Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 1

Chapter 11, Problem 7 (6).

Given the circuit of Fig. 11.40, find the average power absorbed by the 10-
resistor.

Figure 11.40

Chapter 11, Solution 7 (6).

Applying KVL to the left-hand side of the circuit,

820 = 4 I o + 0.1Vo (1)

Applying KCL to the right side of the circuit,

V V1
8Io + 1 + =0
j5 10 j5

10 10 j5
But, Vo = V
V1 = Vo
10 j5 1 10

10 j5 Vo
Hence, 8Io + Vo + =0
j50 10

I o = j0.025 Vo (2)

Substituting (2) into (1),

820 = 0.1 Vo (1 + j)

8020
Vo =
1+ j

Vo 10
I1 = = - 25
10 2

1 2 1 100
P= I 1 R = (10) = 250 W
2 2 2

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 Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 1

Chapter 11, Problem 12(11).

For each of the circuits in Fig. 11.45, determine the value of load Z for maximum
power transfer and the maximum average power transferred.

Figure 11.45

Chapter 11, Solution 12(11).

We find Z Th using the circuit in Fig. (a).

Zth
8 -j2

(a)
(8)(-j2) 8
Z Th = 8 || -j2 = = (1 j4) = 0.471 j1.882
8 j2 17

Z L = Z *Th = 0.471 + j1.882

We find VTh using the circuit in Fig. (b).

Io
+
8 Vth -j2 40 A
-

(b)

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Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 2

- j2 - j64
Io = (4 0) VTh = 8 I o =
8 j2 8 j2

2
64
2
VTh 68
Pmax = = = 15.99 W
8RL (8)(0.471)

We obtain Z Th from the circuit in Fig. (c).

5 -j3

j2

Zth 4

(c)
(5)(4 j3)
Z Th = j2 + 5 || (4 j3) = j2 + = 2.5 + j1.167
9 j3
Z L = Z *Th = 2.5 j1.167

From Fig.(d), we obtain VTh using the voltage division principle.

5 -j3

j2
+
1030 V + 4
-
Vth
-
(d)

4 j3 4 j3 10
V Th = (10 30 ) = 30
9 j3 3 j 3
2
5 10
2
VTh 10 3
Pmax = = = 1.389 W
8RL (8)(2.5)

Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.

 Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 1

Chapter 11, Problem 20(17).

The load resistance RL in Fig. 11.53 is adjusted until it absorbs the maximum
average power. Calculate the value of RL and the maximum average power.

Figure 11.53

Chapter 11, Solution 20(17).

Combine j20 W and -j10 W to get

j20 || -j10 = -j20

To find Z Th , insert a 1-A current source at the terminals of R L , as shown in Fig. (a).

4 Io
Io 40 W
V1 V2
+ -

-j20 W -j10 W 1A

(a)
At the supernode,
V1 V V
1= + 1 + 2
40 - j20 - j10

40 = (1 + j2) V1 + j4 V2 (1)

- V1
Also, V1 = V2 + 4 I o , where I o =
40

V2
1.1 V1 = V2
V1 = (2)
1 .1

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 Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 2

Substituting (2) into (1),

V 44
40 = (1 + j2) 2 + j4 V2 V2 =
1 .1 1 + j6.4

V2
Z Th = = 1.05 j6.71
1

R L = Z Th = 6.792

To find VTh , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

4 Io
Io 40 W
V1 V2
+ -
+
+
1200 V -j20 W -j10 W Vth
-
-

(b)
At the supernode,
120 V1 V V
= 1 + 2
40 - j20 - j10

120 = (1 + j2) V1 + j4 V2 (3)

120 V1
Also, V1 = V2 + 4 I o , where I o =
40

V2 + 12
V1 = (4)
1 .1

Substituting (4) into (3),

109.09 j21.82 = (0.9091 + j5.818) V2

109.09 j21.82
VTh = V2 = = 18.893 - 92.43
0.9091 + j5.818
2
VTh (18.893) 2
Pmax = = = 6.569 W
8RL (8)(6.792)

Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.

 Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 1

Chapter 11, Problem 51(38).

For the entire circuit in Fig. 11.71, calculate:
(a) the power factor
(b) the average power delivered by the source
(c) the reactive power
(d) the apparent power
(e) the complex power

Figure 11.71

Chapter 11, Solution 51(38).

Z T = 2 + (10 j5) || (8 + j6)

(10 j5)(8 + j6) 110 + j20

ZT = 2 + = 2+
18 + j 18 + j

Z T = 8.152 + j0.768 = 8.1885.382

pf = cos(5.382) = 0.9956 (lagging)

2
1 V (16) 2
S = V I* = =
2 2 Z * (2)(8.188 - 5.382)

S = 15.635.382

P = S cos = 15.56 W

Q = S sin = 1.466 VAR

S = S = 15.63 VA

S = 15.635.382 = 15.56 + j1.466 VA

Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.

 Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 1

Chapter 11, Problem 57(42).

For the circuit in Fig. 11.77, find the average, reactive, and complex power
delivered by the dependent voltage source.

Figure 11.77

Chapter 11, Solution 57(42).

4 Vo -j1 V1 2

+
+
240 V
-
1 j2 V2 2 Vo
-
At node o,
24 Vo Vo Vo V1
= +
4 1 -j
24 = (5 + j4) Vo j4 V1 (1)
Vo V1 V
At node 1, + 2 Vo = 1
-j j2
V1 = (2 j4) Vo (2)

Substituting (2) into (1),

- 24 (-24)(2 - j4)
24 = (5 + j4 j8 16) Vo Vo = , V1 =
11 + j4 11 + j4
The voltage across the dependent source is
V2 = V1 + (2)(2 Vo ) = V1 + 4 Vo
- 24 (-24)(6 j4)
V2 = (2 j4 + 4) =
11 + j4 11 + j4
1 1 (-24)(6 j4) - 24 576
S = V2 I * = V2 (2 Vo* ) S= = (6 j4)
2 2 11 + j4 11 - j4 137
S = 25.23 j16.82 VA

Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.

 Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 1

Chapter 11, Problem 60(45).

For the circuit in Fig. 11.80, find Vo and the input power factor.

Figure 11.70

Chapter 11, Solution 60(45).

20
S1 = 20 + j sin(cos -1 (0.8)) = 20 + j15
0.8

16
S 2 = 16 + j sin(cos -1 (0.9)) = 16 + j7.749
0.9

S = S1 + S 2 = 36 + j22.749 = 42.58532.29

But S = Vo I * = 6 Vo

S
Vo = = 7.098 32.29
6

pf = cos(32.29) = 0.8454 (lagging)

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 Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 1

Chapter 11, Problem 62(47).

For the circuit in Fig. 11.82, find Vs.

Figure 11.72

Chapter 11, Solution 62(47).

0.2 + j0.04 I I2 0.3 + j0.15

I1
+ +
+
Vs V1 V2
-
- -

15
S 2 = 15 j sin(cos -1 (0.8)) = 15 j11.25
0.8
But S 2 = V2 I *2
S 2 15 j11.25
I *2 = =
V2 120
I 2 = 0.125 + j0.09375
V1 = V2 + I 2 (0.3 + j0.15)
V1 = 120 + (0.125 + j0.09375)(0.3 + j0.15) V1 = 120.02 + j0.0469
10
S1 = 10 + j sin(cos -1 (0.9)) = 10 + j4.843
0.9
S1 11.11125.84
But S1 = V1 I 1* I 1* = =
V1 120.02 0.02
I 1 = 0.093 - 25.82 = 0.0837 j0.0405
I = I 1 + I 2 = 0.2087 + j0.053
Vs = V1 + I (0.2 + j0.04)
Vs = (120.02 + j0.0469) + (0.2087 + j0.053)(0.2 + j0.04)
Vs = 120.06 + j0.0658 Vs = 120.060.03 V

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 Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, Second Edition - Alexander/Sadiku 1

Chapter 11, Problem 74(57).

A 120-V rms 60-Hz source supplies two loads connected in parallel, as shown in
Fig. 11.90.
(a) Find the power factor of the parallel combination.
(b) Calculate the value of the capacitance connected in parallel that will raise the
power factor to unity.

Figure 11.90

Chapter 11, Solution 74(57).

P1 24
1 = cos -1 (0.8) = 36.87 S1 = = = 30 kVA
cos 1 0.8
Q1 = S1 sin 1 = (30)(0.6) = 18 kVAR
S1 = 24 + j18 kVA

P2 40
2 = cos -1 (0.95) = 18.19 S 2 = = = 42.105 kVA
cos 2 0.95

Q 2 = S 2 sin 2 = 13.144 kVAR

S 2 = 40 + j13.144 kVA

S = S1 + S 2 = 64 + j31.144 kVA

31.144
= tan -1 = 25.95 pf = cos = 0.8992
64
2 = 25.95 , 1 = 0
Q c = P [ tan 2 tan 1 ] = 64 [ tan(25.95) 0 ] = 31.144 kVAR
Qc 31,144
C= = = 5.74 mF
Vrms (2 )(60)(120) 2
2

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