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CHEMISTRY LECTURE NOTES

COURSE : VIKAAS (A)

(LECTURE No. 1 TO 20)

TOPIC : CHEMICAL BONDING

LECTURE # 1
NOTE : All faculty members are required to read unit 4 : Chemical Bonding and
molecular stucture from NCERT text book

CHEMICAL BOND :
A force that acts between two or more than two atoms to hold them together as a stable moleculeis known
as a chemical bond.
Why chemical bond forms between atoms
(A) Potenti al energy concept : Every system tries to minimise their energy. Here system of
two or more atom undergoes chemical bond formation to get minimise their P.E.

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r = distance between two nucleus of different atom.

(B) KOSSEL - LEWIS CONCEPT

* Lewis pictured the atom in terms of a positively charged 'Kernel' (the nucleus plus the inner elec-
trons) and the outer shell that could accommodate a maximum of eight electrons.

* Lewis found that octet of electrons, represents a particularly stable electronic arrangement. To
achieve octet of electron atom can combine either by transfer of valence electrons from one
atom to another (gaining or losing) or by sharing of valence electrons. This is known as octet rule
Lewis Symbols: In the formation of a molecule, only the outer shell electrons take part in chemical combi-
nation and they are known as valence electrons.
For example, the Lewis symbols for the elements of second period are as under:

Ionic bond (Electrovalent bond)

(i) It involves complete transfer of one or more electrons from the valence shell to the other atom.
Ionic bond is always form between electro positive and electro negative elements.

or Mg+2 (F ) 2

Page # 2

(ii) The capacity of an element is terms of number of loss of e or gain of electron to form ionic

bond is termed electrovalency

Cavalent bond
(i) A covalent bond is formed by mutual sharing of one of more electron pairs between two atoms
to aquire nearest noble gas configuration.
(ii) Sharing of one e !
single bond
two e
! Double bond
three e !
Triple bond

(iii) Covalent bond energy arises due to forces of attraction between nuclei and shared pair of
electron.

or Cl Cl
8e 8e

Thus in water and carbon tetrachloride molecules, formation of covatent bonds can be represented as:

8e
Cl

Cl C Cl
H O H
8e Cl 8e

2e 8e 2e 8e

H atom attain a duplet of Each of the four Cl atoms

electrons and O , the octet along with the C atom attains
octet of electrons

For example, in the carbon dioxide molecule, we have two doublebonds between the carbon and oxygen
atoms. Similarly in ethene molecule the two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond.

O C O or O C O

8e 8e 8e
Double bonds in CO2 molecule

H H H H
C C or C C
H H H H

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H H H
8e 8e

C2H4 molecule

When combining atoms share three electron pairs as In the case of two nitrogen atoms in the N2 molecule
and the two carbon atoms in the ethyne molecule, a triple bond is formed.

N N or

N
8e 8e
N2 molecule

H C C H or

8e 8e
C2H2 molecule

Page # 3

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