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1. Information Science (IS) and Its Increasing Interaction with Electronic Science 01
and Mechanical Sciences
Prantosh Kumar Paul and K.S.Shivraj
5. Fixed Frequency Sliding Mode - PI Control for Single Phase Unipolar Inverters 25
M.C. John Wiselin and Riyaz.A.Rahiman
7. Hybrid Method for Retinal Image Segmentation and Identifying True Vessels 38
A.Prabin, J.Veerappan, M.C. John Wiselin, S.Binu Sathiya and Parvathy R Nair
Asian Journal of Electrical Sciences
ISSN: 2249 - 6297 Vol. 2 No. 2, 2013, pp. 1-7
The Research Publication, www.trp.org.in
1. General Communication: For general communication For the intercommunication in between one Information
and more clearly in general networking we need the help centre to another or one Information Network to another
of Electronic Science. The use and utilization we can use in we need to take the help of computer Networking[10].
the following activities.
For building general connection in between one
For in house communication in between one room to international Information Networks to another or
another or one section to another or one floor to another Information System to another we need the help of
in the information centre or Information Networks; that Computer Networks. For share of data, Resources,
means for Local area Communication, we need the help Hardware, Software and so on.
of Computer Networking.
Information Science also takes the help general In computerized Information Services;
Computing and Computer Applications [11]. The general
In Computerized Document Delivery system and
computing Application is including as follows:
services;
General official activities of an office of Information
In Reference and Referral Services;
Centre;
In Online Information Delivery System;
Computerized cataloguing and MARC systems;
In Digital Information Repositories;
General E-mail system and services;
In Office Automation and so on.
General and computerized classification system;
Information Science today increasingly depends on
Official Documentation;
Advance Computing tools and technologies like Cloud
In news paper clipping services, Current Awareness Computing, Green Computing, Usability Computing and so
Services(CAS), Selective Dissemination of on.
Information(SDI) and so on;
2. Cloud Computing: This is a kind of virtualization in 3. Green Computing: The main approach of Green
which sharing of hardware, software and packages are computing is actually power management, material
possible like [11] recycling and tele-conferencing and so on. Green Computing
some times refers to Green Technology [12,13]. The main
All the software, hardware and application of information
base of Green Computing in information science practice is
centre or related organization may share with the help of
actually as follows:
cloud computing;
Better algorithm design helps in power managed
Expansion regarding IT and Computing infrastructure;
computing;
To design, development and implementation of
As information practices deals with information and
Information Systems and Information Networks, it is
computing tools so that saving and designing Eco-
useful;
friendly computing is useful;
It is useful in publishing house and journal for sharing
The information foundation may be re-cycling principle
of software and hardware and other packages;
for future saving.
Online information mechanism it is widely applicable.
4. Usability Computing: Usability computing is Design and development of web pages of Information
actually designing and development of usability experience Centre, Information Analysis Centre, Documentation
designing. This also indirectly helps in information Centre and related organizations;
activities. The main aim of Usability Engineering is
In search engines;
design and development of user-friendly interface, picture
designing so in several areas this is applicable like In Graphical User Interfaces(GUI);
5. Quantum Information Service: Quantum Information Cloud Computing-directly relate with Electronic
Science is most important and contemporary application of Science.
Electronic Science to the information services. The main
Green Computing-directly relate with Electronic
benefit of this is including
Science and so on.
Easy and fastest information, data and knowledge
delivery; V. Findings
Correct and current information and data delivery and During this study we find out the following:
sharing;
Information Science is now totally computing and
Reliable information activities Electronic Related discipline.
Easy and fastest decision making process; Information Science has two foci.
Better computing and information practices and so on.
Information Science mistakenly consider as computer
IV. From IS to IST and Electrical Science Science.
Information Science is an interdisciplinary subject Information Science is widely applied in several areas
responsible for information collection, selection, apart from existing held.
organization and management and lastly dissemination.
New nomenclatures are emerged like Information
During the evolution and development information science
Science and Technology, Information Science and
is considered as information field but due to application
Computing, Automated Information Science and so on
of Electronic Science and computing technology it is now
due to emerging interaction with Electronic Science.
totally considered as Applied Science and in some countries
and scientific community as Applied Technology field. Quantum Information Service, Cloud computing, Green
Computing are the most emerging fact of Information
Due to most Engineering IT and computing Application,
Science.
Engineering Fundamentals Information sciences Traditional
look and is totally changed and renamed with many new VI. Suggestion
nomenclatures those we already discussed in this study.
Information Science needs much more Electronic
But most hot and contemporary thought of todays age is
Science and Computer Science interaction world wide
actually nothing but the IST or in full form Information
for its subjective benefit.
Science and Technology. So new area of Electronic Science
make this new wonderful knowledge cluster is including: The Information Science syllabus needs moderation and
changes due to industry requirement.
Quantum Information Science-directly related with
Electronic Science[10] Information Science programme needs much more
merging with Electronic Science for creation of new
Usability System and Engineering-indirectly related
nomenclature like IST In the developing country like
with Electronic Science.
India.
Web Engineering-indirectly related with Electronic
It is essential to launch Information Science programme
Science.
in the department of Computer Science and Electronic
Digitalization-indirectly related with Electronic Science. Science and related discipline.
[3] Kaula, P.N. Hundred years of library and information science [12] Saracevic, Tefko, Information Science, JASIS, 50(12):10511063,
education In Kumar, P. S. G. and Vashisth, C.P. Eds., Library and 1999,ASIS,USA,1999
information science in India. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. 1992 [13] www.en.wikipedia.org
[4] Keren, Carl. On information science. Journal of the American [14] Williams, J. Information Science: definition and Scope in Williams,
Society for Information Science 35(2): 137. 1984 J. and Carbo T. (eds.) Information Science: Still an Emerging
[5] Kumar, P.S.G.. Research in library and information science in India. Discipline. Cathedral Publishing, Pittsburgh, Pa, 1997.
Indexed by A. Tejomurty and H.R. Chopra. New Delhi. 1987
Abstract A real time data acquisition system for load micro processing unit such as the Programmable Logic
monitoring using human machine interface is presented. The Controllers (PLC), capacitor banks and so forth. Advanced
design proposes a real time data acquisition whose parametric control systems are initially installed in the modern RTUs
values are monitored and recorded for analysis purposes in a in order to provide better and efficient system operation. The
typical power system set-up. The parametric measurements communications involved in this system are basically wired
includes the load voltage, load current, active power, reactive transmission where only cables and wires are attached. USB
power, apparent power, power factor and line current. A communication are implemented for the Data Acquisition
perfect interface design is developed using graphical system Module where data from the designed RTU are transmitted
design software. The recorded data is highly helpful in power by wires and the processed informations are then passed
monitoring and analysis for performance evaluation. The to the host computer. The HMI design is basically built in
design gets complete with a manual supervisory control based order to view and display all the informations processed by
on the data acquired through the interface module. the DAQ system from the RTU. LabVIEW software is used
as the interface panel where the software is programmed in
Keywords: Power Monitoring, DAQ, Graphical System Design
order to receive the correct data on the desired slots [2] [3].
I. Introduction
II. Methodology
The essence of power has become the most dominant
The primary objective of this system is to monitor and
asset in humans life. Power distribution has made its premier
control power in a single phase network. As mentioned,
role by contributing to applications from submicron level to
the system relies deeply on measurement and analysis on
all major devices [1]. A supervisory control is always the
non-linear loads where the essence of active power, reactive
need of any power monitoring system which consists of a
power, load voltage, load current, apparent power, power
Remote Telemetry Unit (RTU), communication circuits and
factor and phase. The system is mounted on a wooden board
Human Machine Interface (HMI). The RTU includes the
with proper wiring and electrical grounding as well. Voltage
implementation of two different sensing devices which are
transducer and the Hall Effect current transducer majors the
the voltage transducer and a Hall Effect current transducer
initial design of the system and measurement is made on the
(LTS 15-NP). The voltage transducer is a self made sensor by
hardware before the software measurement for validation of
using two rated resistors to match and calculate the reference
the results. Figure 1 shows the schematic representations of
voltage in order to transport the data into the data acquisition
the design.
system. The general RTU established in the industries are
attached with high current/voltage control relays, advanced
The Data Acquisition Module is the heart of the system 6008 DAQ module is used and the mode of communication
where this module holds the responsibility to perform sig- is established by using USB and the current transducer is
nal and information acquisition. The National Instruments from LEM as shown in Figure 2.
III. System Development though these loads are for commercial use. The RTU is
passed through the Hall Effect current transducer and it is
The design of the hardware incorporated with the
connected to the switch wall sockets in order to sense the
project is a rapid prototype where the materials are found
load current. The mathematics that involve in this section are
correlating to the cost as well. Figure 3 shows the system
applied to the current sensing methodology and the voltage
module setup with the HMI interface panel.
transducer because the DAQ system can only take small
Prioritized experimental loads as such the electric iron value of voltage and current. Figure 4 shows the graphical
and electric kettle are tested as the loads manufactured system design interface for the system module under test.
with hot plates and coils draw very high current even The design of the software caters the requirement of the
power monitoring aspect where all the desired parameters design with several important programming functions such
are placed and analyzed. The most important part of the as the indexing array, Boolean function, tab control and
software is to visualize the RMS voltage and RMS current etc. The software design required a very long time in order
where the theoretical explanation of the control system can to search and match the parameters in order to associate
be mentioned. G-programming concept is used in this HMI with the theoretical power equations. Figure 4 shows the
software interface of the module.
IV. Testing and Results the scaling factor calculated from the transformer ratio is
about 60. The scaling factor is one of the most important
In this design, the testing section is separated into two
components as this value determines the load voltage.
segments which are the hardware testing and the software
On the other hand, the software testing is established by
testing. Figure 5 shows a typical test pane to acquire the
trial and error and thus, the current formulation is created
data. As for the hardware section, the reference voltage
manually. This is because any output that comes from the
and the scaling factor must be calculated manually before
Hall Effect sensor is a voltage. Therefore, this situation be
programming the software. Based on the measurement
analyzed as voltage in terms of current by re-shuffling the
made, the reference voltage is observed to be 4.007 V and
formula as
Figure 6 shows the equation representation of the sensed loop until the user stops the simulation. The results were
current formula. This formula indicates the sensed current analyzed for a number of non-linear loads and are tabulated
on the load with a variable X which is generated from the accordingly. A typical for the power monitoring over a
current sensor and the software performs calculation and certain period of time and the comparison in terms of the
finally displayed. The programs designed are not written but parametric identity are compared and presented in the
it is graphically programmed where with the functions are Table I. Figure 7 shows the graphical module for the system
dragged and dropped as long as the function corresponding result identification for more accurate understanding of the
to the parameters are true. While loop condition is used as to readings in terms of monitoring and for analysis purpose.
measure real time signal acquisition and will continuously
was visualized in depth, a vast amount of informations was [3] S. Sumathi, P. Surekha, LabVIEW Based Advanced
Instrumentation Systems, Springer Publication, 2007
Abstract Advance information about the road surface a vehicle is in the classification of different kind of road surfaces like
is going to encounter can improve the performance of Antilock cement, asphalt, sand, rough and grass to provide assistance
Braking System (ABS). For e.g. the initial slip cycles caused by to automotive systems. Research work already done relates
the ABS could be avoided, if it is already known that the vehicle is to classification of road surfaces in context with still
on a surface having a low coefficient of friction (). In this paper, images of asphalt or concrete macro texture as in [1] or
an algorithm is developed that detects different road surfaces based on spectrum analysis as in [3]. In [2], fast Fourier
using streaming video acquired from a camera mounted on the transform is used to determine the road surface conditions.
hood of the vehicle. The road surfaces detected here are asphalt However, it has computational complexity and the response
road, cement road, sandy road, rough asphalt road (asphalt may be sluggish. Here we propose a novel idea of image-
road which is deteriorating), grassy road and rough road. based road surface detection system based on simple
The value of coefficient of friction () is also given out with image processing techniques like Canny edge detection,
the detected surfaces to obtain additional information about Hough transform, contours, intensity histogram and
the road surfaces. Split (a road having different conditions image segmentation and compare with the SVM. Simple
on the left and right side of the vehicle) and jump (different image processing algorithms are used on the continuously
conditions on the front and rear of the vehicle) are also pre streaming video thereby reducing time and computational
detected. One method was not sufficient to achieve the goals complexity of the imaging system. It avoids the training
of this algorithm. Here several simple techniques like the schemes givenin [4] as decisions are given out instantly. The
Canny edge algorithm, intensity histogram, contours, Hough algorithm is robust as it works even in shadowy conditions.
transform and image segmentation were employed and In [5], the decision is taken only with histogram, whereas
compared with the Support Vector Machine (SVM). To prevent in the proposed algorithm this technique is used effectively
misdetections, the road surface detection during high motion and judiciously to take decisions when edge detection
blur is prohibited. technique is not sufficient.
Keywords: Computer vision; Vehicle dynamics; Vehicle safety This algorithm makes the early detection of road
system; Signal processing; Automotive systems; Electronics in surfaces which will allow the vehicle dynamic system to
industry and transport react decisively with the changing road conditions. It also
I. Introduction identifies lane marking on cement and asphalt based on
Hough transform as in [9]. Split and jump conditions
Images provide a dense environment perception and are also being pre detected and increases the efficiency of
their benefits especially when used in vision- based systems ABS. So the stopping distance also reduces.
are enormous. One such application of vision based analysis
II. Image Processing Technique to 195, 135 to 170 and 50 to 200 are found to classify sand,
cement/asphalt and grass respectively taken from [7] [8].
Image processing techniques are employed to develop
this algorithm. It is discussed in detail in this section. E. Support Vector Machine (SVM)
A. Canny Edge Detector The basic SVM takes a set of input data and predicts,
for each given input, which of two possible classes forms
Edge detection is used for (i) identification of blurred
the output, making it a non- probabilistic binary linear
frames (ii) broad classification among smooth and rough
classifier.
surface (iii) classification of cement and asphalt. The
Canny edge detection is performed on the frames with III. Proposed Algorithm and Decision Making
the sensitive threshold values (upper threshold 10000 and
lower threshold 4900) and again it is performed with the The six main parts involved with algorithm and
insensitive threshold values (upper threshold 50000 decision making are (i) blur detection, (ii) broad
and lower threshold 9800). If a pixel has a gradient greater classification of road surfaces (iii) classification of smooth
than the upper threshold, then it is an edge pixel. If a pixel roads (iv) Classification of rough roads (v) classification of
has a gradient lower than the lower threshold, it is not an split and jump (vi) co-efficient of friction for different
edge pixel. If the pixels gradient is between the upper and road surfaces. The procedure below is followed to classify
the lower thresholds, then it is considered as an edge, only different kinds of road surfaces. The flowchart of the
if it is connected to a pixel that is above the high threshold proposed algorithm is shown in Fig.14.
value as given in [7] [8]. The number of edges is then
A. Blur Detection
computed.
The frames from the streaming video are converted into
B. Contours
gray scale. Canny edge detection with sensitive threshold
Contours are connected edges and are used to value identifies the motion blurred images since the blurred
(i) identify the lane marking (ii) classify rough asphalt frames have edges less than 1000. Once blur is detected,
from rough road. Contours are drawn on the frame with the those frames are not considered for decision making.
threshold value of 210 and again contours are drawn for the
B. Broad Classification of Road Surfaces
threshold value of 75. The reason for choosing the threshold
values are mentioned in the section III. The threshold values To classify rough and smooth surface, Canny edge
are chosen such that the pixels brighter than the threshold detection with insensitive threshold value is performed.
value are alone identified as in [7] [8]. The number of The insensitive threshold value is chosen such that the
contours for the threshold value of 75 is alone computed. problem of shadow and other disturbances are eliminated
since shadows form weak edges. Man made partitions like
C. Hough Transform
lane marks and patterns on a smooth surface contribute to
Hough transform is used to (i) identify man made more number of edges causing misdetection. So lines are
partitions on the surfaces (ii) find the line segments (lane detected using Hough transform in the frames to eliminate
marking) in an image given in [9]. The Standard Hough man made partitions. The edges are then computed on
transform is used to map each pixel in image space to a line the frames where man made partitions are eliminated.
in Hough space and vice versa as mentioned in [7]. Fig. 7 shows the calculated edges with insensitive threshold
for different types of road surfaces. Smooth s u r f a c e
D. Intensity Histogram is classified from rough surface since it has less number
of edges (less than 1000) when compared to rough surface.
Histogram is used to (i) classify sand from cement/
Cement, asphalt and sand are classified as smooth. Rough
asphalt (ii) classify grass from rough surface. The total
asphalt, rough road and grass are classified as rough.
number of pixels having intensity values ranging from 150
Asphalt/cement has more number of pixels in the E. Classification of Split and jump
range of 135 to 170 as shown in Fig. 10 since these intensity
Split roads have the coefficient of friction values
values represent the gray color band of cement/asphalt. If
significantly different between the left and the right wheel
the total number of pixels between the intensity values
path. They are identified by dividing each frame into two
135 and 170 is greater than the intensity values ranging
equal halves and the concepts like edges, contours,
from 150 to 195 as in Fig. 12, then it is either cement or
Hough transform and histogram are applied to both the
asphalt. Canny edge detection having sensitive threshold is
divided frames. The total number of edges, total number of
again used to classify cement from asphalt similar to the
contours and the total number of pixels count found from
procedure done after the lane marking +has been detected.
the histogram technique are reduced to approximately half
of the values computed from the entire frame. When the
decision of the road surface taken by the divided frames is
different, then it is split .
(a) (b)
Fig. 1 (a) Cement road with lane mark, (b) lane
mark identified on Figure 1.(a)
Fig. 7 Edges with insensitive threshold value for different types of road
surfaces
Fig. 8 Edges with sensitive threshold value for different types of road surfaces
Fig. 9 Contours with threshold value of 75 for different types of road surfaces
Table II Results of the Algorithm Table III Accuracy Results of The Algorithm
Stopping Stopping
Video Type Distance Distance using
existing SVM ()
technique
Cement 8 8.23 9 8.32
Asphalt 9 2.59 9 9.64
San 9 6.80 9 9.89
Rough asphalt 8 2.50 9 7.62
Rough 98.94 99.92
Gras 7 6.31 9 5.20
IV. Results and Discussion cement as referred in Table III, 75 frames were detected
correctly and rest were either blurred or were wrongly
Streaming video of the road surface ahead of the vehicle
detected. Thus a significant level of accuracy was achieved
was acquired by the camera mounted on the hood of the
through the developed algorithm.
car. This streaming video was processed by the algorithm
to detect and classify various road surfaces simultaneously. In future, it can be extended for night conditions as well,
Table II shows the stopping of the ABS for classification by providing infrared cameras for surface detection. Further
of different kinds of road surfaces. Table III shows the this algorithm can be improved if detection of surfaces such
accuracy of the algorithm for classification of different as ice, snow and water can be done based on the specularity
kinds of road surfaces. For example, if 85 frames are of type of such surfaces.
Abstract The paper presents the development of a novel person is inevitable in any particular day activity. Many
information system for the visually impaired. The objective of commercial products have been developed to sustain the
the developed system is to enable the visually impaired people disabilities substantially thereby improve their quality of
to get information of the incoming source of vehicle without any life. The use of these devices allows the user to experience
other physical help and to travel by vehicle such as buses to their the freedom of certain aspects of life such as mobility,
desired destinations. This device works in such a way, where communication and other important fundamental tasks.
the visually impaired people are able to detect the arrival of a Normally the visually challenged persons find difficulty in
particular vehicle as their only source of transportation. The their mobility to reach their destination. Most of them fall
system incorporated is designed to be simple and portable hand under the lower income group and mostly depend on the
held for the convenient usage. A simple wireless communication public transport [2][3]. The most preferable public transport
system with frequency modulation is employed for the signal of common man is bus as it is cheap and economical. The
transmission. The microcontroller in the system is used to process of catching a bus involves the combined skills of
generate the automatic signal that is transmitted through the hearing, sight and cognition. The task will become nearly
FM transmitter. The signal picked up by a single chip FM impossible for those visually challenged persons without
receiver and announces voice message of the coming vehicle the assistance of another person. The developed system
information using the voice record and playback device. In provides a solution for this problem having the freedom to
this way the visually impaired will manage to catch the vehicle independently commute via public bus transportation. The
by their own ability. However the model developed aims for developed system is tested with a single unit under real time
identify only one vehicle but can be extended to any number condition.
of systems. The FM carrier frequency used for communication
II. System Description
between the transmitter and receiver is 89.3MHz. The maximum
transmission distance for transceivers signal is roughly about The system is a portable handheld device that decodes the
0.5 to 1 meter. radio frequency (RF) signal from the transmitter attached in
the bus and playback the route number of the arriving bus.
Keywords: Embedded Controller, Visually impaired,
The transmitter works automatically in sending signals by
Information systems
adding a microcontroller that generate information signals,
I. Introduction which encodes and modulate by the transmitter to transmit
the information signal at all the time. The receiver is a
Visually challenged is a person who is partially sighted
hand-held device for the visually challenged that receives
or incapable of sight which makes them impossible to see
and decodes the transmitted signal from the public bus.
around and observe the surrounding environment by using
The voice playback system is activated for replaying the
adaptions such as touching [1]. Dependence of the very next
information of the bus which stored in it through speaker or
earphone. This system consist of TDA7000 single chip FM For the playback of the information as audio, the
receiver, signal activate relay switch, and voice playback software code for the controller is programmed to generate
system. Figure 1 shows the block diagram of the system. signals for every twelve seconds including a two second
time delay for reset. The software programming follows the
system flow-chart as in Figure 2.
A. FM Transmitter
B. FM Receiver
IV. Conclusion
for information storage providing high quality, single- [3] Bus Identification system for the Vision Impaired, UQ Innovation
chip record/playback solutions to 10 second messaging Expo 2003.
Abstract - Sliding Mode - PI controller is recognized as robust voltage distortion. For inverters with 50-Hz output voltage
controller with a high stability in a wide range of operating frequency and its switching frequency higher than 2 kHz,
conditions, although it suffers from chattering problem. In low-frequency harmonics (2nd to 13th) should be rejected by
addition, it cannot be directly applied to multi switches power a closed-loop controller perfectly. Moreover, the controller
converters. This paper concerns a sliding controller design with must perform a good regulation of the output voltage against
the proportional-integral (PI) control form. First, a theoretical the abruptvariations of the input voltage, output current, and
analysis of the considered sliding PI controller is provided. Our the reference voltage. These demands imply to use a fast
analysis reveals that the proportional control term of the sliding controller with good dynamic responsefor the inverters.
PI controller, i.e., sliding proportional controller, can reduce the
chattering problem and thus, the robustness can be established.
Second, the chattering problem is eliminated by smoothing
the control law in a narrow boundary layer, and a pulse width
modulator produces the fixed frequency switching law for the
inverter. The smoothing procedure is based on limitation of
pulse width modulator. Therefore, the chattering problem of the
proportional gain is resolved and the valuable robust control
property of the sliding integral controller is illustrated again.
Fig. 1 PWM-based single-phase inverter.
The simulation model has been developed and tested using
MATLAB software. Table I ieee Standard 1547 for Maximum Acceptable Harmonicvoltage
Distortion
I. Introduction
Recently, many control methods, like repetitive control,
Now-a-days, single-phase pulse width modulation(PWM)- deadbeat control, multi loop feedback, hysteresis current
based inverter (see Fig. 1), which is used in uninterruptible mode control, and internal model control,have been proposed
power supply (UPS), should supply nonlinear and critical to achieve the aforementioned demands. Occasionally,
step loads. Since the inverter output impedance is not zero, nonlinear observer and harmonic elimination techniques are
these loads can deform the sinusoidal output voltage of the employed to improve the transient response. It is noticeable
inverter. According to the IEEE Standard 1547, the total that these control methods are based on average model (small
harmonic distortion (THD) of the output voltage must be signal model) of the inverter, because the inverter state space
less than 5%, especially for nonlinear load. Table I shows equations vary when the switches state changes. In this
the standard details for maximum acceptable harmonic model, discontinuous control quantity, duty ratio of switches,
exponentially. In the slidingmode, the system dynamic respectively. Assuming ideal elements, the state equations of
response is represented by S(X) = 0. the inverterare
(8)
Therefore,
(9)
The SMC for single phase unipolar inverters and the non-
linear load is shown in Fig 3 and Fig 4.The values of the
components are choose based on the IEC 62040-3 standard .
Fig. 2 (a) Inverter output voltage. (b) Bipolar PWM.
V. Simulation Result
VI. Proposed System
The existing control method has been simulated by
Experimental results show that fixed frequency sliding
SimulinkToolbox in MATLAB for an inverter whosemain
mode control results in variations in dynamic responses.
characteristics are mentioned in Table II, in which fs and fr are
It leads to significant overshoot, long settling time and
switching frequency and cut-off frequency, correspondingly.
obnoxious oscillations before the output of interest settles
Controller parameters of the simulated inverter are listed
down at the desired value. So in order to have a better settling
in Table III. V is selected considering the electronic
time and to reduce oscillations a new control method called
circuitslimitation. The simulation results is shown in fig 5
Sliding Mode-PI Controller is introduced.
and fig 6.
VII. PI Current Regulator Design
Table II Simulated Inverter Characteristics
(11)
Fig.5 Simulation result.Output voltage and
current at 6-kVA nonlinear load.
The controller parameters Kp, and Ki, are only optimumat
a certain operating point in the sense of fast settlingtime, IX. Simulation Results of Proposed Work
small overshoot and small torque ripples. When the operating
point changes, Kp and Ki, should also change accordingly to
achieve the optimum performance.
X. Conclusion
The simulation and experimental results show that the load References
regulation is about 1% at the steady state as well. With [1] K. Zhang, Y. Kang, J. Xiong, and J. Chen, Deadbeat control of PWM
this compensator, the load regulation was measured which inverter with repetitive disturbance prediction, in Proc. 14thAnnu.
has been below 0.2%. Table IV summarizes the inverter Appl.Power Electron. Conf. Expo., 1999, pp. 10261031.
characteristics and compares them with previous works. As [2] N. M. Abdel-Rahim and J. E. Quaicoe, Analysis and design of a
multiple feedback loop control strategy for single-phase voltage-
can be seen from Table IV, the proposed inverter shows an
source ups inverters, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 11, no. 4, pp.
impressive performance that is better than or comparable 532541, Jul. 1996.
to that of the previous works. Although THD of output [3] P. A. Dahono and E. Taryana, A new control method for single-
voltage in [9] is better than this work, its switching frequency phasePWM inverters to realize zero steady-state error and fast
response, inProc. 15th Int. Conf. Power Electron. Drive Syst., 2003,
is relatively higher and it is variable from 20 to 40 kHz.
pp. 888892.
Moreover, in spite of high switching frequency, it has been
[4] Y. T.Woo and Y. C. Kim, A digital control of a single-phase ups
used a large output capacitor. Cut-off frequency of the output inverterfor robust ac-voltage tracking, in Proc. 30th Annu. Conf.
filter is about 520 Hz in [9], while for this work is about 2800 IEEE Ind.Electron. Soc., Busan, Korea, Nov. 26, 2004, pp. 1623
1628.
Hz.
[5] A. A. Ahmad, A. Abrishamifar, and S. Elahian, Fixed frequency
slidingmode controller for the buck converter, in Proc. 2nd Power
Electron.,Drive Syst. Technol. Conf., Tehran, Iran, Feb. 2011, pp. 557
561.
Department of EEE, Travancore Engineering College, Oyoor, Kollam District, Kerala, India
E-mail: wiselin16@yahoo.com
(Received on 10 June 2013 and accepted on 18 July 2013)
Abstract - Retinal image having very vital information. It plays About 10% of all diabetic patients have diabetic
important roles in finding of some diseases in early stages, such retinopathy, which is the primary cause of blindness
as diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. In this proposed system in the Western World. Since this type of blindness can
a new algorithm used to detect the blood vessels effectively from be prevented with treatment at an early stage, the who
the retinal image. The initial image enhancement is carried advises yearly ocular screening of patients Other indirect
out by using Adaptive Histogram Equalization, followed by applications include automatic generation of retinal maps
for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration,
the curvelet Transforms are applied to the equalized image
extraction of characteristic points of the retinal vasculature
and the curvelet coefficients are obtained. The modifications
for temporal or multimodal image registration, retinal image
to the Curvelet transform coefficients are carried out by
mosaic synthesis, identification of the optic disc position,
suppressing all the coefficients of one band. This combined
and localization of the fovea. Furthermore, the network of
effect of the equalization and the Curvelet Transforms provides
retinal vessels is distinctive enough to each individual and
a better enhancement to the image. This enhanced image is can be used for biometric identification, although it has not
used for the extraction of blood vessels. Afterward, eliminate yet been extensively explored [2].
the ridges not belonging to the vessels tree by morphological
operators by reconstruction while trying to preserve the thin
The three most important structures of the human retina
are Vessels, fovea, and optical disk, these structures
vessels unchanged. In order to increase the efficiency of the
mostly used for several applications such as retinal image
morphological operators by reconstruction, they were applied
registration, illumination correction, as well as pathology
using multi-structure elements and local adaptive thresholding
detection inside the retina. Detection of these important
method along with connected components analysis (CCA)
structures manually is time consuming and depends on the
indicates the remained ridges belonging to vessels. expertise of the user. As compare to all three vessels play
vital role for apply many application. The segmentation of
Keywords: Blood vessel segmentation, connected component
blood vessels from fundus photographs can be difficult for
analysis, curvelet transform, multistructure elements
a number of reasons. The two most influential factors that
morphology, retinal image
make the segmentation difficult are the improper retinal
I. Introduction image contrast and the uneven background illumination.
The uneven illumination is from the acquisition process.
Digital fundus imaging in plays an important role in The different vessels have different contrast with
medical diagnosis of primary levels of diabetes and blood background. In other words, arteries have higher contrast
pressure as well as cardiovascular disease[1] .Some of than veins. Thick vessels also display a higher contrast with
the main clinical objectives reported in the literature for the background than do thin ones. Existing paper also has
retinal vessel segmentation are the implementation of a deficiency of missing some thin blood vessels because of
screening programs for diabetic retinopathy, evaluation of the simple thresholding method. There is a tradeoff between
the retinopathy of prematurity, cardiovascular diseases, and removing more false edges and preserving more pixels of
small vessels.
computer-assisted laser surgery.
(b)
In order to have the same effect of each F(I)i , the assigned F. Length filtering with local adaptive threshold method
weights can be defined as i = 1/M, or they can be calculated
In order to obtain a clear final result without presence of
by other methods [9] as well. Also, if any information about
pixels that do not belong to vessel tree, we use length filtering
the processed image exists, the weights can be assigned
with the aim of removing the small pixel blocks. In this
according to the degree of importance of information that
case, the concept of modified CCA is used where connected
may exist in each of F(I)i . we calculate the weights by
components pixels which are identified above a specific
F ( I )i (9) threshold and labeled using eight connected neighborhood
i =
M 1 and are considered as a single object. Modified CCA is used
i 0
F ( I )i
to predict the length of the blood vessels dynamically here
E. False-Edges Removal Using Morphological Operators the threshold value is automatically calculated. Considering
by Reconstruction the entire image in CCA and length filtering with simple
threshold leads to inferior results. A kind of adaptive CCA,
In the result image of edge detection step, there are
that is consider images in separate tiles and apply CCA and
edges not belonging to blood vessels but that arise from
length filtering to each tile, individually. By this means,
uneven background illumination. A simple method to
there is no large range of gray levels in each block, and a
eliminate these undesired objects is using morphological
proper threshold can be chosen which separates the false
opening by reconstruction. Opening by reconstruction
edges from vessel edges efficiently. After applying modified
includes two steps: conventional morphological opening
CCA, all the small length blood vessels are identified.
and reconstruction by dilation. In order to improve
Finally, all of the results are integrated in a single image as
the performance of the morphological opening by
the final blood vessel detection result.
reconstruction, the opening using multi structure elements
is performed.
(a) (b)
(a)
produced. Afterward, the FDCT was applied to the selected [5] E. J. Cands and D. L. Donoho, 1999 Curvelets A Surprisingly
Effective Nonadaptive Representation For Objects with Edges,
channel. This co-efficient is modified. hence the image
Curves and Surfaces.
vessels. Then, the edges of image were detected by modified
[6] J. A. Bangham, R. Harvey, P. D. Ling, and R. V. Aldridge,
top hat using the multistructure elements morphology. We Morphological scale-space preserving transforms in many
used a 7 7 SE with = 150. During edge detecting some dimensions, J. Electron. Imag., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 283299, Jul.
1996.
of the undesired objects also found. This false edges are
removed by the morphological opening by reconstruction. [7] S. Mukhoopadhyay and B. Chanda, Multiscale morphological
segmentation of gray-scale images, IEEE Trans. Image Process.,
Finally the image is decomposed to several blocks and vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 533549, May 2003
length filtering, and CCA are applied locally in order to
[8] Available at: http://www.isi.uu.nl/Research/Databases/DRIVE/.
better remove the remained false edges,The threshold value
{9] Y. Ma,M. Yang, and L. Li, A kind of omni-directional multi-angle
is find by local adaptive threshold method. structuring elements adaptive morphological filters, J. Chin. Inst.
Commun., vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 8692, 2004.
VI. Conclusion
[10] Ch. Wu, G. Agam, and P. Stanchev, A general framework for
vesselsegmentation in retinal images, in Proc. IEEE Int.Symp.
In this paper, a new most efficient method for the
Comput. Intel.Rob. Autom., Jun.2007, pp. 3742.
retinal vessel segmentation has been presented; all sections
[11] E. J. Cand`es and D. L.Donoho, CurveletsA surprisingly
are upgraded with efficient technique such that adaptive effective nonadaptive representation for objects with edges, in
histogram in image enhancement with curvlet transform, Curves and Surfaces. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt Univ. Press, 1999,
pp. 123143.
Modified top hat transformation is used as an edge detector
in edge detection and local adaptive threshold technique [12] Y. Zhao, W. Gui, and Zh. Chen, Edge detection based on multi-
structure elements morphology, Proc. 6th World Congr. Intell.
in threshold method. All these modifications are combined Control Autom., pp. 97959798, 2006.
and moulted as a most efficient one. And it has concluded
[13] S. Mukhoopadhyay and B. Chanda, Multiscale morphological
that proposed technique is giving much better results than segmentation of gray-scale images, IEEE Trans. Image Process.,
existing ones. vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 533549, May 2003.
[14] Zh. B. Zhao, J. Sh. Yung, O. Gao, and Y. H. Kong, Wavelet image
Hence, our future work is modifying this threshold denoising method based on noise standard deviation estimation,
method with a more proper approach to increase accuracy in Proc. Int. Conf. Wavelet Anal. Pattern Recog., 2007, pp. 1910
1914.
of the method and deal with the problem of presence some
[15] J. Starck, F. Murtagh, E. J. Cand`es, and D. L. Donoho, Gray and
severe lesions in retinal images.
color image contrast enhancement by the curvelet transform, IEEE
Trans. Image Process., vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 706717, Jun. 2003.
References
[1] S. Dua, N. Kandiraju, and H.W. Thompson, Design and
implementation of a unique blood-vessel detection algorithm towards
early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. in
Inf. Technol., Coding Comput., 2005, pp. 2631.
Morphological techniques probe an image with a fundus image in order to obtain a gray image in which the
small shape or template called astructuring element. The different structures of the retina such as vessels and OD
structuring element is positioned at all possible locations are differentiated more clearly to get a accurate detection
in the image and it is compared with the corresponding of the OD. Next a variant of the watershed transformation,
neighbourhood of pixels. Some operations test whether the stochastic transformation, followed to a stratified
the element fits within the neighbourhood, while others transformation are implemented on a region of the original
test whether it hits or intersects the neighbourhood. A image. The algorithm is fully automatic, so process is
morphological operation on a binary image creates a new speeded up and also the user intervention is avoided. The
binary image in which the pixel has a non-zero value only goal of this proposed method is to make easier the early
if the test is successful at that location in the input image. detection of diseases related to the fundus and reduces the
Thestructuring elementis a small binary image, i.e. a consultation time. Stochastic Watershed Transformation
small matrix of pixels, each with a value of zero or one. is used here. It is a segmentation technique for gray-scale
The matrix dimensions specify thesizeof the structuring images.
element. The pattern of ones and zeros specifies theshapeof
This algorithm is a powerful segmentation tool
the structuring element. Anoriginof the structuring element
whenever the minima of the image represent the objects
is usually one of its pixels, although generally the origin can
of interest and the maxima are the separation boundaries
be outside the structuring element. Morphological operators
between objects. Due to this the input image of this method
often take abinary image and astructuring element as
is usually a gradient image. The watershed transformation
input and combine them using a set operator (intersection,
produces a segmentation which can be viewed as a set of
union, inclusion, complement). They process objects in the
closed contours of segmented regions. This transformation
input image based on characteristics of its shape, which
uses random markers to build a probability density function
are encoded in the structuring element. The mathematical
of contours, which is then segmented by volumic watershed
details are explained inMathematical Morphology.
for defining the most significant regions.
II. Related Work
III. Preliminaries
A KNN regressor is utilized to predict the distance in
The first step of the pre processing stage consists of PCA
pixels in the image to the object of interest at any given
to transform the input image to grey scale. This technique
location in the image based on a set of features measured at
combines the most significant information of the three
that location. The method combines cues measured directly
components RGB in a single image so that it is a more
in the image with cues derived from a segmentation of the
appropriate input to the segmentation method. Principal
retinal vasculature. The location of the fovea is estimated as
Component Analysis (PCA). The central idea of PCA is
the point of lowest matched filter response within a search
to reduce the dimensionality of a data set consisting of a
area determined by the optic disc location. Second, optic
number of interrelated variables, while retaining as much
disc segmentation is performed. Based on the detected
as possible of the variation present in the data set. This
optic disc location, a fast hybrid level-set algorithm which
is achieved by transforming to a new set of variables, the
combines the region information and edge gradient to
principal components (PCs), which are uncorrelated, and
drive the curve evolution is used to segment the optic disc
ordered. This technique maximizes the separation of the
boundary.
different objects that compose a image so that the structures
The optic disc location algorithm is designed based on of the retina are better appreciated. Inpainting technique is
the characteristics of the different channels in digital colour the next step used. Retinal vessels are originated from the
fundus images. The method is used to detect the optic disc OD therefore there are numerous vessels crossing its border
contour based on mathematical morphology along with which makes its discrimination difficult. So vessel removal
principal component analysis. In the past KNN regressor of the enhanced image is implemented by the inpainting
is used mainly focused on locating the optic disc center. technique.
Principal component analysis is applied on the RGB
The main aim is to obtain the OD-boundary more The method is used to detect the optic disc contour
precisely and to reduce the existing borders within the OD based on mathematical morphology along with principal
which increase the risk of sub-segmentation. Inpainting component analysis. In the past KNN regressor is used
algorithms are used in diverse applications, from the mainly focused on locating the optic disc center. Principal
restoration of damaged photographs to the removal or component analysis is applied on the RGB fundus image
replacement of selected objects. In OD- Segmentation inorder to obtain a gray image in which the different
Stochastic Watershed Transformation is used. It is a structures of the retina such as vessels and OD are
segmentation technique for gray-scale images. This differentiated more clearly to get a accurate detection of
algorithm is a powerful segmentation tool whenever the the OD. Next a variant of the watershed transformation,
minima of the image represent the objects of interest and the the stochastic transformation, followed to a stratified
maxima are the separation boundaries between objects. Due transformation are implemented on a region of the original
to this the input image of this method is usually a gradient image. The algorithm is fully automatic, so process is
image. speeded up and also the user intervention is avoided.
The goal of this proposed method is to make easier the
The watershed transformation produces a segmentation
early detection of diseases related to the fundus and
which can be viewed as a set of closed contours of
reduces the consultation time. Histogram equalizationis a
segmented regions. This transformation uses random
method inimage processing of contrast adjustment using
markers to build a probability density function of contours,
the images histogram. This method usually increases
which is then segmented by volumic watershed for defining
the globalcontrast of many images, especially when the
the most significant regions. Region Discrimination is the
usable data of the image is represented by close contrast
discrimination between the significant and non significant
values. Through this adjustment, theintensities can be
regions is based on the average intensity of the region. The
better distributed on the histogram. This allows for areas
value of each region will be equal to:
of lower local contrast to gain a higher contrast. Histogram
equalization accomplishes this by effectively spreading out
the most frequent intensity values. The method is useful
in images with backgrounds and foregrounds that are both
Being N is the number of pixels of the corresponding
bright or both dark.
region . The regions belonging to the optic disc will be
light regions around darker regions therefore the residue In histogram equalization we are trying to maximize the
of a close-hole operator is calculated on to obtain the image contrast by applying a gray level transform which
regions. Afterwards, a threshold is applied on the resulting tries to flatten the resulting histogram. It turns out that the
image to select the valid regions. gray level transform that we are seeking is simply a scaled
version of the original images cumulative histogram.
In Post Processing step, the region of interest has been
That is, the gray level transform T is given by T[i] = (G-1)
obtained, the result must be fitted to eliminate false contours,
c(i), where G is the number of gray levels and c(i) is the
which are detected due to the blood vessels that pass through
normalized cumulative histogram of the original image.
the OD. The technique was performed to remove most of
them, as previously mentioned, however some irregularities When we want to specify a non-flat resulting histogram,
can still be appreciated in the final region contour. In this we can use the following steps:
work, the OD-contour has been estimated as a circle in the
1. Specify the desired histogram g(z)
same way that in although a elliptical shape could also have
been chosen. The main reason for fitting the OD by a circle 2. Obtain the transform which would equalize the
is because is algorithm will later be used to establish a zone specified histogram, Tg, and its inverse Tg-1
of the retina.
3. Get the transform which would histogram equalize
the original image, s=T[i]
4. Apply the inverse transform Tg-1on the equalized B. Principal Compound Analysis
image, that is z=Tg-1[s]
The central idea of PCA is to reduce the dimensionality
Histogram equalization often produces unrealistic of a data set consisting of a number of interrelated variables,
effects in photographs; however it is very useful for scientific while retaining as much as possible of the variation present
images likethermal,satelliteorx-rayimages, often the same in the data set. This is achieved by transforming to a new
class of images that user would applyfalse-colourto. Also set of variables, the principal components(PCs), which are
histogram equalization can produce undesirable effects uncorrelated, and ordered. This technique maximizes the
(like visibleimage gradient) when applied to images with separation of the different objects that compose a image so
lowcolour depth. that the structures of the retina are better appreciated.
Being N is the number of pixels of the corresponding D. Morphological Post Processing Image
region . The regions belonging to the optic disc will be
Short segments between two junctions are not necessary.
light regions around darker regions therefore the residue
Hence we propose to use morphological post processing
of a close-hole operator is calculated on to obtain the
image.
regions. Afterwards, a threshold is applied on the resulting
image to select the valid regions.
F. Post Processing
V. Experimental Result
B. Enhanced Image
C. Segmented Image
The discrimination between the significant and non Fig. 4(c) Segmented Image
significant regions is based on the average intensity of
the reg. the final segmentation, providing robustness and
reliability.
References
[1] A. Hoover and M. Goldbaum, Locating the optic nerve in a retinal
image using the fuzzy convergence of the blood vessels, IEEE
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[5] J.C.Russ, Image processing handbooks, 5th ed. Boca Raton, FL.CRC
Press,2007
Fig. 4 (d) Result of segmented true vessels
[6] J.Serra, Image analysis and Mathematical morphology, London,
U.K, 2008, vol.1
VI. Conclusion
[7] M. Foracchina, E. Grisan, and A.Ruggeri Detection of optic disc in
The algorithm has been validated on five different public retinal images by means of geometrical model of vessel structure,
IEEE Trans. Med.Image., oct 2004., Med. Image., vol. 23, no.10,
databases obtaining promising results and improving the pp. 1189-1195
results of other methods of the literature. The final goal of
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the proposed method is to make easier the early detection images, in proc. IEEE int. conf. comput. Graph., 2006 pp. 141-145
of diseases related to the fundus. Its main advantage is the [9] M. Niemeijer, M.D.A. Moff, Fast detection of the optic disc and
full automation of the algorithm since it does not require fovea in color fundus photographs, med. Image, 2003., vol.13,
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resources (specialists) and reduces the consultation time, [10] T. Walter, J.C. Klein, A contribution of image processing to the
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lines, the optic disc will also be detected with the goal 21, no. 10,oct 2012
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indicate that a fundus is suspicious of glaucoma. diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy- detection of exudates in color
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