A Induction logs

Induction Logs

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Schlumberger 1999 1
 Induction logs

Induction history
The idea for the tool developed out of mine
detector work done by Henri Doll during the
Second World War.

The objective was to measure resistivity in fresh

or oil-based muds.

The first tools had 5 coils to focus the signal.

The next generation of tools employed 6 coils.

Two measurement curves were eventually

developed, a medium and a deep paralleling the
Laterolog's shallow and deep readings.

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 Induction logs

Induction Principle
An Induction tool uses a high frequency
electromagnetic transmitter to induce a current
in a ground loop of formation.

This, in turn, induces an electrical field whose

magnitude is proportional to the
formation conductivity.

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 Induction logs

Geometrical Factor

In a simple model, (tool centred, homogeneous

formation), the response of the tool can be
calculated as the sum of all the formation loops
coaxial with the sonde.

Each signal is proportional to the conductivity

and to a Geometrical Factor, Gi which depends
only on the loop position with respect to the
transmitter and receiver positions.

The sum of all the geometrical factors is equal to

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 Induction logs

Depth of Investigation
This is equivalent to the plot seen for the
laterolog.

Once again, the depth of investigation can be

obtained from this plot using the same criteria.

Depth of investigation = zone contributing 50% of

the signal.

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 Induction logs

Shoulder Bed Effect

To minimise the shoulder bed effect, the tool is
focused using multiple coils.

In addition, the shoulder bed response is

suppressed to improve the vertical resolution.

Deconvolution gives greater weight to the signal

measured at the sonde centre and less
weight to the signals from either side.

The Phasor tool uses the X-signal to make a non-

linear deconvolution correction.

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 Induction logs

Skin Effect
Caused by ground loops creating their own fields
and interfering with the signal being measured.

The net result is a reduction in the measured

conductivity.

The correction increases with increasing

conductivity.

The traditional solution was to employ a booster

algorithm.

The current tool uses the X-signal to make the

correction.

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 Induction logs

Borehole Effects
Induction tools measure Conductivity.
Induction tools measure resistivity in Parallel.
Thus Induction tools see the borehole
environment as:

Cm - Best readings occur in high resistivity

mud, oil-based is better, fresh mud is good, salt-
saturated mud is worst.

Cmc - Usually neglected as very small.

Cxo - Depends on Rmf - needs to be known.

Ct - Parameter to be measured, the higher the

better. 8
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 Induction logs

Corrections
The tool has to be corrected for borehole effects.

Procedure

1) Compute borehole geometrical factor.

2) Find additional signal due to the borehole.
3) Convert log resistivity into conductivity.
4) Remove borehole signal from total signal.
5) Convert result back to resistivity.

This is best done in the field using either the

Surface Acquisition units

It is also possible using Chart Books.

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Corrections

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Correction Charts

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Correction Charts
Procedure:
Obtain the Borehole Geometrical factor
Enter the value on the axis.
Draw a line through the mud resistivity to obtain
the hole signal..

Subtract the hole

signal from the
measured
conductivity to
obtain the
corrected value

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 Induction logs

Bed Thickness

The induction needs to be corrected for the effect

of resistive or conductive shoulder beds.

After signal processing this effect is minor except

in beds less than 6'.

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Enhancement
The standard Deep Induction tool has a vertical
resolution of 6' to 8'.

It is impossible to improve the tool's hardware

design as the measurement is "blind" at some
thickness.
The Medium Induction tool can "see" all
thickness.

The Medium signal is used to enhance the more

accurate Deep reading.

Enhanced resolution of 3'.

Very enhanced resolution of 1.5' to 2'.

A problem - the medium may be adversely

affected by borehole conditions (rugosity, caving),
resulting in a poor deep reading.
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 Induction logs

Limits
Cannot be used in salt-saturated muds unless in
small hole sizes.

Cannot be used in high resistivity formations.

Poor in thin beds.

Poor when Rxo < Rt.

Dipping beds will affect the logs.

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 Induction logs

Uses

Measures Rt.

Ideal in fresh or oil-based environments.

Ideal for low resistivity measurements and when

Rxo > Rt.

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Modelling
As for the laterolog tool, it is useful to model the
induction response to a given situation.

The Induction is simple to model in almost any

case as it is based on electromagnetic theory.
Programs exist for both vertical and deviated
wells.

Effects such as the effect of dipping beds can be

analyzed and the true resistivity of the
layer obtained.

Horizontal wells are also handled so that the

response of an electromagnetic tool to a nearby
cap rock or water table can be predicted.

This is important in horizontal wells where the

technique called Geosteering is used to accurately
position the well trajectory.
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 Induction logs

Induction Parameters

Vertical resolution:

Standard 6' to 8'

Enhanced 3'
Very Enhanced 1.5' to 2'

Depth of investigation:

Deep 60"

Medium 30"

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 Induction logs

AIT principle
The tool measures 28 independent signals from 8
arrays. There is one transmitter operating at
three frequencies. The in-phase (R) and the
quadrature (X) signals are both measured.

The conductivities are combined using radial and

depth functions.

These are software focused to give:

5 depths of investigation:10", 20", 30", 60" 90".

3 vertical resolutions: 1', 2' and 4'.

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AIT depth of investigation

The AIT has set radial depths of investigation
which are not affected by changes in conductivity.

The values are taken as the point where half the

signal comes from shallower levels.

In comparison to the 10", 20", 30", 60" and 90"

of this tool, the medium and deep of the old tool
are around 30" and 60" respectively.

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AIT Corrections
There are well defined borehole corrections to be
applied to the measurement. These are made in
real time by the software. The inputs required
are:
Borehole cross section.
Mud resistivity.
Stand-off.

The tool can compute any of these from its

measured signal as well as the formation
resistivity. However, normal practice is to input
at least two of them.

A measurement of the mud can be made with an

auxiliary sonde or surface measurement.
The former is best as logs made have shown
considerable heterogeneities in the mud column
with depth.

A caliper tool can give the hole dimensions. 21

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 Induction logs

AIT Rt-Rxo-invasion
As the AIT produces five logs with differing
depths of investigation, a more realistic
description of the invasion can be made.
The old model is:

New model:

This model has four unknowns with the addition

of a ramp profiled for the invasion.
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 Induction logs

AIT independent model

The AIT can be displayed as an image.

The simplest image is of resistivity radial profile

starting at the borehole and going out into the
formation.

This image simply extrapolates the readings of

the tool assigning colour classes to the resistivity
level.

It is called an "independent model" because it

makes no assumptions about the resistivity
distribution.

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AIT saturation
To obtain a saturation image, some assumptions
have to be made about the resistivity profile.

The inversion model is used to produce the

parameters needed for a saturation image, Rt,
Rxo and an invasion distance.

The r2 radius is taken as the limit of invasion for

this calculation.

The image will then show the saturation away

from the borehole, a radial profile.

This image is a more accurate picture of the

invasion as long as the saturation gradient is
constant with depth. The porosity is also assumed
to be constant.

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AIT volumes
Variations in formation water, drilling
parameters and saturation gradient obscure
comparisons along a well and between wells.

A filtrate invasion profile is constructed and

converted to a fluid volume by multiplying it by
porosity.

Hence the AIT outputs plus the Rmf are all that
is needed to compute the volume of mud filtrate,
Vmf.
The result is integrated with depth to give the
volume of filtrate per unit depth.
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examples 2

The invaded volumes computed here show an

increase with depth. The results could be used to
plan sampling points or a well test.

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examples 3

Cable tension (TENS)

10000.0 (LBF) 0.0 90 Inch investigation
SFL unaveraged (SFLU)
.2 (ohmm) 2000
0.2 (ohmm) 2000.0 10 Inch investigation
Medium resistivity (ILM) .2 (ohmm) 2000
0.2 (ohmm) 2000.0
Deep resistivity (ILD) 20 Inch investigation
0.2 (ohmm) 2000.0 .2 (ohmm) 2000
30 Inch investigation
.2 (ohmm) 2000
60 Inch investigation
.2 (ohmm) 2000

The AIT logs (2' vertical resolution) read

correctly in this zone giving a hydrocarbon
profile.

The DIL logs are ambiguous as the SFL

(electrical log) longer reading shallow because
Rxo is less than Rt 27
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 Induction logs

AIT parameters
Radius of investigation:
10" (A x 10)
20" (A x 20)
30" (A x 30)
60" (A x 60)
90" (A x 90)

Vertical resolution (x):

1'
2'
4'

Resistivity range:
0.2 - 1000ohm-m

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