Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering

Faculty of Engineering, University of Putra Malaysia

EMM 3304: Laboratory of Applied Fluid Mechanics

Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
SEMESTER II (2016/2017)

Lecturer : Dr. Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

Demonstrator : Radhiyah Khalid
Laboratory Staff : Ahmad Shaifudin b. Ismail
Mohd Saiful Azuar Md. Isa
Ishak b. Mohd Yusof

CODE NAME OF EXPERIMENT

LB4 BASIC HYDROLOGY SYSTEM

GROUP NO. NAME MATRIX. NO.

WAN MUHAMMAD AFIQ BIN WAN ISMAIL 182159
MOHAMAD REDHUAN BIN JOHARI 183609
B4 MUHAMMAD AMRI BIN NASRUDDIN 180400
TAN JIE HONG 183242
WANG LEI ES01155

DATE OF EXPERIMENT 21 MARCH 2017

DATE OF SUBMISSION 28 MARCH 2017
APPROVED BY
DATE

MARKS /10

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 Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, University of Putra Malaysia

TABLE OF CONTENT
No. Title Page
1 Introduction 3
2 Theoretical background 4
3 Methodology 4-9
4 Results 10-11
5 Discussions 12
6 Conclusions 12
7 References 12

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 Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, University of Putra Malaysia

1.0 Introduction

Drainage basins are local open systems. A drainage basin is an area of land drained
by a river and its tributaries (river system). It includes water found in the water table and
surface run-off. There is an imaginary line separating drainage basins called a watershed.
Usually, this is a ridge of high land. Any precipitation that falls on the other side of the
watershed will flow into a river in the adjacent river basin. A watershed is the land area that
contributes surface runoff to any point of interest. The ground water due to rain water starts
the run off towards the drainage area. After the rain has stop, the ground will continue to
dissipate the water stored in it across the area. Naturally, this storage effect regulates the
water runoff in the surface waters and reduces the risk of flooding due to slower flow rate of
water avoiding heavy downpours

1.1 Objective

The objective of this experiment was to analyze the water run off in a short rain
shower over time through groundwater lowering via drainage and wells.

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 Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, University of Putra Malaysia

2.0 Theoretical Background

Figure 1. Water run-off over time with ground saturation

Figure above illustrate the amount of runoff water over time which it gradually
increases and acts as a storage tank which eventually drop due to excessive runoff and
formed free bodies of water as the water rise up to the ground level.

3.0 Methodology

1. The throttle valve (16) was closed before the pump was started and the water intake at one
of the intake chambers (ball valve 14 or 15) was set.

2. The pump with (19) was switched on, the throttle valve (16) was opened and the flow
meter (11) was observed.

3. The valve settings are to be checked if the pump does not transport. If the pump still
doesnt transport, it must be bled: Switch off the pump.

4. The bleed screw on the upper side of the pump housing were opened and waited for the
water to escape.

5. The bleed screw were closed and the pump was restarted.

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 Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, University of Putra Malaysia

6. The sprinkler system was activated by opening valve (13) or (15). The spray pattern of the
nozzles were checked. The nozzles were aligned so that the test field is sprinkled evenly.
If the nozzle is blocked, it can be easily removed for cleaning after the union nut is
undone.

7. The water current being drained off is measured via a measuring weir (12). The damming
level is the measure of the flow rate. The damming level was read off on a scale.

Figure 2. Measuring weir in drain

Setting the Operating Modes

Rain:

Figure 3. Rain
1. The ball valves were adjusted as shown in Figure 3.3. Ball valve (13) open, ball valve
(14) closed and ball valve (15) closed.
2. The flow rate was set with the needle valve (16). The right side of the experiment field
can be deactivated via the ball valve (5).

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 Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, University of Putra Malaysia

3. Intake, right side:

Figure 4. Intake, right side

1. The ball valves were adjusted as shown in Figure 3.4. Ball valve (14) open, ball valve (13)
closed and ball valve (15) closed.

Intake, left side:

Figure 5. Intake, left side

1. The ball valves were adjusted shown in Figure 3.5. Ball valve (15) opens, ball valve (13)
closed and ball valve (14) closed.

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 Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, University of Putra Malaysia

3.1 Apparatus

Figure 6. Basic Hydrology System HM 165

Figure 7. Basic Hydrology System

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 Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, University of Putra Malaysia

1. The stainless steel experiment tank (1)

2. Intake and outlet chambers (2) are separated at the front by fine-mesh filters

3. Two wells (3) consisting of special filter pipes

4. A sprinkler system (4) consisting of a total of 8 nozzles

5. The nozzles can be operated separately via a ball valve (5) in two groups of four nozzles
each

6. A removable, transparent splash guard (6) prevents water loss from splash water

7. Multiple pipe pressure gauge (7)

8. The angle of the entire experiment tank, together with the sprinkler system and splash
guard, can be adjusted via a spindle and a hand wheel (8)

9. The storage tank (9) and the circulation pump (10) for the closed water cycle

10. Intake chambers is measured with a conical gas flow meter (11)

11. The water returning from the drainage chambers and wells is measured above the storage
tank by a measuring weir (12)

12. The type of water intake can be selected via ball valves, either via the sprinkler system
(13) or the right (14) or left (15) intake chamber

13. The flow is adjusted with a needle valve (16)

14. All electrical components are housed in a switch box. This contains the main switch (17)
the Emergency Stop switch (18) and the pump switch (19) with motor protection switch.

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 Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, University of Putra Malaysia

4.0 Results

Table 1. Discharge rate at different time

Time(s) Discharge rate[water level(mm)] Discharge rate(L/H

0 4 124
30 14 340
60 16 398
90 22 626
120 24.5 915
150 29 984
180 30 1030
210 31 1096
240 31 1096
270 31 1096
300 31 1096
330 31 1096
360 30 1030

Graph 1. Graph of discharge rate against time

1200

1000
Discharge rate (L/H)

800

600

400

200

0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Time (s)

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 Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, University of Putra Malaysia

Table 2. Ground water level at different time

Point(mm)
Time(s)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
30 68 71 72 73 74 74 74 75 76 76 75 73 73 71 70 68 67 64 61
60 88 110 130 135 130 140 140 145 150 150 156 145 150 135 134 130 120 100 70
90 98 126 143 151 151 155 155 155 157 159 162 95 160 158 156 153 147 125 87
120 100 130 150 152 153 157 158 158 160 162 163 160 160 160 160 155 155 145 115
150 101 129 147 153 153 158 160 160 160 163 163 163 162 162 162 160 158 148 118
180 101 130 141 153 153 157 160 157 160 162 164 161 160 162 160 160 156 148 116
210 90 130 146 154 153 158 158 160 160 161 163 160 161 161 160 160 158 148 117
240 101 128 145 154 153 158 160 160 158 162 163 161 162 162 162 161 157 147 116
270 103 130 146 155 155 159 160 160 160 162 163 161 163 162 162 160 156 147 116
300 101 130 145 154 157 159 160 160 160 161 164 161 163 162 162 160 157 146 117
330 103 130 146 155 157 160 160 162 161 163 163 162 163 164 160 158 155 146 117
360 102 130 145 153 154 158 158 160 161 163 164 161 163 162 162 160 156 147 116

Graph 2. Graph of ground water level against time

180

160

0
140
30
60
120
90
Ground water level (mm)

120
100
150
180
80
210
240
60
270
300
40
330
360
20

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Measuring point

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 Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, University of Putra Malaysia

5.0 Discussion

From the graph of run-off versus time that we had been plotted, we see that there is a
pattern on the graph. The graph is increase sharply from 0 s to 30 s and then increase steadily
from 30 s to 60 s. Then the graph increase sharply again from 60 s to 120 s and steadily
increase from 120 s to 210 s. After that the graph undergoes uniform state from 210 s to 330
s and then decline for the last 30 s. We can conclude that discharge rate increase as the time
increase but at the certain point it will be in uniform state as the time increase and then begin
to decline. From the result we can see that for experimental tank that had slope of 1%, the
water accumulated was higher around the center of tank while at both areas around the edge
of tank is lower. This situation is the same throughout the whole time. Area around the center
accumulate more water than the area around the edge.

6.0 Conclusion

From this experiment, we can conclude that the activity has achieved the objectives
set before the start of the experiment which is to analyze the water run-off during a water rain
shower. Various behaviors of the system were observed and recorded. The discharge rate of
the water has been plotted in the graph

7.0 References

Website
1) http://swat.tamu.edu/media/56598/c1-4-chakravarti.pdf
2) http://www.hydro-lab.cn/hehai/photoabout_english.asp?id=9

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