmy wilt hnv(' tv he hllrtle.l l)r hll'hted lIUt
O'f hiM jXMltilHh. Thl:f wi!! rt'lillirc a .!f'reat Amount
of flrept,wl'r lmd !ronlnlf"l1 mu:.l be l1nrrowrd ttl
buure thl' ronrelltr .. tJ(f1i ..r lhe~c 1i1l~1I. Limitf'!!
objet'tivt'8 nHlflt !llIlO bl' I'fltKbHllhed to fal'~lilah'
('ontrot.
b. HllaviJy (urtilied cnl'my d;.fl'nHeJ1 ill denlle
Jun"ht arc O!tCIl Ml well ;;mmJalecl thn1 tht'i r prell-
e!'ICe Is not k!l{)wn ulltilj.hyeicfllly en<:ountered by
trlltndly rOrCf'll at clOKe TanKe. In this situation,
UN will not haye L,-,en mflde of l.reJlilratory fire>
.., IOttell enemy ddeTlsJ'Ye poaltiQnll flll i" tkJrmal.
The use of mllRlUVe supporUnlt' flTIIllI At thi:s liMe
uuaUy ill nl>alltlTy to det~at the eMmy and de.
ltrOy hill position without A~"erinlt' undue friendly
u.auallies. Once lIuch type defen8e" are enwun-
teed, the ('ommander may on oc('aaion have to
ad,Iu.t his forward di"pOl>ition, whiffi, 8till mllin-
talnin" contact, in order to permit exteneive em-
ploymenl or tacti<:al air and artiHery flrell. Simul-
t.ntoUII!y, additional mane~V"f!r fOrtH are tom-
mitted to blOCK the enemY'!i pollllible withdrawa!.
0008 the i.rtparat<>ry flrl'l'I bav"" been wmpleted,
torooe aN maneuvered to defeat him in detail.
(I. 'rhe preparatory pbue (It 8ueh att.cl!:a will
ilwolve the construction and impr(lwrMnt of
roada. and trl'li/a behind friendly linN to. permit
Semon IV, DINNSt:
a, Getttral. DefenlliYe ('ombat In jun,le terrain
doa not differ greatly (rom combat in other typell
ot terrain. The baaic prinrlp1ea remain -valld;
bow.v~r, tha techniques uled to apply them ,..ary
dependiq 00 the natuTe 01 the terrain, See FM
'i-lIS. PM 1-20, FM 1-30, FM 61-100 and FM
100-1> for prinelplN, fundanmntalM and 40ctrine
tfOvtf'ain, d.refUliW! combat,
b. F'IM4mt''lttal4 of 1Ht~nu in a 'Jt#lIJle 811.-
tnrtml'l'U1t.t,
(l) Co.mmandera at all Ievt"i. muet make a
thotouah terrain analyeie of any jun,le area tbey
'" to defend in order to take maximum Nyan"
ca,. of its unJqu(' ('har~urllltiea;,
on ElI:tenll.ive ulle of MCurlty me&lurtll will
b.! neeeellary to prevent lIurpr!St, Sel:urity ele
menta will be hindered hy the I'fld~ -vlalbUlty
.and adaptability of el.etnmie eeneore .in den"
junrle arut!. To counter tld. f(I(!~rity limitation,
ia IneIINtU'y alonlt' with the employment of a
rreater than norml portion (If the de-fen" foree
In tile &eCurity miNion.
thl' nt<;\'\'nwllt of lHlppht'~. ammunillfl!l lllld the
Wl"lllml)" tht !<fi! i" lw ullt'd to SUPPQTt the Ktbck,
f'r"d"",llfllllh,d IKUdinl( :tOne;. or drop ;OMII {,.r
1l(>T!ul rt'1lUI)),I)' mluila!.w bel!)!1l!'idered.
d. If t!l!vlll gllllt\)'\' ~Kh be u!il'd tn llrivantalte, it
~houJd lit' 1'(",\w)l1ell and a "chedule of the flrell
J,IUHlWd 111 utivnlll't', A llilval Itullfirc liaillnn team
ntHy llIuqllt in dln:'('tinll the srunflre by dired
AAlp,Ukllh,,,v ('(lfl:lrnunimliclUi.
i', ArrallJWrnelltK Jlhould be made ror maximum
flrtdk-ry prepHrut\(>n and ;:Of\tinuinN: artillery sup
port, Tht> Artillery WIll require adequate time for
dlllpllwemenl hi m'w ,md better ~iti.,n8 alld reR'-
llltrntlofl.
f, }o'qrwKrd Rlr t'(lntroi!erll ~rform aro~nd reo
l'onllaiHHan('e, rmploylnll' al! poulble means to
locate accuTlltely the targeb tor prcpsrato.ry
bombing and IItraflng attaCKS.
IJ Thl' prt\('ur!!menl or combat intelhJPln~ by
melln" of IIlrjlh(ltn knd elednmic rcconnalAllnce,
mterroKlltion of pri~Oljerll and around re<:onnaiH-
"snce patrolling ,.. eMlential.
h, ('(!mbal patrolling mllllt be rontinuuue .and
.,gr~lve, k~inJ!' the enemy on the defeMive
and limiting hil. ability to patroL
and LKhnlqut!tl ot combat tber.in ~ '!If
i, For detailed ;:harad.rlatiu of tortified areu
Sl-So.
is) Enemy pelletratione of frkl1ldly defen
/lIve poIIition!1 ortUr more readily in junl]e terrain
since it ill extremely dlffltult to cover ground with
men, a_Tvation, and Are. ConaeqlMntly, the
principle of all-round defen&e becGmetl more im-
portant than ever, Dttfenae in depth will help
flehleve rood aU-round defenM.
( .. ) Short 1\tld. 61 Are and heavy varetation
reQuire that d*'enlh'e poaitiOff8 be- elot.ely linktM!
for mutual support. Adequate suPPOrt flte with
centralized control muat be provided to &IIIiat in
brWinll up enemy Ml&Ult., to dutroy enemy r.
eervea, to hamper or prevent relnfol'Ctmnll, and
to provldt combet eoyanp by AnI of tilt entire
deflm.lve atM.
(51 In order to counter the .MITIY's attack
.and to me the Inltiattve, the comm.artder muet
make provleton. for a reaerve. The eountetatt&ek
Is critical to the aueceu of Jun,te dtftnM.
(8) The UN of artiAdal ot:.t.ekl aad bar.
rle,.. muat be con.ldared in ecmJvnetton with na1o.
ral obat&d. lated aNUn\! the dtfnalw potj_
lion.
r, FfYf1fU ()f Det~ftH, The "'"' bule f()rma of
... .

mll .....U
dfcn"l", th", mobilt' defenlll(' lind the Itr... d"fenae,
flfie Imt UI!:Ufltly .mikd in th ..ir dflAAi{' form, to de-
fewliw nl)j:,rflthm~ ill the JunKie, Vflt'lfltions in de-
f{'nlle 100"UrjmrAtinK applkAblt' pt)l'iinnlt of t'fleh
will hl!:\!(' tf! hI' dt'viAm wt'fl \Ipnn u eonlliderRtion
nf tbt' fl'k't"YA of Mt<:T'L Umu will frequently
hav!' tt, l'i.nd!tt,t {k'f~m\lVi' llJ1f'YlltlOng nn An 1110-
Iktfil lmAill whkb will Yt"lllirt' RII flil.round form
u( dd.'nlW.Th .. JW'rimeu'r typl' d('femw will mOflt
frequently I:JIt' employed; hnwever. it is hiKhly de-
"inthle to ul'KJlnne in rtt'Pth wben th~ terrllin p'r-
mitll it And t.n retail, a reIWr~, 111 lIuitabl .... reaK
Uw M'aHabllity DC brlk(l}.te-rJl will (lm.blt" .om-
malldl'YM til ('Imlhlet rntlliill' d{'ft'nllt' n~rfltimlJl,
5-18, PJannlng the D4mrlM
a. (;(lIl'ml. Th plan iii devt!llll)<'d frum .. de-
tll.ih'tl n'('nnnRiOlOllu)I'(lof Iht' IHt'U lind .n (,Mtimatl'
nf th. MitUlltinn til d(,le-rmin(l th(l mtlRt .. ff('ctivl'
way IAl UMe tb t'1"rll.in and nVRilable reKourceK. It
provide" for ~e('urity f(JUl'M, f(;rward d(lft'nlll'
f"rcm~ hnd II r"M'rVl', It indkRtt'M the location of
the forwllrd d(lfrnllt' urea, prflvldCfl fire lIupport u>
all detl'nMivi' (~b"lonll. and providM (or artificial
obi8tfld(ll1 and barrit'rll t.o improve the natural d(L
renKive s.lrengtb of tb!' t"rrllin, II MpellK out ..-oun-
t"raUIl('k pl!lnM Hnd (r!~'flM (Irllignll(e-d for tbt!l pur-
po.~(>.
/J. PUHO!Wg CmlludrraliMHt. When plAnnln tbe
ddenl!>e, the followin/it fal'i.orll !lhould be ..-onlld~
ered:
0) Tb..-re Are about 12 buura Gf daylhl'bt in
junKl(> foflowed by extreme darkae$lL Cl>mmand~
t!t8 should be.in preparatiQn of defenltve poal~
tlon!l At le...t two hpur!l prior to ni.tltfall.
(2) The hi.h bumidity will advertely affect
phyalt'al eft'art and tl'OOJ)& &hl)1Jld be retied &.II .....
qulred.
(S) Tropical downpours wilt Qul..-kly ft09d
JKl*llioRl \In_ th(lY art adeq\lately drained. Thll
ahnuld be etm8itk>red whtm aitin", poeitionJ. Tbe
hlKh water table durltijf the rainy aNUl(lO often
Nquir. daftmaive poeltlonll to be dUK Oft hl.h
""",lid,
(4) Limited fleldl of obMrvat/Gn allow the
enemy to appruaeh poeltiGna without bein. ~"
t.cted. facilitate Infiltration by th.. enemy and
incmate pouibiHty of attack from any dinICtion,
The UM of lltartiirht ~ and anti~intrU5ion de
vleet ahould be conaldend in planniu. n~bt de
tenalve -po&itj''fI\1l,
c. o..(1Mtillilian 01 thl! GNh.,ut
(1) GtflHlr47. The battalion and &mailer unit.
oftl!n of"!rste all indf.pendent unibl, T'h~ tleh-
..."
I
j
.7'
nUlut'II o-f Iwrimt-wr d(>fernw /U'e- ulIllaily liMed tn
providf illl-round d!'fem', Wtwn jlrnIlIinl(>, a natu~
rill nW!tadl' !\urh P'S 1\ riv"", lil~m, lIwamp,
Rtft'p I'li" or !Wit ,.,holl'" iw rnH.IIlde-r~1 .1Id inl(>-
JlnWd in tht Hvt-r"l1 dl,ft-lI11ivl' lllR" Whilt- lillrn
fellhttt>a r,lIIlItit;t{e- ob.dadl'R ttl tnt' atiarkf'r, tbey
art' nt'Vpr ('tlIlJddt'ml aJil iwmrmolJutuble bitrrll'r..
anti prn'ii",iun", mu",t be mmj., to nlf'{ with fln ih..
ent'my who aHRt'kR ov{'r and thrf!lll'h them.
(2} i'rnmi'nit<m n/ dr/('ltlti1lr Jlf!8itl'mL Thf!
flut ,.,Iep In lll')ttmi~iIlK tht- I't41lud tifte-r Rt'<'llrinll
tb .. Krea IS til phu:.. th(' lI.u(omnlit' Wt'lIrHlIV! nntl
prl'pIUt' fi1'lds Ilf fir,.. t'Ufi' mu .. tlll' tnk'-lI tn m-sllr.'
that W}t.tntinH iM !lift ('!It Hnlll'rf'~"Jlri1)'. All eut-
tillS: Rlwukl hi! ('art'fully ,dnllnt'd oml {'tllltroll('\l
1Iy w1\d ..1'>\. Primary .. nd alterm,l(' TlflJIIltiUIli< Are
t'\!lll'tr'Jdl'tI. Tht> !\hurt rlltlJlI" nf nbM>rvatiufl,
... hort fl.el!l:4 of IJr., .. tul I"f'!ltrkt..d ranl'e (of aut<!
matI!' fir' ('l)v.'rtlJ(" wdl r~lulre- lhat deft'tlJlive 110-
KitinlUl nr" dour])' JIIitl'd f<lf mutual MUPIIMt And to
IIrt'vl'n1 infiltr!l.lioll. l'rf'plU'hll'UI.'I nf oVI'rh('lul
l'OV(lr ill of Ilal'Rmoullt imlMlrtltm-e \.f) ffrtU('(' vul"
nrrnbility to hil(h anl(le fin',
(3) Strt7!l/thtllinJ) the rli'!i"llIirr pOJIilinll.
Tht! f1Rturlll tt'rrRin ()bKtaelt!ll IIhnuld be rein-
forred. witb II.rtifiriRI ob!\taelell i'I(lth fI); min$H, Ilit.
fallM, f'tI .. Tb"y JIIb()llld b.:o ('()V"rt'd hy fir" Rnd Kitu.
utt'(] wb"rl' tbt, enemy will be dt'nii'd ()b:-l(>l'VRtinl)
of tbem. They ~hnuld U()t bE' III('nle-d wilbin jtr(l"
niule-thrnwtnl( raH~e of defenKive pOMitifmll.
'l1wir Innlinn mUllt tit' blilant't'/I ajt/f,inllllbc tbick-
neSll of ve~tation and pOfIMibility o( vClletation
beinl( destroyed. For instance, II. win> ohlltRrle lo-
cated If) yard", nutside a pollilion may be ~urrwient
to pfievf'nt JlfienadCfl beinR' tbrown in if tb .. jfMwlb
iM denfte, but it would p.fflbably nnt Allffice after
the growth had been IIh.a away,
d. Organu:afilnt lOll' C(I:ottbl1t Ol'scaniuUon for
rombat will be bued on a conAideration of the-
fli(*t01'1' of ME'I'T. NOTmally. three ladl(lI.l R'fflUp-
Inp: an>: orR'aniud-tbe &e<'urity force, the fOI'(M
in th~ forward defenM. and tbe retli'r"'e. Penetra-
tion or infiltration between defenMIY* iocationJil
may occur, lhu.ll requl.inR' orR'aniution that for
~mbat provldn for aJl_round derenlle. Tire em-
ployment of unattended around SelVK>rll All lntru-
alon deteetonl 1& valuabl@ for the early detel'tion
of enemy aetivity; bo~ver, the limited visibility
and ~ueed etrtiveneu of other electronic
MnllOrft may requjm a greater number of tl"OOpl'l
than normal for security of an area. It 111 ntltt!ftury
til maintain a mobile reJlPrYe fo~ of auifident
aize and compoaition to facilltate rapid reactiOn
in IIny dJrection,
!', Comma1H/ '1111' (',m/rot R(')!trit'ti(tnl!: impt)Med
bv jllnllll' tf'rrllin Oli mllnueVl'r and control place
th(' Ill'ellte.">i l'ml.hll'lIis m1 ptulillinJl, !'oordinution,
lind MfHlll llIHl j,'WIf'tllblll, IIt'CI'lIirnii:tI'!1 I'flutl'nl
llt Ot'cl'tll'lnry 1n illiuw HIll1ll to rl'!I{t Ijlliddy ilJlftinllt
1I.mllitunt'ol!:< nmltiplt lbr!'nt... i<:tfl'("tiVl' cuntrul
by lInlnll ltmt l;'nlln,~ i.", vitll~ III fls:htl/lj( dlf !Iud
den l\llllllilltl' >It dnlU' rlW!<'t'. G{)(ltl firt' di.llciplirw
multt hi' l'lWr\'j1lCd tlurlnJl hUllrll nf darknellJll to
prf'Wnt !irin .. lit unidelltifit'tl tur!relx, thm{ dilt-
dooillg frit'ndly defellSIV(' lKIitionl!:, (>8peeially
el'f'w~)\j'l'v(*/I w., pons. to tb .. NIt'1n,V. Of 1bt m1\ny
prohlem$ pt't'lllIar tn rlt'fenl't' III juns:lt' terrain,
th{' nW!lt I'rltlt'lIl HI rOmmunkAt!OIlIl. Alternat"
t'umrnUOl<'ailllllli (..('diUt'" IIhoulrl be provided
to the ffillximum e~tent pll.'lJlihle. An effective
C(lmmuuiclltioll netwtlrk within the perimeter
enhKn('('.~ Uw f(!mmand(>f',~ Rhility to rontrul the
effort, Infhl('UN' UII' adi\!1l I!.nd "N'riure unnt"eellfll!.ry
n1n'it'!\1I'TIL
l. Sa.1flfll fllIIl SI'I'I tilftl'frr Mr-nKJfrrJl. l"ecurity
jM plRon"d lo Itflin I'ltr1y inf()rmntirm or th .. en-
emy'JII apI.ro,,>!b: JIlrIlIJl. ~I"ntril'l'<. ubllf'rvation
IlOlIt, jjlltl'ninl(' P()$\tlol, !'urnbat OU!lfuanJ", llnd ",m-
bUMh.'1oI III'I' u!I(ld. Tbf'.1II' outl(ul!.rds (firm the nu-
de-ull uf tht, mmbat IJutpost s~~m IIlonx ('ritklll
jl1nKit' 1\IIllrm\thl'.~. Tbey Jfive nrly warninlf of
tht' "ut'my undo within tb!'ir rJlpability, delay,
dlll()rjtllni:tl', lind d.'rl'iVl' the- enl'my R~ to tbe tru/'
10cROOn (If th., main !Jo!lition. Trip Wlre8 con_
nect(ld tn noi!'ll'maken, .ntiperl!lonnel mines, or II
lllminatin", flRres may be in&l.a.lled around the poai-
tion lit nillhl ta wllrn or tbe enemy'a approacb.
Olht'r menn" m~y be mwri to itiuminatt' tbe bat-
tlefield. Ilt night; c.nM filled with jellied a:uoU"e
with. fiernoU> lIy"l.4!m of ienition lTtay be placed in
.tra~l(' reaJII and i"nlted wh~n ~ enemy ap-
proaches. Sucb de'>'icell abould be located far
elmuKb beyond tbe patlltlon 1M) tbat tIM! llJ:ht will
not blind the defender. or disdoae their poeitiona.
yet dese Ilnougb not to be obsenred by veptatiun.
The riled ef all iIlumln.tion ia limited by the
heavy foliap and tbe t , . top canopy of the Ju,,~
",Ie. Additional mMM to provide .Iu~fUal'l(e in~
dude ni",ht villion aide, r.ld.lr, infrartld devk-.
and a variMY of unattended jfl'Ound IleOIlOt'1l. 0.
tailed planninjt and t'oordlnation muat: ba tffecW
by all tommanden III!ndlna out niaht patrola.
P1a.na indude tbe miMwn. t'ompoeltion time and
J>lnt of departure, time and point of return.
route. to be used. alJ'TI and counteraian. and emer-
aency aii'Mla, Patrol&' plana an! Hnt to the nnt
hllher beadquartel'tl for C<JOniiMtion with adj&-
1'Jnt unita, leCurity elem<tnbl In front of the tw
ward df.fl'llJW! areM, ilnd JII~flportlnl( artillery
unitJI,
g. ~';,e PlOlffllil1(1 in nt'lt'ntlf\ Sinre denRe vep..
Ultion will rtt<tmt e"octive mutu.lI fire IIUPf)(In.
from adjlk'ent Pilttitim)lI, It Will I:JIt' t"a:t~mel)' 1m.
portant tbat plilM Inelud<t fl'ntrali%&i t'ontrol of
fl.ra IIIlJlPort FiN'1!: are planned snd e:lt6Cutm as in
any other type or Lenjun, f'nfo!'minK to the de-
sire.ll of tbe ~mmilndt'r and the availability (It
ummunltion. BeealUll: ot the: unullual landto!'mll
prelleflt in roMt junJ(le turain, It will be difflcult
to ('over All SfhJ'lll with ditfl1: fire. In s1J(h dt'nlm.
IltaOfieR, planll Mud b.:o made fur t'OvereJ1'9 of thue
areM with inrlirt fire Tht deereaaed frnota~
IIborl.4!r djMtaOt'M, and dOlier interveb'l lMl'twee-n
unib! (,HII (or v;tenMiet) lind d .. taUed planninll for
fl.nal probwtive finl!l, In jUliKIe defenrtive opera..
tlonJl it h...!\!Wotial thut ull flN'II!)fm<"1 art" f ..mlllAT
with the ~llit tire plan And proeedurf!tl for tllN!('t.
inl! theae flreL
h. 1.(joidi~ll, O~e t() the IMllated nature ot uniltl
involved in defenRlve operaUunR and tbt confllfU-
ratinn ot th(* terrain, both aerl.l and IJl'Ound n:"
"upply will be limited, For this realWm, added (l'm-
phB!l.ill muat be placed on aupply economy And po..
lIitionlnK of JIIuppliu to protect them from the ele.
rut'ntB and to prevent their deJlltr"dion by enemy
flre.
5-19. Co"dud of th. 0."""
(1. Durin, amall unit o.,.ration&, tbere are
timl!8 wben a t'ommander ruUJllt lI11ddenly revert
trom the attack to the deteltlNl. When this (\(CUI'll
be may have to eatabliah .I baaty defen.e. On
tbolle Ot'!C!8alonl thenl i. little or no lime tor the
application of thf teehniquIHI and procedurH M.
&OCtated with tlw preparatton ot a dellber.te de
fenae. Such a situation can OCC'ur wben tbe enemy
suddenly atrenethenll tbe objeeth'e and the: attack
i& momentarily atalled; or at dusk while the unit
1, nlll in contact tlrith tilt tl1lNlm7 and. a nl,ht at.
tack la not plaanad; or whan an hlterrnadi.te ob-
jective bu beta HCund and the unit II reorpn.
idn. before eontinutna the attaek, Dutiq these
sU.dtlona datalttd p-ound NCOnna~ .,...
tematie plamnot of automatic W_JIGlI.* and tM
piadn. of Mlphiatleat.e4 early wamin. davieet
. 4_
an not feulble. GenvaUy 0lI th.,.. ectUlOnt the
unit i, atlll ia coataet aad l.I undv dinet ....
from enemy smaU armt. WId.. the ~ dtf.....
......... _ _ to all 1III!11ry_tl_11
taka em addId &~ 1ft ihI j . . . du. to
the proxJmft7 qf the . . . , Ud tIM .nII taU.,.
.....
 b. When a hasty defense ill required, a p~rim~
ter dele-nae ift el'llalthfthed whith l)rovides all
round surity with the unit eammand poIIt in the
cenler of the perimeter. Whi!1" !lot norm.llly pos-
lIibll" when in c\Olle cnnlacl with the ~nemy, out
pfmts or other mean .... of local l'Il";'urlty Ithauld 00
utabli"hed Inl'l"(a.r aH pr.ctit"uble, Unit fr(lnta~H
l'Ihould 00 dra."tically reduced, nopeda.lly at night.
to pN!V~nt enemy infiltration into the poaltion.
Orjlanic mortar ft!'el'l, and .... (lpportinjl momr and
artlilery firea, if available, Ithould be relli.tend
u lIOOn u pouible and the diIurinJl of foxholeA ioi
Uated at on. Auwmatk weapoJV\ mu"t be placed
Imm~hately, Tbe.e weapon" are placed where the
veKetAtinn offer.! the best ~ible fields ot tI~.
I'l SOP'.... for this typf' of w.rfare must be pre-
pared in advance of actual operaUch and individ-
u.. 11 mu.t be instru<:t,.ed and rehear.-ed in their
application 8M troop Madinl proceduNII by small
unit commandu" may not be practical.
tl. Once the hMty defensive polIJtlon ha.s been es-
tabUahed, weaponll emplaced and local Ht"urity
potted, the unit continues to improve the poailion
... in any other type dflftnse. Should cirt!um
.taMAlt &.velep requilinr proloni'ed occupation
&t the poIIition, Ule poeition ",Ult be madec formi.
dab"- and the bMlt' doctrine for establiahinl a -pe-
rimttAtr defttnr.e .ppU..... important conlliden-
lion, in t~ia conneetJon are:
(1) The unit tront contmuel to be c!n:ul.r
front.
{2} A raerve ie eon&tituWd .u 5OOn ... prae-
tiul
13) LeeAt Ht"uf'ity it pu,hed all far forwal'd
"poMibk,
(4) Coun"'rattack pt.u are d*Vtloped.
(IS) Communleationa an improved.
(8) Machin"uM are employed lIingul.rl),
co",rint .. many enemy approacnea .. poAAlb!e.
The prindp.tl eonaideration when prollTeM1nl'
fTom a h ...ty dtfenr.e te a ptolonpd dete1lle Is to
obt.iln "workin, room." Often thla can be
achltved br ulle of IimlLed .ttacb, by heavy
wellpltll!ed mortar and .rtlller:r fire. and I...Uy,
by u.e ot c1Me-ln automatic weapons firt foreini'
Sodiaft V. IIfTIIOOIADI MOVIMINT5
...20._
RelrQffrAde op:lTatlonl an'! conducted in accord
ance with Ulf' doctrine and. prlnelplea conta,!ned
In FM 7-11, FX 7-2(1, FM 17-1, FM 17-15 and
FM 61-100. with could.ratlon to the restrictio~
on obie-rvatJon. 1'l.,Jda, of 8re, tI.~ aupport. control,
......
the t'nemv tu wllhdraw. Ont;e lbe immt'diatt' arna
1("' dt'al't'd 01 the enf'my. the tt!(':hniqu~ tor 1m
prnvil1l( tht' pUHition tWACnbed in pa:raliraphl
r; 17 and 6-18 MPply.
1', SOP'.... IIhnuld be: developed f'nVf!ring adlon.
!o I.w lIken hI the event that a prolonpd deten.ae
lit n","eAAAry. fUronll' leadeFllhip ill requirfli durin,
"l,l('h artlonH to imure the morale, health and
t'ffkiern:y nt the command are maintained. 1'roopa
mUllt not be allowed to beeome rompiacent.
IfUltx'f'ti<>nll of weaponl. poaitiofll~ and dt'anline'llll
{If troup$ arf' mandutory to insur.. the sOP III
hein. folklwed, PllilnH for practkinjl unit aatria,
fur tHdlnjt, (or mainlenanre and bathing. are
part of tht! unit SOP. However, the ne! to Ittar~
frer the.e -periilda to predurle tha nu.bUahment of
a Mt routiM cannot be overempha.aized, &II the
enemy wilt take advantawe of these periocbl of rew
rlu..-ed elff'..-lIvenetlfl once he ha.s learned the rou-
linf'.
f. Whln a prolonjfed defensive poIIilion "'U
boon elt..blillhed, the (ollow(nlf llpecial <:onsldt!ra
liOn9 Arn appropriate and are wwth:r of conaider-
ation:
ii' SfC1<ritf of ttrd. Patrota a~ diapatehed
to gain and malm..in eon~ with the enemy.
Outruardll and/or ambuMh,. atE .let up to co",r
major avenues of appr06Ch, Amh\1lh,. ahould be
.tet up alona the route tak1:n by the unit into their
delen.lve poaition all well III routell utiliHd b:r ,...
torniq patrolt!. When authorised by appropriate
eommanderl. warninr devices in the form of anti-
per.onnel minta. boobytrapa. trip fiar,., virus.
noilltmu.ra. .nd rre:nades Ihould be in.talled.
Unattended ,round MnllOr. ca. be Inatalled on
likely AvtOlJN of approach and Meembly are... to
provldt warning and '.formatlon on enemy .diy
ity,
(2) Frmcard dlftlMt IlrflL Unita Ihould
mainLain Itrict tit'le diacipline to preclude compro-
mlaing f'Xatt localion of defen.lve poeitiona. Con-
strurtlon of lightly camoutl.apd dummy defen-
livt! poIIitioni can be ~lfedjve in d':eivjnl the
enemy,
communications, and mowment. A retrorrade:
movement ix a planoed operation with a poaiUv.l'
purpo&e' Fon:eful lMden:h\P. Itrlct dlaclpHne.
rontrol, and prior plannina are ~ to in
lure that the intent of the o~r.tion II rl!alilliHd
and execU~< Special conaidtraUona arn:
fi. Delaying Action.
(I) LonK ranjte If FOund obM!rvabon and
l\eldA of fire can rarely ~ obtained.
(2) U/W of stay.bf'hind forct'JI. lOll. raOIlf'.
~Ul'lty und ('ontact p.ttrnl", a("rial <;btwrva\inn
Ind rN'tmntuAABrn::e. and u11attended Krouni! len
&orf!. t<1 llUjlm"-llt Krolmd obHervati{ln and adjullt.
menl of ION. raUK"- :Ore.....
on Rdensive cuttinll flnd markinlt of traiill
may be required.
(4; Seledion al1d retluirem('nt~ for prepara.
tion 'If fW'IitionM for indira.. t firl' weapolllI,
(5; Lark 01 rl)\1tt'H for lateral m{lvt'ml'nt of
unitlt H.11.1 ('()mmllnd and rontroll't'rl'lofHll'l
(6) ~;nltl\llemen,," with the main body of
enemy {orte" mny take pin!:'.. at d!)J~e ranj(I'''
(7) URf' o{ obKtade.... , demolitions, mitl~,
booby trnVI<, dremif'.l!!, (when author(zt'd) olft'n,
liVe adlrm nnd ambushe.... to infikt dama~ on tbl'
enemy lind hi dt'!ay him.
Hetlol't VI. OMR COMeAT OHRATIONS
"'21. _IIi,.
tt. r;/fflr'l'ai. Palrollinll ia important in all type!!
ot warfare; howeVt'r,:lt hill! inrrea~ important't"
under JUllj(lf' 1'OlIditirmll, l!*\pt'ClalJy Bjlainllt JnlU'
rllla ("''''''11, Patrlll thnique" fur the jUllKle are
nnt Wlfally dl/ferent. but ~a\llle of the tt'rrAin,
w!ttt..twn, and \llJUlll JluerrUla jUllltle tllt'tlc.!l,
lIOme modificati;:m... t6 normal tet;hniquell and
methoo," are IIdvillabJl", The ballil' allJM"CU! of PIl-
trollin5l' are covered ill FM 21~75 and advanced
tralnlnr III \hill 5ubjt, all W1;!U a!! a delK"ription
of patrvilinlt' OJ)crl<tivnM ill FM 21-1)0.
Ii. TJlllfif (ltI# MiM~iOllIl. Patrol" are dallHified a~
e:!lher n'Connl\iMIUH'f' ur comhat, the dellillnation
wenerally indiealillil the mil!ll;oll AIII)atrolli are s
souree (If il1fnrmnUoll lind mu"i bf' prepared to
report all Illform..tion, topollraphka! or enemy,
whf('h 1M di!!('owred, Combat rmtroJII are often.
IIQOd lIouree of information and "houtd be de-
briefed after f'ypry million with FeIlp8Ct to enemy
poIIititln~, lradll, oblltadeA, terrain chaFilderiAticA
or other important and unua...1 O('(!ur",nCeA, The
mluilm of Intt'lliltt'nc-e ("ann..! be oYeremphubed
In tht> JunKie beCftUII~ of ihe d!flkulty in obtainina
fle<:urate infurmation from other lOurce5.
t 1) RllCVft1laUx4m:r ptItrolA, A reeonnaiu-.
anc~ patrol in tbf' juftllir normltlly should not ex-
ceed Hix men becaUM! of the difficulty in moyinlf
.nently thtouJth de-nae v.l'~tion; a lar'fr num-
ber of men iH !lable to ('ause n ..i&e whit:h would
increase ehafo~ of detection, Beca\lse of the
\lfual eearcity of mformation abou~ the terrain
b. Wifhdra.UJ<J1.
{1) BeniIJllE 01 the cnwr and t'ontealm~nt
provldf!d by tht, Junale, a withdrawal und~r
NIPfflY pn','<_~urn may bl' lIall<'(\ nn de~ptl()n aR in a
..... 1tl;dr."'lI! mit ullrter .. nl'my Tlr.'l'IlIurt".
(2) Ruule!!, 1I1'l'1embly Itreml. and n.ew posi.
!inn)! mu~t be thllrouf{'hly rt!{'onnolt~re!1 and
>lhllu\(j i.I<' moll'ked for !dt'"tificatiull, If it doe/\ nol
rnmprnmi!l(' KE!C'rl'l'y_ illcl'canert \lite of It'llidea wI!!
)1ormllHy Ill' reljuired, e"lWrlully In areal! ('{lntain.
Wit l!tllll\f> vt'lI.'elHlion
r ';rOHm! S~U/l!>/'II. Unattt'mlt"d arillllld !'lenl\()r~
nm m ('mpL()YfClla!otlK trll.iI~.
Nti!d~, ~tream(l;, riv.
l'f'lIInd utb"r hkely enemy .... vellues .Jf approach
lind III hkl'ly pnO'm.Y lls-'1emhly IireM;, to provid", in-
formaHlm 011 I"nl"my mllv;>m ...r:t and McHviti.w; in.
f ..rmailoll ohtained ,'an bt> used to pIAN~ 10nJ
ranlte fll1.!l1 up.m thf' aPllrollvhillK {"l\emy fH~
find the- probable unfamiliarity of trOfiplO: with the
IIre1l (If "pf'ratlon, theM! patrolK IIhould be de
i-m'hf'd from II rombat Plltrol when po.111ible, The
nHflhnt palnll will tlwn havf' th .. I!.dvantulH' of
",nme mO!mner;o who .are familiar with the tll"rrain
IlIlht, Immedillt.. vil'inlly.
(2) ('fllli/Iltl l'a/rolA. In j\lIllll~ operlltiun~
thiA typO! "t pnlml may be a~"iK'l!ed ,~pt!{'inl' mi~
sioM to!
(al Attack enemy patrol blll\e~.
(h)l)esttoy or tkpturt' enemy perll;H\ne1.
I'lluipnlent, iIlIlLaUa{iol\s and ('ulli\-ntl<)n.~.
(c) Pursue an cnf'my (Ufee after I!.Ua('k by
1\ IUlI.'er unit.
(d) Provide It<<:urity
if) AmblJl!!h {'!n('!myekn>i'!lt~
(fJ Dominate or intt'rdiet ,in .. reI W PH'-'
vent enemy elt'mt'nlll from runtat'tinll friendly
civilian el('!mentH,
{SIt CoUtct Information.
(h) Starch lpec!tled are...
(i) In.tall unatte:ruied ,round QnlOrA for
1mbaequent lur't"fllllance in an .rea.
c. lw.fiutJtcl! til JJI1tgu Tf~iff. 011 P4t,.oUi1tg.
Many condition. of the jllqle aert patro1l:ln,
aalnn&. Thut int\uencin, 1aeror. are veret.atton,
t'limate, weather, terrain and aniNI life, Thll
romblnatlon or 'aeter. and .Iemante averely Jlm-
ite the ran... aJ;*d and txt.ent of Pltrol actionll.
(I) Adll41ttog... In .pJte &t tbe Ifenerally
con.idered boatJle n.tll'" of tb. . factora ..nne
.
advantap" .... ott'.red. Tb. den .. vtptation at
...

tM 11_1'
f'lrdH ,:t('('lIeut 1'.m,etl!ml'nt, Mnd provldca Mm.'
('OIvt'r whkh tcnd~ tn fhvor Ihl' 1I11trollinl( unit
Tlw tl"I)I'(' vew'lDtillA lind krrltin obHtucle.'l will
DIIOt' hilLlIt'f NlE'my nwvemtut Dnl! o\mervlltin/l
Advantlll(\1 Nill alsu bt! u.ken (If the ele-ment'!,
fl\llh H~ rl1111 whkh rt'<fl1~i'!! th., .'Ioun;l {If mnvl'"
m;'nl. ur daml'lll'I<x of I(tI)lUl(j ami v"l'tation
whil'h .. 1);(> mulnes IIlHl',t'
(2) f}lIwdMlIrl)""~ Primary timon" di8ad-
vanlaWo's bT<)1lKht Oil by thc lJlf'lli~ndnl( fd,)r!! iK
t~ prohll'm or (,{lotro1 and movl'trlent. All nH:lVc"
ml,tlb by trDl'I' c\!'m<'llts it! {ht' jllnKI(" most \)('
l'onHidt'rcn ttl. ht'al rnOli!menht The eaae wIth
whi('b t.'flf'my el('rnO'llhl ('an infiltrate deep inl/)
Hnl,p!)aroly Kerurr areall require!! tbat n,] rehu.a-
thm illt\) "lI.dmiuiHtratiVt'" ,(>tlditjmu. or !litUlt-
tiona be rwrmlttcd om't' troop!'- IItan a tactical QP'
eratlon. ThIll r!'!fU1rf'li t!'xlf'Mivr ('onLrol measurell
th.t m\lf.t lit> I,ff{'('lerl by all IrIiM"', Rate of
movem .. nt in prlmary Hnd Hl!Cnntlll,ry jumdell iH
l\eldllffl mllrc thall on('hld1 ml~ tJr one kilomett!'r
earh hour Tr()(q>1I mHI<t hi> ('unditioned III tnili
fae-t and mUHt learll not to fivt!'rf'll.timate tht!' dlA-
iaoce aetuall)' tra~Jed, II ill poa"lble to re!ive
air droplI in .re,u wheft the vei't'tKtion ill not too
dfUlflfl provided adequate air-xmund !!hm&la art'
available, patrollead(>rll should Attempt kJ. accur
.leIy kk-.te ('lear('d an'aS t')n tM map (or later
aeriAl feAuJ,lply ~ilell nr medka~ eval'uat!onll. It
w;luid appe.r that becauM' o( the IIhade provided
by treell, mowment in the jungle collid be made
.ner retl1llluable distances without great phYllical
diKComfort from heat; however, the high humid-
Hy Alld the h('at (rum the jfl'<!\1nd mailnlfy the
llE\llutioll nf hrat. TM combination tend, to ex-
hallat trOOpll quickly And ~~na their norma!
powerll of endurant!'e Owln, to the rl'llltricted vi",.
lbllily in the j.ingle, the only lIure- m(>ana to mMn
taln direction is, by rompaall. Every leader, down
to the mMt junior, must be able to use the oom_
p&.lIII with oonftdenet< and acturacy. Movem-ent
through awampa ill the trull'l.t tlrin.ll' and 1I10we&t of
the conditionll hkely to ~ene()unl.erfd.
(3) MiltitnUjftD Ow ,l!lIeu fif tAt! ilt/tuffIC-
i'lt(;' (adON. Troopa muat learn to op.rate within
the IlmitatiolUl impoaed upon patl'!)} .dione by
the junKie; they multt become acetUoomed to the
jun.le environment and ~ madt!' to realize that
it provide!! advantageoul wnditlofll whef'e flue-
eeI.ful operaUons ("an be eonducted.
d. MQvMnfitt Qf Prdrolll'1t llu ldllU,
{I) Stinee-. Silerme, with reapect to both
Y()iea and movem-ent. ill euentlal at all tim...
With prat'tiee it ia paaaible for trooplI to move at
iI JI'f..:,d lI1U~{"il ill r()wtmrutiv.' :'dll'II(,I'. F,lIch Huldit:r
lIh<luht mnYI' ~tl'lulily, tlt'llb.'rftWly lind ('ur~ully.
1111rLnl{ thl' llliderj(rt>wth rlllhl'F thall rrruthinK
throul(h. Thi .. mi!<htk.- Iwl (mly 'll.IlHt'lI hruilleH.,
"rrnll'hj>~, und I~'t nf din'I,thm, bll! til 11) very
nnj~y. WhNI fjH.... ihl", l .... IHp" ~hould Rvoi,l walk-
hIlt 1m drv Il'<lvl'lI, 'I1i('ks, rotll'n w,".d, cl('.
(2) Cllflillr} /1'(1;1.. Tr(lI>jlll .. h(){)!d lIMl' thl"ir
mw'helt'>' to I'lit trllils only a~ a lAst resort 01' to
iI>,'nhl rX'('.~II]V.' detl'UTII. Thf'rc i~ n!'rirly alwayll 1I
rout!' m'llrhy whef't' movrmt!'nt will ht> elllljer. Cltt-
11 11K J( lNtlJ hn.~ ih(' fQ!tnwlnlt diRadvpnlpJ(t!'rI:
(1I) It III m)t lIikml
(h; tt rr.t!u('{11 f4IW'Mof mnvl'ment.
(r) Jo'atil(ue of aoldiertl in the Ielidilll( <:'Ie-
nwnt 1M il1('rl'alU'd,
irl) HMndlinl( <If wHj)C)nll ill dift\cult.
(I') It leaws a wellm.rkNI trail.
CH 1'T(lil~ IWrl troll dilU"iplilll'. Movl'ment..,
m! trail,. !'Ihmll!! la' IIvoidf'd: howeYI"" It maY
lOt.m..tlrn(l b.' llV<:eH:lary when Ifpcvd III e""entia! or
when m()villl( In mI)Ullta:lu>UH (ountry, Nut only
IIhould patrols aYQid 6J>tabhllht!'d ir.ns but fIlhould
make all paMIibJe elTort to hide siKl1II of move-
ment to IlteVellt IE'IIvin, a trail thern!Wlwa: thia
III {'xtremely lmportant when movml(' throultb
virKin <:ountry alJd in proximlty of lh., enemy,
Some addililllild rOjjllideutionN l&r\l;
{a) All troopg ahould wesar the ttamt!' pat
tt!'Tn .iOh' 011 the c.)mbat boot.
(b) Troops must M rt'quirro to ob"rve
trail dillCiplint!'. They mullt NOT lIiKnrU)st tht'
ToUte with littcr and Whte food. these IIhould be
hurled carc(ully. Troops on patrol should be per.
mitWd til carry only the bart!'llt f:lItlf:mtial,. wMn
"peratlft",. lKadt'ta mlJllt be cOMtantl,y al~rt to
I)revent nwn from pluckinK leaves or breaking
twil(ll, eaveelal!y at halta.
(c) When PAtr(tU move thr(tu8'h dGSf!,
hilly countT)', tl'OOp3 ah<tuld avoid arnall aaplinJJII,
The sh.kina of overhead branchM ean be Been
and hurd at a distante,
(d) When moving ihrouab tree cultiya-
tiona, patrol member. mutt keep off trailA, If 0111,.
by walkinll a few f$l't Qff thtllle traHI.
(4l Spuid {If mqltemnnl. Spet!'d of mov~nt
1110 dktated by tbe nature of the terrain, the mis.
aion, and requirt!'m.nta for a!eurity. SpcN.! in
movin. from one locatJon to another wUl be bet-
ter obtained by jnt~llilt!nt routA! planning than by
tryln. k> pUllh quicklY and blindly forwal'd. It i.
important to emphaaise that apeed will alwa)'J ~
lImlttd by the n~ity to avoid nolae in move-
ment: alllO, movflflent must be expected W be
painfully tllow, Mov('mellt in tht!' jungle iH fatigu.
lng, i;.)tb phYMica;ly lind mentally, and s balanre
between the del.irr lo move ~uidlly mull1 be main-
tained with tht!' nf'<'C"'Alty o( kt!'eping troopM ftel!h,
.tnmg lind Rjert for em,my ambuah and action
(tnce thl> ()bJ('ctivl' ill rM.ched. Hal", mud be
called fllr ut_rvRt:on, IiMtenitlg, alld naHn$/' all
required: terrain ;Uffkultl~ will ulJually dictate
when to take breakll. When halted, troops must
alwaYll tRb liP potlitions pt'tlv!ding for all-round
teeurit)'. When mlirching in Mingle ftle it may be
l\fICellllary lo del~At~ rt'fIJ)(tMibiHty for protection
and lookouta dowlI to indlviduII.IJI. AJI a J{Ulde, It lB
augat<"ted that, wht!'ll WCll'kinl{ nut time. fo-I' re.!lt
halt,." the patrul leader con!!idel' tbt!' terrain Over
wbieh the unit ill movinlt'" In r~latjvely ~aay ~r
rAIn, he should Ktart with the u8ual ten minutH
t\'ery hour for rf'1\t break". However, when tl'av.
ersing dlllkult tt!'l'l'ain. haltM must be more fre-
quent; only A patml lell.dt!'r whn knows the ph)"lli.
eal condition nt btM m(,l] ean detel'm!llc how frlJ-~
quent theAe hfll~ shtould !\t!'. After plWling
through a .... wamp or dimbing a !'>tt!'ep ~Iope. it ia a
JOOd plan to !:IiJl 11 ahoTt bTeak to a8Certain that
the entirp patrol hall pasaed throLigh the dlRkult
area. If th;1I ill nol dont!', (lnly the- leading t!'le-
menta will be rellted. 0' mort!' aeriolJa contle-
queflCtlll will be thl" dt'trimt'ntal t!'tfeet on morale,
{lH ()11~,.rt'lItin". A IIDJdwr mUBt notlee trVery
11m of mov-ement around him, all markll or II.lgnll
on tht!' It'round, and alilnatanceB nf broken, eut or
trampled ve~tstifm. The st!'llse of smell must \)('
teln and free trom (tgateUe amoke. the odor of
candy, hair oil, IIhave lotion, or talf'um .w that the
individual lJI)ldier will immediately noUet! any
wanlle smellfl. Periodkally, dep,'ndtnl{' upon how
dOlflI the pHtrol leatlt'r JlusJX!('bI the ell~my to be,
thl ~trol should !!top and liaten. At haltft, every
member of the patrol concentratM on IJlltenlng
Ind repona anything he ht'lIra:. Troopa mUlt be
trained to disregnrd the general pattern of folt-
. . . turrounding them and to look "throup"
rathtr tbHn "at" the v~\lon. A better view i,
ofttn obtained by loolcina throu,h juna-Ie at
I1'OlInd k'w!L If any unusual ,11lI or lI{)und II
IIOted a flAtml mUlt "f~" in plaet In.nUy;
th~ abould be no other movement until the pa-
trol leader or KCOUts ha'W inve.!Itigated the eitua-
lion.
e. CtmtrQI Mea,,"". It la obviolill that wMn
ODbfronted with tbe many problema pf'M&n~ by
.... Juna-Ie a patrol leader must C'OJ;('flrn blmHlI!
1rith the meana to control hia foree, Volee eom
manda .nd other aud!ble tllrnal& are of limited ef.
t.etlven8A5 nnd am" threat to MCrecy, The moat
PM.Jl_3!
.'Ilediv(' f'ontrol meallA svaHable to a patrol
h'ader are silent arm and hand Hilmala whicb are
llutlined in FM 21-60; howeYrr, lIil{'nala mU15t be
kept to a minimum commensut'lltc with the fl:eede
(tf a patrol.
(1) /<'orntlIti01l8.
(IIi SqulIIl, GCJlerally, tWI) tYf)(>11 of forma
tiona tor IlQuad'l'Iin'ti f;ntrojA wtll sufflee f()r I!IDV~
ment in the jUlIgle. TheSt' are the lIinKIe filt' and
column fQrmabonll.
HI) Ploh;e/>. The IIquads of a platoon Will
u"ual!y have to mHve ill HIt!' (,r coillmJt formation
it! the junl{'le. At limell the ustur{' of the lerrain
may I'i'!IIJ)Te a more o~n formatitHl; in this .ease
I'ifit!' aqundH may move, two j>l' thrcl' forwlIC'd, On
paralld a)l;tI8. The palrol leader mUl'lt t!l1l5lantly
analyze tIM! terrain and vary (;;rmationa of the
I)atrol to lIult it_
(2) Ponitirm "1 lNUll"" Squad leaden
!!hould remain With alld contrnl itw!r l!Iiuada.
ThiA ('an uMual1y be d;;ne from near the head of
the C01UmJI; malurnum nile IIhl>UJd be made of fire
t;>Rm leaders w maintain t'olltrol and manLo-man
contact with lIquad memberA, r....dt'rll 01 platoon-
.ized or oornmandera of eornpany.aikd patroll
will be located within their patrols tu!ctJrding to
thf' dktateR. ot tha situation Rnd the formatinn
UlI+'d. Thellt!' pOlliti()Aa Alwuld be auMdently for-
WII!"'d t(~
(11) Allow the leader to iufiuenct! the ac-
tion from the lltRrt. Although it il'! nut desirable
for tha ltader to be ('aught in opening bunta of
flre. he ahould plll<,t' himaelf where he can direci
and qu~kly exploit immediate action drllla.
(b) Enab" tht!' reader to f!'l!ercilte and en-
force oontrol meuur., control the point and nav
iR'Htion team, read the mall. lind order halts pro-
perly when deemed neee.lary.
(3) Guide-,. The word "pidt!''' aa ulled here
meana lM:)meone who baa an l:ntlmate knowledp
of an Brei. or WM ean l.ad (riendly (on:et to a
known enemy lneatlon. Guide. may be ,urren~
dered enemy p.r8Onnel, or n,tlftl of the ,rea. In-
forMation received from Any of th... lOureel
should be carefully evatuated ~d \l:Md with re-
hrvatlon. tt I. unwl.e to completely c:kJ1ld upon
all Information offerM by "friendly" JlIitive& or
captured enemy pttnlOnnel. The patrol tet.den
mutt exerdJe fun command mtd oontrol of the
patrol And must avoid the tendeR!:',. to nllow the
JJ\lidM t!) Iud the patrol, A guide'a funedo" ta
merely to Ihow dlnK!'lkin and provide Inform.
tlon. If enemy troopa are oncountered ~U\ 1'OliIt4.
Kufdu mAY ~nic and prejudle. the patrol'.
t!'hnnce& of aomplillhln. the miaalon, Patrol
....,

I..dera mUlJt tw wary of twinll ~d into ail ambul<h
by trl"achuoul< bu1 I4>emil'lR"ly wel!.~aniI'lK
guIda, The rorr;a('1 pOl>ition of a Kulde. It u/red on
a patrol, III W be wilh the patrol reader. The pa~
trol ieader wll! make dl"dllluM al< 10 diredion and
iacti(.'1lo, U8lUil aa u~rrwd approvrlat.e. the Kuide'~
adviC4I.
(4) Mainto.i1liJttJ ((J1I!!U't. The pa1ml leader
muat alwaYI adapt hillapeed of movement to that
of hia N'ar and lIank /M!('urity elem~nta. Reaponai-
bBity for rnaintAininlC contact mURt hi: rrnm front
iI) rear,
5-22. AmlNth
0.. Gtt1r~al
{I) An ambuRh i! $I spedalilled form of com-
bat in which ihl" print'iplell of {,()ncealment, lIur-
prie, and ttffellilive adion are u!led to reduce Uw
tmemy'li combat 1"ft't'e\l""i!eM when they ar~ .}n
the move or wmPQrarily halttlij by infiktlnR"
heavy cuualtle! and cau~inR" ('(Infm.ion. In tttt
tither 1yPfi of ItlIHtary a('tion ill the ambuah more
impaNnt. more effective. or mOTe frl'quently em
ployed than in junle combat. The bAIlie elementa
of ambutlh are ('(Inred In FM 21-50, r~M 21-76,
and FM 31-16: hGweVer, Si d.tailed diseulIJUon of
this subjed ill included in thlt! manual beeauM of
ita application in junlCie operatwnlL
12) Ambullh may be def\nt'tl aR; "A trap
Rprun, on A movinK enemy and ill ba8ed on con-
centraUd JI"pri-te lire from roncftlled JKIsitiona."
Speda! note Rhould be taken of the wordll "trap"
and "lIprung" and tht' phn.IIi:!1I "concentraUd lIur.
prille tlre" and "ctmceak!d poaitiona.' A trap i.
"Iprung" ber-aUM! an intrllM Wllume or 6re ill. de.
liVered into lh~ kllhnlt :ton~, 1'hee flTf'1I can I>e dl.
reeted At a ain,le pGint or def,jltnat.ed area and
tlie delivery is mad.. audd~nly, viorently, Knd
withMlt prior indication. "Concealed pofitionll"
prevent membeu of th .. ambullh and their ~ujp
ment frum beini' pr8matuN!ly Men by the enemy.
Surprille ill el!lIential for alluttl'lsfulambWlh.
b, PJtrp08t1l vI Aml!!.Id. Ambulht'A are eX~
tuted for the genual purpotlt' of redutinR" the en
emy's overall combat etfectl\lt!091 and for the
specific purpolet'l of deatruction, har&lllment. and
pininr intellipnce infol'11'Ul.tion,
(1) DMtruetkm III the primary puJ'Pl.'lR. be-
caWl(llou of men and equipment caUIle the enemy
to dlvRt troop. from other miulons to proieet
h!1NIelf aralnl'lt ambuah_ The failure of the en~
eIDy!l! reeonnaluane. snd combat patrola to ;u~
eomplish their mi8llloTltl berauM they were am-
buhed deprivlillJ him of valuable C(lntr!butiolUi
which lhe!\(! patrols would make to hia l"ombat d
forti,
e!} The dJlmaJ(f: rau"f:d by the har/Uil!'M!nt
or trl'ljuent RmbuJlhl!f\ III leu lliPPllirent than phy.i.
ut dam~l{r. but !II very important. When am-
bUllhes Jill'(' fre.juent. troopR bmd to be reluctant
to ItO on putrnli'l and mo~ in oonV6YII, or IImall
KrOllj!!L Thc)' berome leM IIgltrelllJ11ie and more de
fenllive minded; they llivoid niR"ht oper,alionl!, be-
come more Ilubj.~d to confulliittn and panlt' it am-
bUl<hl'd, Sind in I{l'mersl. derline in etrectiveneRli.
(.'l) An ambullh mllY be an ideal method in
obt.in intf!tlil{f'nctl lnrormatiotl, A Jluc('Cfl/t(u! am-
bURh ('nab!el'l the unit to CIl})ture pril'lonerll, dOrt'u-
menlll, {'nemy equipment, to mnke identlfkaUoll
of enemy unila by obllervinll inahmia ttn dellid or
(,Apturcd IIOldierll, and to obtain information on
thc iltatUIi of enemy tr.ininlt,
(4) PatroM operating deep in enemy areall
may be able til partially ur <:ompletA!l)' rellupply
thenvwJveB. throuKh ambllilhe. Mt to ~ize ,"up-
plll!fl and equipment, thull increaainK combat ef.
fff"tiveneRR at the e:tpel!&e of the enemy. In many
instaneell, thil'l ia the primary lIOuree of anppliell
llind material for It'uerrilla elemenla.
,", Tl'PNJ 13/ AmbwA IS1Id AmbwrA F&rmatil'mf.
i I) Typf'lI ill mou.. A, The two bailie typ(!tl of
llimbullh are po!nt and llirea.
(ai A point ambulh ia (lne where foree!l
are det>loyed to engaxl' the enemy in .. single kil!
inlt' ZI)tW,
(b) An area ambu.h Is one where forcea
/(r~ d~ployed al< multiple related point amb~hel.
(2) Amllt"-'''- !drmationJt. Formationa are
identified by the lteMra! patt..<rn lormed on the
IlffiUnd by deployment of the att;uk (tlrCe, Com
mon f()rm!ltiolll! are Line, I., Z, T, V. TrlJ~nR"kI
{Open alld Closed} and Box. Th formaUnn in be
Oiled will be determIned by ('areml eonl!ideratiun
of th advant.aE'!I and dludvant.1in8 of e..:h in
relatioo to the tollowing: terrain, conditi01ll! nt
viRlbWty. fort'etI, weaJKInll. equipment, control,
target to be .lta.eked, and overall combAt lIitua
tinn,
(3) see FM 21-75 for a d4!biled explanation
of the tyJ'K!'" of ambush and the varioUl Ambush
formations,
d.. Funda:mfflta" o! Svuetlll!vJAmbNilA,
(it Surpriu. The mM Important elemtnt
of an ambollh la lIurpTiIH'!; If aurprlse ill not
achieved, there iA no ambUllh. It ill the decisive
rjI,CtoT which 8hlftA the immediate control of the
eombAt lIitualion to the ambullhing force by atrik.
iRl' ttt. enemy When, where, llind in a manner for
whkh he iEl unprepnrOO:. If the enemy cannot be
taken completely by Jlurprlle, he mUllt become
aware too late to read effectively. ~urpriM> can
be achif'ved by lI~d, lIe('reey, de"t'ption, by varia-
tion in mean" and ml'thtmll lmo by URII1It lleoI!m-
lug)' impo.llllible I('rrain. Efl'C1:'Uve firepower mUM
uplmt IIUfJlrj~,
(2) CIm/Tnl, (',untro! ill diffkult to i;l$t.ablillh
and mawiRIl1. Control is ne!lIl'4\ry during th~
movement to, occupation of, and withdraWAl
from the amb\lsh Ilite. Tlw mGllt cruda! time of
the ambuflh operation 18 the moment of execution.
Control meAllut'('R mUll! be prnvided for upeninK
ftre. The timfl the enemy'M ~lId element arrive. at
~il1 Inatlon may 1w dellillnaled All the time
wopen lire. I n any event, Gpeninll firel mOllt be in
dira:t oontrol of the ambullh t:onnnanoor. Com-
l'IIunicatiolls with security elementa i.e tItUIflntial.
Bnetlna rontr!)l mU.t be exerdlled ttl inaure that
the ambul'lhinll for('e ill alen and .Bent_ AMembly
and raUyin, poinla are deRIIlns.ted to A&l.t in
control durIn. withdrawal.
(3j CoJt;:ffltrntf'd lirf'lI. The ,hort killin,
time demand. hiR"hly concentrated ftm whkh aN
ac::hklved by carefu! p1anninlf and poaitlonlq of
,...pon. The 6rH of all weaponl, indudin ri-
ft . . dOH-;n auttlmatie w*"pont, l'O(!ket launcb-
er.. ,renllde launchers, claymore minea and other
....pon. are tied into the fire J)lan. The aui.l'n-
mant of Sl!Ctorll! of tire. and the J~tjon ot
fttendly elements art' tl)nllidered, Plans a,.. made
for ilKl..tina the ambUlh area to prevent eeca~
ud mnfortement by th(\" enemy. Eft'e<tivenesa of
Ute ambWlh deJ)ende. upon the llurpriM delivery of
I larp volume of fire, FII'f! from at le.u:t two di_
"'fI('U<m5 and ronverrinr on the tarpt la d.lra.
bl.; tare mWlt be exercised to prevent friendly
tI'OOptI from IIrinK into other friendly poaltionl! of
the ambullh wh~n rnnveralna fire ia uHd.
(4) $AmpliritN. Another e8llential fundanMln-
tal of the ambush il> llimplidty. Simple planll and
ordera are eMily ul'ld~rltood and exllCUted, partie.
"lady if th~ ambush jl> ro be in pollltiGn for a
Iont' period ot time; ltnrthy. detailed orden are
not likely to b!& Imembertd euttly end. 00,,"-
quently, an either not earded out or .rt mlaln_
~. This mRY OCi'ur even after detailed /"e.
_,..it.
Hi) Concnrlr/1f11i1t of IUltW1I.. Once .prun&,.
an ambu.h mUll ulle 1111 available Ilrepower, To
do tid. t'equirea CAreful a1tentlGn durin tralnlnr.
Under exdtement &time men will Ilhoot Inafree
tl....y. or fall to fire their weapon.
(6) mmlmlle. The !alt fundamental I.
..1f-dlecipliM, ItemainlnK in a set ambush can be
a boring and uncomfortable joh. It may 1w neee&-
liMy for the soldier to (()reKO .smokinK, to' endure
in Bilen~, inllect bile/!, thtnt, Rnd the deRire to
elISe {'Tampc!d !el('8, or to perf<)rm normal body
functionl. ExtenSIVe and conhnuoug traininlt ia
necea.. ry to nev"lop tfu. rf'(juired pati~ru:e and
lIel(-dilJC'ipline,
r, P141f1l1ng (HId PrrpflmtirH!_ The plan for an
ambuh mUJllt provide ror every eventuality that
may tw encountered duril'lg movlrnlent to, conduet
of, and return fl1)m the ambuMJ. And it muet be
rehesrAl'd in d,tail. A de1ibrrate ambUllh permits
detadMi plannitll{ IIln('f' guffkijOnt reUable !nfor-
mation i. available (HI intf'ndt'd or eetabliahed
patternl of enemY m(lvement. In iii hnly ambuah
or ambUllh of opportunlly there iiI not lIufftcient
Information ."ailllible on Intended or e.tabliahed
patterns of ~nemy mO\!!:lment. In a h&lty ambufth
(lr ambullh of opportunity there III not .ufftclent
information to permit detailed piannln. Plan
nlnll for such an ambulh muat lftlude tentaUve
plan. for varylnr typtlll of ter,;8U and .lluetiona.
In both. plane mUllt be fte:dble enou,h wallow
modifying, u appropriate, at the ambulh alt..
Planning mutt provide for the follmnll::
OJ SiMplicitll, When developing the plan, it
mUlt be kept wimple to eliminAte confualon, If one
man forl('ete what he i. lIuppoaed W dO, ttt. enUre
ambu.h is endanpred,
(2) T~~ 0/ a~A. The type ot ambUlb
mUlt be detarmlned and .tatlld in the piaM. Type
tlf amhu.h a!f.n.. orrani:r.ation and number- of
men, equipment and communieatiOtU required.
(3) D"loyMftt Each po&II1b1e formation
ahGuld be con.ldered for ita advantapa and dia~
Mvanta...,
(4) OrfOiMUon 'Itd fil~ c! 4mh,eA IMVI.
The ambuah (0lT'e i. t.Uored fot' ita miuiOl1. Two
m.n may be adequate fOr a haraaaing ambulh.
wherua a platoon or .....ttr a.lJe unit may be l'&-
qillnld for a deetrurtlon ambueh. Detennlninr
ffoetor. will be th~ porpo,M of the atnbuth and the
tarpt to be attacked.
(5) E~"Mtftt, Prop equipment to a.e<:om-
plillh the milelon and meet emerll8ncia mult he
planned for, Each man .hGtild carry a boule load
of ammunition. and maximum uaeahGtiId be made
of cren.du and daymorea. All equipment .hould
be muffied Ot taped to pr.vent noiM.
(6) RlIGdiOti !orea, A l'tIadlon tom. Ihoukl
be planntJd tor ami prepaNd tor eaeh amhuah pa.
trot Normally, a reaellon fOfU will only be em.
ployed when the patrol encountaTt ..r10U1 dl"'~
cully.
.....
FMll-3S
{7J 811f" Whl>ll HihTlJ!'a" ambu>~h th(llerral fl
ml1Ht b!' caN,fuliy um,'Y7.l'd A {'jjrtJful lItudy must
hop mlulP \>IIi"l< ml\jl:<', 1I,'rilll Ilhoto)<raphK, and
whl'1\ Pfl:~:<'lbh\ a llt'rKOfwl fN'I>nnail'HIUtN". Tht'
:;I'rnl.lnll mu~l ('!lithl,- fl<'t'uTmtioo lind/or pO'IHUa-
Hull II( ;'on!'\'i\1t>d Il{Mlti(l11~ All ri'\'UllIlaisAAOrl'
nnd lwlvt.'mt>nl mto 1""l1titm rnlll'l bl' fr'fim the
rt'ar 'lf ttl'(> Kt'lt,t'tt.'d ".mbuHh p'Jllitum, CO'o',;H'Il
ruutl'';or wlthtJraw.ll] ~hould be jl.vail.llbiu to ell-
nbll' lh(, ambuM to brC.IIK n.ntM"t and livoi;l jlur
lIull by f,r.,. F .. vorahlt> OI'ld" (tunrwh,) of fire
mUKt Ill' ullflwt'd the ilmLllllh. Th,' :<.lte l!elt'('il,d
"hvult! ImIlO~t' ('II11a!iLlIi!NI {)f tht' I"llemy forct'
JIll the kWinlof Z()l!(", th" sill' IIhuuld, of {'(IUFlle,
IIff"rti a p!)lIltmn llHHlfioll' rOI\~d with the enemy.
The !<it~ mUlIt ('onlribute tn, or at !e/illl not de-
trnt't from, the "'urprl~e of the Ilmbuah. ConHider
WI{ lbill. th .. ambuM ]lll.lm] leuder tIoell not hflV(I
to !'.elect tbe lWl'l Jl'fflund or terrain "uited !.artie
,,"llv fUf hIli ambUMh. MAllY iilT\ell lh,' ttelediun of
a l'Iitt- f,lr ~\lrpri",e aloll{' w)11 bo more fldvanla
~lUa than atttmillitlll' \1! Ilmbllllh an enemy {rom
II ~P;lt of which Itt' ill HII re to be Acu~picioull. There..
fore, the .. mbmlh mi;lht 00 laid downhill from lite
enemy aM well aa uphilL When downhill from the
enemy, It beroml'll n'l/)re dLfficult fOT him if> e%Cape
lOinte he will have to Meape uphill. It the ambUilh
ill uphill trom the enemy, it iA easier for him to
et!t'ape by rllnning oownhill, Howe'Yf!r, if advan-
tage is !.aken of untural ob&taclefl or mine!!, the
uphill pD"ltion shonld be the more lIUt!eeellful (If
the two,
(8) Pflllittrrns, Security fnree!! are pOflitioned
nut to prevent Aurprifle while the ambush il'
being eaubl\lIhed. Automa\ie wea.pvn" are then
poldtioned 110 that elU"h can fire arong the entire
killing sone, It thi" ill not po88ibie. l)yt,rlappinlt
Aector" of fire are de!litinated for ~ weaponA
ao that the entire killing 'COne ill .eavered. The tOT(:(:
lea~r then aelecta a pMition from which he can
best d~t~rminf when to initiate th~ ambu&h.
Rlflem~ nnd tirenadienl are then pl"ced to cover
any dead lpaet: len by the automatk wHpon. All
we"'POnl '$l'e alt'ligned IMl(ton of fire to provide
m1.ltual IU.rppM'i. For the mOlit pari.. ambu$bes in
jUnJ:ie operations are ",ited alon1l pa4ll&bte trallll.
AmbW!lh personnel have to be pOliitioned where
they can 8ef! enemy per80nne! and not n.oe8ll&riiy
the trail i1M-H, Tht' ambullh leade'( e.etll a time by
which position", are 1.0 be p'repared; the del'l'et! of
prepar"tlon deJ)ltnd:$ on the time allowed. All men
work at top l'lpeed durina: th" allotted time.
(9) C<u'Iw",/fage, Camoufta.,.e play. au im-
portant mie in th_ amblUh. The purpoH of the
nmbu~h I~ tn Il;}ll trlt' ehemy by ~Ilrprilin" him,
al\d tlJ lIu thIS ,'jwh mt'mhl'r nf the IllTlMlllh fn'ree
nlUS\ 00 hllltll'n frhm the I'Il~my'" view. Ant'r
f,('Hllj( mtn phlition, 1'l4ch mao (,lIrefully COll('t'nlll
him~f<!f lwd tho' 1"IHlpr ('hi",')!;" II! ptlllltinnll for
prop.:'r ('otl"elnwot. LIlHtly, tht're mll)',t b4:l on llh_
'If'"l't'H~lIry tnlkillll'. !!l't1okhlj.f III" lntw.'m('nt If re-
Ilef.~ 11ft' tu I:w u!lerl, thty I\hnultl he pf;:llrranRed.
Oo('e tlw rulmr 1.wR'ln:<., only a few mf'1l IhUlIiti
nmv(' at IJ tlm(', be(,.fIlI!U:l it 1M le"~ likely that (lne
J,f tWIl mfi'n ni"vino{ at onr(' will 1.1i' ~p(j\ted,
Wh('telL" if th(' ",utir" rehet mllved Ij,l nllrc, thr
(ham'('!' <If }W!I\II' III't'n '\Nun!.1 ~om(l mll('h
grefltt'f. In 1'01) nthf'r opcrntion il( (,.lim'lUft.M~ diHci-
plit'le mlH'e imrllrtrint than in lhr I'mh\J!lh. WPI\P-
<JfVI !lhnultl ftre through II<'re<"nl of undil<turbed.
hVln;l fo\ial;t'e. :Iud nll sjlIHlajte ntHultinll from
Jlreparlltiut'l of pMitinns should be removed,
I, ('tull.I!U't !l/thr Am //UJlJJ,
(I) ,'ilf1IIi1L!. An nmbll"h Ifader will Ileed at
;eu.~t lhrel' MiJ(nalfi fnr hi" hmb\tflh: .fI w.rninJl:
fllR'OIiI. Il !ligna1 for execution, and a ~ignAI fOT
withdrAwaL Thl' wnrninx ailotnal ",hO'llld be a Ai-
lent !!igna!. EXAmple" of .~ilent siJl:nab are hand
atld arm aill'nal!! and \'ineH, ~[lN!.'t or nytoo flshinlot
IIIlf:' laid "('fOO!! the arms or anklH of Reletted
memberH III the (lIttr,,!. Wh('1\ \hf' ~nemy ecm~'"
into I\itiht the Kfmtry pullll- on the vine or rord
whit'h alerUl the ambull-h leAder, lie, in turn, a-
lerts the other mrmbers of th(' patrol. TIlt' "Ignal
for u:CC'ution may hi! the explodinJl: of minell, Tap-
pinjt or !UUlppirqc oounds auth as hitting the hel-
rott with a atoM, hittini two mrtai objtA to
IOflther or .Ii '>'oice rommantl. For tht' .hrnal to
withdraw. voit'(' ('ommani&, whiHt1$1l or pyrotech~
nkll mIIoy hi! uaed, SliTIAlIlllhould be cbanlled fre-
quently to prevent eompromiat<,
(2) Eu(utltm. The ambullh fOt'Ce mUlt walt
until the u.rpt 11\ well within the killing zone,
Tht" force ".der or IlOmeOn~ desipated by him il
reAponlltble tor trlacerinJi \tte ambush. Jud,..
ment mu.t be exercillOO In deciding the exact m~
numt to triaaer the ambUlh. Prematur~ triner.
in,r can r&llult in a failure of the ambustt III _11
as placmg the ambu4h torce Juelt in danller.
Upon initiation of a definite and deftnabJe lignal.
tht; ambullh will be e1luted. 'The (of! must lay
down an immedia~ heavy volume of fire. Prop.
erly timed lind delivered ft,... contribute heavUy
to the achleV4ment of AUrprlN III weU III to the
des\ruct!on of the tara.t. Inltfally, fire muat be
low and then acUUllted on !,arret, When the tarpt
ill to be ..u.aaulted. the linina or shlttinJ: ot fIru
mUllt iJe equally pr~11IC to prevenl the tar~
(rom TeIl<:ling.
g. WiUutr.uo'!Or. io'!Jllowin the IlUcce""ful eom.
pletion ;)f 1\1\ amhush, the leadf'r will iniUllte tht"
witndrnWIl! lIignat atld lht. ("rtc will mov\' hark
to .. ,.rodt'lllj(nated raUy point, ('omplctillM nt'C~"
ary rt,... rf,(OniI,lIti!lII, nod then rl'Lurnmg hI the
b&k of UlWrlltionll, If the fnree hUll an IIIlflIJ(ned
milUlion of !!CarChlllK the deatl for documenl.!<,
.. isln~ etIuipment, or taKing prlsbneNl, thjH is ae"
eomplished hy that portion of the for~ aH"igned
thtll taKk while th~ other memberll of the force
would ('oVer lhrnn Th!! fnrc!' then withdrawil II)
the tl.IIime manner ItS lll'ev101J"ly Ilell('ribetl, If the
embullh canHut IlVl'rr"mt' the em"my column. the
fon::e !!hfluld tmmet!ill.Wly withdraw and rapidly
move to the rally pili nt, qtlJckly roorganu:e anti
depart thf! area, R~ardlc"" of what happen!!, on
I'tt'tlvirlti lhe withdrawal Higna] all elenwntH
withdraw alouR" f! pl"fviously r~onn(;jte11!d routf'
to the rlilly poiut. Situatmn permitting. eaeh
member of thi' r()fce IN"1et'ta route to the rally
point pnor to the eXl'cutlOn And walkll thiM foote
until he eRn fnllow it even In tht' dark. The rally
point ill fRf enou~h from the ambUSh site l!O that
there ill \10 danger of its beinj( overrun if the
enemy ntta\'k~ the amhul\h, At the rally tK>lnt the
forc' i. chL'('ked f'lIr miming members and caMulIl-
tie&. thtll movt'1t on it" rt'lurn fUlIIrch
1-23, n.Nn.. Aeainllt Arnbu.h
a. afn~rnl. Si~ ambullh~ are more fre-
quently Rnd more etrft'tively employed in jon.le
combat lhR!\ nny (.thi-r type of comb&t, It unit
moving thruutih jungle terrain muat takt' all 'POfI<
alble meaaur~1 to rlldufi! Its: vulnerability to am-
bu..h. Th!' fl'lillIt t"ffective rntIlins ot comb&ttini an
AIl'IbuAh ill tv dillcuver it before enl.erina the kHl.
ina :lone. However, thb IH oot alwaYIll pouibkl, A
neceu.ity for II~ III movement, coupled with
_VI jungle, mRY requirt' movement on r0ad5 or
tnill. thu& incfeatllng a unit's vulnerablllt.y to
_bum. For thiR realllfln, adive meuuru will
have w tw otupplrnnented by pualve deten.lvfI
meallurell in order to dedroy or eK&J)It from an
Ilftbullh.
0, PretautWtlarll MfJaAure~.
OJ DI8f1'/(Ju7Itlld trfWpi!. Dillmounted t.roop
Ubita have the adwntage over mounted troop' in
""oidintt ambW!lnet! Bince they an not oolmd to
thfl ObVlflUII ruutell of movement, Altboullh am.
\Nah. IgainAt dillmounted troop' an the moM:
difficult to ('OIldutl. the Limited vi.lb!Uty and u.
eeUent cover and t9ncealJMnt tound in juq-Je
PM 11-1.
"'Ham (a\;or the u"e of ambu.h tacUc., Comw
mlu.dt<r.~. rClIplInl<iLIe for Movement throutth ju:n-
yll" h-rrRHI mulil plllll rnr ihe folwwin,i:
ilt) J'rr'}JoIlrlllU /trr ffW1MmMtt. The com.
nllm<JtT IHltkl"," Ii thllroulth map rvt'(JrmaiAuncll of
th., l\;rrUlH m'IT which h.. will move hj/\ unit. If
!'()MHlh]I'. Illi nerlill n'I'NHlai.wulCt' IIhoultl aleo be
IU'(,llml)H.~h~'i1 All eVl~ltlRlion of ~ terraln
:;hnultl bl' mud., ftom the enMnY tKIil(t of view in
~lt-tnmi1til\)< tik.,I,)' lImbullh ~ite.'!:. Sin-ce mapll uf
)1<11)1'1<' terr,IW hl't Ofti'll mru1~urate, the terrain
nllll'l tit, "mIlHdl'n'ti i n r~ll1tmn w the I.. l.e,t avaU-
1Ii111' Itd~lfnl"fHlIL An tlcr! .. 1 recvnnaill:ll8l1ee of the
11f1'11 WIll !lM)o\1111 III ('onlPnl'InIt map!! to tM terra.in
Mill 1'1111 pr"vidl' m("rmllimu on the dtnAity 01 vq-
('iul "n uutl ~t'JL~[l!lIIl l"'mtlltiqn 01 Ktreams,
(M f'flrmtli"",. fo'IITmations which provide
!\{'l"IIt1ty tu h"unl. flank" .. nd rear mUllt be W!led.
In tht> jllllMle. tr"up,. uMually mow in Il column {)r
filt,. 'I'hl!! 111 1If!('1'"~ary for r(Jhtmt purpoe,ell dU4! to
lhj dl'n,~e Illld"rp;rowth whkh hiudeNl but d04ll\
fjfJl jlre\'lude thc 11M' of 14 point, dank, and rear
~\jnrdH, The mtf'rvltl between men ahould hi!
nbnut fh'e yurdl' wh('r(' '>'iOlibUity perroita. 'The
cornmJlIlu.. r ... hJ)uld lil' well fO/'Wllrd in the column
and the !1~PI'Wl'r uf the unit Abould be evenly diA-
fler.wcl thrnuJ(hllut tht> ('olumn. Then. if am.
bu!!hrd, nol all !If hiM firepower, marhlneJ{Una and
bther mllJor W1'l\pN10i are J'lubject to delltrucl,ion in
th .. imliIJj burllt Variation!! !)1 formations to
chj)n~e the IU('MtiUllH of commulliclI.tionl, ieadenl,
lind automlltic Weap(Jjll!l within the unit Ahould be
practiced, TheM vllriatiou" mas lIimply be forma_
lion ~hQnl(ell during the eonduct of one p!lrtieular
movement Variation of patterns and fonnatiollll'
wlll require aimilar c:tuu'!/(~ in the orpnislltlon
of tbe .mbuMh forc~; be~, random chanJ(e1l in
or~animtion durinit' mOVtmant ma)' prt.'vent the
enemy trom rt'{lfMII'lizinll" in time to properly ell-
galle the unil
{~i SrcuritTi. Since the ambush, ideally
condueted, 111 net d!lIcovered nnti! the ambuah ia
llP1'un1l. the effecti~ preventive mea/\ure ia PH'
employment lit 11.11 around JteCurity, Alert ACOU~
and patrolll will detect ambuah 8i1M by sH.rchln1l
out !.,Wi\'.M<ted areu, obAerving inditaton, or by
drawlnll ftre. When movl nl{ alon,it trails tn denAe
junile, maintain complete silenCi! as poor noiAe
dilelpllne on the part of the eltf'my can l't!Ault in
early detection and d~umvention 'of an ambuan
ReprdleM of the formation empln,yed, Ilecurity U;
the front. rur and flanb !a neceaury at all
tim., A front lIecurlty element should provide it.
own flank M(urit,y, be placed well forward, or lUI
.....
 fAr forward IU!: ])(}Mible and lltill be in rommuni
(,lIhon with tht> mRin bod.v, T'hf' front &ei:'urity ete-
mt>nt mll~t bt- ~lrong t'noUll:h to /l-ulitRin Iwlt ul1tll
fo!lOW\IP. tlnitA (An be dep)uyeri til lUUIi!!t ;n rt'du('
;nll' th .. Ilm!m"h. 1<~IRnk IIC<"urity t'lt'1TWOt/l in thl'
junj(lf' u!!uRlly mU:oIl move Rdjll .... nt 10 the (101umn
.11loll/( routt'll pRrllllt'liolf the dirlX'tio-n of mafi'h.
The think lIe!.urity I'lementl'l mU!lt be dOfl(' r.nou,irh
for ('ontro] and yt'l diJ;tant elioull:h to- provide ade
(jUltlt' rt'.IIttion timf' ROri ~paj"I' to th' main column
10 the "'YI'n1 the f'nI'my Itt rontal'led. ReRr Reeurlty
I'leml'ntli ]It>Ttnrm ~imiIRrl>' to thf" point; they ('j\l1
be \I~Pd .II~ Il mllnt>lIVi'r elem'llt in the f'Vf'nl (if
Rmhullh.
iii; (',-mfm{, All av.ilablt> m('aOIl Hf I'om
muoit'Atinnll 1lN' Ulled to .lIlIiKt in maintAininll:
(ootrol. In lldditioll. detailed prier plaonioll:,
bTiefinW', and rt'ht'IlTIIII.1 for all p('rMlnnel will
permit rapld 8ftiOllll and nrdt'MI when An Ambl.lllh
dveJI our. It mUilt be< rt>membered that In tht'
juntt!e tht're ill rIP 1Iul)lltitule for pel'l'Umd ('ontad
e!fe{'ted by leadf'rlt with their stlbordimttt!t' to In.
SUN> malumum t'flfltroluf Uu,jr furtelt
{r) Spum' I'qulpmrftr AddHinnAI item!!: af
equipment and wellpons are Mlmetimm nHtfed hy
I!. umt. t'llpet'tRlly wtwn it movt'il through Are~
whert' IlUf'rTilLR .... are likely to he e/Kounteffd. Ad
rilt!omtl lIlllnmati(' Wt'fl.jxmll mlly be- np('eKKal"Y~ l1i
onlYr toolll- 8ml min' dl"tf'l'torf', art Wled to detect
and redure T'fJ/ulblo.:kll or minel\eldR, Demnlition
equipment IR uHd lo dell-troy abal8dew encoun-
tered en Toute. Additional eommUniCllUr})18 equip-
ment and identification df'vieell ~uch 81t panllllletil,
lightll, or IIml,kr grlllladeR may be I'8qUlred.
(f) l'irl'; lIt1ppo'rl. A detailed n.Te IIUPPOTt
plan to indudt' plaoned flrea on Ilkt'ly enemy 8m-
buab lIites Is llece"Rary alon8' with nn-call air IIUp-
POTt 5nd Ifl"ound .nd airborne forward air coo-
trolll"ra, when available. CoordinaUon with the
fll'f! ./!iupport unlta indudell: route to be followed~
&ebeduled and en.t:aU lints; ~Jl aixnll and tlrea;
t'he<'kpointa, phAu lint>e" and other control meas
urea; timea of departu('t! and returl'l.
(2) MCfmtMl IrlXfP$. Roadt an extremely
acar! in junle .reM,. In !lOme ioeationa. howM'er,
the jun,le edge is adjacent to road" making; am-
buah of vehli"ular eoh'mn& extf'tmely eaay; units
mwd eonsider the dan. .r of ambuah ever present
rexard_ of the t&eticst or admlniatntive situa-
tion, Althnurh ambuah of vl!lhkular roIumIl& I. a
primary t.aetk ot peTrillu ttl obtain supplies. it
must bf: eapeewd that mnl'e conventional enemy
forcea will emplny tbls technique wMnll!ver paulo
ble, Properly applied pl'eet:utioury muauru
.....
will minimiUl th~ 1nddcn .... of this type of am
bush, All roada flh<>tlld be dailldfled into cateKQ-.
ri ..11 wllh thp dnO;flifit'atioll beillg balled primarily
nn Plltimatcd enem)' !tCtiOll in th~ arelUl t'Ollt''rlled,
TrafrJ{' nn all ruad:". in t'lmllmt url'ttll mn"t bt- rij
iri!y c.mtrolled ntl.l kI;'pt U1 Ii. minimum. All "''ehi.
plpfl mUllt hRYP lit INlSt nnl' .tIrmffi ridt'r ElS air .
Ifrnund J(uar!1 and trawl at nil(ht mUllt. be reo
Itttwt('(1, unlt'sil tht' pnl'my bl!.i'lllir Kuperlorlty. Ar-
mnrcd vt'hidt'A ~houlri b> Ul('d to l!l\t'ort convoys,
snr! informatiHn r('lnlinll' to ronvny or vehidf'
movpml'llt mu~l Ix> (,lIn'fully Il:uanled. Every unit
"hould formulRtt' !'Umpr('hl'n~iY!' .~tl\l'l(linlf npera
tiO!) Ilrnct'dureil ftIVerinlf mOVt'lTlellt by mads.
ThL~ AOP "h<>uid stlite drRrl}, whn III authorized
lo pill A cunWlY on thl" rOfld lind IIhould a~o pro-
vIde dMai!t'd infr,rmatinn rOllcf'rning the appoint.
mpnt and dutit'fl oC r<myu}' and yetnell' rnmtnand
('rH, th(' Orf'lllll'tatilln of {'onv()y~, wea1lOm' ami
blUlif IOArill ttl bfo t'.rrit'ri, hl>ltrud.lnnK r ..S/:Ardinll:
wiod~hit'ldl\, tRillllltr'l< IIl1d tlll'llnulinlf of vphirlt'li.
lIllpnl.tl"d lmml"diat,(' at'tjnl! dl"jllfl, HIII1 illl!lru('-
tlnn!O to ri(>l'rihl' 1Wt'1Irlty polidell.
ta} Wf1t('ff.T(!/f, Tht> IImbulih of beat? and
"mull naft moving along narrow junkIe watt'r~
WAyfi II. lIimilar to the amlmsb o( mOlltlit'd troops,
'rhli' Ilro})lemll ar.' uml)liflf'd by tht; (a1:t that prillT
t<> IIny ..tff!chYe Cftlmtl'Tflrtion, troop mUllt firat
tellrh IIhorf'. Furth~r, point and Ihmk !IOOutliy fttt>
riifii;:ult, mBKing {hia typO' o( mOVf1ment l"~trem<;,ly
Yu!nt'rllblt> to ambulloh. for further oonaiderationa
a( de-(eoll(' lI.Jfainlit ambush of WAterrraft. &ec j)Hr~
all:rllph~ &--SO throUKb 5--33.
r. ('mmll'1'omllU.IIh mtOllurn.
(I) Gf11f''P'al. PerRonncl mua~ be trained In
how 1.0 dlllrovt'r 8nd/or def ..flt enemy ambullhea.
They mUllt bi' I)rofid!'nt in countcrmt!uurell
whicb 1!8n be IAken when ambushed that will not.
<Illly reduce tbe !'tr(>('tiveneKs ot the ambush. but
alao may r-edut't' ineitkn of ambu.b. The key ill
eRrly detedioo followl'ri by imm~dialc and vitrOr.
OUK ret\ell"type !!'Ount.era(lion, appliutiol'l of max-
imum firepower and fele-ntletlll purault. 1'h!' mOllt
etred.ive meana for a unit to I!i)\Inter ambullhu ill
b}, appb~atiQn of apprnpriate immediate action
drill.. CnmmAnde1"5 ahonld inaul'tl that lheu
drillll are well reheared and that every man un-
detalanda wh.t he is aup~ to do, Immediaw
sctil)n driJ!aareJ;ov.red in detailln FM 21-76.
iZ) f)Wftmnded i'/"OOpl:. When ambuahed.
dismountN troops witbln the kiiJin. wne mUllt
reatt immediately and vlokmtly ""t.hout ortMrt to
overoome t.he iniUal advant.&if ... lned by the
eMmy, BeeaUI\(!: an ambuah it dulaned to immedi-
.tely inftkt. maximum '('i!llIualtiell and. normally,
no attempt la mad.. to prolong tlu! engagement,
Immediah' teadion ) build anti retain fire IIUpe--.
riorlty IPl: tbe bt>lIt initial defenlle lIjfablat thi" am.
buab, The tWI) It''t'hlHtIUf'PI: t'ammonly o~ {j, ('oun.
ter ambullhfNI ill Jun/lli' wnain are--
(0) In nmbu!!:hftl whl'h> the ambul!hinlf
force 111 riepleyed I\t It 1lilltann> (rom the killing
Icme, the rout' heing nmll1lllhed will have 1IIm11"
lpaC(' lor maneuvpr !lnd Mme opportUnity to lltffik
~ver At 11 It'~~ .. r rll1lo: r.f ril"lltruetion. In thi~ in-
I\aneC'. thl' I'II'mNlt whkh n'n'iYl'~ the IlliHaJ (ut'
talwll t'tIVl't and immedh.lely rt>!urnR !l mllximllm
volume of fir ... All th(' ell'menl IItrivl'!\ to gain fiN'
lupHiority, th( ..l('m('ntll that ;'!lcalled the initial
bul'llt bf'gin prt'riri!1o;>d maneUYerll to "lIvt'I"pe lh ..
flank~ withNli fur!h"'r <>rder!l.
(t)l III ambullhf'1I where the vegetation iM
tx.trem('ly fletJ.~l', tho;> killinl( :wnf' wilt W unner
hMVY. highly rnlLt'IIntratf'ri. cloRe"rltnj(e fire!4.
ThiK will prnlii!lo;> liUl; timf' lI.nd IljlB,rt' tor men tl)
maneuver ;)1' l<('t'K ~'vel. The lOllll:er they remflin
in th(' killinlf V,;Hle, th .. mort (,-(riain thell- de-
atrudion_ In thl!l in~tance. the element initially
Ared U1wn r",tuT",! fire and Immt'diat~!Y aliKaultJI
directly :nti) ttw 11mbuJ;h pmdtlonK" Tbh adion
ft!;6v1'1< thMn out ..r th .. killing %onl;' lind IH'evehlJ<
othu t'lt'mell(A Hi thi" Jl,mbullh from flrinlC fln
them withnut firillR (lfl their own men.
13) !,fmwtnl frtlirp;!. 'Ao'hea ambuahinsc
mtintffi trtlOlm, tht' e1!t'my will IIKllally chooae a
b!ation when- ht' ('iOll deliver fitell at point blank
ranjfe and fcom ahuVf1 into t.ht' canop.y, The driv.
en of vehidej! which r~l;'ive tbe initial tI,..
.boold attempt h. drive u!t through the ambllah
kUllnlf :tUllf' wfote 1I!1l0winj( the vehicle occupant.
to @trlll'k (ow rounlf'fatt.llt'K purpoll(", Vehkl_
approa('hing th(' killing mite Abould not .twmpt
to. run thrflugh Ihf' Rmbllah; rather, they .houtd
halt dear or the Itr!'a alld tfiM:hat,e occupants for
deployml'nt. In ambushell (lr thlll type oft.naive
maneuv('r i.~ normally carried out by thQae troop!!
whn Rrt' dear nf the kdllhlt' wne. It no l'Iuch
trooPIl arf' twaillilbl(', then" rroutal attack under
wnCf!lIlmt'llt IIf !4mnk!', if pORRiblt'. will he nec-es-
"'Y.
(-1) W-alf'rrrftft. Meallur{'s tu cuunteram-
bush Df watt'rnaft are covered ill FM 31-75
(Teat).
1-24_ hlief "nd POltoe- of Lin..
ft. {,l'm'Y'" W'tU'n ttidical junKie ulX\rlttwnlt
wntinut' oller. prolOlufetl period, C()t!~rvatiMI <>t
fiv;htillic powt'r. mlllnwna/Kt' of f'I're<"tivene&ll, and
tht' taetlcal plan may rt'quire periodIC reli,,1 01
commitl(,d unib. Su('h reliefl! .re I/rcomplillihed
by a ft!1i~( III pl6xe or a pBlllla.e of linea. The
halite prim:!piell II( rt'lief <!p..1rat-ionll apply to jun-
k]t' ~'ombat; hnw!'vtlr. ,'('rtl/ln flHKh1klltion!4 wlll
be 11~i'lHl4Uy, 'f(,y detAilM inrormation oil relief
nperathlllS. 1If't' r'M Bt-IOll.
h. Bu.i.. C;"mfllin'fI/"IIj', The followinjf conllid-
erutl'mll UN' pet'ullar ttl plaltnlnlf And execution of
all typt!:11 ;)f relief operatij)~ ('ondudfii in tbe
jUllgle;
(1) The reduced Yillibllity founil in m~t
jungle Mea" will permIt umu ti> conduct relief
'mctationll durin" the day.
(ll) Tn prevenl l'!1IlWtiIJI! all well It!!; <let&.
lion by the enemy. inct'ealled emphlUi" will hav!"
to be placed (m ooordil!&tion and liaisolt
(3) Durin" relief operatiMIl in the jung!!'.
mltvt'ment will be by "kalth, i>Kpe-daIJy durinll:
hnutR of daylill'ht. RteaUh combined with co-m-
pledty of the terrain wi!! make movement very
xlllw and difficult.
(4) IllcreaAed emphalliK will be placed on
('ommunicationll to illllure adequate controL
flS) Joint patrollinll: qholild be cnnducted 10
IllIlUN:! that the incoming unit iK completely fami.
III'Il"itf'd with tht' terrain and the enemy lIituaHon,
5-25, hMia
a. Jumd" terrain lenda itxelf to r.id QperatiortJl.
The limited villibihty and i'xf:p.lllmt rollcf'lilment
!'H.hle akilltd rairlinll: patrol,o; to penetTate det'p
into enemy territMY. A platoon 01" >m'Ulller lIiz..
unit ill best suited tH rail type uperlltionA in jun.
ald. SUPportiQ' Area II:hnuld be planned anti ulti'd,
If avallab1e. but the probw-m of Are oontrol, the
tlmln. o( operatioIl& and diffkult!e!I of rommuni.
ca.tiOM make the empt.;yrnent !lC fire II'Ull.llOrt di(.
neult. 'the elteeution of raid. that rl!1;!uiw deep
penetratloT1o!l into the juni:le will be atre.:ted by
thll! pby,kal e-oouranee required of the men to
traverN the terrain. the lack o! tktalled informfl'.
tlon of the enemy pOllUont, n1l1upply and eVB{,UIl-
lion. Thil ean be minimized by ut.ablilhln,a iii lifI.
tro1 bUll near tbe ,.nera' area of the final obj~.
Uve. From there. reoonnallAlnc:e patrola can be
dlspatcbed to ICOUt ille en_my poeitiona. Maal1-
while. other membe,. of the raidl. fcree ean be
.II11nwed to reat and to eomplet.e preparatioN! for
the raid. Whenever poNlblt and praet1cabl., air-
craft or watercraft Mould be uMd to tran.porl
raiding patrol membt:,. Into or MIlr tit. . . nef.1
urea of th .. objl!clJvfl, Thll will anable the ,.(dln,
patrol to I"f!./l.Ch their objteUvl futer and In bat"
 'MJ1_U

ter phYJlwal condition to accoIDpliJlh their mill-

8\.on, Thfi limitlnjf fa~wl"R in the Ullt! of aircraft
ami wltten'rart are landing .rellll. lad eapedty,
ItM the po.AIIlbl" 10M fi1 the element or lIurprillG
due to the noill/!, Ilnd hyrimgrftphil: limitation!!
b, For a dlA('U88ion u1 the jff'neral prinelples
J('OveJ'nlul< conduct of raid ope:ratifin8, .Kef' FM 21-
r.fj and FM 21-7r"
5-26, VIIIOI'* S.-xu,.. and Seorch
~.
motkup 01 the target village, Jt ponible and
within Sflf'urity limitations. rehea,..als should be
('ondueted uJllnJl: a aimilar vU!a,e, The operation
ill normally plAnned in three phue.: in the Hrat
phillie the villaKe ia iJwlate<! hy encirclement; in
th(> lIe('ond phalle the iAhlated area Is deared up to
the vil!aKe and the villalte ill lIei:r.ed; and In the
third phu.e the viUap is &ellJ'{'hed, Meihodll and
technique!l IIhould "tot varied 1rom operation to op
eration to avoid set patterns.
(2) SflCtlritV (!nd lIurpn'u, Seeurity and
tually C(loriurt ttw search ~hould be indigenouJl
fOlTefl,
iI, F'lr~ ~lipporf r./f'mtnl. This eltm'wnt
"xJl prnvi.11' lire ~upp"rl for the aJlllalllt tllree and
later t<IF thi' sNlrvh !('lImlt .hollld It rw nM'ded.
4 Ctm/r'(,/ rIf'In..,,/, Thi~ element will all-
lume !."olltrol of t'!'diialill alld priscners of war_
Depe:ndhlJ( on the J'lir;> (,t the .operatiou, lhia team
ea.n be lIupplemented with POW interrl)lfatorft.
p'yehnloJ(kRI warfare pt't"AOtlnel nnd dvie action
parll(lnnel.
tlnn. The u nit will move from the buea to
dennable rdeRIle points, which will Mtvt u
""1"
rontrol measure, Onet' all mftTiberl 01 the unit
aTe in p<J8itloll at the rele... points, tlmultaneout
mow>ment MJ(in1J wward the line of ene!relemenl
Movement IIhould he lIu~h that aU torces arrive at
their portion of the line of endrdtrrnmt at the
Mme timl.', OnCe an tOr<'et make eontact wilh ad-
jAtent fOf{'t'1l on ooth Hankll and the encirdement
iA formed, the llwll\tiun ope:ration is complete.
(Me tlg.I)-8),

a, Gtl'H'Jfal, When intelligence hAl reported
enemy IIodivity ill a jungle villase. a unit may be
jfiv(jn the mlllKion to i3ulate lM vJllaKe and ton
duet a 8ear!:h tor enemy peraonnel. weapon8, doc.
unwnta, and lIupplielO, M05t jungle vtllagllS are of
tWtl typet>. The mOlit tummon ia the "mali vlllaitt.
whith usuaJ~ tonllilltll of a collec"Uon ot hutll OJ'
hQlules eaver!nfi III very IImfl,U .1"8& and a tr.1I run
/liliK through ~he Cf;nt,er. The other ia INi!ttle
menlo or IArJft'" vllla~. ifl!l1erallY eOMi..till' ot
lIeveralllf'attered ;rruup& of hu,," or trude MUJ\oeIl.
There III uaufl,Uy main trail or "street" runninK
throu.h the area and a number of 5ubaldiary
trailll linkinjf lhe ;rrnuJifI of huta, JUngle vill~a
art' often under IWIDe type 01 (>nt"lny control or
dUl'ellll. Enemy fOl'Cl'~ will ttempt to obtain in.
telligent'l.', food, ('luthlng, muu(>y. and recruita
couJlteriJl~IIi~n~e take on Kreat importance dur-
Ing Jill vlanninlt and brieHnlf phaHII betore the
nt>eratiotl ProJM"l' phYII!!'at /J~uritY meAluret! and
d(>tt'ptive rMMurea will have to bt emplo)'ed dur~
inw movement to tbe targ-et villan to prevent the
ent'my from iearJlinlt ita true de>tination. P~r
!lecutity will permit surpriJte. whkh jIJ ..enti,1
to tht> IIUN~ells ot thill type ot operation, DtPlmd.
injf on the proximity or the jun/ifle to the villa",.
hellt'tlpl.trx ran J,rovidl' nil excelltnt meanll of
rllpid lIud Aet'ure mllvement to the vlllase, When
und<'rt.kinlt thill type of operation eXC1!S!ive and
apparent N.!Connaillnnce ot tne aret! eh()uld be
/l,vQided t() maintt!in sectt!<,)'. Rl!'<luired intorn1&-<
tion ("oncerning the tetrain IIhould be ohtlJne<!
from aerial Photolffaphll,
fa) ()t'f1(!ft"14litl#, The unit ma.y be orp~
niU'd M a !!ombat petrol. Within the unit pro\-'i~
;1) Slll'riftlrqmptntnt f/(!d m.a!rl"lill. enroll;}.
.ration IthouJd flO.' J(i\'e1l to the ullliUltion of IIpti-
eiai l'quiprnt'nl lhn! may im'n>afI;> the thof()uJ(h.
Mh 01 the !lfmn'h a)t wf'1I aft llpet>d H up. Exam,
plea ur !<Pl>eifd e<juiplnt'nl1hll\ tlln be uaPd in r011-
junetilln with ~ar<:h operaticn.ll at"e: mine detec-
tou, l<mckl:' ltl'nerDturs, lind Jlrncke, 1rawnent.
tlon and tear lZ'1I>1 Kn'lmill's, BI.'!lut dolt~ can alllo
Ohal)(,(' Uw '1}W'ratiuh by IJtovitiinK adrlitimml ~.
eurity HIIlI UAAi.'ltml/." in the detection uf ent-my
panonnelllnd l.'!jlllptt'.t'nt,
(" Gm"ll/~d "I Ihl" Opantwl!
{I; [>hn..~I' I, 11I1I/n.UOIl Mn.~l i>l!ation opera.
tlons are .\I turm ot eoc:rclement. Units will nor.
mall\' e)ltRbliJ'lh hdiMI'lI Klter the ap}IrOftch march
to the t.b)et,tlve villll.He. ThelW LaBes ahould be Rt
'~ a di,!lt!liluo tNm tht' V:IlIlKt' to )ll"evel1t their deter
(2) l'h(f~r If, IIl'izUYf, After the "ilia,. a
bmlaw!l tho)(e nwmrwra dlllllll{l1at.ed a6 ....''It
(ur("!" will movf' h, the villAjle itself ud Nt.abll6h
a cord"h. The tordl.tdng of the viliaKe ean be at.
1()Jl1p!J~h\d in any 'me of the followinK mttho(iII,
\n) Tightening tltt twrdt:mtmt. This
meth(,.j I~ lllWd when the vlll ..... Ie Imall a.nd tbe
eJl(>my force iK weak in relation to friendl),
rm,'('~ In jumclp tnrl\ln thlll method requ!rim em.
l,nnMi~ OJI (,olltrol to pf'event the cl"I!ation or aapl
!iurl1lK mm'PAwnt and tf) In"ure that &8UulUng
j(rtJ(lj)>I Itrl' not "red 00 by another ifl"OUp, Tbe en-
\'(>:npI!:K forcl' ~h.;u!d dl!velop depth b)' position-
IfIX multiple rellerve 1orce! u the circle ti,htene
In st'iu' tn,' vltlal{(t. Thie will make a break.
throuKh in IItrclli(th by the enemy more dU'lcult.
ThiJl m"thml or Keixure IIhoold be eoMldered

i
frPm tht'lW "iilllJ(l!!I in order W Ilullwin their op.
eratitln"l, The Vmll/l mllY be ~ illS a hid!n,
pla~ tor Wdf.l!)nll. ammunition, &11 well AI enemy
"il/n~ Mould be mad~ ror R headquarterll element,
a blotkinlt toreff, and an &8sauit fo~.
to) Heodqunrteu ~ml"nt, Thla ekment
( ..... )

(orceII themselves. Members of the village are
often recruited hy the enemy to provide informa-
tion un friendly mfwentenb. Any torm of human
habitation In the jungle or on Its periphery within
l\ unit',. area or ril"ll(JQMlbllit)' will have an effect
ilfi Ita ~Imbat /)~l"atioNl, The Ability to etl'ectlvely
illOlate and l'Ii'nreh a junlt villue will result in
the reduced ef'fecUvent'SlI of the enemy and in en
Ci>Uraaement 01 the local popuJACf! it adequate
proteetion and aupport for the people Iubse~
quently pravlded, The methods And pfQCt!durea
uat'd to 6rht In theM: villagU wlllpnerally tollow
. . . . '. T"
will be reaponllible tor conduct of the operation.
(bi Blodtittg fore" Thill. force will be used
"
ttl jill/late the "ill durillJf the isolation phalle.
Sufficient tOtcp mu.t be available to hold the line
oJ encirclement and to provide a ruerve capable
of delllhlK with any enemy thre:ats which may d*-
velop during the operation.
(c) A"auJt lortf'. Once the vilkta'e is tllo..
Isted thil' 10rte will move Into tbe villa", itaolf.
seiu it and Mareh it. The uaault f~e lIhoukl be
or,anis.ed into the folio-winK tlementa:
....
(,...--~) Of"INCIlCUM.flT

the prlndplell set rurth in FM 31-60. However. 1. RecmtW'HltCll. tLtmenl. This element
jungle: villa", ftghtin, baa l\.s own peculiarltlea will be the Iud element of the lUAult for
which moves out 1rom the line of encirclement to
and requ!refl modifkadon to tht standard th-
Mixe the village. They provide early warnln. tor
tdq\1f5 0' eombat In huilt-up a~.
b, .PlGn1l"t1l"U till! Op.rntV1I"
(l) GenfrQ.l. Each villare aelaurt! and ..areh
the usault force.
I. Sfarclt 1!!Jenwn.t. This element will
conduct the detaile<! ..aN:h and el9rln, of th.
---~--- ...............
operation InUIt be earetully and rompltte.l)'
planned, based on current intall!.enC*. Ord.n
IIhould contain conaiderable d~1 and "tot eapable
of rapid hnplemente.tKl-R. The), ,hQuld bt ~om
"iIIa~. It a lan,ua,e barrier exitU. the HANh
fONe IIhOl.lid Include auHklent int.rp,..... to In-
IU" adequate. comml.lniution, TheR interpnt.en
...
('-....::;;.:..--)
Ilbould reprwe:nt tlul loc.f.l. ~ lOVern-

....
p.!Iinied b)' detetled brieAnp ulI!n, a aandteb1e

..... ment, Whene".r pouibie, the peraonnel who &e

 'M JI-H

,_----v-----_~
/ ~,

\''1-==
ii I r I,.INI '0'
aClIlCLC.1IfT

/1 ~
I
I
I
\
\

~"
------ti---- /V
'I'htrt{ore. the IIfWjarhead forcu mu.t bit -.ltrt for uru and ad .. a amal! loul re&:!rvt! for the
/
/ aLOCklU I'OJItCl: ambu.th .and have plan. to oven:ome them. 'fbi. Mar"h commandtr. The ftre Iupport element pot/.
I method of Histln! ia complete when .eh ..-{pte! tlon) itaelf where It can rift ftre .uppo:rt to lhe
action of the village or villa. . iii encircled (aee .earcllllementa .hould It bit needed. The bloekln

~
fta'.lS-1i ).
(8) PJua~ 111, HareA. The adual eonducl of
\ tM natch operation win be carried out l1li!Wn
thoae teclIniqu. outlined in YM 41-10. ThtI vil-
fOrN ,mQuld remain dear of the vlllaRe6 wheN It
cannot be HNI, It 8bouid be poaitioned 110 U to
prevent eeeape attemptJ by .mall rtrOuPl Or indio
vlduall _ho try CO inftlt,.te from the vii",",. to

.paclfic unituei._
tap win be divided Into lanea or aeetora and a
the rupoatibiUlJ for durw
In. the area. The hw,dqlS&l1era element .bould be
counter detennlntd and OOfItAlnt,.t/d brule.
thl'OUltl atiernptJ 'by Utmy fort .. , aM to repulte
an)' att.mpte b7 oem)' tore.. to "lleft the UIo-
poIltioJHld when! it am but control Ute mov. lated vll_. roUo_il'll' tilt eompletion of the
ment of the durin. partiN. Kember. f1l tIM re. Mf.I'\:h, unitt Mould _Jthdra_ tactically from the
cnnnaiManee element parlorm IoeaI ..e:uritJ nteIUJ..vlu.o.lIfpmvld!q_.. _ ...
_ VII. _ _1'l0III

when th(!r~ are many avenueft of eaeape open

theenflmy httf' fur. &-9).
u) relti~tllnt(" The bY}>llHHed pock.. ,"", or teMillUlnn'
will I~' Ij'minllted by lh~ ron'ell rollmvinll tnt'
J...27. _ I I..,. ~ 111l1>li ........ _
lIflllo .......... _ofw_ _ _
...
Moat lowland j u1\lle IJl'4IU haft aiaIl~ Mt.- ~.... to _ 1IIl!ltorr f - . ...........d
lead ell!!mclIlII or by the rfllleTVeA (Me flf(. r>-IOI.
(n) Hal1l'1t(r flwl anvil. Thill method iM worb of rivlH'8, aireama, and .~. Kudt of oqul _ _ . . _ ........... r l _
dllltll1:ttoriZt'd by the UII. of bhxlclng forces and 11 ttl S,ll!(lfhf'llda, The third method ill to th. terrain in the j\,ul-lle th. .!,.. ..tt'OUWDt 11 1M _ Ii... by II'K 11-'11 (Toot) II applleabIo
mobile drlvitliol force whlrh ill ofj!aniztd In depth, hnld the line of enrirdel'nent Illld drive !l.pear.
._.pa.
)ubjoef; to periodil: Inundation and othtr ......

It I,. URll!!.!!)' UIINI when pa.rt fir the line of enclr-
dement 11< fI natura! barrier nwh 11M dlfT or
(IVf'r. 0,\(,, lhe bIH('kinp: forrellllTe in pOl'1ltion the
lead elem... nl.!! of th" drivilw (ore.., will move
q\11(''kh' throUllh the At'fl'I, bypllJ!,8lng poc'keta (Jr
-,
ht'nd~ lhrflu~h_ ThDI ml"thvd i,. fharRft~~rizoo by .\leh .. man~ve ma1 be ptI"fUDIDu,
wWI ...." _ to tilt j\tal" ,,"rll. enviroo-
_1'\a!IrtI6-1I11uooc116-1I
______ _ _
101..,.
"tlMd and il< UII\!d wh~n "",('tlom~ of the villaife are Iftllndated. J\mi'le rlverlne ...... .,.. e1l.vt.otlf.
dlll~rAeti or lie-vera I ArnAll viliAfte8 are located in IMId by very lImif.e;d or n(lnallten-t O'NrlMd
prmtimlly I" l'Arh othf'r, Thill method i8 mort' vul- tran.portation eapabllitl .., thua makina' InlPd
nerable lo ambush thAn lh~ oth~r methodll. w.tarw". the p:rincipat m~na of t.raJllporioltJDn.
 f/rlll 1 1--3$
I'/rlil 31--35

5 - 1 8 . J u ngle Ri... erimt Env ironment
4. A ju ngle riv erine envirollme nt IS :t b.nd en-
vlTon m(" nl domi na too by ..... ter lines of communi-
cation", There may be one or mo re major water-
waYI Ind an extenSive networ k of lesller water-
wal'S. U"able roads a~ 3o.:IITCe a nd cross-count r y
movements are dns tlc.:Jly t urta llcd. Althoug h
e"tens ive variation is not ent ounter ed in the dif
ferent j\ln.t. ri vl' rine en vironments at the world .
thorough lI nller.d'::Llldinsr of a partieulu\' un\'iron-
ment i ~ e5Mnu.vo1 priYr l.o the tonduet or ofJeu-
(2 ) MiMI' $er'~r (e"'ltrol NLl/,W). The
cent rll l \'1,11(1,. hu broId ri v!'r .... hich ill U,"1\U)'
nav1ll nblt (or ar!'lIl d if.ln nu 1I Inlllnd. The r;\'er is
USUIl!!), fed tt,. numerO!b tnbu tllries. In thru<e
Jun; nJleu whe l'e Lhf:,..u a d ~ll ite dry and wet
!Ca:<t1n. m 3ny of the tr i b llta ri~" (ound during the
wet ~a.5(ln may cea u to ex ist during the dry sea-
son Th(' middll! r iv.-", il wide. s low lind o f len me
anders (3t!'e rhr. 2-3 ) . During periods nf hellvy
I'1Ijnra ll t he C1)u rNe of the ri ver 1& 8ub/ t lo
~ hlln.p. A kJ n ~ Lh t>gt widt.: r1,'erl t he j un,lt Je ,top!!.

t1Ons. sh('l r( of I t~ 1m J\k.~ .. n d the CIlDOJ)Y a \l pear s to

b. Ge neral descri ptio n of jungl e rive rs.
(1) Upper I'cc i qr,f (h.eadII!!U er~ ). Headwa-
lers are us ua lly in a mountainous region drai ned
by numerous brae and smail tributades which
mer~ to form 8 river I)'stem. Head waters are
charaelllri7.ed hy waterf.lls. rapids, and local var-
iations in w.ter depth wh ich limit o r rutrid the
use of wat.erc rah.
comlJ tu mbli n~ down to ill! edlJe. With the in t ro-
duct ion of direct s\l1l11~ht. the vegetation jJl'ows
up to (arm a solid nnd sometimes impe netrable
wall which can be up to 100 meLers thi c k ( M~~ Jig.
5--(2). The banks o f the river !ue of len s loped
a nd s liPIIN)' (11M na:. 1i-13 ) . Many of the na\'igo-
blc t rlbu t:)ri. (foCdma the mojor r jver will often
lie complel 'll)' overgrown with vegetation (see fig .

~14) . These tributa ries M e orhUi inte"persed
wit h obstacles s uch as fa lle n trees (aee fi~. &_15).
(S) Loww eecl(rf' ( fUIlII ) . T he 19w1!r :w.ctor
ot a major ri ver 8)'ltem i. a ftllt del>Ollitional
plai n form ed by a number of river diNtribuloriclI
dh;bu N in" a great amount of "edinle nt in to l\
gulf. bllY or ocea n. This .area i ~ usually c hAr.actc r-
iiA!d by ma ny la rge tu1d smali tidal slream.!l lind
channels, wh ose currents may chllollge l peed o r
rever3e with the tide in a rouJthly l)fedictablc
manne r. Bottoms Ilf thf' dillt rihu todes normlilly
!llope up to a c rest. ur bar. at t he Ii ve r'. mouth.
111 some iosla nces. on l), w ll te~rart wit h mar Kinal
draft wi\! be able to CJ'OS.S it a t high t ide.
S--29. S~I Consld....a tions in the
Conduct of Jungle Wote rbo rne
Operation,
n, Th(' nilica\ily af lerrlain IlItclliaence and
mule reconll.l&illXllnCll ;1\0 111( ju n~lle ....uterwa}s
place!; unusu.a lly heav)' demands on engineer re-
connai!lSance eJemenu. While aeria l reeonnai5l-
ance yield.~ a considerable amnnnt o f informa tion
it will hne to be knpptemented by boat recon:
naissance, ~pially i n area..<: wh.-r(l lr ibulliriCII
are nvergn>wn by vell'etation.
'I. The hellvy \'ell'e{.alion 4101lM' t he Lank. or in-
lund wll tc r wollyll oft'ers exc.Oent collc",imenl and
enhllnces the effel"liven~ of IImbnllhillJ! water_

....,
 FM 31 -3S
craft. Counternmbu~ h measures must be pla nned
in ln j ullclion ",ith all waler mnvementl. Steep
s lippery river banks ('nupled with dense vCJ(eta
tion rtdu~ lhf' ,,,,K>;lhih ly "r committ ing the wa_
le rborDe force in .:I ('flurtlimttecf malllluvcr to mak('
I'm a.sQult landing, thus requiring increRsed flTI-
phll:'lis on water m4neU \lers to coulll!!r the am
bush.
c. The lac.k of ade\tultle landing shell along jun-
gle r iver btlll ks u~"('~lSitale:s utenllive prePllra
\.o r y work to faci litate entrance a n d exit of com-
hilt ftll"("~l<.
d. Secu r ity me.:l~ure. dur ing tile movement
p hll5c nlong n jungl., wlI w rwa y include IJrOper
watercraft formu t iun~, consta nt water 1)8trollilli".
Rnd air observation whe n po~ible. F ir e support
to in("lude artille ry, close air ~upport, nnd availa-
ble naval gunfire mus t be prepta nned for all
water movements.
c. A detailrd di,,"f' LI~,,"ion of waterborne opera.
tionsc.:tn M (ound in FM 31- 75 (Test) .
r "iof"YI i - I ' . 1'.... u/ "'''''j1af ,a~ al ~ fI MI, /fY'_' fr rM _r. ......
1I~ .. g J ~ "",,I~
Section VIII. STABILITY OPERAnONS
5-30. Ge ne ral
I'. The doc t rl lW! ((l r employm.tlt o f r"ou ~ In
the condlKt 0 ' , !.:Ibilit )" oJM:fatiO nlJ-COlltlter,rue r.
rilla oplraLlOn$ U cont_il1td in FM 100- ZO, FM
31-23 , and F M 81-16 a n: Il Jl Plicable whe n modi-
fied lo m~t the condlti crM uf the jUIli!"I... environ
mt- nt . S lablllty I)pr!ratlou.a lire lpec.iJI4:nlly d efined
lUI : thal tyP41 of In le rlUll de-1 1!"~ and in ter!.!.1 de-
vtluvm en t ul)o'r.aU!OU Mild IlJlI..ta llce pr ovldr.d by
the- .la m~t!d For~f!!II to maintain, r.t.o ... or Ktab-
IiJlh II. lmale o f orde r within whic h l"'Mpo nlible
Kovemmell t t'a " funct :OIl (!ffecliveJy nnd without
which I>.-o.ress cannot be II.chie,ed.
b. It ahoutd be noted that malor insur.ency
..... ,....... W.
1I10 VI?HlI'Ot. b....e ~ ur("ed ill SiOme or the ju njlle
.rt!.llll dl"!lt.r i~\1 In c hu ptcr 2 ; tll. j un$ le Areal! de_
1I~lbed are ide.lly s uited fill th(' ('onduct of in.
lIurg~1 ..nd J,"'"Uerrillll op('.ralio!lll.
5-3 1. Influe nc ing Factor.
&. n anUCl1M whether ~ uniL it conducUTlH
C!(M,/n1-erlfuerrilla "Il~ratiilll~ ill ltAbil l'Y opera.
tion nr ill ;IIlY uther I)'tit al'iiOTl, t he 1l1n f>' lc: 1"1>-
Illalnl the ";.nw with its many influe-t1ti ntl' tilctO,...
T ~. . 1 1I1I11clld n~ fACwr1i will a lWRYI include ,'eg_
II!t ...dnrl. cli mate-, we"ther, mobility And IIl1tunl
obet&clfiIL. Thf' t!fTectiveneu of n,ilitary comb.t
uni ts in !lIability operations is deicrmined by
.... u
 tl'!eir intelligence eap.abitily. mobility. firepower
differentia!, eommunkation capability and ability
to optrat. in the tteld on .n au.t.re aupport hula.
The ultimate Impoilition of fON:. la Intlueneed
by the aiu and capability of the oppotition foree,
lines of communication and the natl.lre of the ter~
rain. Infantry, airborne and airmobile unlta poa..
88M the eharlCterietkJl and quanti . . .pedany
aulted for thl. type of op&ration In a jon"'e envi-
ronment; howevfJr. in many lituaUonl, armor and
mechanized \Inlu un be oeed to adv.n~"
b. Operational plana for combattinr f'lM!rrUIA
fol'Cft in a junlfl.e envlronlMnt ia covered In de-
taU In refenMfS lilted abolle, How....er. IOmt
modj1\catiol\f of theae techniqua may be required
at tlmM becaule of the hani1e anvlronment or be.
t:a\Ule of reatridiolU impoiW!d upGn a commander
by a hoat IOvernmenl and the poUtleai situation.
when ...trh:tiol\f are im~, the eommandar
mUit reviae his taetleal doetl1ne to At thOH eondl-
tlonl, nt J,e mtl#t not \ole .lirM of hla ultimate
miuion which Ie to And and deatroy the enemy,
Durin, aJlltablllty operationl, commanden must
not 10M &ipt of the overall objectivea of the sta.
bility .woTt. Military and paramill:tuy a.;:lion
ap!nat. ilulIJrrent f~ ar4l only a part of the
overaU Internal defenM and deveropment effort.
The def..t of 'he hoatlle armed fortel doeJ not
ruaranlee vletory; tilt deddin, faetor in Ute .Ui:-
eeee 01 the lllablllty etl'Qrt is the recondllation be-
tween tM Inaurren.tJI and tha ..over~t In
power. Therefore. lIince the ultimate objeetive of
aU internal detente fortM I, to JAin tile loyalty
of the people for their IOvernment. every mili-
tary action mUllt be planMd and !lvaJuated with
full reeornition or il,& polltleal consequenetlll, Ex.
treme eare mUllt be taken to in.ure that mlJltary
operation. do not &lienaw th4! mUMII of the pe0-
ple to a point where auch reconeillaUon ia ImpoA-
aible.
1:. One of the fl:r.t conlliderationa of the WOVfJrn
m/ftit muat be the prot.ection of the Plple from
11l11urrenl ra~rell and repriaala, Often the em.
ployment of rorcet! to this fled deniell the eom~
mandfr thoae troop. required to conduct effective
milUary Qperationa apinsl the guerrilla. Rqard
_ of the other rneaaur. taken to improve eon-
dltione. and otherwiae pin population lIupport,
unJeM the PIlOple know they wll! be proteeted
from Jnaurrent coercion Ind u:t! of t.rror, their
resporuM! 00 other wovernment overtlU" wUl be
minimal. Therefore, bulc operatlOruJ mu.t pro.
vIde for the eatabliehment of nlaUvtl)' Meur. and
atebJe environmental a:rua within the country in
whkh internal dev~lopment and other meuurea Anding the ba!le camp: (2) attackin a fortiftfld tremely Ahort rahltt' (often 20 u; tit) meter,,} And
aimed at raining population aupporl un be con- pDaltlon: (3) d~troYlng the guerrill. for!'eII be- by widellpread tacticAl offenSive opentionll by
dueted effectively. fore they ('lIcal~; And (4) tielltroying the e:den. uni~ vAryinl( (rom pl"t..)On to muitidivi/liOMl
d, In jun,te areaa the population normally illl live networb of eJlrthYll)rkll and reinforced tun. HIit'" The rombat oper.tlonll Are lolJilllkally IIUP-
wn~ntrated aloni the coutll ,..~nl and major nell. ThNl" camlM mURt be tlelltro)'tU:! M the guer- ported (rom J1!emipermAnent hll10e campe widely
eommunicationR eentera with vUlallfl' And hIm rilla will N'turn to them onee thl' preallure in the 1(1( ated th FOughout mnHt regiOM 01 the country.
leU dispel'led. Iiong the periphery or the Jungle. Irell of operation ill. relievt'd. Yri. few unit! have ThClle unit bAlle ramPl', in turn, are dependent
The junlle itulf la normally occupied by priml. ..ther time nr organk nwanll to d$!ltf'Oy even a upon larA'" 8I.'JiJe logi.tkal inlltallationl stab-
tlve tribes. The peopJe along the par!phery of the J1D&1l percentage of the baae eamps they find. De ""hed near or iu rommunication eenteu and deep
junKie and the tribes therein have little aile. strudion of billie eam;m requiretl time, manpower, wl!.kr ;;orta, Tactiul olfenllive operation. hay~
giance to a ~ntral goyernment lind an &ubjeet to equipment and larKf' am<lunu. of explru!ive, When the gent'ra] Jt01l1 01 locating .nd dNtroyinr the
perau.aai'On. ('~rcion and intimidation by the time permi~, the Job ciln bctIt be done by plowll, enemy .rmed (orr.llll all OPI!OII.ed to the Aeiture of
perrilla fOI"('(I&. Unlea the ijDwrnment ean pro bulldol.('rll. chain hwa, llhllped ('har.l(6ll and explo. terrain objectlvtill: coneurrent!y, fQrctill mUlt
tect these people from the lfUerrillA terror ttetle.. elves. When time doetl nut permit. methodical. pmvlde JllflCurlty If) their OWn baM! eampll and
they Mnnnt hope to ,ain their lIupport. One eon~ .:omplek deJl!trudion by trooJ'NI on the ground, the ~lIppartini logiNtiCII! InNtaUationJl!. AI prevloualy
eept whkh may dlifer from eonyentional wartare b&le CAmll J1!hould be marked for eMY aerial ob- lit_ted, all f)ffeliJl!ive lind 1I(,(,lIflly operatiollJl muat
iJ the ruerrilla u" 'Of baH eamps in aupport uf .rvat1on Then the ba&e eamp should be sYlltem. be unde-rlake-n within the brooder ioal of rtIIStor.
,heir operation.. The very characterilltic of the &tlully opened up to obKervation and dt!JItroyed ing jiOvernment eontrol over the popuilltion 110
jungle environment provldtll tho hiflorrent with b7 a progum of aerial detollllltion, air IItrikt'lll that tlation buildinlt ealt }'rUI(I'6\I:II.
numeroUI arua for the cOllJItruction of lIecure with napalm alld hf!lilvy bombs, and by artiUery f~, Tattical oJl(\rlltionll l1!trmJllly t:ondutted in
ballJ!! campa hecaUR of the excellent cover and tlrinlf (uze dt!'lliy, A deJItruction progr.m of this ~t"bility..('oullterguerrill" operationll are outlined
.eonet!&lment The relatiYflly InaceMllibie terrain naturt' over a llerlud (It time will JI!:ytIte:matirally In FM ~u-:m and f'M 31-W. The.!e tactical opera-
rstridl! the full appllcati'On of the firtlpower nOr reduce the JUllrle IIINla I!.vatlable all a refuge and Hllnll are fully applicable wheu adapted to mM!t
mally ayailable to a ronvenilonlll torce and pro Inhibit the lluerrlllt.'11 mobility whkh dej)()ndll lhe eondit!ulU! previllent In a junrte enYironment.
videa the insurf{'l'!nt with hill liihtly equipped, foot upon thellt< b&!!e eampll. ('. Tho..~ ('ap.bHiti(\1! and limitationa of ('ombat
mobile fOr'(:e, lln advantellfl over conventionai .nd combat J1!ervice lIupport elementR diaculIMd in
urllu, AIIIG, the intemrence iatherlrnr capability S-33. O,.rationa nth,-r N!('tron!l of this manual are equally applica.
of the eon'nntional foree: III reatrlcted due to low bl", .lind mUJl!t be ('(lnllidered when wnduetinif ate.
s. COlluu'rKtu'rrilla operatl(lnH in A jun,le envj~
populaUon density within the jun,le and the de,~
ronmeut are characterized by ('Iolle ('ombat at ex.
bility-t'ounu'rWlerrilla nperatwnll lJ! a jun~l(' fll-
",imnmeut
radatlon of Il.Irveillance and other intempnce
gather!nJ' .yatema (e.i., rlld.l', aerial photo,ra
phy, and urial reconnll..,.nce).
S-32. Ia.. Compl
6. The tactkal aueceaA of the ruerrilla in llta
bility operaticrllO 10\ hued primarily upon hi. abil.
ity to UM'mble quickly, Kui1ce and retreat to a
Rhelt.ered or protected balle eamJL The jungle b.wIe
camp, theretQt'e. ii, critical to the Kuerrilla opera-
UOIl.l, From the baae camp he iaunehes hil at-
t&eb And to the baae camp he N!turnll for Roor.
ity and fttling, HIli mobilJty depend, to a irQt
deal upon a chain ot secure bMe eampI, There
fore. finding .nd dattoy!!]1I' junJJle baH tampa
and the forcell the~ln I, paramount to count.r-
guerrilla fON:e opt'raUonJ. Baae campa aN! ott.n
well orpniMd, well fortified and usu"lIy lIur~
rounded with mines and other warnlnll' and de.
laylnrdevicea,
Q, Oht:e the Junkie baM camp ill diecovered it I"
attackad usln.. the ume technique. as thOM' em-
ployad in the atlat'k on any fortified poalt\on In &
junrle environment. There Are four operational
problema involved In attaddng baM eampa; (l)
 CHIlPTER 6
SPEClllt TUINING IIt!QUIRfMENTS
Secriott I. tNOMDUAL AND UNIT flAININO
6-t. o.MrClI
Adual JunKie conditions tonll\'itut.1 the ideal
training lliWaholl, when junrle terrain ill not
avaiJab~, denIM! woOOII, rivtr bella. ''''a",pI.
marllhee: or th!cketll can be u~ effectively (or
haining, Application of night ftghtinJt tecitniquea
I, effective in aimulatin, the reduced ranret ot
.... ull. I'$ltricted movement, and control difll
eultitlf imJXIled by the junl'le.
6-2. ' ........ Obi....."
II. Thl! objectives of junale tn,lninK are to ~
JMLre the individual and unit to function etfee
Unl)" in jUnM'le enyinmmente, Trainina "dtv..
tlom I'hould be created whlch Rquire execution
of milUliooll by amall umu: operatinr indepen-
dently. (',(lnirel or un!bI "houla be d~ntraUzed.
rIuirlnlf relianee upon !lmall unit leaden and
the individual .oldler, TraininK IIhould demand
Individual .elt.rtllane.. te&mWOTk, Ilkill and "r~
mlnaUon on the part or parlicipaUfllf trooP!. The
IICOpe of the trainin. prortam ahoold extend
tNm lIurvival of the Individual in the jungle, to
partidpation of unib in combined opentiona"
b, Troop' must be physlully (ondiUoned to op-
erate in the bil(h beat and humidity ot the JUftJrle
environment. In addition. they mU8t be pey(hol
Oi'ically cortditioned tll eliminate the (ommon
_ II. JUNOLI lMNO
It ill elllenUal that the Indlvidua.llOldler be eondi.
tlQned w the j)uliaritlel! of t~ Junl'le Mvlron-
ment in wbieh they are to operate; otherwille,
they .re liable to become occupied ""tely with
their surroundlnlPl and rive little attention to the
uairned mlulon, lunate operational trainlftJr
ahwld emphaalu ttl. importance ot Individual
raoureefuln.... imarlllaUon, and determination.
The r.oldiar should acquire and apply lIOund ha})..
1\1 W Ute everyday routine of JMq in the jUlli'le.
tean uaodated with the jun,te (llnakes, InHtt&.
animam),
6-3. Troin.,. P,IorI.",
Q. Fin! p"orit,. Individual and unlt proft
deney ahould be attained in the followlq- au})..
jt!('tA and ,k1til:
(1) Pat.rolllna'.
(2) Day and nl.ht land 1)4vlpUon.
f8) 1'.rl1l1: detection and enppment,
(4) Ambuehand(oonterambueh.
\ iii) ~rimmr dtienM in juna'le terrain.
(fI) Immediate adlon drill!,
(1) VlllaplMI&N:h and~noperatlonlfl.
h. 8"O'ftd Priorit<y. l'he fo1klwlmr 6ubJeete
t!tio\lld be intelu'ated Inw .11 Individual aoo. \l.nlt
junl(k training!
(1) JungJellvlna:.
(2) Field IUlnltatlon and peraonallly~ene.
(8) Supply and evacuation techniquee,
(4') Boat drill and UN ot junl'le wate""".
(5) Guerrilla W"paM, mil'lM and trap
(6) Ail'Tl'lO'biJe movel'Mnu.
(1) Trttking tH:hniquefl.
(~) Terrain orientation.
(9) Individual maintenanu of WM'POf\I. d~
thing and equipment,
{to) CBR operationl.
6-5. CorwI~ aM Aeclimcrtlutlon
.. Commander. muat Ifi.... (lllllderaUon 10 the
phyt:lcaJ eondlUonlna and aedimaUon of hll
troopa, M.n mUlt be in the beat pouible ph1wkal
shape prior \0 initietion of junlle operation. and
.hould be riven a mlnhrtum ot 7 dayt &Iter IU"~
rlva' In the tropiea t.n become &etllmat! to th.
hu.t and humidity. 'The aeeUmation pf'O(llMl ill au-
10matie .nd belinlfl the ftrat day of arrivalln tht
tropIC&. The eaae and rapidity with wbleh tJIlf1 bod,.
bemmea aeclimat.<i depenWl upon dqree of *-'~
....
peratul'(' t'han",e b4>tWeE'1J the two dimateil In-
volwd, TrtX.l'l'~ {rom a KHutherll location in thll
mldlatltud$i will becnme lu::rlit'M!.t>d euier than
troop.. (rom a place farther tr. lht" north. Troopli
which are tran!lJKlrt~l t(t troplCAI areall by lIur-
facr trlloll'(JOrtRtinn wIll tlot experlent't" Ill! much
di4Womfort wheh tbey I<rriv" p would trooPll
which are trAIl~p.lrt(-d by air. The body will reo
main Af'Climated (rom (Int' to two weE'XtI after de_
partul'(' from a 1rop1cAI em'ironmE'nt.
h. The (orebmhnR' appt"IlTRnCe ot tbe jungle, op-
pteAAIVe humIdIty and heat, Ilnhmlliar noi!M!'fl
and abject f~HI1j( or lilneli'H!AA tbat one tHlhl.
when enterinK lhe jUnJ(le Intt'nllHy the already
exiahng fear !If the unkl1own, To overcome theR
fllMI And uncertaiutiell, commllrurel'1l muat condi-
tion the 30Idler'" mind for thig nt'w experience.
ThE' JIOldier mUllt iw giv(',n cQnf\denl"t' in hit. ability
to IiV!!, move lind operllte io the Jun,1e, Good
phYlical fi.lnditil)ning wBJ enable him to face
physkal hllrdAhillll, fJe mU:d be trained in te('h.
niq"'l of lIunlval and in the tK'hlliquel of BUIi
talned GperatioM over Wf4( per!Gdl of time, Only
throu.h aYltem.tic and thonruah training will
th* 8(lJd~r CGMe to N'allu that the junale ia neu-
tral and can be made to work for him a,a.inlt the
enemy,
~. Heat dilKlri\erll in the trGpkll.
{l) (;t'1IIf'nL llent dillorJt'rll att' II !lErioullo
problem in the trupi(,"!l, TrollPI' mUllt ~ trAIned in
Uw caulle& and IIYml~t\)mH lind prev~ntlon &f heat
('xhaustion and hmt stroke liS outlined In FM
21-10,
(2) H,'o1 ~.rhUIIJtlI'm, Heat t'lihaul1tlon i!<
('"aulleQ by 1'l(l't'IIIIive lou (If water aud qlt frGm
th* body. Gnmmll.nd~rll muat ilUlUr{' thllt lhere ill
.mpie waleI' II.vlldllhll' and that troOpli drink
enough ttl avert hN\t exhlluli{ir.n, Huring normAl
operation!l, lH)hiil'rll l'boukl drink from 6 to I;)
l'anteenlJ of wlI.ter II dRY, dependinQ' UPI)I1 how
mu.:h tru. individual "w(,!lt~,
flU liUM(, (Ii/I'll 1m' pUN'filwn l1f hnll ,II~""-
dey",
(4i Truup!' IIhould drink plenty of w.Wr.
(Il) SHldierl\ mll!<ll \)r('l)me fll'('limfltt'd,
(f') TrOOI)S Ilhdlild UIIt' extra Imlt with food
and wRter. Bnth MAli ami water are needed to
prewnt ftll heat diwrderlt
(<I} Soldiere l'Ilmuld eat thE'ir heavy meal
durinp: the l'(1(')1 of thr dny !f this i1-l pOMub!e, Food
is lUI imJll'rllwt .~()llt'~' of )lult fM lhl' body,
it) TrHHI).~ ~hl'lIld [lrt"M PJ'lJI!('rly for heat
....
6-4t, Indlvid"al Clothing and Eq"lpm.t
<I. Cnml,.'1/ I 'llilflr!'!{l<'fltlfJlU'ld. Thi'!! untt(!tm Iii
ad("I*.mte, II~ IM~ll('tl, fpr wenr in the jUlIglt'. While
JUlIglt' fllligue~ urr bellt auited fM jungle terr.ln,
if other tatlgq('l! !\I'e wMII, th('y mU1-lt fit lomwly.
'Til onl velltllntl(1l1. tl'1l"Pl! l\hullid he nllowed t..o
Wf'lIY \hl' jl,kf't !m the ollbhlr of their lmUllerll,
T~) lllke fttivllntage of lhl' hll'ndmSt ('olor of fa-
tigue.'! with the btu-k"found ~)!Tered by the jJ~"le,
the (']olhil!j( ~hl"luld not he flXces.'1ively faded fr(lm
the ofi"iTwl I"Ihtt' vrlWll cOolor. Wl"lrn Of thrNuI.
hal"t' duth!Ol{ will lint pn,trct lh{' lIuldier from in-
!It,d h!l"~, hl'nmblcl', nnd ;I!red tlunlilcht lilt wen
M new doth. Tl"j)()Jt ~hollhlavi>id wellr1n/{ under-
wea!' 8.'1 It mllY irritllte tht' IIkill and redm:e venU-
lation.
/; #'lIlliH'fnr. The li/{htW1'i"ht jnngLe boot with
denwd tlnle UI the preferred footwellr for opera-
1iolill in tht" jnngle, Whl'n comhat bootll ll.re ulled,
thl' 1\olell flhnuld iw de.tC'd. Boob should b4> taken
()" III every Olllltll'tunity to allow for drying of
feet ami hUHtA. find for IIPplicll.tiun G1 100l JXlW'
dE'r.
r. HI'n.dl/l1i1r, A utilily hat jll l'C'\'omrnendf'll II)r
wellr on ll.1I (lperations where stellith ill requIred
OOc;aull(' of the nmlle ('ll.Ul'Cd by thl' ~lN'!i1 h ..lmet
11\ deml(' vej;j'etatioll,
d, Gltw"" If ftvilitable, ffOkiiefll Rh()ujd wear
Kll)v('~ wht!'1) movlnlf' thrt>uKh \el{eillUOon to pru-
vidl' jlwiN.'t1<lR (rum thurru, brll.mLln, In!let't bltell
ant! .~nake bite3. GloveJl will allk) protet.'t the
hllnd!! from bli;itl'r)l whl't! uSIng the maciwt tor
pmlonKoo j)('rll)d~ of ti mC' lind will prevent bu rnM
wh('tl u\j)('lIing r.pidly When oot .I!~tual1y
needed, gifn'rul lOh'lUld not be worn bet'aUll! thl!Y
willlloftt'Illhc IIkin unflet.'e~"llrily,
, SliH/ltllll,.nL The 1I11spelUterll iMllIed with the
l'11mbll1 Illlek IIhould be w('rn when the belt ill
WIITn. Truop" "hould nHt weur the rombat. pack
vll!ellll the mi!4!<lon di('tllt('s. Ind!v!dual equipment
IIm1 nmmnnltion IIb!lu!d hf' worn nn the b4>IL
.I. Mad",! . Thl' nl1li'l'wtt' I.'~ lin indi!<lIt'n."4Ible
lIitl tn the jun"!e fi"hter In ffi(1\'ill" lhr'JUgh thicK
JUI1It'" lind fur ('nll~trudiHIl pnrpi'l<I"~. It ilf lin d
(tll'tIVt' weupm) a.<l well AI' an cXl:ellenl rultinK
tUl'"
fl. Bfl/Mld. ElIl'h ~oldtl'r IIh(luld be equipped
with It baronet. There ure milt)}, vllried UIIU to
whwh lhi.~ klllft, {'<In be pllt A huntinR' kmfe ;.r
pm.kef kllire ('IU! hf'llIw;l in nll(\ition t(1 a bayonet.
h. ('''I''I/frll~ JfnvuI'Iif', The t<mall unit lefider
IIhlnl,d ulwny.~ "Jury <I t"nmpa!<ll in the jUlltllt'. It
ahould be Wflrn hiJt'h (In U,e lIhoulder to prevent it
(rom ('(Jmlnj( In tltnw'ct with mud lind water. It
Ihould be MlCUred to the ~ullpenders by II "trin/{,
i. (.'t,mhwg Nti/'" utld SlIlI1' j.!Uh. Theae two
plet.'lIlI 01 eQulpnwmt lire required tnr negotlatinJt'
the numerou~ nbitlfttlcl! enCilUntet't'a ill the jungle,
ElI.Ch pll.tuolIl<bwld carry Ii minimum of 120 feet
of rope &I:d each individual IIhould CArry a snap
link,
i. Cnu'-eel!. While Water ill lIV",Jllible in the jun-
cle. it ill u1-lually 1)( fluelftiollable potability, There-
fore. each !'.OlditT /Jhould carry two cllnteeTUl, ont!
beint UIIed tor drinkmjf while lhe Wllter in lb.
other lit In thl! prO(!ll1U1 of beinst purified.
k. inJect {MrJIJlllI-ito) RaT. The mO&qul!O b.r III
an important item of equipment. It IIhonld be
rolled inside the poneho which can be fl&ned
onto the top of the combat pA(k, or attached to
the IUHPt!nder hRrnetlfl with lI,ht rope. The mo.s--
quito \Jar alMlld be UtiliHd whenell(!r hoopA
d6t>p 111 lhe juo"le, It NJnditlonl prevent C{ln~
airllction elf a IIhelter the b.r can atill be med by
tyina: it to tret!fI (.r bruah, Be!lidel providin .. pro-
tection trnm jnlleCta, the moaqulto bar will otrer
JU'oiection from bal..ll, whQ&e bit. are a potentifll
IItfUrt't' ot rab;ea, Troopa should not anow any
portion 01 the body to l'ontad the mOlquito bar
when It ill huna, lUI mrnlquitOIl and bat.. will bite
through the net.
l. Po'IIC40, Whecn the poncho it worn .. a rain-
~t in the jungl~. ll..ll nonporous atructure will
e.auae penpiration and will eaule the &oldi.,. to bet
more uncomfortable, and wetter. than he would
bt if the did not attempt to clothe hlmMlf aaaiMt
the rain, AlIo, the e,etation at Ume.a win UWw
ally tear the poncho from the we.rer'a body, The
poncho ta an expedient haa m.ny uMful plIr*
,P<IoIoN. It ean be uaed to eOllfltruct .heltere and
""it.. and it can be u.ed &II a a!eepina ba... mU
trae And an improvtud p.rachute for aerial de-
IIv..,,. of materiel.
til, ot.\.n, Additional Itema of equipment
whlcb are UMfulln the Jno,ll are-
( I) Map CUI.
(2) Map protractor,
(8) WhlRlle.
(4) W.terproot'flaahll,ht.
(lB Waterproof .auh.
1>-7. _ . Hyglono cmd Scmltatlon
lJ. HwU'" IlU $anit4Iiolt, In no other t.rJNI of
mUitary operation la eanitation and peraonal hy-
Kiens mont Importt.nt than In the junll. for dta-
. . . . an quiekly neutraUH the ftahUq pot.erJ.U.1
.)t an entire command, Commandetl at all levels
mUilt enforce hilth f,tandardil of milttary I&nita
bOil and perlKlnal hy;rlime. Since the jun,l. la-
vorll operatioM by IImaII unl", .....er1 acldler mUlt
have at IQlt an elementary know!eda:e of how to
care f(lr hia own health, See FM 21-10 and P'M
21-16 tur addiUon.1 inform.tion; ami thlt .ppro-
prjal.e TB MED tor clinkal featurft. trulment,
oonlrol.nd pt1!ventlOn of s.l*ilic din:uetI.
b, Tropical DiMetUea. All tropical a~ due t.o
thair ,nrm and humid climatml. favor rapid fa-
p(1)du(!Uon. j(fowth. and J'pr*ad ot dieeue tausln..
gerrM, MOlit of thee ftNlAI have hJ~ rate ot
endemk: diMlalltlll; the pril'rtlUve eanitatlon sya_
terns. and a:mt lIul'rtbera and varlfltiea of dl......
carrylux lnaect.. compound this cOndition, It
would not be poaaible OJ' practical to dlllCUM the
Aubjed. of tropical dileaMI at any Ill'Ut lenrth,
However. a baAie koowledae of the dl..... tondl-
tionll, tholr CaU" and mHhnd of aprtadin and
their prevention i. noc_ry, Th. cl)mmunklable
dl'*MN wUl be catf!toriRd by their method at
tranllmiaaion. Tbtu .re tour major j(I'OUpa of
thetle dlae&Ml: contact.. inteltlnal, waterborne.
Ilnd insect and animal borne,
i 1) Cont!u:t .u..tltUer. Aa the name Imp)t..
th_ dill .... aN apread by pt!IraonaJ or dtrect
wntatt EJeamplflll of these are venereal dl......
and mtal!po:.,
(2) /rttuh'wal 'fl/fJd\oftt. Th_ di...... !U"e
Ul,uall1 tranami\ted by eaUna ~mln.tfrd food
or drinlein. untrl&ted waLer. Conl.atnlnation of
food is common. The eonta.mlnatkm may be
cau.ed in ~ble product. by t'mltad .ith In-
fected material durltll Ilrowth, such u human
neremetlt !.Iud u t,rUllar, Contamination of
any food May be ClUed by dirty utanatla. IbinJ:
l~ or hy food hand,.,. who have, (lr are eat-
nerl ot, lna.unal diMaMa. Some of the par&lllUe
1itt.ltin.1 Intectto,,- (wch u hookworm) &N ae-
qu.lMl thl"OUj'h the DIn by..w... bt.re1oot.
Ul) WAi.,.bDrw .......... 'l'MM dlMU_
may be tranamltttd b)' 1mpurt water which ta
UHd for drhlkin,. eooJdD' aM kthi ... purpo...
Some exam,. tift t:ypoId ftqr. . . ._ _.....
br.elllar)' d)'Hntary, amblMll, dtoMra. aD4 tehJ.a.
toBoml..t. (brood tlub), whleb mQ bt ,.....,
encountered In llWface water whUe ........ (a..
trenee may .. throush &flY min. bNt 1. tM
IIKln) or .wlmmillJ'. and throqb driUiq.
(of) fUM; . . _ _ hrtN ....... 1ft,.
Met and animal borne d , - * ..... trutml....
fN)tn man to man dlrectlr t.hroIctItd... of bIoDd..
*ucklna irllecte Or antmall. Tht ..... ..., be I .
trtX!ueed tnto the hum.n btl , trMID 01' . . . . .
'MJI-U
by the biu> o( thl' inrected IIlllt'('t or it may be de-
pOllited upon thl' IIkin by dl'fl'('IItion or durinll the
proce~1I of bill nl/. f n thl' latter two i nalanc:ell,
KC"ratchinl/ the inlll'('t bile in(ects the wound with
the a-ermll. llillealll'lI lrallllmitted by mOIl'luitoell
Include mfllarill, y('lIow (ever, dengue (break
bunl') (ever, Rlal"illHill (elephantia.!li.!l), and lIoml'
(ormll of I'llcephl!.hli.'!. Tickll tranllmlt tick born
typhu!I, rabbit fever, tick paralYllill, lind relap.!linll'
(ever. Rand flea hite!! call produce varioull dill-
euell lIuch all lropical and orienlal lIoreli. Fleall
may convey thl' bub()hir plague (rat ftea) and ma-
rine lyphulI: IICrub typhu~ i~ tran~mitted by lima II
miteH. Rody lind head lice may tran.!lmit epidemic
typhull (ever and rela()lling (evl'r. Mitell, blood
lIucking ftiell, killllinl/ bug.!l, and ball< can convey
di~e8.!le.!l and rabie.!l to human beinp by their bite.
Inal'(!l repellant and impregnated uni(orm~ are
effl'(!tive in preventinll" many o( thMe di&ellllell.
(5) Ji'unf}ulI dillefllle'. TheM! diAeaAl!tl merit
additional con.!lideration becauae they are 110 M!rl-
OUII in the junl/le a~ the cllmatll (avon the
growth o( mlcr08Copic plantA called (una'i which
produce the.!le diNallell. AIIIO, .!Iweat-lIO&ked .!Ikin
invite~ atlack by (ungua. RinllWorm, athiete'll
(oot, and trichophyto~ia, a (ungul diNue of the
hair, are the principiI funa'ua dieeaaell.
c. Coulltl"rmea.tHrl"a (PrIlVllrttil!e). There are
variou~ c(!untl'rmea~ure~ that eaeh I10ldier can
apply to protect hlm8e1( (rom the&e dl&ea.!lell:
(l) Fint and (Orerr1011t, the IIOldier ahould
MIlUmI' per~onal reapon.!libility (or hil own elean
linellll and the aanilation o( hia environ.!l,
(2) lnaped hl.!l body (requently (or lice,
tlek!, or other inaed bitel! (Ule the "buddy .!Iy~
tern").
(S) fnaped hill body (or akin break!, laeera-
lionll and IICratehe.!l, and more important, treat
them immediately, Due to the excellllive heat and
humidity, the body will .!Iweat pro(ulely and thill
moilt eondition o(ten eaulea I minor aerat.ch or
IIkin laeeratlon to beeome infl'(!ted and not heal.
(4) Avoid eontact with the naUvea, never
IIteep In native hutll or have intimate relatlon~
with native women. The VD rate il quite hia'h in
the tropiclI And III a lIerlouR problem.
(5) Protect the body from insect bite.!l by
uainll the mosquito bar. U&e latrines where pOASi-
ble, and keep the ba.!le camp or bivouac area well
polieed.
(8) Rathe (requently and air or Ilun.dry the
body III o(ten a.!l the IIhuation allowi.
(7) Wear elean, dry, 100151' fttling elothe.!l
when pOASible.
(K) Avoid wl'aring underwear if lit all pO.!l~i
hie; thill III known II~ the .!lingle layer principiI'.
(9) Kl'ep the hllir cut IIhort lind lIhave fre-
quently.
(III) R('m()vl' bootll arl(1 maliliage the feet all
orten a.~ 1lIllIlIlble, lind wh('n the tactielll lIituation
permltll. IIlwaYIi I"l'move the bootll while IIlecpinll'.
(11) While at sl'mipcrmllnent camps, brush
1111(1 vel/etatlon IIhould be rl'movl'd lind inllecli-
cldell should be applied as directed by mediCilI
Sl'rVlce ofljcl'rs. Elich individuaJllhould apply akill
repeJll!.1l1 10 eXIIII~etl areall and to the uniform
ov('r 111"1'11.11 ()f IIkln ('(lnlact (.!Ihoulder.!l-llneell) and
ulle inlll'Ctlcide lIuollollI IIround .!Ileepinll' area, and
whl'll Indicated, wear dothinl/ Impregnated with
rellellant. Whenever pOllslble, Illeeping IIhould be
off the ground in a hammock or on a platform.
(12) Eaeh .!Ioldier IIhould dUlit his feet, a~kll
Hnd b(lIltli with foot powder at every opportunity.
(IS) The individufll rellponalbility for per_
lIonal health cannol be overemph8.!lised. However,
thia alll(! flllll within the eommand rMponslbility
at every echelon. Frequent and delailed Ina~.
tiona by the junior leaders to inaure that eaeh
lloldier lakell proper preventive hYa'enie meuurea
will I'educe the number of IIOldiera inef'r'ective due
to health reallOIlI.
d. Watl'r.
(I) (;e71nol. }o;very effort Ihould be made to
ubtaln wllter from lin approved water point. An
ahundance of water can be found in the junll'le;
however, all water oblained from other than an
approved 1I0uree muat be purifted before It ill con-
aumed. Streamll and rivera, waterholea, and IIOme
vine.!l will fnrni.!lh water, Ranana tree IItalk!!,
wrunll" out like a wet eloth, are a aource of wlter.
Ramboo .!Ilplinlfll eonteill a aupply of water in the
lower III'Ctiona. Rain i.!l a Kood flourte of water,
however, the junllle eanopy ill inhabited by thou-
l1andl1 of erel!.ture.!l. Troopli should wait for rain to
fall for 16 to 3n minutea to in.!lure that water that
falill through the eillopy ia free from eonlamlna-
tion caulled by eXcretlO1I of thl'lIe creature!!.
(2) TI'.III (lnd pl/ri/ic/llion. If a vine 115 used
for a "ourcl' of water. certain teala IIhould be
made 10 deter mille ill< potability. A segment of
larll'e VIOl' IIhould be cut in a length of about
three feet and not.ched to get the wllter ftowinll.
If the liquid III a white lIap or very dirk in eolor,
It ill nut drinkable. I( the liquid 115 elear, teat it
for odor. If it il! IlJia'htly pink or red in eolor thlll
normally indieatea the prellence of lannie aeld. If
the liquid IImellll bad, like turpentine or 80mI'
other offenlllvc 11mI'll, then di.!lcard It. If It ill odor-
11'1111, tl'lll It for lallt(' If thl' liqUid bUl"n.!l the
tonguc or talllell bllter, dillcard it. If it hllll no
tll.!lte or Ilol'~n't 1111111' bl!.d, then It III /I good
lIourCI' of wllter. Specilll care mUlit hI' lKken
aglllllllt wlltl'rborne lIillealieli. All wall'l", except
the water frum vinell, hamho() lind bl!.lIanll plllnt!l.
mUlit he purIfied Ilrior II! ('onllumption Roiling.
for lit lea~t one minute IIlulI lin I!.dditionlll minute
for eVI'ry 1,(lOU feet above Ilea level, or chemical
pUrifielltion hy hailu;olll' or' wdlOe tahlell< i& neces-
airy. Onl' lotline Illblel In clean wllter, two for
mudd~' wllt.'r fur thirty mlnutell and three fur
pl!.cllly wlltl'r I.~ >lullil'u'lIl for pUrifying the water.
6-8, Jungle Maler!.1
Thl' jUngl., ('ontllinll a larl/e amount of native ma-
terials thl!.t can be ulled for cOllstruetion, posi-
tionll, IIheltellI. oblll.aeleK IIlId lIurvival. TrOOI)1I
IIhouid bf' lrullIl'd III the conlltruction lind ulle of
IIhelll'rll I!.lId III the 1l.~1' of Reid expedienl.ll mllde
from JlIllgle mlltf'rilllll
6-9. Tropical Plonfl and Foodl
See FM 21 76 ror Informlltion on typell, IOdentift-
.~ ('lIllon. I'dlhihty telll~ and preparlltion of plllnts
fllId roodll fuund ill thf' Jungle
6-10, Tropical Hazard,
fl. (;I'!/I'r/fl. TI'1l0jJlI .!Ihould be familillrized with
whal formll of lifl' in the area IU which they are
operl!.tlllg cOlllltitulf' hazardll. how to recognize
them, lind whllt pret.'aullOnary meallurell ean be
I taken TrolllclIl hllzllrdll I!.re only dillCulised in
I/elll'ral tl'rmll III 1hlll ml.nllal Thl'Y are covered In
detllilin Io'M 21-76.
I!. [,'~I'('r.~. Thl' grelltellt hll7.lIrd (If the tropiclI ill
the inllectll. The mtenlle heat, high humidity,
heavy rainfall lind inCidence of low sWllmpland
1 couilled with dense vep:elation of the junll'le con-
IItitut(' lin Idelll ('nvironment for inllectll. The
I/relllt'lit dallgl'r I~ th., Ili!llity of inaecb to trl!.m"
mit weakl'ninl/ Ilml fre(llIently falal dillell~ell
through their bite.'!. The biwlI alllO con.!ltitute a lie
riouI! thrl'lIt to health by promotinll' infectionll lUI
ILCratchinl/ an inllect bit I' will a-eneraliy eause an
infection if 110 medication ill applied. Emph8.!lis
musl bl' lIlaCI'd (lI! I'x"rci~ing ballic preventive
Sectkln III,
6-11. General
In Jungie opl'ratioliK frIendly force.!l may be eon-
fronted by an enemy force whieh ia native to a
I
MJI....a1
meallurell lind lIupervlsion lit IImali unit level.
Careful attention to food and wllter, penonal
cieanlineKs, and keellinp: the body well covered
Will I'educe the Im'idence of nonbBltle caaualtlell
from Inllettll. For a diKCUllllioll of dllieMell caulled
by In~eclll, llee pllragraph 6-7
('. [>Oi~01101I' SI!tlkl'l/. Fellr of 1IlllIkell, which ill
common among men. ia IlIrllely II reault of miain.
rorml!.tion and unrllmiliarity. Actulllly. only II
.~mllll portioo of all Hllilkell in the tropiclI are poi-
IInnUUII lind thl'Y art' ~eld(!m 1I('f'n even by men en-
gl!.ged in jungll' (ombnl. Jo'amililirizl!.tioll with the
habib of IIllllkell, how to identify l)Oilionouli
~nllk('11 of the IIrefi. lIimllh' Ilrl~IIUtiolill to prevent
~nake bitt'll. lind appropriate first aid meaaurell In
the very rare eml'tp:ency of being bitten, will do
much to eliminllte a IIOldier'.!I fear.
d. Marine Lift. Mllrine life whieh conatitute a
hazard in tropieal areaa are poillonoua, venomoull.
lind ferocioull ftllh; crO('odilell and caymen; aea ur-
chillI!; and conI, which filII inftlct pllinful eutll.
Caution mUllt be exerciMe(1 in fording lind bathing
In jungle IItrellmll bec.au~e of the dllnger poal'd by
('lIymlln lind erocodile. TrooplI should be made
IIWllre of any wllter hazardll peculillr to an opera-
tion,,1 area.
1'. Mamm{1.Ut. The type!! of IInimat.!l one elln ex-
JII'ct lo encounter will depend on the JunKie reMion
lind the lype of vegetation. Thf' lara-er lind more
dilngerolill IInimlllll arf' found in the gralllliandll
Ilonll' the periphery of the junp:le. With few ex-
ceptionll, animl!.t.~ of the junp:le and itllllurround-
ing arellll, will withdr"w from any encounter with
mlln. A familiariZlltlOn with the wild inhllbitantll
o( the jungle lind lh('I" hllbitll will contribute to
the IIf)ldier'lI undentandilig of the lIurroundinM1l
in whieh he mUllt ftl'ht,
f. Poillon/!!III PW.1I'_II, As a rille. poillonoull planl!c
are not a lIerioulI hllZard In the junp:le. The two
gl'neral typell of poisonoua plantll are tholle poi-
~on(!UII to touch and those poiltOnou~ to ellt. Tn
tropical rellionll several kindll of planla poiKon by
('nnlact. There are alllO varlelie.!l of plantl! with
~tlllglng hairll which a-enerlllly do not conatitutf' fI
relll dllnger; however, their .!lUng, due to formir
I!.cid, ill painful. The vllrieties of poillOnoua and
stinging plllnla will vary in dlf'r'erent junl'le
IIrells. Troop!! IIhollld be IIble to reeognize them
and Ilvoid them whenever pOllllible.
TRACKING
particulllr area and who hll.!l an Intimate IInowl
edge of the terrain. TrOllplI conductinl' Junl'le op-
erlltJOIl~ (ilarticularly eounterir\Jerrllla opera-
'M Jl_U

{jOM) .should be proticient If! th., t'hniques nt 6-12. Tracking

tracking. An ability (!') trAck And to correctlv in.
wrpr('t lIisCIl" will enable troof)ll to detect the PNlI-
f!n~ M an ('nI'mY. to follow them, locate and
avmd ml1lf!ll and boohytrapli, and Iwe early w.rn
illg or ambu8hWl. COlu.lderatioli mUOIt all10 be
I{iven t!; wuntertnf'a8Uh'lR to prevent the enemy
from tltitldnll traddnK tochniqueR aKalnllt the
triendly {ortN!.
S4tCfion IV, TAlCGET DETECTION AND ENGAGEMENT
6-13. G.rwral
In dense junjtle. t/I,rjI't!UI are rarely visible u
eept at dOlie ran.lf'l and normally wjIJ be irregu
I.rly apae.d, The IIvailability !')f vegeteUon for
concealm('nt and RTound rnldll, roeilf'>, larjfe tre~,
and hardwood tontll for cnver rns.lIe detection
very diffieult TrouplI mlllllt JJM propo!lr .earen
techniquM 10 order to dillMver. attack and d....
troy the "n@my.
6-14. Det.ctioft
The employment of all the Hnaell taile!l on added
significance when attemptiq to detect penonal
tarprl.8. in denae junfiP, especially at nl.h:L Dur.
Ing houu of daylight. tatfeta will be detecU!d
primarily by lIifhL Tr()()J)& m.ult teteive training
on proper 8IMlrcit techniquea and must not 4llow
their eyfll to Mnet!nt:rate on any Ain." In;e or
Vine, They muat look through the ve~tAUon as
one looks through a dirty automoblW! wlndth:!eld
w concentrate on the road ahead. emphasis mu.t
be placed on looking for thlnfa that don't bJend
in with the folial{e, aueh M a man', boot, PI,tAI
belt, face .nd handa. Durin, houl'6 of darknua,
by factor. in detectin, tar.,ets are: lMInlle of
amen, hearing and touch; and eharaeterlfltle
Tracking ill tbe Art of fol1tJwing the path of man
<lr ix'altt by hh. neltlrllla! "dor Ilind for by rwinl{
the di~tJJrbJl.nl't'l'I !)f tbt' Kround, veJ{1!!.Jltion IIr ani"
mill HI' Th<-l-~' lire two lIl'JIratt' but (omplemen.
... PPENDIX ...
lat')' method!! of (tlllHWiox K trark: ViAUa! tratk
lng and areot lrllcking. The principal tracklnsc REFERENCES
IIUU:rCe!I aTe: nlltive trackefli. hCOut dOJr!l. and
troops. For del&llll on tracking teochniqueJ. 8M
FM 2O-:.!O.
......1. ""my ............. (....,
310-21) Dictionary or United Statell Army Ternu,
310.::.0 Author!"d AbbN!viationsand Bt~vll)' Cod~.
lidon Kiven off by enemy troopll, IIl.1ch .. the .mel!
Df ,arlk. eurried rice, widely used .. uee.., and
....... Dopo"..... 01 tho ....... P""'f'hloto (0'" ""1ft'
:UO-l Military Publicat.iona, Indu; or Admini&ttativ(> Publications.
pungent tobaccO!! or n.r<:Otie .... SOldi'r"" Must be 310.-3 MUlury Publication!!, Index of Dodrin.l, Training .nd Organisational
come .ccustomed to the eharaeWri.tic Jll)Unds of PubllcatioDa,
the jun,le and learn to di.ti:nruillh thMe 00\_ 31!}4 Mllitary Publication!!, Index of Technk.al M.nu.lA. Technieal Bulletinll,
hom tho.e made by the enemy. Troops I.1nfMnil Supply Manu.la {Ty})M 7, a and it}, Supply Bulletinl, .nd Lubrication
iar with the tounds of the jl.1na:le can eaue a Art Orde,.,
l'I,ht .moUi friendly fof('(!ll at nlJ{ht or idve aWay
unit positlonll by ftrin& .t these ooi~. A knowl- ....... FIoIcI MG_" (I'M)
edge of the enemy'll ethnic eharaet.ri.tietl. cl0- 1-1> Avlation Company,
thing and equipment will .nable a &oidier to iden. 1-100 Army Aviatic.n Utilization.
8_10
tlfy the enemy by touch. Employment at Chbllealand Jjiolo,kal Apnta,
l'-12 Operational Aapeet.e of Radlololtlcal Deterue,
0-30 ChemIul Smoke Gener.tor Urdu and Smoile Operation&.
6-15. E"fIOPCI'M'nr ...1 En,ln.r Troop OrpniMtwnI and Operations.
00 the target hlUl been detected, troop!! muet re-
Ad inatinctively to it, TU.,eb! detected D), .ny
..."
..... Field Fortlfteatkma.
Ena:lneer Intellt.,elK'.e,
mana willl.U!ually be aeen only tor. few Momenta ".., Boob)rtrape.
and mutt be taken under tire and .ttkiled imme. f>-3< En.lneet Field Data,
di.tely, The nature of the tarret and the terr.in "... Enl'il1eera' I'Wiference and Lori_tical Date,
may favor on~ tiring position over another. When "... Route Reeonnalsaance and CI....ll\eation,
tbe vegetation ie flXeaedingly denle, troope m.y 6-20-1 Field ArtllMr)I Taetle.,
be to.N!ed to ~nPJfe the enemy rapidly by I\rin. 6 .. 20--2 Field Artillery Technlql.1(11l.
from the hip, B~fore conduetlnr operationa In '1-11 Rlfte Company, Infant"., Airborne. and Mechanised.
denle Jlln,l~, troopa Ihould receive IntenalYe '1-16 Rlfte Platoon and Squada, (ntantr)l, Alrbo:rn.. and Meehanised,
tralnln, in "quicil ilill" tirin, as well as ruetlOI1 '1-20 Infantry, Airborne lnf.ntry, and MecharuMd [nrantry Battalion.e.
tiring. 7-6.
0-,. The Infantr)l Brl&'adu.
Modk&l Senolee, Theater of Operatkma.
0-,' ~ieal Service in D{viaiona. Seppata BrIaadu, and the ArmoNld

.....
9-Jl
Caval". R..-hnent.
Tunaportat\on of Ua Sick and W01Indtd.
Ammunition SHYlce In the '1'heatara of Operation,
1<4 Airdrop of Supplle!l and E4ulplMftt in the TMatar ot Operationa.
10-lill Handlin. of Deceued PftrtOftnelln 'l"beatera of Operation..
1:1-' Adjutant General SuPPOrt in Tbeat.rs of OperaUona,
1'-3 Comptroller Support in Theata,.. Of OperatJcml,
17-1 Armor Oper.tlona,
I.....,
U'..30 Pbyt.ieal s.:urity.
Enemy Prltonera ot War and CI"Uiu Inta,."....
Milltwy ~ Training and Enrployment.
2t>-l!O
2<l-ll2 l,.andmine Warfare,

.....
'M 31-35 fMJJ_l!

20-88 CombJ.t Flartw Operation!!, 101_"0 At"l'ned Force.& Oottrine- for ChemIcal and Biologl!::al Weapollli Employ_
21-HI MilitAry Sanitll.tiotl, mt'nt and Defen~,
21-11 FirsL Aid for Soldien,
21-18 Foot MArthea A-4. TrQl"'"I (lrclIkm (T()
21-26 Mep Ibladjng. 8--t4 Employm .. llt M kwt I :pntt<)1 AIt1'nUi, Fllln1O', Smok" Anti_plnul A.Ilt'Ilt.~,
21--80 Military Symbohl, and l-'~rllOnn ..1 j)t'telt'ml in ('ountergu\'rrill .. 0Pl'tUt(Ultl':"
21-81 Topographic Symbola,
21-40 Chemkal.lholollic.l, Rad!.,joltind, find Nudt:-ar lIefense A-.S. T..:hnl4:al Manual, (TM)
2(.---41 &ldier'g Handbot:lk {or DtlfenMl lkl{lkinllt Chemical and Biologlcsl OperA. 1-300 Meteorology ;or Army AViation,
ti01Ull end Nuclear Warfare. 8-21& Military Chemistry and Chemical Aien~.
21-60 RanjJ'tlr Trflininlland RAnft.. r Operationg, 8--214 Military Biology and Bio-iogieaJ A~ntA.
21-tJO ViAual Signalll. 8-220 Cht'mical, Biofollica] and RadioloilcaJ (CRR) TleeolttamiJlatiol1,
21-76 Combat Trainlnl fi( the IndiVidual Soldier and Pelt()lllng. 8-W> Field Behavior ot Chemical, Bioloiical and Radinlosrka! AJ'{'nlll.
21-76 Survival, .~vallifin end RM'ept". &-210 MHiLlry Floatin, Bridlr'! Equipment.

_0
21-77 Evasinn And E&cnlW. &-21. CablewayJl., TramwayII' and Suspension RridKes.

......
211-17

Z3-7J
Rooeye Guided MilllAlie Sylltem.
Gnl'nedea and Pyrothni<.:a.
Rifle Marumanship.
&-m
~12
Bailey Bridsre.
Military Fixed Bridgell,
Plan nina- and Hesign of Roads. Airball4.!:a, and Heliportll in the Theater
211- 4.2--inch Mortar, M30 of Operationti.
24-Ht FIeld Rt.dio Te<'hnlques. 6-6SO blateriallf Teatinsr,
.....
24_20

""-SO
, .ield Wire lind Fiel'; Cabl.. Tet'hulqu(!A,
Field Rndio Relay Tet'hniquellC.
Main~natlN! Battalion And Company Operationa in Divlaionll and Sepa-
0-,-
0-1110<1
11.-
Care, Handlini'. Preat!rvation and Deatrut'tion of Ammunltl-on.
Ammunition. General.
Anl.ennaa and Radio Propaplion
rate BrEgadeli.
30-0 Combat Intelligence,

.....,
3~HI

81-12
Tll-l"T'ain Intellipnce,
All-rial Surveilfance-Rt(onnaiMJInN!, Field Army
Army For(1I!:1I in AtnphibioU!~ OperRtioM iThe Army l.andtl1$[ Forre).
81-16 Counterrue-rrtlla Ope-ratLona.
81-21 SPfl('lal Forte~ Operation&~lI,S. Army [)o,trine.
31-22 U.S. Army Counterinllurie:ncy PorCeA.
81-2.8 Stability Operation.!!----lJ.s. Army Doctrine.
3t --86 (Te.t) NiR'ht Oper-ationll.
81,U,i Explollive Or-dn.nce f}illpo.!!a' ServiN'.
81-60 Combat in Fortifted and Built-up Areal!,
81~O Rivtf,CMuinll Operationll
31-72 MnunLlln Operatlnnll.
81-78 AdvillOr Handbook for Stability Operatiun".
81-75 (""10 Riverine OperatIons.
iI8-' PJJy-rhnlogit'&i Operations-U.S. Army DQ("trine.
4!~ Hi Civil AlTair.!! Operation".
44-1 C.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Rmployment.
&~1 (i'Mt) 'Tranaportatlon Movements in a Tht'atel' ot Opuatioilll.
55+1 (Tfi!!i) TranaportRbnn Service!!. in a Theater or Operationll,
~20 Army Rail Tr.anaport Operationll.

......
l!I5cllO

6&-66_1 (Teat)
Army Motor Tran"port OperationM,
Army Air Transport Operation!!.
TrAlUlpcrlation Terminal Operations.
67-"
iH 100
Airmobile Operationa.
The Dlvllli6n.
,~& Operations of Army Fottea in the Field,
te) 10020 Field ServiCf' RegulaUon_1nwrnal J1dt'nlll' Imd t~velnpment
(JDAm) (U). t
I
100-21 U.S, Army JU.S. Air Foree Jloctrlft(' tor Tattkal Air Lift Operatlona,

I
 '''')'45

lNDlX

AIi"'.hWl
Ain",." J"IIII'W

F.a"t .,.tI C..I'!((.I A".k ..

r.'....pIo
"-,
2-36
, !1
1/.3t1(3),
-11--1
11-1
Z-lll
ZI.
na.r<"'""'~

........ "'''''V<lH
BoohylNlpJO
h, ........

,."
~"7J,

2-&.( I) (.)
-
"-'.
"""
,.,
2 17 2 111 ('ant1py "2 ~p, 2-:'1,
Eq .."t<>rial Alnra i !l6(2),
,"
2-1.
Z!lI
2-8&0 ),
~(2), ,...
2-~,

,".'" '''.
Wut Atria 2-!lD(1), .. ;111,

2 " 2-1"" ,."

"',
..,.,,.,"
Air ~!}Wjr Z_'l1b 2-2~ Callw.n /l..,g,
Air d.. J..." ... :lA:. 3 10 CIOtr,.1 ,"w."'p
,..,
2 &!{~j

Air d"' .. n",, utiHuy

AlrUn "",t.U..,._
All'
AI.
~<lona! ..... n""
t,.!,!....,n
A_II rlv"
Am""'"
.,.. ..
a-2h
3-:l'fc
~e7d
,
""
3-to

..
lI~l:t
$-1,1

,"
1\-22
;
Ch'''''al "p"...tio".
CIa. ._ <If .11"17
CllfrlIM:
""'lIrtrah jurr';f
Md"'l\ J\lftvl~
('Antnl A_rit.n <niP"'"
,.,
....""
~-12
. "
Z-I'
2-1S
.."
.,
"m"nun iun,I", on.ntal juql.. 2-211
Am.-lan 2-&.(1),
"'. ('1_ .Ir "uppOrt 1,2711 3-Jil

('_U.I A"'etkan
ONatn C.. Iu",bUln
2_11
2_:11.(3)
2-aa(21
,.,,.,
2-11 Cloth'n. and IOqlllp,.. .. t
Cautal tMdltit ""
U.(>4J. ,.,
.....,
Column IMlnr 3--2111(3) !\-11I
An!rIl.lllh,
"(ric." j_1lk> , .,
.
2~1
Cu",bat ...".1" .uppott:
C l _ ..t lu,pl, ...,....
," ,"
Am_rl,an jl>n,h>

.., M.ln"hliM'il
..,
... ,'
OT"lIIOtal jllnlllol ~-l!~" 2-24 Mftlul

Antlt.&fllr .... p;rttt MI-It!&ry pl)U"",
, ... ,
<-10

........,
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r ..... nph ,- 1'., ..... \>1> 'q. By Ord~r lJ( tb{' 8t!Cr~tary or tn", Army:
AmH'~." )lln ..l ..
0,... 1\,,*1 )lln .. l..
;<-1$
a-zt<
11-111
2-~:t
W.lu tr.nlp(>Tt
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,1,6I)b,
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3-ft,
~,,2~(<t) W. C. WESiMORF.LAND.
..... n,.,....1 di ......... 2,9
1IlWb
2-16,

'" Willto- ",.n ..."",' ;; I'UIOHr) "'-, Gl7U!rol. lfnilt'd Stc.tn Arm),
'o'm ..... .....",.... .nd .... ufk D-lIli " 11M Wind n.
, 2"~ Offlrlal: eM", of Std,
W... , J-U,
~&,.
;j Zl, Y.w~
Y~I1"w (~VH ":.1 It. "
Z-lil,
KENNETH (; WICKHAM,
6~7d
'"
"
~-l!1)l) ~ .j/~
MaiM UNlffal, l!1IIl~d SIIIIi'1i Army,
TIw Adjfo!/41l1 Gtm.rlfd.

nllltribulion:
1'" be diatributltd in acrotdanoo with DA l'orm 12-11 requiremente tor JunS'le Optr.Uonl,

.........