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istributed generation Hence, the DG is becoming a part of
JOSEP M. GUERRERO, (DG) is emerging as the strategic plans of most countries
FREDE BLAABJERG, a new paradigm to to address current challenges associ-
TOSHKO ZHELEV, produce on-site ated with energy management.
KAS HEMMES, highly reliable and Today, electrical and energy engi-
ERIC MONMASSON, good quality electri- neering have to face a new scenario in
SAMIR JEMEI, cal power. Thus, the DG which small distributed power genera-
MARIA P. COMECH, systems are presented as a suitable tors and dispersed energy storage
RAMON GRANADINO, form to offer highly reliable electrical devices have to be integrated together
and JUAN I. FRAU power supply. The concept is particu- into the grid. The new electrical grid
larly interesting when different kinds will deliver electricity from suppliers
of energy resources are available, such to consumers using digital technology
as photovoltaic (PV) panels, fuel cells to control appliances at consumers
(FCs), or wind turbines. The DG of dif- homes to save energy, reducing cost
ferent kinds of energy systems allow and increasing reliability and transpar-
for the integration of renewable and ency. The idea behind this concept is
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MIE.2010.935862 nonconventional energy resources. to have devices that plug into your
Communication
3 Energy
Wind Turbine Storages
Primary
Refrigerator
Fuel
Solar Cells
dc Television
Solar ac
Energy
Light
Heat Motor
Loads 3 3 3 1-3
Power Station Pump
Transformer Facts/Cups
Energy Robotics
CHP Compensator
Storage
Industry
FCs dc
ac
Power Supply
Transport ac ~ dc
Fuel =
Combustion
Engine
Steam Reforming
Undesirable
Short Chain
Hydrocarbons
Steam
Carbon
Dioxide Syngas Distillation
rWGS FTS Resynthesized
Reactor Reactor Fuel Products
Hydrogen Reboiler
Hot Hydrocarbons
Water
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocracking
Water Oxygen
Electrolyzer Boiler
(a)
RWGS
Coolers
and FTS
Heater Condensers
Microreactors
Stack Petrol
Diesel
Heavy Oil
FIGURE 3 (a) Block diagram of fuel resynthesis process and (b) microreactor system.
Nuclear
Coal Generators
Oil
Transmission Network
Central Power Plants
Transmission Network
Power Distribution Network
Flow
Wind
Central Power
Power Plant
Plants Commercial
Buildings Generators
Electricity
Storage
Houses Electricity Transmission Network
Transmission Local
Lines Heat
Storage CHP Plant
PV Distribution
Network DG
Power Plant Storage Power
Power Quality Houses
Quality Device Central Consumers
Device Power Plants
Industry
FIGURE 6 Power plants toward distributed power generation: (a) traditional power systems and (b) decentralized future power systems.
Demand Bids
Suppliers and
Consumers Under
Distribution Companies Market Price
Approved Tariffs Demand Bids
Consumers
Distribution
Network < 132 kV
Communications
Energy Flows
Wind Turbine
MV Network MV Position
Series Impedance R R
Reducing the Impact of S S
the Fault on the Grid T T
Impedances
and Bypass Switch
RST
Transformer
Network
Wind Turbine RST
Parallel Impedance
Allowing the
Generation of the
Fault by Means of
the Series Switch
FIGURE 10 Voltage-dip generator scheme: (a) general system and (b) proposed system.