Design of Deck Slab

Data :
Culvert to be on state highway.
Carriage Width of bridge : 9
No footpath provided
Conditions of exposure : Moderate
Materials : Concrete grade M25
Density of concrete 24
Steel 500
Clear span = 6.5
Height of vent = 3
Depth of foundation = 2.3
Wearing course : 75
Main Bar dia: Bottom 20
Distribution Bar dia: Bottom 10
Clear cover: 30
Top Width of Abutment: 1
Width of Pier: 0.8

The design is based on the determination of live load moment.

1 Design of Deck Slab

i. Preliminary dimensions :

Slab thickness (assumed) =(at the rate of 90-110 mm per m of span) 0.625
Effective depth = 0.585
Width of bearing = 0.49
Effective span= 6.99

ii. Dead load B.M per meter width of slab :

Weight per sqm of slab = 15

Wearing course per sqm of slab = 1.8
Total Dead Load per sqm = 16.8

Dead load B.M = WL^2/8 102.61

iii. Live load B.M.- Class AA tracked vehicles:

Impact factor = 17.5375
The tracked vehicle is placed symmetrically on the span
Total load= 700
Effective length of load = 5
Width of wheel= 0.85
C/C distance of two wheel= 2.05
width of kerb= 0.55
Minimum clearance b/w road face and kerb
(1.2m for multi lane,0.3m for single lane) 1.2
Effective width of slab is computed as below

= (1/)+
Here x = 3.495
L = 6.99
B = 9
 B/L = 1.29
From table , k = 2.33
b w= 1
be = 5.07168
Overall width of slab for maximum loading = 6.76084
The tracked vehicle is placed close to the kerb with the required min clearance,
The spread of load to the Edge is limited to the actual width available,
to 2.175 m from the center of left track instead of half the effective width. There is an
of effective widths for two tracks. The dispersion to the right of the right side track is a
as computed, i.e., half the effective width beyond the center of right track. The net
effective width of dispersion for two tracks, after allowing for the overlap, is 6.7608375

Total load of two tracks including impact = 822.763

Average intensity of load = 24.3391

Maximum B.M. due to live load 136.603

iv. Live load B.M. - Class AA wheeled vehicle

Impact factor = 25%

Total load = 400
The loads are to be arranged in such manner as to produce max B.M. in slab.
First, it is necessary to determine the width of dispersion parallel to span.
If the dispersion areas overlap then the loads are to be placed symmetrically
with reference to the centre of span. Width of dispersion parallel to span is computed
tp = te +2(tw+ ts)
C/C distance b/w two wheels along the span= 1.2
Where tp = width of dispersion parallel to span
te = width of tyre contanct area parallel to span 0.15
tw = thickness of wearing course 75
ts = effective depth of slab 0.585

tp = 1.47 > 1.2 m

Clear distance b/w two side wheels= 0.3
Clear distance b/w two centre wheels= 0.7
Width of tyre contanct area parallel to width 0.3

Arrange the wheel loads symmetrically w.r.to the centre of span

Length of load along the span= 2.67

Effective width of slab perpendicular to span for load W 1 or W2 is computed
be = 4.52168
Overall width of slab for maximum loading = 6.36084
The wheeled vehicle is placed close to the kerb with the min required clearance
The net effective width for all the four wheels of axle shown as W1 is
6.231 m.
Intensity of loading per sqm(q) due to w1 or w2 including impact is computed as belo

q= 29.440
Maximum B.M. at centre of span = 111.129
v. Live load B.M. -Class A two-lane loading

The two axle loads of 114 kN each are to be placed in the span so as to produce
maximum B.M.
Total load 114
Width of tyre contanct area parallel to span
Width of tyre contanct area parallel to span 250
Width of tyre contanct area parallel to width 500
C/C distance b/w two wheels 1800
C/C distance b/w two vehicles 1700

Minimum clearence b/w road face and kerb 0.15

Width of kerb= 0.55

Width of dispersion parallel to span = 1570

This is greater than the spacing of 1200 mm between the 114 kN axle loads. Th
dispersion areas overlap. Hence the axles are to be placed symmetrically w.r.to centr
line of span to produce maximum B.M.
Impact factor = 0.347

The wheels are arranged across the width of the deck as shown in Fig.

Effective width of dispersion perpendicular to span 4.72168

Allowing for overlaps, the effective width of dispersion= 8.61084

Intesity of loading including impact per metre width. 35.6662

Max B.M. at midspan = 101.988

vi. Design B.M.

B.M. produced by Class AA tracked vehicle is the greatest of the three conditions.
Hence this is adopted for design as the live load bending moment.
Design max live load B.M. = 136.603
Design Dead load B.M. = 102.606

vii. Structural design of deck slab

Grade of concrete=
Grade of steel=
Permissible compressive stress in Concrete =
Permissible tensile stress in steel =
Coefficient of resistance =
Lever arm factor =
 Effective depth required=
Effective depth provided=

Area of main reinforcement required As =

Spacing of 20 mm dia bar=
Provided spacing=
Provide 20 mm bars at 150 mm c/c

Bending moment for distributors per meter width

0.3 ML +0.2 MD
Where ML = Live load bending moment including impact per meter width
MD= Dead load bending moment per meter width
 Bending moment for distributors =
Using10 mm bars, depth to centre of bars =
Area of distributors required=
Spacing of 10 mm dia bar=
Provided spacing=
Provide 10 mm dia bars at 150 mm c/c

viii. Check for shear

Usually shear is not critical in one way slabs . However this may be check .
Maximum shear force occurs at the supports when the live load is near to the support
RC Slabs ,the critical section for shear may be taken at a distance
equal to effective depth from the suports.

The design shear is conservatively taken at the support .

Dead load shear
To compute the live load shear due to class AA tracked vehicle the track is placed
in such a way that longitudinally dispersed zone will just be at the support.
Distance of the centre of gravity of the concentreted load from the nearest support
x=

Effective width of dispersion=

Overall Effective width for wheels=
Intensity of loading=

For this condition, using the effective width method maximum shear
including effect of impact =

To compute the live load shear due to class AA tracked vehicle the track is
placed
in such a way that longitudinally dispersed zone will just be at the
support.
Distance of the centre of gravity of the concentreted load from the nearest
support
x=

Effective width of dispersion=

Effective width for two wheels=
Intensity of loading=
By simillar procedure the maximum shear due to class AA wheel loading
including effects of impact =

The shear due to two lanes of class A loading is also be computed and found to be
smaller than the above two values.
Shear from Class AA wheeled loading governs the design.
 Total design shear =
By equation
Shear stress, =
Using equation
k1 =
Reinforcement 20 dia 150 mmC/C
As =
=
k2 =
For M25 grade concrete, co =

c = k1*k2* co
Since <c , the shear stresses within limits and no shear reinforcement is necessary.
 m

Kn/m3
N/mm2
m
m
m
mm
mm
mm
mm
m
m

moment.

m
m
m
m

kN
kN
kN

kN-m
%

KN
m
m
m
m

m
m
m
 m
m
m
min clearance,

e width. There is an overlap

e right side track is allowed
ht track. The net
overlap, is 6.7608375 m

kN
kN/m2

kN-m

kn
max B.M. in slab.

mmetrically
o span is computed as below:

m
mm
m

m
m
m

m
computed
m
m
uired clearance

is computed as below :

kn/m2
kN-m
 o as to produce

kn

mm
mm
mm
mm

m
mm

14 kN axle loads. The

metrically w.r.to centre

kN/m2
kN-m

three conditions.

kN-m
kN-m

M25
500 N/mm2
8.5 Mpa
275 Mpa
1.1
0.9
 352.398 mm
585 mm

1952.14 mm2
161 mm
161 mm
150 mm

per meter width

 71.7628 kN-m
570 mm
508.685 mm2
154.467 mm
154 mm
150 mm

be check .
s near to the support

58.716 kN
e track is placed
e support.
e nearest support
2.50 m

4.75 m
6.8 m
24.2 Kn/m2

75.9 kN

2.26084 m

4.57 m
6.77 m
26.6 Kn/m2

81.83 kN

ed and found to be
 140.546 kN

0.25 MPa

0.7305 0.5

2094.67 mm2
0.35806
0.58952 1
0.4 MPa

0.2922 Mpa
ment is necessary.
Data :
Culvert to be on state highway.
Carriage Width of bridge : 12
No footpath provided
Conditions of exposure : Moderate
Materials : Concrete grade M25
Density of concrete 24
Steel 500
Clear span = 5
Height of vent = 3
Depth of foundation = 1.35
Wearing course : 56
Main Bar dia: Bottom 16
Distribution Bar dia: Bottom 12
Clear cover: 50
Width of Abutment: 0.8
Width of Pier: 0.8

The design is based on the determination of live load moment.

1 Design of Deck Slab

i. Preliminary dimensions :

Slab thickness (assumed) =(at the rate of 90-110 mm per m of span) 0.55
Effective depth = 0.492
Width of bearing = 0.4
Effective span= 5.4

ii. Dead load B.M per meter width of slab :

Weight per sqm of slab = 13.2

Wearing course per sqm of slab = 1.344
Total Dead Load per sqm = 14.544

Dead load B.M = WL^2/8 53.013

iii. Live load B.M.- Class AA tracked vehicles:

Impact factor = 23.5

The tracked vehicle is placed symmetrically on the span
Total load= 700
Effective length of load = 4.812
Width of wheel= 0.85
C/C distance of two wheel= 2.05
width of kerb= 0.55
Minimum clearance b/w road face and kerb
(1.2m for multi lane,0.3m for single lane) 1.2
Effective width of slab is computed as below
= (1/)+

Here x = 2.7
L = 5.4
B = 12
B/L = 2.22
From table , k = 3
b w= 0.962
be = 5.012
Overall width of slab for maximum loading = 6.731
The tracked vehicle is placed close to the kerb with the required min clearance,
The spread of load to the ddge is limited to the actual width available,
to 2.175 m from the center of left track instead of half the effective width. There is an ove
of effective widths for two tracks. The dispersion to the right of the right side track is allow
as computed, i.e., half the effective width beyond the center of right track. The net
effective width of dispersion for two tracks, after allowing for the overlap, is 6.731 m

Total load of two tracks including impact = 864.5

Average intensity of load = 26.6907

Maximum B.M. due to live load 96.134

iv. Live load B.M. - Class AA wheeled vehicle

Impact factor = 25%

Total load = 400
The loads are to be arranged in such manner as to produce max B.M. in slab.
First, it is necessary to determine the width of dispersion parallel to span.
If the dispersion areas overlap then the loads are to be placed symmetrically
with reference to the centre of span. Width of dispersion parallel to span is computed as
tp = te +2(tw+ ts)
C/C distance b/w two wheels along the span= 1.2
Where tp = width of dispersion parallel to span
te = width of tyre contanct area parallel to span 0.15
tw = thickness of wearing course 56
ts = effective depth of slab 0.492

tp = 1.246 > 1.2 m

Clear distance b/w two side wheels= 0.3
Clear distance b/w two centre wheels= 0.7
Width of tyre contanct area parallel to width 0.3

Arrange the wheel loads symmetrically w.r.to the centre of span

Length of load along the span= 2.446

Effective width of slab perpendicular to span for load W 1 or W2 is computed

be = 4.262
Overall width of slab for maximum loading = 6.231
The wheeled vehicle is placed close to the kerb with the min required clearance
The net effective width for all the four wheels of axle shown as W1 is
6.231 m.
Intensity of loading per sqm(q) due to w1 or w2 including impact is computed as below :

q= 32.806
Maximum B.M. at centre of span = 83.7947

v. Live load B.M. -Class A two-lane loading

The two axle loads of 114 kN each are to be placed in the span so as to produce
maximum B.M.
Total load 114
Width of tyre contanct area parallel to span
Width of tyre contanct area parallel to span 250
Width of tyre contanct area parallel to width 500
C/C distance b/w two wheels 1800
C/C distance b/w two vehicles 1700
Minimum clearence b/w road face and kerb 0.15

Width of kerb= 0.55

Width of dispersion parallel to span = 1346

This is greater than the spacing of 1200 mm between the 114 kN axle loads. The
dispersion areas overlap. Hence the axles are to be placed symmetrically w.r.to centre
line of span to produce maximum B.M.
Impact factor = 0.39474

The wheels are arranged across the width of the deck as shown in Fig.

Effective width of dispersion perpendicular to span 4.462

Allowing for overlaps, the effective width of dispersion= 8.481

Intesity of loading including impact per metre width. 37.4956

Max B.M. at midspan = 77.4096

vi. Design B.M.

B.M. produced by Class AA tracked vehicle is the greatest of the three conditions.
Hence this is adopted for design as the live load bending moment.
Design max live load B.M. 96.134
Design Dead load B.M. = 53.0129

vii. Structural design of deck slab

Grade of concrete=
Grade of steel=
Permissible compressive stress in Concrete =
Permissible tensile stress in steel =
Coefficient of resistance =
Lever arm factor =

Effective depth required=

Effective depth provided=

Area of main reinforcement required As =

Spacing of 16 mm dia bar=
Provided spacing=
Provide 16 mm bars at 185 mm c/c
 Bending moment for distributors per meter width
0.3 ML +0.2 MD
Where ML = Live load bending moment including impact per meter width
MD= Dead load bending moment per meter width
Bending moment for distributors =
Using12 mm bars, depth to centre of bars =
Area of distributors required=
Spacing of 12 mm dia bar=
Provided spacing=
Provide 12 mm dia bars at 246 mm c/c

viii. Check for shear

Usually shear is not critical in one way slabs . However this may be check .
Maximum shear force occurs at the supports when the live load is near to the support
RC Slabs ,the critical section for shear may be taken at a distance equal to effective dep

The design shear is conservatively taken at the support .

Dead load shear
To compute the live load shear due to class AA tracked vehicle the track is placed
in such a way that longitudinally dispersed zone will just be at the support.

For this condition, using the effective width method maximum shear
including effect of impact =

By simillar procedure the maximum shear due to class AA wheel loading

including effects of impact =

The shear due to two lanes of class A loading is also be computed and found to be
smaller than the above two values.
Shear from Class AA wheeled loading governs the design.
Total design shear =
By equation
Shear stress, =
Using equation
k1 =
Reinforcement 20 dia 150 mmC/C
As =
=
k2 =
For M25 grade concrete, co =
 c = k1*k2* co
Since <c , the shear stresses within limits and no shear reinforcement is necess
 m

Kn/m3
N/mm2
m
m
m
mm
mm
mm
mm
m
m

moment.

m 550
m
m
m

kN
kN
kN

kN-m
 %

KN
m
m
m
m

m
m
m

m
m
m
min clearance,

e width. There is an overlap

e right side track is allowed
ht track. The net
overlap, is 6.731 m

kN
kN/m2

kN-m

kn
max B.M. in slab.

mmetrically
o span is computed as below:

m
mm
m

m
m
m

computed
m
m
uired clearance

is computed as below :

kn/m2
kN-m

o as to produce

kn

mm
mm
mm
mm
 m

m
mm

14 kN axle loads. The

metrically w.r.to centre

kN-m
kN-m

three conditions.

kN-m
kN-m

M25
500 N/mm2
8.3 Mpa
200 Mpa
1.1
0.9

295.626 mm
492 mm

1085.52 mm2
185.304 mm
185 mm
per meter width

39.4428 kN-m
478 mm
458.424 mm2
246.82 mm
246 mm

be check .
s near to the support
ce equal to effective depth from the suports.

39.2688 kN
e track is placed
e support.

71.5 kN

79.1 kN

ed and found to be

118.369 kN

0.24059 MPa

0.797 0.5

2094.67 mm2
0.42575
0.60644 1
0.4 MPa
 0.3188 Mpa
inforcement is necessary.