Reporter: Erwin Cayl P. Cabangal Instructor: Engr.

Noel Sabarillo
Section: 1 ChE B Date Performed:
Group No: 2 Date Submitted: October 20, 2015

Experiment no. 3 MIXTURES: COMMON RESOLUTION TECHNIQUES

INTRODUCTION
Matter exists in a wide variety of forms. There are two ways of classifying matter-
according to its physical state (as a gas, liquid, or solid) and according to its composition (as an
element, compound, or mixture). Pure substance is composed of only one type of particle that
has a distinct properties and a composition that doesnt vary from sample to sample. Whereas a
mixture is composed of at least two different pure substances that has no definite composition.
The components of a mixture are only physically combined, thus they can be separated by
physical means. These techniques are called as resolution techniques. They make use of the
differences in physical properties of the components to effect separation.
For this experiment, it aims the students to be able to separate each of the components
present in a given mixture. Using the different properties of the component, the students should
be able to create a plan on how the separation will be done.

METHODOLOGY
Using the properties of each component of the mixture, a plan was created on the separation
of mixture will be done. After the plan was approved by our instructor, we prepared the materials
needed for the experiment. These materials are beaker, Erlenmeyer flask, evaporating dish, filter
paper, funnel, and graduated cylinder. After all the materials were prepared, we now started our
devised procedure.
The first resolution technique that we used is selective dissolution. The mixture was put into
the beaker and the appearance of the mixture was observed. After we had put the mixture, 10 mL
of water was added in the beaker using the graduated cylinder. When water was added, the
component NaCl was dissolved in water. After we had successfully dissolved NaCl, the filter
paper and funnel were prepared for filtration. The funnel and filter paper was put in the mouth of
the Erlenmeyer flask and the mixture from the beaker was filtered. After the filtration, the water
with NaCl component that was separated through filtration, was put in the evaporating dish. The
evaporating dish was heated using a hot plate until water has evaporated. The appearance of the
component was observed. The filter paper, containing the remaining components Benzoic Acid
and Carbon, was used again for filtration. Using the graduated cylinder, 10 mL of ethyl alcohol
was added to the Erlenmeyer flask with its mouth the funnel and the filter paper. When ethyl
alcohol was added, benzoic acid was dissolved in ethyl alcohol while carbon remained on the
filter paper. The separated ethyl alcohol and benzoic acid were transferred to the evaporating
dish. The evaporating dish was heated using a hot plate until water has evaporated. The
appearance of the component was observed.

Figure 1. Preparation Figure 2. Selective Figure 3. Filtration Figure 4. Evaporation

of Materials Dissolution Set up Set up Set up

Figure 5. Addition of Figure 6. NaCl was Figure 7. Carbon was Figure 8. Benzoic
Ethyl Alcohol separated separated Acid was separated

DATA SHEET
Schematic diagram

1. Selective Dissolution 2. Filtration 3. Evaporation

- Water and the - The mixture was filtered

- The evaporating dish was
mixture was put in
- the solid substance (Carbon heating using a hot plate
the beaker
and Benzoic Acid) was
- Water turned into vapor
-Nacl was dissolved separated from the liquid
in water substance ( NaCl and water) - NaCl was separated
 4. Filtration 5. Evaporation

-The filter paper before was used again - The evaporating dish was
for filtration heating using a hot plate

Ethyl Alchol was used as a liquid solvent - Ethyl Alcohol turned into
vapor
- Carbon remained in the filter paper
-Benzoic Acid was separated
- Benzoic Acid was dissolved in Ethyl
Alcohol

Table 1. Description of each component

Component State of Matter Color

1. NaCl Solid White

2. Carbon Solid Black

3. Benzoic Acid Solid White

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

Table 2. Properties of the Components of the Sample Mixture

Soluble
State of Soluble
Component in Sublimity
Matter in H2O
Ethanol
Does not
1. Nacl Solid Yes No
sublime
Sublimes
2. Napthalene Solid No No
readily
 Sublimes on
3. Carbon Solid No No prolonged
heating
Sublimes on
4. Benzoic Acid Solid No Yes prolonged
heating

Selective dissolution is the process use to separate a mixture of solid substances with
different solubility in a given liquid solvent. The reason why we first used selective dissolution is
to separate the component NaCl from other components. Of all the components of the mixture,
NaCl is the only component soluble in water. So when water was added, only the Benzoic acid
and carbon remained solid while NaCl was dissolved in water. In the beaker, we have solid and
liquid substances. To be able to separate solid from liquid, we used filtration. Because of
filtration, we were able to separate the liquid substance water containing NaCl component from
the solid substance carbon and benzoic acid, which remained in the filter paper. After we
obtained the liquid substance, we put it to the evaporating dish. The evaporating dish was heated
using a hot plate until water has evaporated. This process is called evaporation. Evaporation is
the process used to separate a non-volatile solid dissolved in a volatile liquid. After being heated,
only the solid substance NaCl was obtained while water escaped as vapor. After we had
successfully separated NaCl, we separated the remaining components- Benzoic acid and Carbon,
which remained in the filter paper. According to the properties of the components (see table 2),
Benzoic acid is soluble in ethyl alcohol while carbon is not. To be able to separate the two
components, we used filtration using ethyl alcohol as the liquid solvent. So when ethyl alcohol
was added, benzoic acid was mixed and dissolved in ethyl alcohol, while carbon, being an
insoluble in ethyl alcohol, remained in the filter paper. To be able to separate ethyl alcohol and
benzoic acid, we used evaporation method where the liquid substance was transferred to the
evaporating dish and was heated using a hot plate until ethyl alcohol evaporated.
Mixtures are physical combinations of two or more pure substances. It can be classified
into two-homogeneous (from homo the same) and heterogeneous (from hetero different)
mixtures. A homogeneous mixture is a mixture where the components that make up the mixture
are uniformly distributed throughout the mixture. It only forms one phase of matter such as air,
vinegar, steel, vodka, or dishwashing detergent. Heterogeneous mixture is a mixture where the
components of the mixture are not uniform or have localized regions with different properties. It
forms two or more phases such as blood, pizza, soil or cereals in milk.
Based on the appearance of the mixture, the mixture is an example of a heterogeneous
mixture. Also, the components of the mixture have different properties. Through the use of the
five common resolution techniques, we were able to separate the components of the mixture.
We were able to isolate NaCl, Benzoic Acid, or Carbon to each other.
In following the devised procedure in separating the components of the mixture, we have
encountered some difficulties in performing the experiment. One is that when we needed to
construct our own plan in separating the components. We had tried several plans until we got the
right plan. In this difficulty, I realized that one should analyze first and interpret the properties of
each components to be able to create a perfect plan. For example, if you perform a filtration or
selective dissolution, check the solubility of each component and understand what is soluble in
water and what is not.
Aside from the five common resolution techniques that we have learned, other physical
methods can be applied in resolving mixture into its components. Magnetic separation is a
technique which uses magnets to separate its component. It can be applied to mixtures with one
magnetic component, other components are nonmagnetic. Flotation is another technique which
consists of bowling air into the mixture, the light components float with the air bubbles and are
scooped out. It can be applied with mixtures whose components have different densities.
Extraction is the use of extracting solvent which is immiscible in water wherein one component
of the mixture is more soluble. It can be applied to mixtures with a component which is more
soluble in the extracting solvent. Chromatography is used to separate out one color from a
mixture of colors. Crystallization is a technique which chemists use to pu/rify solid compounds.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Mixtures exists in many forms and phases. Most of the mixtures can be separated, and the
kind of separation method depends on the kinds of mixture it is. There are many methods on how
a mixture can be separated. To be able to perform separation, one must know the properties of
each component in the mixture. Knowing its properties will help you decide what resolution
techniques you should use. Most of the materials that are found in nature are in the form of
mixtures. Separation techniques are important because most substances are needed in its pure
state. In real life, chemical engineers use these separation techniques to purify naturally found
substances or isolate them from other substances. For example, in crude oil, Chemical engineers
apply various distillation methods to purify various hydrocarbons such as natural gases, gasoline,
diesel, jet fuel, lubricating oils, asphalt, etc., from the raw crude oil.

REFERENCES
[1] N.A. Classification of Matter Retrieved from http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/1
65/169061/blb9ch0102.html
[2] Magno, M.C., et al. Chemistry: Science and Technology Book for Third Year. Quezon: Vibal
Publishing House, Inc., 2004.
[3] Helmenstine, A.M. (2015). What Is the Difference Between Heterogeneous and
Homogeneous Mixtures? Retrieved from
http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryterminology/a/Heterogeneous -Vs-Homogeneous.htm
[4] N.A. Separating mixtures Retrieved from http://www.mikecurtis.org.uk/mixtures.htm
[5] University of Colorado at Boulder, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (2015,
August 31) Crystallization Retrieved from http://orgchem.colorado.edu/Technique/Procedures/
Crystallization /Crystallization.html
[6] eSchooltoday ( 2008) Separating Mixtures Retrieved from http://www.eschooltoday.com/
science/elements-mixtures-compounds/separation-of-mixtures.html
[7] Mohammadi, P., et al. (2013) Separating Mixtures Retrieved from https://www.teachengineer
ing.org/view_lesson.php?url=collection/uoh_/lessons/uoh_sep_mixtures_less1/uoh_sep_mixture
s_less1.xml