Advances in Engineering Software 34 (2003) 287296

www.elsevier.com/locate/advengsoft

NASAB: a finite element software for the nonlinear aerostatic stability

analysis of cable-supported bridges
Jin Chenga,*, Ru-Cheng Xiaoa, Hai-Fan Xianga, Jian-Jing Jiangb
a
Department of Bridge Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, Peoples Republic of China
b
Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, Peoples Republic of China
Received 8 January 2001; revised 7 June 2002; accepted 5 December 2002

Abstract
This paper presents the development and applications of the finite element software, NASAB, which can be used for linear, geometrically
nonlinear, and materially nonlinear analyses of structure and nonlinear aerostatic stability analysis of cable-supported bridges. The software
program consists of two main parts: a programming part and a computational part. The windows programming part written in FORTRAN90
was designed mainly to present the NASAB software in a user-friendly environment. The computational part was written in FORTRAN77.
The use of FORTRAN77 is to effectively take advantage of existing codes, thus speeding up code design and implementation. The usefulness
of FORTRAN programming language to develop a user-friendly interface including pre-processing and post-processing has been
demonstrated by the present version of the software.
q 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Finite element software; Cable-supported bridges; Aerostatic stability; Nonlinear analysis

1. Introduction to develop finite element software [3 7]. The increasing

Aerostatic stability of cable-supported bridges, such as
suspension and cable-stayed bridges, has become a serious
problem with extension of span length. Past work suggests
that aerostatic instability phenomenon is likely to take place.
Hirai et al. [1] found that torsional divergence of suspension
bridges could occur under the action of static wind loads in
the wind tunnel test of the full bridge model. In addition,
recently, this phenomenon was also been observed in the
wind tunnel laboratory of Tongji University [2]. Therefore,
it is necessary to investigate the aerostatic stability of cable-
supported bridges. However, commercial finite element
programs used in civil engineering today cannot be readily
used for the aerostatic stability analysis of cable-supported
bridges as they lack some capabilities like the calculation of
displacement-dependent wind loads, the prediction of
critical wind velocity, and determination of initial cable
forces of cable-supported bridges. The NASAB software
appears as a consequence of these necessities.
C , one of the most widely used object-oriented
programming (OOP) languages, is becoming widely applied
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: chengjin@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn (J. Cheng).
0965-9978/03/$ - see front matter q 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/S0965-9978(03)00010-3
popularity of C can be attributed to three capabilities
that improve and simplify the design of programs:
encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism (or generic
functionality) [8]. However, it has two drawbacks. First, it
cannot effectively take advantage of existing code. This is
because typical finite element programs, which consist of
several hundred thousand lines of code, are usually written
in FORTRAN. Second, C is not well suited to large
engineering problems as it has lower execution speed of the
program [5]. To overcome these drawbacks, FORTRAN
programming language is proposed here. The FORTRAN
programming language was designed in the 1950s and
standardized in 1966. That version of the language was later
called FORTRAN66. Subsequently, in 1991, a new version
of the language was standardized. Its name is FORTRAN90
[9]. Now, FORTRAN has evolved into a powerful, versatile
and easy to use language across a broad platform of
computers. In addition, FORTRAN has almost all of the
abilities of C [8]. Therefore, FORTRAN is becoming
widely used in finite element software. Danielson and
Namburu [10] presented a nonlinear explicit dynamic finite
element code for use on scalable computers. The code was
written entirely in FORTRAN90. Their work demonstrates
288 J. Cheng et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 34 (2003) 287296

Fig. 1. Overview of the finite element software (NASAB).

that FORTRAN can be used in parallel finite element

software. However, studies of the other applications of
FORTRAN in finite element software, such as the design of
graphical user interface, have been rarely been reported.
The aims of this paper are to develop fully interactive
finite element software (NASAB) for the nonlinear aero-
static stability analysis of cable-supported bridges using a
combination of FORTRAN77 and FORTRAN90, to analyze
and describe each part of NASAB, and to demonstrate the
FORTRAN90 has the ability to achieve full interactivity in
finite element software. The software program consists of
two main parts: a programming part and a computational
part. The windows programming part written in FOR-
TRAN90 was designed mainly to present the NASAB Fig. 2. Flow chart of the NASAB software.
software in a user-friendly environment. The computational
part was written in FORTRAN77. The use of FORTRAN77 2. Pre-processing
is to effectively take advantage of existing subroutines, such 3. Post-processing
as the solution subroutine of sets of simultaneous linear
equations, thus saving the programming time significantly. Fig. 3 shows the graphical user interface of the NASAB
The overview of the finite element software (NASAB) is software. The pre-processing component consists of the
shown in Fig. 1. The program flow of the NASAB software following windows: analysis type window (Fig. 4), input
is shown in Fig. 2. The NASAB software has the capabilities window (Fig. 5) and control window (Fig. 6). The post-
to carry out linear, geometrically nonlinear, and materially processing component consists of the following windows:
nonlinear analyses, to display the finite element model and output window (Fig. 7), display finite element model
deformed configuration of structure, and to investigate the
nonlinear aerostatic stability of cable-supported bridges.
The details of the NASAB software are described in the
following sections.

2. Graphical user interface (pre-processing

and post-processing)

This section will describe each component of program-

ming part of the NASAB software. The programming part
requires the following components:

1. Graphical user interface Fig. 3. Graphical user interface of the NASAB software.
 J. Cheng et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 34 (2003) 287296 289

Fig. 4. Analysis type window for the NASAB software.

Fig. 7. Output result file window for the NASAB software.

Fig. 5. Input data file window for the NASAB software.

Fig. 8. Display finite element model window for the NASAB software.

calculations are executed by clicking the Run button as

shown in Fig. 3. The user is ready to view the results of the
NASAB software after the calculations are completed. The
deformed configuration of structure can be viewed by
selecting the Display Deformed Configuration window.
The programming part of the NASAB software was
developed under Microsoft FORTRAN PowerStation 4.0
[11]. As an example, the part of the FORTRAN90 code,
Fig. 6. Control solution parameter window for the NASAB software.
which initializes the graphical user interface of the NASAB
software, is presented as follows:
window (Fig. 8) and display deformed configuration
window (Fig. 9). ! This is the main loop of the program. It does nothing but
For example, how the material nonlinear analysis is cycle endlessly, allowing the
carried out using the NASAB software is shown in Fig. 10. ! menus to be used.
First, the user must provide the input data through the data PROGRAM NASAB
file named *.dat. This is carried out by selecting the Input USE MSFLIB
Data File window as shown in Fig. 5. To check the USE DIALOGM
correctness of the input finite element model, the user may USE NASABCOM
select the Display Finite Element Model window as shown IMPLICIT NONE
in Fig. 8. After the input data are specified, the user then Type (windowconfig) wcc
selects the Analysis Type window shown in Fig. 4 in order to Type (qwinfo) wc0
specify the type of analysis in the NASAB software. The INTEGER (KIND 4) iret,maxxpix,maxypix,lret
290 J. Cheng et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 34 (2003) 287296

END DO
END

! The INITIALSETTINGS function initializes the

graphical user interface that will appear
! when the program starts.
LOGICAL (KIND 4) FUNCTION INITIALSET-
TINGS
USE MSFLIB
USE DIALOGM
USE MT
USE NASABCOM
IMPLICIT NONE
CHARACTER (LEN 50) mname
Fig. 9. Display deformed configuration window for the NASAB software.
INTEGER (KIND 4) mnum,i
Open (0,file user, title Nonlinear Aero- TYPE (qwinfo) bft
static Stability Analysis of cable-supported ! Set window frame size.
Bridges) bft.x 0
If (.not. GetWindowConfig(wcc)) stop Window bft.y 0
Not Open bft.w 400
maxxpix wcc.numxpixels bft.h 400
maxypix wcc.numypixels bft.type QWIN$MAX
wc0.type QWIN$MAX i SetWSizeQQ(QWIN$FRAMEWINDOW, bft)
iret SetWSizeQQ(0, wc0) mnum 1
iret setbkcolorrgb(#FFFFFF) mname &FileC
CALL CLEARSCREEN ($GCLEARSCREEN) IF (.NOT.APPENDMENUQQ (mnum,$menuenable-
DO WHILE (.TRUE.) d,mname,nul)) THEN
INITIALSETTINGS . FALSE.
RETURN
END IF
mnum 2
mname &EditC
IF (.NOT.APPENDMENUQQ (mnum,$menuenable-
d,mname,nul)) THEN
INITIALSETTINGS . FALSE.
RETURN
END IF
mnum 3
mname &InputC
IF (.NOT.APPENDMENUQQ (mnum,$menuenable-
d,mname,nul)) THEN
INITIALSETTINGS . FALSE.
RETURN
END IF
other FORTRAN codes that initializes the graphical
user interface.

3. Element library

The cable-supported bridges considered in this paper are

cable-stayed and suspension bridges. The major structural
components of such bridges are the cables (hangers), the
towers and the girders (bridge decks). The finite element
Fig. 10. Overview of material nonlinear analysis using the NASAB modeling of these components can be accomplished with
software. the aid of three basic elements: truss element, cable element
 J. Cheng et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 34 (2003) 287296 291

and beam element. Therefore, the element library used in where

this software consists of the three elements. The element
stiffness matrix, for space truss and space beam elements, is 2 EA 3
readily available in Refs. [12,13]. The cable element and its 0 0 0 0 0
6 L 7
derived procedure can also available in Ref. [14]. These 6 7
6 7
element formations are presented here only for the sake of 6 12EIz 6EIz 7
6 0 0 0 7
6 L3 L2 7
completeness. 6 7
6 7
6 12EI 6EI 7
6 y
0 2 2
y
0 7
3.1. Truss element formulation 6 3 7
6 L L 7
K1  6 7
6 GJ 7
6 0 7
For a space truss element, the elastic stiffness matrix is 6 0 7
6 L 7
given by 6 7
6 4EIy 7
6 7
6 0 7
6 L 7
6 7
2 3 4 4EI 5
EA EA z
6 0 0 2 0 07 L
6 L L 7
6 7
6 0 0 0 0 0 07
6 7 2 EA 3
6 7
6 0 0 0 0 0 07 2 0 0 0 0 0
truss 6 7 6 L 7
Ke  6 7 1 6 7
6 EA EA 7 6 7
62 0 0 2 0 07 6 12EI 6EI z7
6 7 6 2 z
0 0 0 7
6 L L 7 6 L3 L2 7
6 7 6 7
6 0 0 0 0 0 07 6 7
4 5 6 12EI 6EI 7
6 2
y
0 2
y
0 7
0 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 2 7
6 L L 7
K2  6 7
6 GJ 7
6 2 0 7
6 0 7
6 L 7
6 7
where E modulus of elasticity; A area of member 6 6EI 2EI 7
6 y y 7
cross-sections; L length of the member. 6 0 7
6 L 2 L 7
6 7
The geometric stiffness matrix for this element is given 4 6EIz 2EIz 5
by Yang et al. [12] 2 2
L L
2 EA 3
2 3 6 L 0 0 0 0 0 7
1 0 0 21 0 0 6 7
6 7 6 7
6 6 12EIz 6EIz 7
6 1 0 0 21 0 7
7 6
6 0 0 0 7
6 7 6 L3 L2 7 7
6 21 7 6 7
FxB 6
6
1 0 0 7
7 6 12EI 6EI 7
truss
Kg  2 6 y y
0 7
L 6 7 6 0 7
6 1 0 0 7 6 L 3
L 2
7
6 7 K3  6 7
6 7 6 7
6 0 7 6 GJ
4 1 5 6 0 0 7 7
6 L 7
6 7
Symm: 1 6 4EIy 7
6 7
6 0 7
6 L 7
6 7
4 4EIz 5
where FxB axial force. Symm:
L
3.2. Beam element formulation where Iy ;Iz moments of inertia about y- and z-axes;
G shear modulus; J torsional constant
For a space beam element, the elastic and geometric
stiffness matrices Kebeam  [12] and Kgbeam  [13] can be given Kgbeam Kgp Kj  4
as follows where
" p p #
KgAA KgAB
" # Kgp  p p
K1  K2  KgBA KgBB
Kebeam  3 p p
K2 T K3  KgBA KgAB T
292 J. Cheng et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 34 (2003) 287296

2 3
MzA MzB MyA MyB
6 0 2 0 0 0 7
6 L2 L2 7
6 7
6 6FxB M MxB FxB 7
6 yA 7
6 0 7
6 5L L L 10 7
6 7
6 7
6 6F xB M zA F xB M xB 7
6 2 7
6 5L L 10 L 7
KgAA  6
p
6
7
6 K MzA MzB MyA MyB 7 7
6 2 7
6 7
6 L 6 6 7
6 7
6 2F L 7
6 xB
0 7
6 7
6 15 7
6 7
4 2FxB L 5
Symm:
15
2 3
MzA MzB MyA MyB
6 0 2 0 0 0 7
6 L2 L2 7
6 7
6 MzA MzB 6F M M F 7
62 2 xB yB
2 xB xB 7
6 0 7
6 L 2 5L L L 10 7
6 7
6 M M 7
6 yA yB 6F xB M zB F xB M xB 7
6 0 2 2 2 7
6 L2 5L L 10 L 7
KgAB  6
p
6
7
7
6 MyA M K M M MyA MyB 7
6 0 2 2 zA
2 2 zA zB 7
6 L L L 6 6 7
6 7
6 7
6 M F M M F L M 7
6 0 2
yB xB
2 zA zB
2 xB xB 7
6 7
6 L 10 6 30 2 7
6 7
4 FxB MxB MyA MyB MxB FxB L 5
0 2 2 2 2
10 L 6 2 30
2 3
MzA MzB MyA MyB
6 0 2 0 0 0 7
6 L2 L2 7
6 7
6 6FxB M MxB FxB 7
6 yB 7
6 0 2 2 7
6 5L L L 10 7
6 7
6 7
6 6F xB M zB F xB M xB 7
6 2 7
6 5L L 10 L 7
KgBB  6
p
6
7
7
6 K M M MyA MyB 7
6 zA zB
2 7
6 L 6 6 7
6 7
6 7
6 2F L 7
6 xB
0 7
6 7
6 15 7
6 7
4 2FxB L 5
Symm:
15

where FxA ;FyA ;FzA nodal axial and shear forces at node A; The cable element stiffness matrix is given by Karoumi [14]
FxB ;FyB ;FzB nodal axial and shear forces at node B; 2 3
2k1 2k2 k1 k2
MxA ;MyA ;MzA nodal torsion and bending moments at 6 7
6 7
node A; MxB ;MyB ;MzB nodal torsion and bending 6 2k 4 k 2 k4 7
cable
Kt  6 6 7 5
moments at node B; K Wagner coefficient. 7
6 2k 2k 7
4 1 2 5
Symm: 2k4
3.3. Cable element formulation where
!!
1 Lu 1 P4 P
To accurately consider cable sag effect, a two-node k1 2 2
catenary cable element is used in the NASAB software. det H EA w Tj Ti
 J. Cheng et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 34 (2003) 287296 293

!!
1 P1 1 1 cable-supported bridges. A new method proposed by Cheng
k2 2 2 [2] was implemented in the NASAB software for the
detH w Tj Ti
!! nonlinear aerostatic stability analysis of cable-supported
1 Lx 1 P4 P2 bridges. The method can consider the nonlinear effects as
k4 2 follows: nonlinearity effect of wind load, geometric
det H P1 w Tj Ti
!! nonlinearity arisen from cable sag effects, axial force and
Lu 1 P4 P2 bending interactions and large deflection or change of
det H 2 2 geometry effect. The accuracy and efficiency of the method
EA w Tj Ti
has been verified in Ref. [2]. For completeness, the method
!! !!2
Lx 1 P4 P P1 1 1 is summarized as follows.
 2 2 2 The equilibrium equation of structural system under
P1 w Tj Ti w Tj Ti
wind loads can be expressed as
Lu 1 P4 T j
Lx 2P1 ln
EA w Ti 2 P2
Lu unstressed cable length; Ti ; Tj cable tension at the
two nodes of the element; P1 ; P2 ; P3 ; P4 components of
end cable forces in local system; w weight of cable per
unit length.
To accurately evaluate the cable element stiffness matrix,
an iterative procedure is used. A detailed description of the
iterative procedure has been given by Karoumi [14], and is
not repeated here.
Ku{u} PFy a; Fz a; Ma 6
where Ku the structural stiffness matrix including
elastic stiffness matrix and geometrical stiffness matrix;
{u} the nodal displacement; PFy a; Fz a; Ma the
total wind load which includes drag force Fy a, lift force
Fz a and pitch moment Ma; a the effective wind angle
of attack.
To solve Eq. (6), an incremental-two-iterative method is
used. The procedure of solving the critical wind velocity by
this method can be summarized as follows:

1. Assume an initial wind velocity V0 ;

4. Analysis types 2. Calculate wind load of the structure under V0 ;
3. Solve the global equilibrium Eq. (6) to get the
Four types of structural analyses available in the NASAB displacement {u} by Newton Raphson method;
software are explained below. But, due to its simplification, 4. Get the torsional angle of element from the different
the type of linear analysis is not described below. A detail displacement of left node and right node, recalculate
description of these analysis types may be obtained from wind load of the structure under V0 ;
Cheng [2]. 5. Check if the Euclidean norm of static aerodynamic
coefficients is less than the prescribed tolerance. The
4.1. Geometric nonlinear analysis Euclidean norm is written as
8 Na 91=2
Geometric nonlinear analysis may be formulated using > X 2>
>
> Ck aj 2 Ck aj21  >>
three different approaches: (1) total Lagrangian approach; (2) >
< j1 >
=
updated Lagrangian approach; (3) co-rotational Lagrangian # 1k k y;z; M 7
>
> XNa >
>
approach. In the NASAB software, the co-rotational Lagran- >
> Ck aj21  2 >
>
gian approach is applied in the formulation of the incremental : ;
j1
matrix equilibrium equation of structure, and an incremental-
iterative method is used to solve the nonlinear equations. where Cy a;Cz a and CM a the coefficients of drag
force, lift force, and pitch moment in local bridge axes,
4.2. Material nonlinear analysis respectively; 1k prescribed tolerance; Na number of
nodes subjected to the displacement-dependent wind
Material nonlinear analysis techniques can be grouped loads.
into two main categories: (1) a plastic-hinge method; (2) a
plastic-zone method. In the NASAB software, a plastic-
hinge method is used to consider the material nonlinearity of
structure. A detail description of the plastic-hinge method
can be found in Ref. [15].

4.3. Nonlinear aerostatic stability analysis

The most important progress of the NASAB software is

its ability to investigate the nonlinear aerostatic stability of Fig. 11. Cantilever beam with a vertical point load at the free end.
294 J. Cheng et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 34 (2003) 287296

Fig. 12. Comparison of deflection curves of cantilever beam.

If satisfied, then add wind velocity according to
scheduled step length. Otherwise go to steps 3 5 to
continue the iteration until Eq. (7) is satisfied or the
maximum number of iteration is reached.
6. If iteration is not converge under certain wind velocity,
then get back previous wind velocity and recalculate by
shortening step length of wind velocity until the
difference between two successive wind velocity is less
than prescribed tolerance.
This example is extensively used in examination of finite
element procedures for geometrically nonlinear beam
analysis. Finite element results by the NASAB beam
element are compared, with the numerical results of
Mattiasson [16], and the numerical results of the ANSYS
[17] beam element in Fig. 12. The results of the ANSYS
[17] beam element with 5 or 10 elements are identical to
those of Mattiasson [16]. The results by the ANSYS [17]

5. Applications and verification examples

The NASAB software has been applied in linear analysis,

geometric nonlinear analysis, material nonlinear analysis of
structure, and nonlinear aerostatic stability analysis of
Fig. 13. Isolated cable under concentrated load.
cable-supported bridges. The accuracy of the NASAB
software has been verified in Ref. [2] through many
Table 1
examples although only four of them are reported here.
Comparisons of displacements at the load point

5.1. Example 1: Cantilever beam with a transversal Displacement NASAB OBrien and Michalos Jayaraman and
point load of load point (ft) Francis [22] [23] Knudson [18]

Vertical 218.457 218.460 217.953 218.458

This example considered is a cantilever beam subjected Horizontal 22.8195 22.820 22.773 22.819
to a concentrated force at the free end as shown in Fig. 11.
 J. Cheng et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 34 (2003) 287296 295

this example demonstrates clearly the accuracy and

efficiency of the NASAB software in handling geometric
nonlinear problem of beams.

5.2. Example 2: Isolated cable under concentrated load

Fig. 13 shows an isolated cable under concentrated load.

The displacement at the load point calculated by previous
researchers and the results obtained from the NASAB software
are summarized in Table 1. Very good agreement has been
obtained between the results of Jayaraman and Knudson [18]
and the results obtained from the NASAB software.
Fig. 14. Four-story frame.
5.3. Example 3: Four-story frame

A four-story frame loaded with 12 vertical loads and four

Table 2 horizontal loads is shown in Fig. 14. This example is
Comparison of results for a four-story frame selected to demonstrate the inelastic behavior of a structure.
Result obtained from Maximum Horizontal deflection
The results of the NASAB software are compared with
capacity (kN) of the top right joint results by Korn and Kassimali [19,20] in Table 2. The
at failure (mm) results of the NASAB software are in very good agreement
with the results presented by Kassimali [20].
Korn [19] 200.267 235.56
Kassimali [20] 200.337 235.331
NASAB 200.765 230.874
5.4. Example 4: Nonlinear aerostatic stability of Hu Men
suspension bridge

The example bridge studied here is the Hu Men

beam element with one element diverge from Mattiassons
solution, while the results of the NASAB beam element do
not. This indicates that the ANSYS [17] beam element with
sufficient number of elements can accurately analyze
geometric nonlinear problem of beams. On the other hand,
suspension bridge over the Pearl River (Zhu Jiang), with a
888 m central span length, which is one of the longest
central span suspension bridge in China. The elevation view
of the bridge is shown in Fig. 15. The complete structure
data is given by Xiang et al. [21]. Fig. 16 shows the

Fig. 15. Elevation of the Hu Men Bridge.

Fig. 16. The instability configuration of the Hu Men Bridge.

296 J. Cheng et al. / Advances in Engineering Software 34 (2003) 287296
instability configuration of the bridge. From Fig. 16, it can
be seen that the aerostatic instability of the bridge can
exhibit flexural-torsional instability in space.
6. Concluding remarks
A finite element software for the nonlinear aerostatic
stability analysis of cable-supported bridges was presented
and discussed. This software has the following capabilities:
linear analysis capability, geometric nonlinear analysis
capability, material nonlinear analysis capability and non-
linear aerostatic stability analysis capability. In the
geometric nonlinear analysis of beams, the software is
more efficient than ANSYS [17] software. Also, this
software includes one significant capability that existing
commercial finite element programs do not have the ability
to analyze the nonlinear aerostatic stability of cable-
supported bridges. The software has been successfully
applied to investigate the aerostatic stability of many cable-
supported bridges built in China such as Jiang Yin
suspension bridge, Hu Men suspension bridge, second
Santou Bay cable-stayed bridge and second NanJing cable-
stayed bridge [2].
The most important feature of this software is based on the
FORTRAN programming language. The use of FORTRAN
allows the user to take advantage of existing codes, thus
speeding up code design and implementation. In addition, the
usefulness of FORTRAN programming language to develop
a user-friendly interface including pre-processing and post-
processing has been demonstrated by the present version of
the software. Therefore, FORTRAN is becoming a suitable
finite element development environment.
The software described herein is still under development
and several improvements are being considered for next
versions.
Acknowledgements
The writers would like to thank to the National Nature
Science Foundation of China for their financial support. The
first author would also like to sincerely thank Dr Ying-Hong
Cao, Dr Yong-Ren Pan, Dr Xin-Jun Zhang and Dr Tie-Bing
Chen for their assistance. The valuable comments of the
anonymous reviewers of the paper are also acknowledged.
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