A H I ST O R Y O F T H E A R A BS

IN T H E S U D A N

I N TWO VOLUM ES

V O LU M E 1
C AM B R I D G E U N I V E R S I T Y P RE S S
C . C LA Y , MA N A G E R
LO N D O N FE T T E R LAN E ,

NE W YO R K T HE MA C M I L L A N CO .

B O M BA Y
CA LC U T T A MAC M I L LA N AN D C O .
, LT D .

MA D R A S
T O R O NT O T HE M A C M I LL AN C O . OF
CA N A D A , LT D
Y
.

TO K O : MA R U ZE N -
K A B U S H I K I K A I S HA
-

A LL R I G HT S RE S E R V ED
A H I S T O R Y O F T H E A RA B S
I N T HE S U D A N

AN DS OME ACC OU NT O F T HE PEO P LE

WHO P RE CED ED T HEM AND O F T HE
TRI BES INHABI T IN G D ARFUR

H A MA C M I C HAE L D S O
. .
, . . .

S UDAN P OLI T I CAL S ERV I CE

VO L U ME I

C AMBRI D GE
AT T HE U NI VERSI T Y P RESS

1 9 22
Mr d e Her b el o t p r eten d s that the Ar a bs f
o the Defa r t
exc eed th e O th e r A r a bs in W it an d thi s as it
w ill ; b o th th e o n e an d th e o th e r ar e m i g h tily fon d O f th e

NOb len efs O f their E x tracti on .

T h e C h eval i er D A r vi e ux , Tr avels i n A r abi a the

D esar t ( 1 71 8 AD 6
pp 9 7
.
.

P R INT E D [ g ( NIX-KN
W
 I N T RO D U C T I O N

NE o f the rst s teps whi ch any o ne d esiro u s o f stu dying the

h is to ry O f a p e o pl e natu r all y tak e s is to c o ns u l t s u ch native
r e c o r d s as m ay b e e x tan t an d app r ais e th e i r imp o r tanc e as e vi d e nc e .

F o ll o wing this c o u r s e in th e cas e o f the S u d an Ar ab o n e is s ur

p ris ed to n d th at a l ar ge pro p o r ti o n o f th e p o p u l ati o n is in p o ss e ssi o n
o f sc raps Of p ap er wh ic h t h ey r e g ar d as h aving a h isto r ic al val u e T h e .

o wn e r O fte n c ann o t r ead b u t h e is p re p ar e d to p ro d u c e fo r insp e c ti o n

,

a h an d fu l o f d is r e p u tabl e p ap e r s t o r n fray ed an d l th y
, , S o m e tu rn .

o u t to b e u ninte lligibl e c o nt r ac ts c o nc er ning th e c u l tivati o n o f a pl o t

O f l an d ,s o m e ar e extr acts fr o m a manu al o f p r aye r an d abl u ti o n ,

s o me are p r o miss o ry n o te s : o ther s c o ntain s tr ings o f n ame s p ed i ,

gr ees o f the o wn er s to Abb as th e u ncl e o f the P r o p h et o r s o m e o th er

no tabl e If the n ative is aske d the s o u rce o f th e gen eal o gical fr ag

.

me nt ei ther h e thi nks that h e fo u n d i t amo ng h is father s p ap er s o r

s ays that it is an extr act which was take n fo r h im fro m a l ar ger wo r k

o wn e d by s o m e feki In the l atter case o ne s h o p e s are p er haps

.

r ais e d by a grap h ic d e sc r ip ti o n O f an e n o r m o u s t o m e c e n tu r i e s o l d , ,

s ai d to have b ee n co mp o s e d by el S am arkan di p er ch ance ; b u t G o d

kn ows ! And o ne p r o cee d s in s earch o f th e fek i Th en c o me s

.

d isill u si o nm e nt S o m etim e s th e m anu sc rip t h as b ee n l o s t o r b u rn t

.
,

o r i t h as b ee n l e nt to a r e l ativ e at th e o th er e n d O f th e c o u ntr y o r ,

eate n by w h ite an ts S o metime s the feki ad mi ts p o ss essi o n and

.

wi th gr eat c are p r o du ces a few p ag es o f ge n eal o gi e s o bvi ou sly wr itte n

wi thin the l ast few d ecade s In this cas e o n e is ge ner ally re fer r e d
.

fo r th e o rigin al m anu sc r ip t to s o m e o th er feki wh o e i th e r live s

b ey o n d o ne s reach o r di ed s o m e y ears ag o

.

In time h owever o n e d o es h ear o f s o me accessible feki Wh o s e

, ,

manu scr ip t h as b een th e fans et or zgo o f many o f th e r agge d s hr ed s

in ci r cu l ati o n and fro m him o n e l earns th at h e o r his father c o pi e d

th is fteen o r twe nty y ear s ag o fro m th e c o py that w as in

ni sba , ,

p o ss essi o n o f s o me o th er l ear ned feki

.

O cc asi o n ally o n e n d s a nzsba th at is kn o wn to h ave b ee n in
'

th e h an d s O f th e o wn e r s fam ily fo r s e ve r al g e n e r ati o ns An o r iginal

.

au th o r s m anu sc r ip t a c e n tu ry o r m o r e o l d I h av e n eve r s ee n t h o u g h

,

su ch m ay p ossibly e xist .
vi INTR O D U CTI O N
T he chi ef reas o n fo r this dis app earance o f d o cu ments is n o t S O

mu ch th e r el u ctance o f the fekis to risk their p o ss e ssi o ns in ali en

h an d s tho u gh th is m o tive h as to b e c o mb ate d wh er e c o n d e nc e h as

,

n o t b ee n e s tablis h e d as th e in d u bi tabl e fac t th at b o th th e M ah d i

,

an d th e K h alifa an d e sp e ci all y th e l atte r g av e s tr ing e n t o r d e rs fo r

, ,

th e d e s t ru c ti o n o f a ll m e n b ks a d d o cu m en ts T h e M ahd i
d l
o r o o n .

feare d th at r es ear ch migh t ten d to invali date h is p r etensi o ns to

b e th e Exp e cted O n e an d th e K h alifa wh o w as a T a aishi fr o m

, ,

D ar fur w as o nly inter e s te d in ge n eal o g y t o th e ex te n t O f d e clini ng

,

to app e ar l e ss n o bly b o r n th an hi s s u bj e c ts C o nse qu e ntly vas t .

nu mb er s o f d o cu me nts were d e lib er ate ly b u r nt du r ing th e p er i o d O f

D ervish r u l e m any o th er s w er e b u r i e d an d s o l o s t o r d e s tr o y e d by
, ,

wh i te ants an d o nl y a few su rvived to th e p r e s e nt d ay

, .

My r s t imp r e ss i o n after examining a m e d l ey o f th es e c opi e s

fragmen ts an d extracts was to th e e ffe ct th at they wer e wo r th l e ss ; b u t
a cl o s e r acqu ain tanc e s h ew e d o n th e o n e h an d
, th at th e r e wer e ,

var i o u s scatter e d r em arks an d in dicati o ns wh ich h ad a cer tain valu e

in th e ms elve s an d o n th e o th er th at s o m e p ass age s r e cu rr ed alm o s t
, , ,

wo r d fo r wo r d in th e m aj o r i ty o f th e l o nger m sbas an d p o in te d '

to a c o mm o n o r igin dating fr o m ab o u t th e six te e n th c e n tu r y .

I t als o b e c am e m o r e an d m o r e cl ear th at h o weve r fau l ty th e d e tails ,

mig ht b e th e l ar ger tr ib al gen eal o gi es p ar ticu l ar l y th o s e c o nne cte d

, ,

wi th the name o f e l S am arkan di c o n tain e d in th e fo r m o f a g e nea

,

l o gic al p ar abl e mu ch v al uabl e info r m ati o n c o ncerni ng the inter

r e l ati o n o f th e t r ib e s o f th e S u d an .

Even all o wing that th e intr insic val u e o f thes e d o cu m e nts is co m

r ative l sm all i t is n o n e th e l e ss t r u e th at an y o n e wis h ing to co n
p a y
d u ct r e s ear ch e s in to th e h is to r y o r s o ci o l o gy o f th e c o u ntry w o u l d
h av e th e u nw e lc o m e c h o ic e ei th e r o f d e l ay ing hi s w o r k to c o ll e c t
sp ecim ens o f th es e m anu scr ip ts fr o m all o ver th e c ou n try an d the n ,

examining th e m fo r w h at th e y w e r e w o r th o r o f ign o r ing th e d o c u ,

m e ntar y evi d ence al to geth er If h e c o u l d affo r d th e d e l ay h e wo u l d

.

p r e su m abl y ch oo s e th e fo r m er al ter n ative an d wo u l d r api d ly n d

h ims e lf sinking d ee p er an d d ee p e r in to a m o rass o f c o n tr ad ic ti o ns
an d in acc u r aci e s fr o m w h ich a y ear o r tw o o f w o r k w o u l d h ar d ly

s erv e to extr icate him T o o b v i ate th e o ccu rr e nce o f this d il emm a an d

.

smo o th a li ttle th e p ath o f r es ear ch b y co ll e cting c o mp aring an d, ,

ann o tating s u c h d o c u m e n t s as I c o u l d n d in th e c o u r s e O f m y w o r k

1
Cp f th
.
, or f th M h d i S l ti C h V
e c as e o e a , a n . III .
 INTRO D U CTI O N vii
in vari o u s d istr icts Of the S u d an w as th e O bj e ct I se t b e fo re mys elf
,

in th e r st instance If th e z eal o f a fo o l h as o u tru n ange lic discr eti o n

.

I can o nly h o p e that s o m eo n e wi th a m o re co mp r eh e nsive gr asp o f

,

th e n e c e ss ary sci e ntic an d h is t o r ic al m ate ri al th an I c o u l d e v er

p r eten d to wi ll b e stimul ate d to u n d er take th e task S O impe r fe ctl y

,

atte mpt e d in th e fo ll o wing p ag e s T h e ge n er al pl an ad o p te d is as

. ,

fo ll ows T h e eth no l o gical char acter istics o f th e p eo ple wh o live d in

.

t h e vari o u s q u ar ter s o f th e n o r th e rn S u d an b e fo r e th e c o ming o f th e

M uh ammadans is r s t discu ss ed in P ar t I since it is to th em th at th e ,

n o n Arab e l e m e nt in th e p o p u l ati o n o f th e pr e s e nt d a is ch i ey d u e
y
-
.

T h e e x te n t to wh ic h th e ins ti tu ti o n o f sl aver y h as affe c te d the raci al

typ e o f the S u dan Ar ab is p er fo r ce igno re d I ts c o nsi d erati o n w o u l d .

h ave p o stu l ate d a kn o wl e d g e wh ic h I d o n o t p o ss e ss o f h alf th e

, ,

n egr o r aces Of C entral Afr ic a ; and in the s e co n d pl ace th e fact that

c ertain raci al an d cu l tu ral m o dicati o ns h ave b een cau s ed by bree d
ing fr o m sl ave wo men ch i ey N UB A D IN KA F UR and F E RTIT n eed
, , , ,

o nly to b e k e p t in min d t h r o u g h o u t and t he i r e x ac t d eni ti o n an d

cl assicati o n is r en der e d l ess ess e nti al .

S eco n d ly in Part I I an attemp t is m ade to tr ace the earli er hi story

, ,

o f s o m e o f th e m o r e fam o u s Ar abi an t r ib e s o f w h o m b r anc h e s e ve n tu

ally s ettl e d i n th e S u d an an d t o acc e n tu ate th e d e gr ee o f r aci al co n

,

n exi o n o r d istinc ti o n exis ting b etwee n th e m .

A m o re g en e ral acc o u nt o f th e fo rtu n e s O f th e Ar ab s in Eg yp t

fr o m the s eventh to th e fteenth c e ntury S h ewing s o m e o f th e ,

c au s es that led to th eir s ou thward m o ve ments and the c o n di ti o ns

th at acc o mp ani e d th es e is giv e n in a s e c o n d c h ap te r ; an d at th e s am e
,

tim e wh er e th e r e ar e any d ata fo rt h c o ming s o m e n o te is tak e n o f th e

, ,

c o u r s e o f events in the S u dan during the s ame p eri o d .

P ar t II I is o ccu pi ed wi th a s e ri e s o f n o tes u p o n th e hi s to r y and

c o mp o si ti o n O f the Arab t rib e s n o w in th e S u dan .

P ar t I V o p e ns wi th a chap ter o n the o rigin val u e an d limi tati o ns

o f th e n ative m anu sc r ip ts Th en fo ll o w tr ansl ati o ns o f th i rty two
.
-

n ative m anu scrip ts wi th expl anato ry n o tes app e n dice s an d g ene a

, ,

l o gical tree s I t wi ll b e o bj ected that s o me O f th e m ar e w o rth l e ss

.

e xc er p ts an d migh t w el l h ave b ee n o mi tte d T w o c o nsi d er ati o ns .

ch i ey in du ced m e to inclu d e them In the r st pl ace this p o rti o n

.

is inten ded to r ep r es ent a small c o r pu s Of m anu scr ip ts ty pical o f th e

c o untry rather than a G o l den Tr eas u ry o f h is torical fact In the .

s e c o n d pl ace it is ins tru ctive to n o te th e exten t to whi ch vari ati o ns

M . S . I .
viii INTR O D U CTI O N
an d co inci dence s r e sp e ctive l y o ccu r in th e pre s ent ati o n Of the s ame
facts b y a nu mb e r o f d o cu me nts wh ich for the m o st p art ar e ei the r
c o pi e d o ne fr o m the o th er o r traceabl e to a singl e s ou r ce O n e no t
.

o nly l ear ns s o m eth ing o f th e acc u r ac y o r in accu r acy o f th e p artic u l ar

facts s tated a sm all m atter as a ru l e b ut is also e nabl e d to gau ge

m o re c o n d ently the d egr ee of r e li abili ty wh ich is likely to attach to

n ative m anu scrip ts in gen er al wh en Ci r cumstances d o no t ad mi t o f
th e applic ati o n o f th e c o mp ar ative te s t.

H A. . M .

5 O ctober , 1
92 1
 C O NT E NT S

I NTRODUCT I ON
B IB LI OGRAP HY OF E D ITI O N S F
RE ERRED T O

P ar t I
T HE IN HABITANTS O F T HE N O RT HERN S U D AN
BEF O RE T HE TIME O F T HE I SL AMI C IN VA SI O NS
C HAP
1 . T HE P RE -
I S LAMI C
E LEMEN T ARAB I AN
2 . T HE N UB IANS THE N UB A AN D THE L IB YAN ELEMEN T
,

3 . T HE B E GA T HE BLEM YE S AN D T HE N UB A OF M EROE
,

4 . T HE N ON -
ARAB RACE S O F D AR UR P
A PP EN D I X 1 . A b l c o mp ar is o n o f the B er ti and
ta u ar
Z agh awa d i al e cts
A PP END I X 2 . A tab u l ar c o mp ar is o n o f th e d i ale c ts o f th e
p eo pl e o f Mi dob th e Bi r ke d an d the
,

Bar b ra
A PP EN DI X3 . A tab u l ar c o mp ar is o n o f th e d i al e c t o f t h e
F r wi th th o s e O f c e rtain o f th e

F er tit
trib e s
APP E ND I X4 . A s h o r t v o c ab u l ary o f th e M as lit l ang u ag e
APP E ND X 5
I . T h e T u n g ur F r o f D ar F u rnu ng
-

P ar t II
T HEPR O GRES S O F T HE ARAB TRIBES
T HR O U G H EGYPT
T HE P RO GRES S T HRO U G H E GYP T I N T HE M I DDLE AGES O F
CE RTAI N ARAB T RI B E S N o w RE PRE S E N TE D I N T HE S UD AN

APPE N D I X O n th e p e n etrati o n o f th e S u d an by B e rb e r
.

Tr ib es
N o te to G en e al o gic al Tr ees an d 3 ( fr o m Wu s te n
fe l d)
T HE G EN ERAL P ROGRESS O F T HE ARAB S T HRO U G H E G YP T
AN D T HE I R I NV AS IO N S O F D O N GO LA I SS
G en eal ogi cal T r ees 1 2 and 3 B E T WEEN 1 9 2 AN D
, , 1 93
b 2
x C O NTENTS

P ar t II I
T HE ARA B TRIBES O F T HE S U D AN
AT T HE PRESENT D AY

I NTROD UCTI O N
C H AP .

1 . T HE G A ALI IN

AN D D AN AGLA G RO UP
( )
a T h e B e dayria, S huwayhat an d T er ayfia
( )
b T h e G h o di at
T h e Bathi n
T h e Ru b atab , Awad 1 a ,

M ans ir F ad lun
'

(d) , ,

Mir afab an d D ub b , etc .

()
e T h e Hakim b

(f ) T h e G awab r a

(g ) T h e S h auk ia

( ) T h e G aw m a a, t h e G im a a , th e G am

h i a,

t h e Gim i ab an d th e G em a ab

(j ) T he M g id ia an d K u rtn
( )
k T h e G a aliin

pro p er
2 . T HE G UHAY NA G RO UP
( )
a T h e R u faa g ro u p

,
th e G u hay na p r o p er , th e
L ah aw ii n , th e Abd u llz1b an d th e

I nk err iab

(b) T he B e ni O m r an

() T he Aw am r a th e K h awl d a th e Am ar n a

c , ,

an d th e F ad n ia

(d) T he S hu k r i a an d th e D u b sii n

()e T h e D ub an ia or D ub ain a
T he F e z ara g ro u p
(f ) D r Hami d

(g ) T h e Z ay ad ia

( )
h T h e B e ni G er r
(j ) T h e Baz a a

(k) T h e S h en ab la
(l) T he M a lia an d

th e M a k la

T h e D wayh o r D wayhi a
'

(m )
(n) T he M es all ami a
 C O NTENTS xi
C HAP .

3 . T HE GUHAYN A G ROU P (continued)

I .T h e B akk ar a
( )
a T h e B eni S e l i m

( )
b T h e Aw l d Ham ayd
() c T h e Hab b an ia
( )
d T he Hawaz m a
(e) T h e M es si ria , Hu mr , T a lb a Ho tia

e , , S a ad a
an d T e r am
g .

(f ) T h e Riz aykt
(g ) T h e T a aish a

(h) B e ni Helb a
T he
(j) T h e B e ni K hu z am
(k ) T h e B e ni Hu s ayn
(l ) T h e B as h i r
(m ) T h e S al am at B eni R as h i d an d Ziu d
d
,

T h e N awib a M ah r i a M ah amid E r ayk at

2 .
, , , an
Atayfat

AP P EN D I X
T he . G e n eal o gic al T r ees of th e B akk ara ( I -
V)

T HE G U HAYN A G RO U P (continued)
( ) a T h e K ab b is h
( ) T he M o g hzrr b a o r M o g hr ab in

b
(c) T h e Ham ar

T HE KAwAHLA G ROU P
( ) a T h e K awh la
(b) T h e Ah m d a
T h e Hasm Hu s ay mt

()
c a an d th e

T HE K E N AN A AN D D E G HAY M

T HE RI KAB I A

q
0
0 T HE HAW AW I R ,

GELLAB A HOW ARA WAH I A AN D K O ROB AT

,
'

T HE AB AB DA AN D K E RRARI S H

1 0 T HE K ERRI AT
.

11 . T HE S O UTHERN M AHAS S
App e n d ix o n c er tain B u r i al C u s to ms o n th e Bl u e Nil e
12 . T HE HAM RAN

13 .
(a) T h e Ras h ai d a an d Z eb ay dia

( )
b T h e Had reb an d Hu d II r
 B I B L I O G RAP HY

AB U EL FARAG Barheb raeu s Eccl esi astical Hi sto ry E d P o co cke . .

,

w i th L ati n tran s l ati o n f o m th e Sy r iac r .

AB U EL FARAG MUHAM MA D I B N I S HAR EL WARRAR o f B agh d ad Au th o r

.
,

o f th e Fi h r i st a bibli o g r ap hic al t r e ati se w r i tten i n 8 8 A D E d

, 9 . .

Flu ege l Leip zig 1 8 7 1 2 .

,

.

AB U E L FI D A ( 1 2 73 1 33 1 Hi sto r i a An te i s l am ica E d Fl ei sch e r

-
. .

A r abi c an d L t i n ) 1 8 1
( 3 a ,
.

AB U SAL I H (H c 1 2 00 T h e C h u r ch es an d M o n s ter i es o f Egyp t an d

. . a

s o m e n e igh b o u i n g c o u n t i es Att ibu te d to Ab u S lih th e Arm e n i an

r r . r .

E d an d tr n s b y B T A Ev e tts lVI A w i th ad d e d n o tes by

. a . . . .
, . .
,

A J B u tl e r M A O x fo d ( C l a e n d o n P ress ) 1 8 9 5
. .
,
. r r , .

AGATHE M ERUS Ap G eo g r p h o s M i n o r es
. . a

AMMI AN US MARCELLI N US Re ru m G es taru m Lib r i X XX I (q uae su p er su nt) . .

E d E r fu r d t L ip siae , 1 8 08
. . .

-
y
Angl o Eg p ti an S u d an , th e E d Lt C o l o u nt l eich en 2 o ls . . .
-
. C G . v .

Lo n d o n , 1 9 05 .

vy
Ar ch aeo l o gi cal Su r e o f Nu bi a ( S e e sub n am e o f au th o r ) . .

ARTE M I D O RU S S ee Fr ag m en tu m ep i to mes X I lib r o ru m Artem id o ri

.

in P r i p l e d e M ar cie n

E p h es ii s u pp lem e n t au x

d er n i res d iti o n s d es p e ti t s g o gr ap h es E Mill er P ar i s , 1 8 39 . . . .

E L AZRAK I . y
Hi sto r o f M ekk a E d Wii s te n fe ld Ar abi c te t . . . x .

BAKER ( S ir (a) T h e Nil e T r ib u tar i es o f Ab ssini a an d the S o r d y w

Hu n ters O f th e Hamr an Ar ab s L o n d o n , 1 8 6 7 (b) T he Alb ert . .

N Yan z a

G
r e at B as i n o f t h e Nil e , an d 2 o ls v .

Lo n do n , 1 8 6 6 .

E L BAKRI Ki tab el M as lik wa l M amali k ( i te d b I b n Kh al d n , L eo ,

.

. C y
C o o l e , et c ) y .

B ARH EB RAE US ( S ee Ab u e l Far ag )

. .

BAR TH v
T ra e l s an d D i s co er i es in No rth an d en tr al Afric a 1 8 49 5 5 v C .

5 ols v P u bl 1 8
.
57 8

. .

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PET HERI CK (J ) (a ) Egyp t th e S o u d an an d C entral . Edi nbu rgh , ,

1 86 1
( )
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. .
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_
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5 . . . XX .

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J . y . v .

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to u m

J
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.
-
.

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2 v
ols Lo n d o n , 1 8 8 2
. .

. C
WIN CKLER ( h ap ter b , in T he Wo r l d s Histo r S ee Helm o lt )
y y . .

G
WI N ATE ( S ir F (a ) M ah diism an d the Eg p ti an S u d an Lo n d o n ,
. y .

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o r igin al MSS o f F ath e r o sep h O h r w al d e r ) 1 th e d n
5 L o ndon J . . .

WO O LLE ( Y C
L ) a n d M .
C
IV ER ( D .
( )
a K ara n O g : th e R o m an o Nu bi an .
-

Cem ete r 2 o ls y . v
U n i Mu s eum , P hil ad elph i a, 1 9 1 0 (b) WO OLLE . v . . Y
( C . K ar an Og : T h e T o wn I bi a 1 9 1 1
. . .

WRI HT G Ar abic r ammar G .

 B I BLI O GRAP HY
WUS TEN FELD (D r F Regi ster z u d en geneal o gisch en T ab e ll en d er
Ar abische n S tm m e u n d F G Otting en , 1 8 5 3 .

YAKUT ( 1 1 78 1 2 2 8

( )
a I s had r el ( D ictionar o f Lear ne d y
E d M ar g o l i o u th , 1 9 07
.
(b) .
( e o g rap h ic al G
E d W sten feld . o tti ngen , 1 8.
45 G
6
.

ZAYDAN K itb T r ikh M asr el Had ith m in el Fatah e l I sl am i il ei

y
1 si n (Histo r o f M o d er n Eg p t fro m the I sl amic y o n u e st t o t h e C q
P re sent D ay) ai ro , 1
.
9C1 1 A rabic te t . x .

Z E LTNER . J
( S ee o u rn Roy Anthr I n st vo l LIV ,
. . . . . X
Z WE M ER ( Rev S M ) Ar abi a : th e
. . . rad l e o f C Edinburgh an d
Lo n do n , 1 900 3r d edn . .
 P A RT I
T HE I N HAB I T AN T S O F T HE N O RT HE RN S U D AN
BE F O RE T HE T I M E O F T HE I S LAM I C I NV AS I O N S

M . S . I.
4 T HE PRE I SLAMI C
-
ARABI AN ELEMENT
Nil e . O f th e W di Ham m t r o u te
ns eas t an d w es t b etween th at r u
th e Re d S ea an d th e T h e b ai d P r o fe ss o r Elli o t Smi th s ays :

Fr om the reco r ds in scr ib e d u p o n the r o cks al o ng this r ou te we kn ow

th at th e re w as s ome t f c al o n g i t i n th e time s o f t h e fth d yn as ty : b u t
ra

i t i s su ch an o b vi o u me n s O f access f o m th e Nile to th e s ea th at w e can

s a r

b e su r e it mu st h v e b ee n a trad e r o u te ev en in p r e dyn astic t imes o r at

a ,

any r te a h igh w ay w h ere th e Ar b

a n d th e P ro t o Egy ti n m et an d i n te r
p a a -
a

mingl ed T h e w i desp re d o ccu rr en ce o f marin e she l ls p esum bly fro m

. a ,
r a

th e s h o r es o f t h e Re d S e a in th e p r e dyn astic gr ve s f U pp er Egyp t an d

, a o

Nu bi a is p o sitive e vi d en ce o f the r e lity o f su ch inter co u rse a

l
.

IV S o m e again hav e h e l d th at th e c o nqu er ing dyn as tic Egyp ti ans

w h o w o r s h ipp e d Ho r u s w ere in fac t Arabi ans w h o en tere d Afr ic a by
w ay o f M ass o wa an d in th e c o u r s e o f d ev e l o ping th is th e o r y P r o fe ss o r
,

Navi le qu o tes the s aying O f J b a r e c o r d e d b y P liny th at th e

2
, ,

Egyp ti ans w er e o f Arabi an o r igin an d as fo r th e n eigh b ou r s o f th e ,

Nil e fr o m Sy e ne to M er o e th ey ar e n o t E thi o pi an n ati o ns b u t Ar abs

, .

Eve n the templ e o f th e S u n n o t far d is tant fro m M emp his is s ai d , ,

to h av e b ee n fo u n d e d by th e A rabs Wi th o u t g o ing so far as this

3
.
,

o n e w o u l d all o w th at in ear l y d yn as tic d ays Arabi ans d i d e n te r Egyp t

in l ar g e nu mb er s b y w ay O f th e E r i tr ean c o as t and s ettl e th er e ; an d

in that cas e far m o r e o f th em ar e lik ely to have s e ttl e d n ear er h o m e
an d s o u th O f t h e Egyp ti an fr o n ti e r in t h e S u d an ,
.

V S o m e s u c h m o v e m e n ts ar e p r o b ably r e e c te d in th e e ve r r e c u r
r e n t tr ad i ti o n th at th e ear l y d y n as ti e s o f Egyp t w er e o f E th i o pi an

o r igin I t is p er h aps to o o fte n ass u m e d th at E thi o pi an is me c e s

.

s ar il th e e q u ival e n t o f n g C r tainl y in th e s e c o n d mill e n ni u m

e ro e
y .

B C s o u th w e s t Ar abi a w as b eginning to c o l o niz e th e h ig h l an d s o f

. .
-

Ab y ssini a an d th o s e c r o ss c u r r en ts o f mig rati o n h ad b e g u n to o w

,
-

w h ich r each e d th ei r height du r ing th e h egem o ny o f M ain an d S b a

( 0 1 .
5 00
3 00

Th ro u gh ou t th e w ho l e o f this p er i o d a l ar ge p r o p o r ti o n o f th e
wo r l d s c o mm er c e p ass ed b y w ay o f Ab y ssini a an d the c o as t o f th e

Re d S ea to th e Nil e 5 an d th e p o p u l ati o ns o n e i th er si d e o f th e s trai ts

,

o f Bb e l M an d e b b e c am e m o r e an d m o r e assimil ate d t o o n e an o th er
6

1
lli mi
E ot S th , l oo ci t p 8 8
mi i
. . . .

2
N avil e , O r ig i n of E g y p ti a n C i vili z a ti on , S t h so n an R e p 1 9 07 , p p 5 4 9 5 6 4
P li y
. . .

3
n , B k V I , 34

J X kl
. .

S ee S i r H o hn s to n i n j our n R A I LI I I , 1 9 1 3 , p 3 8 5 W i n c e r , i n Wor l d s

4
. . . . . .

H is tory p ,
. 2 49 , e t c .

S e e S c h u r tz i n Wo r ld s H is tory , p 4 3 3
5

P lg v l y
. .

6
Cp a ra e , C a nd E A r a bi a , 1 1 , 2 40 ff ; an d L u d o l p h u s : t h e atte r sa s o f
i i by i i y iv l m
. . .

t h e E t h o p an s O f A s s n a, T h e ar e n o t n at es o f t h e an d b u t c a e o u t o f
th at p ar t o f A ra i a b w
hi c h i s ca e d th e H ap p , ll
h c h ad o n s to t h e R e d S e a

y wi ji
( ap B e n t , p
. .
I 1 IX
. . . T HE PRE I SLAMI C -
ARA BI AN ELEMENT 5

VI U n d e r th e
P to l emi es trad e thr o ve e qu ally and ther e is ampl e ,

evi d e nc e o f Ar ab trad ing S tati o ns in th e r st an d s e c o n d c e n tu r i e s -

A D o n th e c o as t fr o m Ba b l M n b t th e G u lf o f S u ez
d 1
. . e a e o .

V I I As r e g ar d s ear ly Ar abi an immig rati o n by l an d to Egyp t th e r e ,

ar e s o m e w h o wh il e r ej e c ting th e th eo r y th at th e e ar ly d yn as ts c am e
,

th r o u g h E th i o pi a w o u l d y e t b r ing th e m fr o m Arabi a in to E g yp t by
,

way o f th e p eni ns u l a o f S i n ai z
Th is is ver y d o u b tfu l T h e p o si tive . .

e vi d e nc e d ating fr o m th e tim e o f th e ear li e s t d yn as ti e s d o e s h o w

, , ,

e v er p r o ve th at th e eas ter n si d e o f th e D e l ta w as b e ing p er p e tu ally

,

h arr i e d by n o m ad s fr o m Sin ai an d Sy r i a an d th er e ar e n u m er o u s
3
,

e ar l y r e li e fs S h ewing a P h ar ao h smi ting th e B e d u in th e s an d

,

d w e ll er s o f th e mining r egi o ns o f Sin ai 4

.

V I I I D u r ing th e twe lfth d yn as ty n e ar ly 2 000 y ear s b efo r e th e ,

C hr is ti an era th e m o nu m ents p r o ve that th er e w as als o trad e wi th

,

th es e B e d u in T h e n ee d s o f th e S e mi tic tr ib e s o f n eig h b ou r ing

.

Asi a w er e al r ead y th o s e o f civiliz e d p eo pl e an d g ave ampl e o cc a

si o n fo r trad e ; an d h e nc e the fam ou s pictu r e fr o m th e to mb o f
K h n u m h o tep I I at B eni Has an in w hi c h is d epic te d th e arr ival O f ,

a b an d o f B e d u in tr ad er s

.

T h e m o r e amic abl e c o n d i ti o ns n o w p r evailing ar e als o s u gg e s te d

by the w o r d ing o f th e Tal e o f S inuh e s igh t to P al es tin e d u r ing the

tim e o f th e s am e d yn asty

I came to the Wall s o f th e Ru ler made to ep u l se the w en t ,

r

fell d own fo r u p h e l d my h ear t I d re w my limb s to ge th er , ,

as I he r d th e s o u n d o f th e l ow i n g o f c attl e I b eh e l d th e B e d u i n T h at
a , .

ch i ef amon g th em wh o h ad b een in Egyp t r eco gn ize d m e He gave m e

, ,
.

w ater h e c o oke d for m e mil k I went w ith him to h i s trib e goo d w as th at

,
.
,

which they did (fo r m e) 7

.

IX Ab o u t ccu rr ed th e Hyks o s invasi o n o f Egypt Th is

1 657 B C . . o
e
.

p eo pl e m ay h av e b een Hi tti te o r p o ssibly Arabi an by r ac e : th e

e vi d e nc e p o in ts to th e fo r m e r b u t w e m ay assu m e in any c as e th at
9
,

Ar abi a s e nt i ts q u o ta O f B e d u in in th e wak e o f th e invad er s 10

an d

th at d u r ing th e Hyks o s p er i o d an d th at s u cc ee d ing i t trad e b e tw ee n

e as t an d w e s t o u r is h e d t o a l ar g er e x te n t th an fo r m er ly .

S ee P er ip l u s an d to e ae u s , p assi ra
1
P lm
i lli m
.

v ap N avil e , l oc ci t
2
E g L ep s u s , q x 3
E o t S ith , l o c ci t p p 9 2 , 9 3

. . . . . . . . . .

4
S e e B r e as te d , A R I , 1 68 , 2 3 6 , 2 5 0, 2 6 7 , 3 1 1 3 1 5 T h e r s t o f t h es e d ate s
f m y y f l wi i y i
. . .

ro th e r s t d n as t , an d all al thi n t h e p e r o d o f t h e rs t s i x d n as t e s .

5
B r e as t e d , His t p 1 5 9
z
. . .

6
I bi d p 1 5 8 , an d A R I , 6 2 0 ; S c h a rt , l oc ci t p 6 1 9
. . . . . . . .

7
B r e as t e d , A R I , 4 9 3 .
8
B r e as te d , H i st p p 1 7 9 , 4 4 2
. . . . .

9
V o n L u sc h an , f o ur n R A I X L I , 1 9 1 1 , p 2 4 2
m k b w gy v b
. . . . . .

1
B r e as t e d ( His t p 1 8 1 ) r e ar s th at t h e He r e s i n E p t m ay h a e e en

i lli yk
. .

b u t a p ar t o f t h e B e d u n a e s o f th e K ad e sh o r H s o s .
6 T HE PRE I SLAMI C
-
ARABI A N ELEMENT I 1
. . X .

X Wh en the Empi r e was at th e n o o n ti d e o f i ts gl o ry and the Syr i an

w ar s o f Thu tm o s e III ( 1 479 1 447 B C ) h ad b r o k e n d o wn su c h

. .

b arr i er s as r emain ed all th e wo r l d trad e d in th e D e l ta m ar kets

,
1
,

an d an insc r ip ti o n fr o m th e to mb o f Har m h ab
( 5
13 0 1
3 1 5 ) is p ar

ti cu lar ly in ter e s ting as p ro ving th at A r ab s ettl e m e n t in Egyp t h ad

b een taking place fo r s o m e tim e : i t r e c o r d s h ow fu gi tive s fr o m
P al es tin e b egge d th e P h arao h to give th em an asylu m in E g yp t
afte r th e m ann er o f y o u r fath er s fath er s sinc e the b eginning ?

By n o w to o th e S hasu o r K h abi r i th e d es er t S emi tes i n cl u d ing

, , , ,

Ar abs He b r ews an d Ar am aeans w er e inu n d ating Syr i a an d P al es tin e

, , ,

u n til in th e r e ign o f Ik h n ato n ( 1 37 5 1 3 5 8 ) th e y b e c am e p ar am o u nt

,

o n th e eas ter n b o r d er s o f Egyp t

s
.

Th ei r p o w er r e c eived a ch e ck at th e h an d s o f S e ti I (c 1 3 1 3 .

an d th e y w er e als o n o d o u b t affe c te d by the r ep u ls e s inic te d

b y Ram es e s II ( 1 2 9 2 1 2 2 5 ) o n th e Hi tti tes

.

By the tim e Of Ram eses s d eath th er e w ere nu mb er s o f Ar abi ans

c ap tu r e d in war and en r o ll e d as s er fs in Egyp t o r empl o ye d as ,

m er cen ar i es 4
.

X I T h e p o w er o f Eg y p t th e n b e g an t o d e clin e an d d u r ing th e ,

nin eteen th twenti eth an d tw en ty r s t d y n as ti es th e Lib y ans so o ver

,
-

r an Egyp t th at b y
95 0 B C th ey h ad g ain e d th e s u p r e m e p ow er
5
. . .

T h e p re su mp ti o n is th at s o m e o f th e e as ter n n o m ads w h o w er e ,

d ivi d e d by n o g r eat r aci al g u lf fr o m th e Lib y ans to o k th e Op p o r ,

tu n i ty at th e s am e tim e t o s e ttl e wi th th e m in th e D e l ta an d in ter

m ar r y wi th the m as th ey h ad p r o b ably al r eady in ter mar r i e d wi th th e
n ative Egy p ti ans .

X I I In th e N bi an p er i o d w h ic h fo ll o w e d Ass y r i a r o s e to th e ,

h eig h t o f h er p o w er an d s u b d u e d Egyp t P s am m eti chu s I (66 3 6 09 ) .

w as p r ac tic all y a vass al o f th at p o w er in th e ear l y y ear s O f hi s r eign ;

b u t l ater as B abyl o n s u ppl an te d Ass yr i a h e ass er te d his i n d ep en
, ,

d e nc e an d e n ter e d in to wi d e l y r amify ing for eign r e l ati o ns with th e

p o wer s to th e n o r th an d e as t ; an d his s u cc ess o r s imi tate d hi s exampl e .

X I I I Sixty y ear s after th e d eath o f P sam m etichu s I C y ru s fo u n d e d

th e M e d o P e r si an e mpi r e an d in 5 2 5 B C C ambys e s K ing o f P er si a
-

, . .
, ,

o ccu pi e d E g yp t .

X I V T h e Ar abs m ay h av e s tr e ng th e n e d th ei r fo o ting in E g y p t
d ur ing th e Ass y r i an an d B ab y l o ni an p er i o d s Hero d o tu s in d ee d
6
.

sp eaks o f S en n ach er ib as K ing o f th e Ar abi ans an d Ass y r i ans

1
B r e as te d , H is t p p 2 44 , 2 5 3 . . .
2
B r e aste d , A R 1 1 1 , 1 0, 1 1 . . .

B r e as te d , H is t p p 2 6 3 , 2 8 4 , 2 8 5 1
3
. . . I bi a p p 2 5 4 , 3 1 7 , 3 1 8
. . .

I bid p p 2 9 8 , 3 2 7 , 3 2 8 , 3 3 3 if ; an d c p A R 1 1 1 , 5 7 0 ; I v, 3 5 , 8 3 , 8 4
5
. . . . . .

6
Bk 1 1 , 1 4 1
. .
I 1 . . X VI I . T HE PRE I SLAMI C -
ARABI A N ELEMENT 7

an d h i s ar m as th e Arabi an h o s t y
S o , to o , th e P er si an p er i o d .

l as te d fo r ab ou t 2 00 y ear s an d p r e su m abl th e s ettl em e nts o f Asi atics y

t hat n ow o ccu r r e d incl u de d a p r o p o r ti o n Of Arabs T h e p re su mp ti o n .

is m ad e m o r e c er tain by th e fact that wh en Al exan der th e G r eat

c o nqu er ed Egy p t in 332 B C h e app oin ted C leo m en es o f N au kr atis . .

t o b e g o v er n o r o f Ar abi a ab ou t Her o o p o li s wi th th e ti tl e o f

an d so imp o r tan t w as th is o f ci al s p o si ti o n th at h e

Ar ab ar ch

w as als o r e sp o nsibl e to A l ex an d er fo r th e w h o l e tr ib u te O f Egyp t 1

.

X V In th e r e ign o f th e r s t P to l e m y w e h ear o f th e Ar abs p r o vi d ing

gr eat c o nv o y s o f cam e ls fo r th e ab o r tive invasi o n by An tig o n u s an d z
,

n o d o u b t th e y tr ansp o r te d an d r ai d e d b o th si d e s al ter n ate ly th r o u g h

o u t all th e w ar s o f th e s u cc e ssive P to l e mi e s o n th e S y r i an fr o n ti er ;

b u t to w h at ex te n t th e y m ad e an y p er m an e n t s ettl e m e n t in Egyp t
d u r ing th is p er i o d i t is imp o ssibl e t o s ay .

X V I M eanwh il e l e t u s n o t fo r g et th e m o r e c o n tinu o u s int er c o u r s e

th at w as p r o c ee d ing fu r th er s o u th N o t o nly w er e trad e r e l ati o ns .

m ain tain e d b u t th e K ah t n i tes o r Him y ar i te s o f s o u th er n Ar abi a

,

w er e fo r ming a d enite link b etween th e Ar abs an d th e n egr o p op u

l ati o n o f Abyssini a an d p er i o d ically in v ad ed th e Nil e vall ey We
3
, .

n ee d n o t p ay mu ch atte nti o n to th e tal e o f S h edd ad a Him y ari te ,

king Of th e Ad i te s wh o invad e d Egy p t in th e d ays o f Ashm n th e

,

gr eatgr an d s o n o f Ham s o n o f N o ah an d b u il t p y rami d s an d r es er ,

v o i t s b efo r e h e was c o mp e ll ed to r etr eat b ut the tr ad iti o n th at o n e

4
,

o f th e e ar ly kings O f Y e m e n Ab d S h ams S ab th e fo u n d er o f M ar ib

, , ,

inv d ed Egy p t p r o b ably r efer s to an actu al incu r si o n fr o m th e

a
5

s o u th eas t d u r ing th e N b ian p er i o d

-
.

X V I I M o r e imp o r tan t m atter s w er e th e exp e d i ti o ns o f Ab r h a

D h u e l M an ar 6
an d Afr i k u s .

T h e fo r m er w as b o r n acc o r d ing to C au ss in d e P er c eval ab o u t , ,

4 C an d w as king o f Y e m e n an d b r o th er o r so n of e l S a ab

1 3 B . .
, ,

D h u el Kar n ayn ( T h e tw o h o r n e d He i s s ai d t o h ave m ad e

-

1
ffy Hi
M ah a fE s tory o g y p t, p p 2 0, 2 1
2
M ah aff y
l oc ci t 4 9
P lg v A bi
, . .
, . . .

3
C 1
M akri z i K h eta t, I I , 5 2 3

p a ra e, ra a, 1, 45 3 , 45 4
l Fi d a g Ib yk
. .
,
5
S Ab p p 1 1 4 , 1 1 5 , q u o ti n S a i d ; V an D c , p 1 5 ; an d

ee , e g u e n
i d P vl 5
. . . .
,

C au s s n e er c e a 1, 2
H f h S ig x ii l Fi d Dy k
, .

6
e o Ab t 7 V
e n p o st s F o r hi s e p e d t o n se e u e p 1 1 an c

i d P vl ii g l N w
. .
, ,

p 6
. d C
1 ; an Hi I p V
au s s n Y e e r ce a , I , 6 7 ( c t n e u ay r y , st . m . et . oct .

p
v l ( 6 5 ) ll l S b E b H w ll d T h w
.

C i d P7
au s s n e er c e a 1, ca s e a a ss e as c a e e t o

d b h w l i f h i h gi g d w v hi m l (V
.

h o rn e w e c au s e e o re t o p a ts o a r an n o n o er s te p es an

Dy k l b h w w wi h i lik h
c p or (C d
e se ec au s e e o r e a cr o n t po n ts e o rn s e

P vl l ik m im f d wi h
. .
,

e r ce B a f h och w y r e aso n o t e n c n am e e as so et e s co n u s e t
Al x d ibl h i i h
.
,

e h G anDh l K er I i t e r e at u e am ay n t s p o ss e t er e s a co n n e ct o n er e

wi h h w h w by h M k f B j ( P I I I C h XXX )
.

t t e t o o rn s o rn t e e o u ar as q ua art ap 2, III
w by h F ( P I I I b
.
.
,

an d h w h d t ki e t o -
o rn e ta a o rn t e un g se e art su

O i
n i m
ne i Al x d
sa l md Z l
t p as p r c s
ent an r ecu t
,

su rn o ou
p o ur q uo e re e e -
8 T HE PRE I SL AMI C -
A RABI AN ELEMENT I 1 . . X VI I .

an incu r si o n in to th e S u dan an d ad vanc ed as far as the M o g h rab .

T h is s to ry evi d ently p o ints to a Himyar i tic exp e di ti o n into th e S u d an

by way o f Abyssini a Ab r aha s so n Afr iku s o r Ibn Afr iki invad e d .

, ,

n o rther n Afr ica p ro b abl y ab o u t 46

X V I I I Th er e are gr o u n d s fo r su pp o sing th at thes e invasi o ns wer e
fo ll o wed by tw o d is tinct Himyar i tic s ettl em ents in th e in ter i o r o f
Afr ic a .

In th e r s t pl ace nu mb er s o f th em are s ai d to h ave s ettl e d w e s t ,

O f Egyp t am o ng th e Lib y an tr ib es an d m u l tipli e d wi th th e s e u n d er

th e c o mm o n n am e o f B er b e r s : s u c h is th e o r igin assign e d wi th v e r y
r e as o n abl e p r o b abili ty to th e S AN HA GA an d K ET AM A s e c ti o ns O f th e

Be r b e r z
In th is c o nne cti o n i t m ay b e n o te d th at at th e b attl e o f
.

Ac ti u m Ar abs O f th e Y em e n fo u gh t fo r An to n y o n th e g all ey s o f
Cl eo p atr a 3
.

S e co n d l y i t s ee ms c er tain that co l o ni es O f Himyar i te s s ettl e d in

,

N ubi a th ou gh i t is h ar d to s ay w he th er th e trac es o f Himy ar i tic

,

x
il v i x
p r te n d e n t q u e

a d eu L es d eu

c ar n ay n ( u ns c e st p ar c e q u a a t
mi n e n ce s su r l a t ete , d

au tr e s p ar c e q u

il v i d x
a a t eu c o r n e tt es a sa c o u r o n n e ,

d

au t r es il v i d x l g
p ar c e q u

ad d
a t eu on u es d
t r e ss e s h v x e c e eu p en an t e s ,

au t r e s

p ar c e q u il bj g l i
d l O i
su u ua l

d
u n ve r s , e

r en t l A l O id
r e

cc en t r e

no mi i d A l x d n at o n d x

l le d an ll d J p i
re aux eu co r n e s

e st

an a o g u e e ce
,

e e u te r
Amm (P

i i V D f

on p l T erro n , a 6 e n s oy au a r o ur , pp 45
i d P vl( 7 ) i
. . . .
, ,
1
C au ss n h C
e i
er c e6 a d i 1, 0 po nts o u t t at a e s ar n 4 B C w as Op p o se n
Af i b y h N mi d i f J b i b y h L ib B b ib
. .

r ca t e u d h
an s o h a, e t e yO
-
er er tr e s , an t at t e se

l w m ll d bf m i gC b iv i f
. .

atte r er e co pe e f to r e tr e at e o re e et n ae s ar e c au s e O an n as o n o

Jb u

h i
a s s t at e at ig i f C by t i Si i
e h h d f
n st my
at o n O ae s ar a ce r ta n tt u s at t e ea o an ar

Of dv a Si i b Af k
e n tu re r s d h m Af k tt u s m ay h v b e ri us , an t e na e ri u s m ay a e ee n

m ly f d i h x d i i Ib K h ld ( 7) ll hi ib
.

ere f h
co n e r r e n ono ur o t e e pe t on n a n I, 2 ca s m n
i g h x d i i i lf Ib K h ld 7 6 ( i i g Ib
.

S ai C o n ce r n n t68 e e lpe t on ts e se e n a n , I , 1
1 c t n n e
l Fi d a i d P vl
.

K l b i) P
e k Sp ; Hi A 6
0c 0c e ,Ab 6 ec7 C st r p 0 u e pp 1 1 1 1 au s s n e e r ce a

( i i g h bv d lN
. . .
. .
, , ,

Hi Y

I, 6 9 c t n t I p V
e a o e Can e u w ay r y s st m et oc t p are tte ,

Af i ( H kl y
. . . . .

E pl S i l Al d L

i 6

x or . c en t . ae g er e, 1 1 1 , 30 ; an eo r c an u s a u t 1 , 1 22 .

S 2
Ib K h ld d 8 d 78 d l M

ee 7 n a di
n , 1 , 2 an 1 4, an 11, 1 ; an cp e as 1 1 1 , 2 40

) y h h l i h bi
. .
,

Ib l R ki k
n e p C a l i a ar et t e , oc c t p 49 sa s t at t e r st p eo p e to n a t
B b yw l i fS b I b Af ki ki g f Y m
. . . .

ar ar e re d ve c o o n e s o d h a ae an s u n er n ri n O e e n , an t at

h y g v bi h ib f B b T h l i w k ,

t e a6 e rt to 00 t r b h es o er ers e se ve co o n e s ere t a e n to e t e

G h ma l y ll w h
.

S h an M d
g a, Z a asm d H w I b K h ld
a, en ta , o r a , an o ra . n a n on a o s t e

Him y i i igi f h S h d h K am H y Q M 31 ) W l 9

ar t c or n O t e an ga an t e et a . e sa s .

lV M j
B '
b d
ui l i g l C l} M l (e d . ar .
,
VI, 9 7 , Bk He p u ts
do w h l d
n t e r e s t as r e ate to t h e Ph ili i f m
s t n e s an d d e s ce n d e d r o C an aan
l Ib B t t T hi v ll vi i m j y
.

C s te d Zh af r , a

p a so n a a, 1 1 , 1 96 s tr a e er o n th s o u r n e

b y l d f m Ad iki g mbl b w f
. .

an d ro en , an r ec o r d s th e s tr n r e se an ce et ee n t h e o o d , the

h bi d h w m m m g l m g t h e p e o p e t h e r e an d a o n

a t s an t e o en s p r o p er na es a on t h o se
i n th e M o g h r ab . He sa y s

9 1 5 0 e -
m s S o w a
te- w o le J am Less .
as m m m ;

0 M M
T h i s r es e an ce mbl
e ar s o u t t h e s t ate b
e n t th at S an h g a an d m o th e r tr ib es o f t h e
Mo g h r ab ar e o f H ar t c im y i i
6
C au ssi n d e er c e a , l o c ci t p 7 0, q u o t n V r P vl ,
A eneid , . . . i g i gil V II I , 7 06 .
I 1
. . XX . T HE PRE I SLAMI C -
ARA BI AN ELEMENT 9

inu enc e wh ich o ccu r th er e and wh ic h wi ll b e n o ticed later d ate

"

l
, ,

i n th e m ain fr o m th is or a l ate r p e ri o d .

At th is p er i o d su n w o r s h ip w as o u r is h ing b o th in S o u th e rn
-

A r abi a an d am o ng th e Himy ar i tic c o l o nists o f n o r th er n Abyssini a2

an d th e w o r s h ip O f th e s am e d e i ty th at s u rviv e d at T almis K al abs h a
( )
u n til th e t im e O f J u s tini an m ay w e ll h av e fo r m e d a b o n d o f symp ath y
3

b etwe en Himyari te an d N b ian thr o u gh the m e d iu m o f Abyssini a

a n d so h av e facili tate d an d e nc o u rag e d in ter c o u r s e b e tw ee n th e tw o .

Pliny as w e h ave al r ead y s een eve n q u o tes J b a to the e ffe c t that

, ,

t h e Nil e d w e ll er s fro m Asw an t o M er o e w ere n o t E th i o pi ans b u t

Ar abi ans 4
a s tatem e n t w h ic h th o u g h O bvi o u sly e x agg er ate d m ay b e

t ak e n as c o n taining at l eas t s o m e g rain o f tr u th T h er e is to o a .

, ,

t r ad i ti o n th at Ab u M ali k o n e o f th e l as t O f th e tr ue Himyar i te
5
,

d y n as ty m ad e an exp e d i ti o n in to th e B E GA c o u n try in q u e s t o f
,

e m er al d s an d th e r e p er is h e d wi th m o s t O f hi s ar my T h e e ve nt o n .

w h ich th is tal e is fo u n d ed p r o b ably o ccu rr ed d u r ing th e ear ly d e cade s

o f th e C h r is ti an p er i o d
6
.

X IX In 2 5 B C Au gu s tu s u n d er th e imp r e ssi o n th at the m er c han

. .
,

d iz e b r o u g h t to th e Re d S ea p o r ts by th e Ar abs was p ro d u c e d by
Ar abi a c o mmissi o n e d Ae liu s G all u s th e P r e fe c t o f Egyp t to c o nqu e r
, , ,

th at c o u n tr y
7
.

T his exp e d i ti o n w as a failu r e ; b u t ab o u t th i r ty y ear s l ater h aving ,

l ear n ed that the m o s t val u abl e m erch an d iz e b r o u ght by the Arabs

'

c ame o r iginall y fr o m In d i a an d d esi r ing a m o n o p o ly fo r s h ips fr o m ,

Egy p ti an p o r ts th e Ro mans imp o s e d a 2 5 p e r c en t imp o r t d u ty o n

,
.

g o o d s fr o m Ar abi an p o r ts an d d es troye d Ad an e the ch ie f tr ad ing ,

c e ntr e o f th e m all F o r ab o u t two c e ntu r i e s R o m an s hipping was

6
.

d eve l o p e d at th e exp e ns e O f th e Arab b u t th e o l d fr ee d o m o f in ter

9
,

c o u r s e b etween the tw o c o as ts d o es no t s e e m to have b een c h eck ed

t h er eby an d by th e t im e O f D i o cl e ti an (2 8 4 305 A D ) th e Ax u mi te s
,

.

O f Abyssini a an d th e Himy ar i te s o f th e Y e m e n h ad e n ti r e ly r e g ain e d

t h e tr ad e

XX T h es e two p eo pl es cl o s e ly c o nn ected by race w er e n ow u ni te d , ,

by th e b o n d o f a c o mm o n r e ligi o n Axu m h ad b ee n nally c o nver te d .

1
S e e In d e x sub Hirny ar
yk P XXV
.
,
2
C p V an D
. c , pp . 1 8 an d 38 ; an d se e ar t I I , C h ap . 2, I .

3
L e t r o n n e , M a ter ia u x

l ili y l ii
.

1
Q ui n e t ac co as N a S e n e n o n Ae t hi o p u m p o p u o s se d Arab um e s se d c t
u sq u e M e r o e n

Pi y
l n , Bk V I , p ar a 34
P vl yk
. . .

5
C au ss in d e e r c e a , I , 8 2 ; V an D c , p 1 8
P vl lik bi
. .

6
C au s sin d e e r ce a p u t s t h e d at e o f Ab u M a rt h i n 3 1 A D

s

il
.

7
M ne , p p 1 9 , 20 6
I bi d p 34
i lxxix lx x ib
. . . . .

9
C p M u r , Life of M a ho m et , p p x He attr u te s to thi s c au s e th e
w mig i i
. . .
,

n o r th ar d rat o n o f t h e Ku d a a an d B e n A z d

il
.

1
M ne, p .
94 .
1 0 T HE PRE I SLAMI C -
ARA BI AN ELEMENT I 1 . . XX .

to C h ris ti ani ty b y Fr um en tiu s ab ou t 330 A D an d the fai th sp read . .

,

very r api d ly th r o u gh o u t Abyssini a T h e Y e m en h ad b ee n c o nver te d

1
.

h alf a c en tu ry ear li er an d r e m ain e d n o minall y C h r is ti an u n ti l ab o u t

00 A D w h e n th e king D hu N aw as a d e sc e n d ant o f Ab r ah a ad o p te d
5 . .
, ,

J u d aism 2
.

X X I B o th An as tasi u s (49 1 5 1 8 ) an d J u s tin u s I ( 5 1 8 5 2 7) s e n t

e mb assi e s t o th e Himy ar i te s s e e king th e i r ai d t o c h e ck th e inc r easing

in r o ad s o f th e P er si ans by an attack in th e r ear ; b u t th eir pl ans w er e

3

nu llie d b y the tr ou bl e th at h ad ar is e n b etwe en the Himyar i tes an d

th e Ax u mi te s as a r e s u l t o f th e p er s e cu ti o n o f C h r is ti ans b y D h u
N awas E lesb aan king o f Axu m in v ad e d th e Ye m e n an d s u b du e d
.
, ,

i t ab o u t 5 2 2 A D 4
an d u n til ab o u t th e en d o f th e c e n tu r y i t r e m ain e d
. .
,

s u bj e ct to Ab y ssini a th o u gh th e actu al ad ministr ati o n r em aine d in ,

th e h an d s o f th e Himyar i te s .

XX I I T h e l as t o f th e Himy ar i te Vic er oys was S ayf the s o n o f ,

D hu Y az an an d g r an d s o n O f th e D hu N awas m e n ti o n e d ab o v e T h is .

m an wi th th e aid o f th e P er si ans s u cc e e d e d in d r i v ing m o s t o f t h e

, ,

Ab y ssini ans ou t o f e l Y em e n an d e nsl aving th e r e s t S o m e o f th es e .

l atter h o wever mu r d er ed h im ab o u t 6 08 A D an d h e was b u r i e d at

, , .

S an a a T h e P er si ans th e n o ccu pi e d th e c o u ntr y u n til i t was c o n

.

qu er e d fr o m th e m b y the M u h amm ad ans in 6 34 5

.

N o w cu r i o u sl y e n o u g h th is S ay f ibn D h u Yaz an is fabl e d to

, ,

h av e fo u n d e d th e king d o m o f K an e m 6
T h at h e di d n o t d o so is .

qu i te c er tain great trave ll er th o u g h h e is r el ated to h ave b ee n in

,

Ar ab trad i ti o n 7
Bu t d u r ing th e tu mu l tu o u s y ear s w h ic h u s h er e d in
.

th e s e v e n th c e n tu ry in Ar abi a an d imm e d i ate ly p r e c e d e d Isl am th e r e ,

m ay h av e b e e n an d p r o b ably was s o m e e mig r ati o n fr o m th e Y e m e n

, ,

to Afr ic a an d i t is n o t o u tsi d e t h e b o u n d s o f p o ssibili ty th at s o m e

,

o f th e s e Himy ar i te s p e n e tr ate d t o th e far w e s t c all e d th ems e lve s ,

m emb er s o f th e r o y al family o f el Y em e n an d w er e accep ted as s u c h

b y th e ign o r ant n ati v es 6
.

L e t r o n n e , l oc ci t
1

yk lg im y i f y y
. .

2
V an D c , p p 2 0, 2 1 T h e e e n d t h at a H ar t e o u n d e d a d n as t in
ix y
. .

B o r n u at t h e e n d o f t h e s t h c e n tu r ( N ac h ti g al ap S c h u rt z , l oc ci t p p 5 34 , 5 8 2 )
i b y vi
. . . .

i s c u r o u s b u t u n su p p o r te d e d e n ce
il P i
.

6
M n e , p p 1 03 , 1 04 4
r o co p u s , D e B ell P er s 1 , 1 9 ( ap B en t , p
yk Fi
. . . . . .

V an D c , p p 2 1 2 4 , an d Ab u e l da , p p 1 1 8 , 1 1 9
m yf Yz mm yf
. . .

6
He ap p e ar s u n d e r th e n a e s S a

ib n D hu a an ,

M u ha ad S a

ll
U ah , o r

S ay ib n Hasan f S e e C ar o n ,
7 , B art h , I I , 2 6 1 , 2 6 2 , 2 6 8 , 2 6 9 , b
ig l
,

6 3 3 , an d N ac h t a .

7
Ab u e l F i d , l o c ci t
b l fll
. .

6
C p Gar o u , l oc ci t an d B arth , 1 1 , 2 6 9 I s u p p o s e S u t an B e o to r e e r t o
mvm w k i b lv i Ym
. . . .

t hi s o e e nt h e n h e s p e a s o f ce r t a n B e r e r s a e s an d co n s c r p t s i n e l e e n
as r e e b lli g g i
n a a n st t h e H ar t es an d e n imy i
o r ce d i n c o n s e q u e n ce t o e r at e to b i gf mig
fi
t h e A r c an co ast

T h e t h en y w
e n t t o K an o o m , an d s e tt e d t h e r e , as s tr an e r s , l g
gv m w ib l m ll
.

u n d er th e o er n e n t o f t h e T aw ar e k , w h o e r e a tr e r e at e d to t h e ,
an d c a e d
 C HAP T E R 2

The N tt bi a ns , the N itba a nd the Liby a n E lem ent

'

IT h e w ay h as n ow b ee n cl ear e d fo r th e d isc u ssi o n o f th e n o n

Arab r ac e s w h ic h th e Isl amic Ar abs fo u n d in th e S u d an .

I I Al l O f th e s e , wi th th e e xc ep ti o n o f th e n o m ad B E A in th e G
ea s ter n d es er t w er e c o mmo nly inclu d ed by th e invad er s u n d er th e
,

vagu e d en o minati o n o f NIJ B A Th is ter m r s t o ccu r s in li ter atu r e in '

t h e g e o g ap h y o f E r ato s th e n es w h o w as b o r n in 2 7 6 B C He S p eaks
1
r , . .

of

th e N B aL ater th e n ame o ccu r s as N vB S g o r in th e
a t. o a

e ,

L atiniz e d fo r m O f N o b atae .

T h e u l timate d er ivati o n o f th e w o r d is n o t kn o wn b u t i t app ear s ,

to b e o f v e r y anci e n t o r igin an d m ay b e c o nn e c te d th r o u g h th e C o p tic

N O T B T (m eaning to pl ai t ) wi th nebed th e w o r d u s e d in th e

,

inscr ip ti o n o f T h o thm es I (d ate c 1 5 40 B C ) to d eno te th e pl ai ted . . .

h ai r e d o n es O r as i t is p e r h aps wi th l e ss acc u r acy t ransl ate d

,
th e
cu r ly hai re d o n es wh o m th at m o nar c h o ver th r ew in th e n eighb ou r
-

h o o d o f th e th i r d c atar ac t : He h ath o ve r th r o wn th e c h i ef o f th e

r
N u b ian s ; th e N e g r o [nehesi] is

is n ot a r emnant
am o ng th e c u r l y h ai r e d w h o c am e to attack hi m
2
-
.
,

I im agin e that th e Arabs simpl y ad o p te d th e wo r d wh ic h th ey

fou n d c o mmo nl y u s e d in Egyp t to d en o te c o lle c tive l y the r ace s living
s o u th O f th e r s t c atarac t Wi th eth n o l o gical d i ffere nti ati o n th ey
3
.

Ap S t b
1
Bk XV ra d C
o b p 786 II , e as au on ,

X
. . . . .
,

LI I I , 1 9 1 3 , p p 6 1 6 ,
2
B re ast e d , A R 1 1 , 7 1 , an d S e l ig m an , j 'ou r n A nthr I nst
l w y i i i i g
. . . . . .

6 1 8 T h e atte r s a s , W th r e ar d t o t h e n s cr p t o n O f T h o t h m e s I

o r d i n th e
y ym ly i g wi li
.

r e n d e r ed th e c u r o f N e ro ( n eh esi ) , r tt e n e ar e r

h a r e d , i e as a s n o n
-

y x i i m i
. .

i n th e i s n e ce s s ar t o e e r c s e a c e rt a n a o u n t o f c au t o n , fo r
i y i i w mi b y l k
M s s M u rr a p o n ts o u t t h at t h s o r d r e ad s N ebed , an d i s d e te r n e d

a oc

i
of ha r, i e ly i the cu r i ig
h a r e d s t an d s fo r t h e n ebed h a r e d

-

B u t n ebed , acc o r d n

-

g m ly iv l F
. . .

t o B ru sc h , d o e s n o t b u t i s t h e e q u a e n t o f th e r e n c h tr esser ,

e an cu r

k i ,

a tter , en tr el acer , an d i s a i n t o t h e C o p t c NOTBT = pl ecter e , i n texer e

S e l i g rn an
'
w v ll ibili y i b w
.

d o e s n o t h o e e r , a u d e t o t h e p o ss t o f an y c o n n e ct o n et ee n N OT E I an d

N i tba

w T he m im
o rd

iv f m w
N uba i s s o e t e s d e r e d r o

nu bu ,

th e o r d u se d

gl i i i m i im w lf
.

fo r o d in , e g , t h e n s c r p t o n o f Am e n e m h e t (A e n ) i n t h e t e o f th e t e th

y y l lv v b if i
. .

d n ast ( s e e B r e as te d , A R 1 , G o d an d s a e s h a e e e n t h e c h e att r ac t o n
g g
. .

o f t h e S u d an i n al l a e s ( C p B u d e , 1 , 5 34 ,
lli mi y j i lli g b ly l
. .

3
E ot S th s a s : W e ar e n o t u s t e d i n c a n o t h t h e e ar an d t h e ate

i bi
nha bi bi
t an t s o f N u f
a
N u an sv y bf lw

g
i n ac t , i t i s e r d o u t u h eth e r w e o u h t to
ap ply m ll i l i il v ll y b w
t h e n a e t o t h e p r e H e en c p o p u at o n o f t h e N e w-
a e et ee n As an
an d M e r o e

i i
( A r ch S u r v N ub B ull 1 1 , C a r o , k R L e p s u s sp e a s O f th e
b bly i x i m l wi lv
. . . . .

p ro a n co r r e c t e te n s o n o f t h e n a e N ub a t o al l an d s o u t o f h c h s a es
w b g
er e r o u h t t o th e n o r th ( N ubis ch e G r a m m a ti k ) .
1 2 IV 1
. .

wer e li ttl e c o nc er n ed ,
an d u ntil l ate y ear s that s u bj ect re m aine d
su fci en tly O bscu r e .

PRE S E N T I N HAB I TAN TS O F N UB I A

T HE
I I I At th e p r e s e n t d ay th e in h abi tan ts o f N b i a wh ic h m ay b e ,

tak en as e x te n d ing a l o ng th e Nil e b ank s fr o m Asw n as far s o u th

app r o xim ate l y as th e e ig h tee n th p arall e l to th e vicini ty th at is o f , , ,

D e bb a an d K o r ti 1
ar e c o mm o nly kn o wn to th e n o r th as B ARAB RA
,

an d to th e s o u th as D AN AGLA i e in habi tants o f , . .

D o ng o l a 2

T h e ter m B ARAB RA is u s ed to incl u d e th e KAN UZ b etwee n

Asw al n and K o r o sk o a p eo pl e w ho m w e s h all see to b e an e l e m e n t
'

,

d is tinc t th e N UB A r o u n d Halfa th e S UKK OT th e M AHAS S p r o p er
, , , ,

an d fr e q u e n t l y th e D AN AG LA T h e D AN AG LA ex te n d as far n o r th o nl y .

as th e Vicini ty O f Ar k o Isl an d an d d o n o t ad mi t th at th ey ar e B ARA B RA .

P h ysically an d lingu is tic all y th e S UKKOT an d M AHAS S fall in to a singl e

gr o u p an d ar e d is tinc t fr o m th e K AN UZ and D AN AG LA T h e tw o l atter .
,

h o w ev er b ear O bvi o u s r es e mbl anc e s to o n e an o th er an d th ei r l an

,

gu ag es are S imil ar Th is cu r i o u s fact is d u e wi th o u t d o ub t to th e

.

g eo grap h ic al p e cu li ar i ti e s o f th e Nil e vall e y b etw een K o r o sk o an d

D o ng o l a th e effec t o f w h ic h is to l eav e th e M AHAS S an d S UK KOT
,

m or e o r l ess is o l ated 3
.

I V All th e s e p eo pl e ar e M u h amm ad ans an d h av e Ar ab bl o o d in

t h e i r v eins b u t r aci al c h ar ac ter is tics d er ive d fr o m n o n Ar ab anc e s to r s
,
-

h av e s u rvive d v er y p er sis te n tly an d m o r e n o tic eably s o am o ng th e ,

M AHAS S an d S UKKOT T he KAN UZ an d D AN AGLA app r oxi mate very .

mu ch m o r e to th e Ar ab ty p e .

At th e s am e tim e th e imp o r tati o n o f sl av e w o m e n fr o m th e ,

s o u th w h ich h as p r o cee d ed u ninter rup te d l y fo r c ent ur i e s h as l en t

, ,

a fu rt h er m eas u r e O f sp u r i o u s h o m o g e n e i ty t o all o f th e s e N b i an

p eo pl es 4
.

1
T he limi f K h d h Ph h f h igh h d y y
s o u th e r n t o us un er t e ar ao s o t e e t e en t n ast
w as i lly h m viz N
p r a ct ca (B d A R
t e sa e, ap at a r e as t e 11 ,
agl m ly D kl i h l l f D g lawi
. .
.
,

D 2
an a, or o re co r rect an a s t e p ur a O on o or

D k la i
on Th
o i w b bly i b w er eD akl d h s p ro a a c o nn ec t o n et e en an a

an t e

D akil S m li Jh
.

an f h h o ( t T h N il Q
e n o rt 34 er n o a co as t s ee o n s to n , e e ues t , pp
B k kh d N bi
.

C 6
p C i S j ec A B
e tt , 5
a ro 6 c our n ug 1 91 1 ; urc ar t, u a, pp 2 2 ;
8 3 wh m B ab i d i l d h D agl
. . . .
.
,

an d A l E S d
ng o -

g h u an , 1 , ere t e ter ar ra s u se to nc u e t e an a

kh d (l i ) y T h i h bi b d W dy K
. .
,

B u rc ar t oc fN c t sa f s : e n a t an t s o ou a, an a en o u s , as ar

gl w i E gy d h m f B ab ( i g B b y) b
. .

as D on k o a , ar e no n n p t un er t e na e o er er a s n er er ut
ll i i ld m m d f b y h i h bi h m lv wh ki g
.

th at ap p e at o n s se o a e u se o t e n a t an t s t e se es, e n S p ea n

f h i i A l h i M h m
O t w e r o n n at o n B s u su a e s accu r at e y a as s p r o p er ar e e an t

di i di i f m h Mh ld
. .
,

th M h
e f M h
a as s o a ass h st r c t as st n c t ro t e a ass sett e e g on t e
Bl N il
. .
,

ue e.

C 4
S hw i f p h .
94 c e n u rt , 11, 1 .
1 4 T HE NUBI AN S , T HE NUB A I 2 V
. . .

V AS gar d s th e B ARABRA as a w h o l e o n e th ing is qu i te c er tain

re

t h er e ar e n o g r o u n d s fo r cl o s e ly c o nn e c ting th e m as a r ac e wi th th e
N UB A o f s ou th er n K o r d o fn as Rii p p ell R o ssi an d K ean e di d T h ey 1
, .

ar e v er y simil ar in typ e to t h e Mi dd l e N ubi ans w h o liv e d b etw e e n

3 0 0 0 a n d 4 0 00 y ear s ag o in t h e s am e l o c ali ty b u t th e s e h ad n o m o r e ,

r aci al aff i ni ty wi th th e s o u th er n N UB A th an th e B ARAB RA D AN AGLA -

h ave an d th e l atter ar e alm o s t th e c o mpl ete anti th esis O f th e s o u th er n

,

N UB A b o th p h y sically an d cu l tu rall y 2
.

I t m ay b e th e c as e an d p ro b abl y is that th e s o u th er n N UB A ar e
, ,

to s o m e e x te n t th e m o d er n r e p r e s e n tativ e s o f th e r ac e o f n e gr o e s
w h o temp o rar ily h e l d D o ng o l a an d th e c atar ac t c o u ntry s o u th o f
Halfa in th e d ays O f th e Mi d d l e K ing d o m an d e ar ly Empi r e an d
w ho s e c o nge n er s n o d o u b t at a l ater d ate fo r m e d p ar t o f the fo r ce s
, ,

o f th e E th i o pi an d y n asty th at c o nq u er e d Egyp t an d r u l e d i t fo r

s o m ething l e ss th an a c en tu ry b u t th es e n egr o es wer e ali ens in th e ,

n o r th er n S u d an and m o s t o f th e m w er e fo r ce d b ack to th e s o u th ,

an d th ei r pl ac e in L o w er N b i a w as tak e n by i ts o r igin al in h abi tan ts

an d s e ttl e r s fr o m Eg y p t .

In the D o d ekasch o in o s i t is p r o b abl e that th e n egr o es h ad h ar d ly

3

d ispl ac e d th e o r igin al in h abi tan ts b u t s o u th o f Halfa th ey mu s t h ave ,

d o n e s o te mp o r ar ily an d to s o m e ex ten t m o di e d th e r aci al ty p e in

th e p r o c e ss Bu t e v e n s o all o wing fo r p er i o d s o f in ter r u p ti o n i t is
.
, , ,

tru e t o say that fr o m th e tim e o f th e Mi d d l e Empi r e (2 000 1 6 00 B C )

. .

an d o nw ar d s fo r c e n tu r i e s an d th r o u g h o u t th e M e r o i tic P to l e m aic
, ,

an d cl assic al p er i o d s an d ag ain in th e y e ar s p r e c e d ing th e d e cisiv e

,

Arab c o nqu e s t o f th e S u d an a s tro ng inl trati o n o f th e Egyp ti an ,

an d l ater o f th e E g yp to Ar ab typ e w as s tead ily an d alm o s t u n

, ,
-

in ter r u p te d l y p r o c ee ding in th e n o r th er n S u d an an d th e n egr o

e l e m e n t w as c o rr e sp o n d ingl y d e c r easing in th at r egi o n .

V I I t will b e s ee n to o th at t h is p r o l o ng e d inl trati o n to th e s o u th

w as m o r e th an th e r etu r n o f an anci en t p o p u l ati o n r e info r c e d b y ,

fr es h bl o o d to its qu o n d am h o m e o n th e r iver Wh en o nce the Ar abs

, .

h ad o ver thr o wn th e C h r is ti an king d o m o f D o ng o l a an d e s tablis h e d

th e ms e lv e s in i ts pl ac e th ey r api d ly ama lg am ate d wi th th e l o c al
,

N b i ans an d b e gan to s en d c o l o ni e s fu r th er a e l d .

T hu s it c am e ab o u t th at B ARABRA wi th an Arab l eav en p en e , ,

tr ate d in to K o r d o fan an d s e tt l e d r o u n d ab o u t th e m o s t n o r th e r nl y
o f th e N UB A m o u n tains an d in te r m ar r i e d wi th th e n e g ro e s wh o w er e

1
S ee S e ligm
an , f o ur n . A nthr I ns t 1 9 1 3 , L I I I , 6 1 0,
. . X an d B ec k ett , l oc . ci t .

p p 2 00 if F o r K e an e , s ee M a n : P ast a nd P r esent , p 7 5
ligm
. . . .

Se an , l oc ci t

P XXX X
. .

6
S e e art I I , C h ap 2 , . I .
 VI I I . AN D T HE LIBYAN ELEMENT 1
5

p r o b abl y d esc en d ants O f the er s twh il e c o nqu ero r s o f Nti b ia T h e '

1
.

immigrating r ac e in add i ti o n imp o s ed its o wn l angu age u p o n th e

, ,

black s in th e i r Vicinity an d thu s ar e expl ain abl e th e lingu istic ,

afni ti e s w h ic h h av e tr o u bl e d so m any g e n er ati o ns o f inv es tig ato r s .

T h e B ARAB RA in s h o r t d o n o t sp eak a l angu ag e akin to that O f th e

, ,

no r th er n N UB A o f s o u th er n K o r d o fn b e cau s e th e n egr o es c o nqu er e d

NII b ia th e n e g r o es p r o b abl y sp o k e s o m e l angu ag e o r l an g u ag e s o f
'

th ei r o w n th at m ay s till s u r viv e in th e m o u n tain fas tn e ss es o f th e

far s ou th b u t b e c au s e th e B ARAB RA c o l o niz e d th e c o u n tr y r o u n d
,

th e fo o t o f th e n o r th er n h ills O f D r N b a T h e c o ncl u si o n h o w e v er .
, ,

h as h er e an ticip ate d th e ar g u m en t an d w e m u s t r ev er t .

EARLI ES T I N HAB I TAN TS OF N UB I A

T HE
V I I As r eg ar d s th e ear li e s t p er i o d i t h as b e e n p r o v e d th at th o s e
s h ad owy inh abi tants o f n o r th e r n N bia wh o ar e kn o wn to ar ch ae ,

o l o gi s ts as G r o u p A w er e c o n te mp o rar i e s o f th e p r e dyn as tic

-

Egyp ti ans that b o th b u r i e d th ei r d ead in th e s am e w ay an d th at in

,

cu l tu r al matter s th er e w er e m ar k ed simil ar i ti e s T h e tw o p eo pl e s .

m u s t h ave b e en p ractically u nifo r m an d thei r s to ck m ay h ave

2
,

e x te n d e d in a m o r e o r l e ss d il u t e d fo r m fr o m E g yp t to th e Bl u e

Nil e an d Abyssini a Th ey w er e a sm all d ar k h ai r e d bl ack eye d

3
.
,
-

,
-

gl ab r o u s p eo pl e b ear ing a cl o s e r es embl anc e to th e Lib y ans o f the

s ou th er n M e d i terr anean s eab oar d an d wer e in th e ear li es t p e ri o d , ,

o f al l d ev o i d O f all n eg r o c h ar ac ter is tics

4
.
,

F IRST ARRIV AL O F T HE N E GROE S

T HE
V I I I L ater ab o u t th e tim e Of th e th i r d d yn as ty n eg ro typ e s b e g an
, ,

to s ettl e in N ubi a as far n or th as Asw n an d fr o m n o w o nwar d s ,

th e p o p u l ati o n th at g r ew u p w as a mix tu r e o f ear ly N u bi an an d

d y nas tic Egyp ti an wi th an e ver inc r easing N e g r o e l em en t 5

.

( ) The B ahr l Gha z al Typ e

a e

T h es e n egr o es w er e fo r th e m o s t p ar t s h o r t an d r e l ativel y b r o ad

o f a typ e akin to th at fo u n d at th e p r e s e n t d a
h ead e d , y in th e s o u th
1
F vi d hi
u r th e r e bj will b f d i P I I I C h
en ce o n wht s su ect e o un n art ap 1 er e

il f h B d ib giv ,
.
,

d e ta s o d th D e l e ay ri a an ot er an g a tr es are en
E lli S mi h A i
.

2
otE p i 66t d i A h S N bi
nc en t R f gy t a ns , p an n rc ur v u a, ep o r t or

II R i
, .
, . .

1 7 8
90

Ch 11 , S d N ap d R d J ; 8 7
e sn e r , u an o tes a n eco r s, an 1 9 1 p
E lli S mi h A i O f hi k l
.

y
, .
,
. .

6

E p i
ot 78 7
t h
nc en t ( 5 4) gy t a ns , pp 9 t s s to c e a so sa s p
i d bl m f vid h w h v y l
.
, .
, .

Th ier e s a co n s er a h e as s o e en ce to s e t at t ere w as a er c o se

mbl
r e se b w h an ce E gy iet d h A b b f
e en t ih b m
e p r o to
-

pt an s an t e ra s e ore e t er eca e

i mi gl d wi h A m id i l l m
n te r n e t r en o r ac a e e ents

E lli S mi h C i
.

4
S i
ot j M h t 56 57a ro c en t . o um ar c 1 9 09 , p p
S lig
. .
, .
,
5
l e i p 6 m an , oc . c t . . 1 4 .
 1 6 T HE NUBI ANS ,
T HE NUB A I 2 VI I I
. . .

of th e B ahr el Gh az l p r o vince , an d e nti r ely d is tinc t fr o m th e in

vader s o f th e Empi r e p er i o d .

The N ilo ti c Typ e

( )
b
T he ll Nil o te s
ta , S HI LLUK , D I N KA and N UE R
o f th e W h i te Nil e

vall ey w h o n o w inter ven e b etwee n th e B ah r e l G h az l an d N b l a

,

an d ar e d issimil ar to e i th er g ro u p an d d ispl ay c e r tain B AN T U aff i ni ti e s ,

c o u l d n o t at th e time o f th e ear li er ( B ahr cl Ghaz l) invasi o n h av e

y et o ccu pi e d th ei p es en t p o si ti n I t is lik e ly th at th ey ar rive d
1
r r o .

th er e d u r ing th e s e c o n d mill e nni u m B C o r l ate r . .

, .

L OW E R N UB I A
T HE C G RO U P IN

IX By the tim e o f the tw e lfth d y n as ty th e fu si o n o f r ac es in L o wer

Nubi a h ad r e su l ted in the p r o d u c ti o n O f th e singu l ar l y h o m o ge n eo u s .

bl en d o f tr ai ts wh ich d is tingu is h th e p eo pl e o f th e Mi d d l e Empi r e ,

th at is d y n as ti e s tw e lv e to s e v e n te en o r
, C G r ou p th e very typ e ,

wh ich in a m o d ie d fo r m is r ep r es en te d in th e s am e l o cali ty b y the

B ARABRA o f th e p r es en t d ay .

By th e s am e d ate th e p o p u l ati o n fu r th er s o u th m u s t h ave b e c o m e

alm o st excl u siv e ly n e g r o nehes
( ) .

EARLY L I B YAN I N F LUE N CES I N N UB I A

X C o ncu rr ently wi th th e ear l y n egr o infu si o n in to N bia fu r th er
r aci al m o d ic ati o n w as p r o b abl y b e ing c au s e d by th e s ett l e m e n t o n

th e Nil e o f Liby ans ( Tem ehu) fr o m the w es ter n o as e s an d th e s te pp e s .

O f n o r th er n K o r d o f n .

In th e tim e o f th e S ixth d y nas ty ab o u t 2 75 0 B C Har khu f th e ,

. .
, ,

G o ver n o r o f th e d is tr ict r o u n d Aswn we nt to Yam i e L o wer , , . .

:

N b ia o n th e w e s t si d e an d h e s ays I fo u n d the ch i ef o f Yarn

2
, , ,

go ing to th e l an d o f T em eh to smi te T em eh as far as th e wes ter n

c o r n er o f h eaven I w e nt fo r th after him to th e l an d o f T em eh an d
.

I p aci e d Har kh u f th e n w e nt s o u th war d s th r o u gh U pp er

N b i a c ro ss e d o ver to th e eas t b ank an d r etu r n e d d o wns tr eam to
, ,

Egyp t b r inging wi th him ince ns e eb o n y o i l gr ain p anth er s kins , , , ,

-

iv o ry an d th r o wing s ticks T h e adv o cate s o f th e Lib y an th eo ry n d

4 -
.

h er e evi d enc e t hat th e Lib yans Tem ehu) liv e d b etw een th e r s t an d
s e c o n d c ataracts b u t as G iu ffr i d a Ru gger i r em ar ks
,
5
th er e is s till -

th e p o ssibili ty s u gg e s te d by Hr d li k a th at th e s e T e m e hu
6

th e o as e s o f K h ar ga an d D ak h l a w h ic h ar e in th e Lib y an ,

1
Se ligm l oc ci t p 6 2 4
an ,
2
Se an , l oc ci t p 6 1 3 n o te ligm
lig
. . . . . . . .

6
B r easte d , A R I , 3 3 5 .
4
. I bid p 3 3 6 , an d S e m an , loc ci t
. . . . .

5
L o c ci t p 5 4
m i i ll i
. . . .

6
Th e N a ti ves of K harg a O as is , E g y p t , S ith s o n an M s c C o e c t o n s , L I X
ig
.
,

NO I , p 5 , W ash n t o n , 1 9 1 2
. . .
 X II . AN D T HE LI BYAN ELEMENT 1 7

B u d ge th inks fr o m th e lis t o f p r o du cts b r o u gh t b ack b y Harkhu f

1

th at h e p r o b abl y p e n etr ate d K o r d o fan an d D r f r vi a th e o as e s o f

K u r ku r an d S e lim a ; an d P r o fe ss o r N avil e acc e p ts th e insc rip ti o n O f
2

Har khu f as p ro o f that th e Lib y o B er b er s w er e o ccu pying K o r d o fan -

an d D a r fur an d p o ssibly B o r k u T h e n eg r o es h e th inks mu s t h av e .

, ,

o u s te d th e m at a l ater d ate .

Reisner th inks Har khu f fo ll o we d the r ive r an d d o u bts if h e p en e

tr ate d as far as S enn ar T h e p r o d u c ts b r o u g h t b ack h e p o in t s o u t
.
, ,

might h ave b een o b tained in trad e anyw h er e b etw e en D o ngo l a an d

S ennar wh atever th ei r u l tim ate o r igin Ho w ever as l ar ge an d
,
3
.
,

w eal thy Arab tr ib es hav e c h o s e n to live in th e Bay d a d es er t fo r

c en tu r i e s it is als o lik ely in any cas e that r ac es o f similar habi ts and
inclin ati o ns o ccu pi ed it b efo r e th em T hat th e ear li es t o f s u ch to d o .

so w e r e o f Liby an o rigin app ear s to b e s u fci e n tly e s tablis h e d b u t ,

th e ex te n t if any to w hi c h th es e r ac e s s ett l e d o n th e Nil e an d mix e d

, ,

wi th th e N b ian p o p u l ati o n o f the Mi d d l e N b ian p eri o d is s till

u n d eter min e d
4
.

X I T h e Mi dd l e N bi an s to ck was als o m ix e d i t is p r o b abl e wi th , ,

an o th er s tr ain th at o f th e r e d skinn e d B E GA fr o m th e eas ter n d es e rt s

5 -
.
,

Bu t in th e m ain fr o m Ass u an fo r s o m e d is tanc e s o u th o f Halfa it

, ,

w as n eg r o i d th o u g h c er tainly n o t t ru e n e g r o
,
6
.

N UB I A I N T HE T I ME O F THE TW E LF TH D Y NAS TY
X I I D u r ing th e tim e O f th e g r eat ki ngs o f th e tw e lfth dyn as ty
e v e n ts o f g r eat imp o r tanc e o cc u r r e d in th e n o r th er n
( 2 00 0 1 7 8 8 B
C ) . .

S u d an At l eas t thr ee s er i ou s mi li tar y c amp aigns w er e carr i ed o u t

7
.
,

b y Am en em h at I by S es o s tr is I ( 1 9 62 ) and by S e s o s tr is I I I
In c o nn ecti o n wi th th es e a s er i e s o f fo r ts an d garr is o ns w as
e s tablis h e d fr o m th e Egyp ti an fr o n ti er as far as th e l o w er en d o f th e

p r es ent D o ngo l a Pr o vi nc e an d at s ev er al o f thes e n o tabl y at S emna , ,

an d K e rm a ( I n eb u w Am en em h at) r e g u l ar c o l o ni e s o f Egyp ti ans w er e

-

fou n ded D u ring this p eri o d the d is tr ict b etw ee n Asw n an d S emn a
.

b ecam e p op u l ou s an d p r o sp er o u s .

Every l ate al vall ey h ad its Vill age o r gr ou p o f hu ts Every s qu e

r . ar

meter o f allu vi al s o il ap p ears to h ave b een cu ltivated T he p eo p l e wer e .

1
I,
5 1 2. S th so n a n R mi i
e p 1
2
9 7 , p p 5 49 6 4
0
. . .

6
S e e S ud a n N o tes a nd R ecor ds , J an 1 9 1 8 , p 1 2
w l l i l
. . .

B at e s ( Th e E as ter n Liby a ns ) o u d g o S O far as t o c as s th e M dd e N b i an s

4

as a r ace wi
th th e L an s r at h e r t h an iby wi
th t h e N e ro e s G uf r d a Ru er co ats g i fi -
gg i mb
i y il i b i w
.

th s t h e o r i n M a n , Ap r 1 9 1 5 T h e q u e s t o n o f B e r e r n u en c es i n t h e e s t er n

l gi l i
.

d e s e r t at a ate r d ate o c cu rs a a n ate r i n t h s c h ap te r

ligm i i i l g f ll w
.

an , l o c ci t p 6 1 9 A d sc u ss o n o f t h e eth n c p ace o f t h e B e a o o s
5
Se . . . .

in C h ap 3
i
. .

6
Re sn e r , l o c ci t p p 1 2 , 1 3
f ll wi g il
. . . .

7
F o r t h e o o n se e Rei sn er in S ud a n N o tes a nd R ecor ds , Ap r 1 9 1 8 .

M . S o I .
1 8 T HE NUBI ANS ,
T HE NUB A I 2 X II
. . .

Nubian s p erh p s d escen de d in p rt fro m the harr ied p o pu latio n O f the

,
a a

Old Em p i re b u t in crease d b y immigr nt s fr o m th e mo e e x p o se d d istr icts

,
a r

so u th o f S emn a Cu lturally th ey were still in an u ncivili ed state ne rly

. z ,
a

n eo li th i c T h ey w ere s o w e r s an d h e r d sme n h u n ters an d s h ermen

. T he , .

o n ly c afts w e e p o t m ak i n g c l o th an d m
r r t w eav i n g an d b aske t makin g
-

,
a -

,
-

all c arr i e d o u t b y h an d w ith th e s imp l e s t o f to o l s .

S o u th O f S emn a o f c o u r s e c o n di ti o ns w er e far l ess s ettl e d an d

, ,

p er i o d ical p u ni ti v e e xp e di ti o ns we r e n ec es s ary .

T h e exp ed i ti o n o f S e s o s tr is I app ear s h o w e v er to h ave r es u l te d , ,

in th e th o r o u gh s u bj u gati o n o f th e c o u ntr y c er tainl y as far as th e

,

u ps tr eam e n d o f D o ng o l a P r o vinc e an d p e r h aps w e ll in to B er b er ,

P r o v inc e T h e y ear 1 9 6 2 m ar k s th e r s t r eal c o nqu e s t o f th e n o r th

.

c en tr al S u d an T h e fo r t at K er ma w as e nl ar ge d an d th e s ettl em e n t
.

incr eas e d an d th e r esu l t h as b een s h ewn b y Reis n er s r e c e nt excava

,

ti o ns T h es e p r o v e th at a S p e ci al l o c al ci v iliz ati o n a c u r i o u s m o d i

.
,

cati o n O f th e c u l tu r e o f Egyp t d eepl y affe c te d b y l o c al fo r ms , ,

m ater i als an d cu s to ms w as d e v e l o p e d an d th r o v e Ab o u t 1 8 79
,

.
,

h o w ever Am en e m h at s fo r t w as s ac k e d as th e r e s u l t O f a r ising o r

invasi o n fr o m the s o u th S es o s tr is I II at o nce l e d an ar m y into the.

S u d an an d cr u s he d th e r eb els an d s et u p th e fam o u s s te l a at S e mn a ,

3 7 mil e s s o u th O f H alfa insc r ib e d wi th th e o r d er fo r bi dd ing t h e

,

n egr o es to p ass d o wns tream b ey o n d i t fo r e v er F r o m his tim e

1
.

u n til th e N ew Empi r e n o m e n ti o n o f N iI b ia is fo u n d in th e Egyp ti an

'

in s cr ip ti o ns b u t i ts o ccu p ati o n c er tainl y c o ntinu e d an d o n e infer s

,

th at l o ca l c o n d i ti o ns w er e m o r e o r l ess s ettl e d .

K er m a h ad b e e n r e s to r e d an d m ad e th e ad minis tr ati v e c en tre o f

a p r o vinc e b u t i t s eems th at ab o u t 1 6 00 B C i t w as b u r n t o u t an d
, . .

n e v er r eb u il t .

T I M E O F T HE E I GHTE EN TH D YN ASTY
N UB I A I N T HE .

I TS E GY P T I AN I ZAT I O N
X I I I T h e E g y p ti aniz ati o n O f th e no r th er n S u dan w as p r o cee ding
s tead il y in th e tim e O f Ah m os e (Ah m es) I th e fo u n d er o f th e ,

e ig h te e n th d y n asty ( c 1 5 8 0 1 3 5 0 B C ) an d u n d er hi s s u cc e ss o r s
2
. . . .

Ah m os e I pl ac ed L o we r N b i a u n d er an Egyp ti a n

G o ver n o r an d his s u ccess o r Amenh o tep (Am en o p his) I app ointed

, , ,

in 1 5 48 th e r s t o f a l o ng lin e o f Egyp ti an Vic ero y s wh o ru l e d ,

E th i o pi a du r ing th e eigh teenth an d ni n ete en th dyn as ti es .

In th e fo llo wing r eign th at o f T h o th m es I o ccu rr e d th e s er i o u s , ,

r ev o l t an d i ts s u pp r e ssi o n to w h ic h r e fer e nc e h as al r ead y b ee n m ad e .

1
S e e B r e ast e d , A R I , 6 5 2
f ll wi g l i ig ki g i
. . .

2
F o r t h e o o n , to th e c o s e O f t h e q u o t at o n en d n n s of E t h io p a,

i
.

see R e s n e r i n S ud a n N o tes a nd R ecor ds , O c t 1 9 1 8 . .

20 T HE NUBI ANS , T HE NUB A X III .

it . S enuser t I II
p ell e d them an d xed th ei r b o u n dary ab o ve
re
1

Halfa L ater th e n egr o e s n o d o u b t th e s am e o n es gave fu rth er

.
,

tr o u bl e an d T h o th m e s I d efeate d th em e ve n m o r e c o mpl ete l y an d

,

for c ed th em b ack to th e th i r d c atarac t I t s eems p r o b abl e that it is .

th e s e n e g ro invad er s w h o ar e d epic te d fr o m th e eigh te e n th to th e

tw e n ti e th dyn as ty an d n o t th e m o r e p er m an e nt an d r ig h tfu l i nh abi
,

tan ts o f L o w er N b i a .

D I S CUSS I O N O F T HE NE GRO T YPE FO UN D IN NUB IA UN D ER THE

TW E L TH AND E I F GHTEENTH DYNAST IES

T YP E ? . T HE K O RD O AN F
X I V T h er e is s o m e r eas o n to th ink that th e s e n eg r o es wh o m
S enu ser t III d efe ate d an d fo r b ad e to p ass n o r th o f Halfa th e ,

pl ai ted hai r ed o n es wi th wh o m T h o th m es I l ater warre d farther
-

to th e s o u th th e m en d e pic te d as tall c oar s e fu ll bl o o d e d n eg r o es

, , ,
-

wer e p r o b ably ak in to th e tall m es atic ep h al o u s typ e that n ow su rvive s

in s ou th er n K o r d ofn an d w h o s e r em ains d ating fr o m the time o f ,

th e twe n ty fth d yn asty ( T ab ar k a T an u tam o n e tc ) an d ear li er

-

, , .
,

h ave l ate ly b ee n fo u n d at G e b e l M o y a an d o th er h ills in th e G ezi ra 2

.

T h ey n o d o u b t fo ll o wed th e Nil e in th ei r n o r thwar d m o vem ent ,

imp e ll ed p erh aps by the Nil o tic s to ck b eh in d th em b u t it is as w e ll ,

to b ear in min d the p o ssibility th at s o m e o f th e m als o c am e o ver l an d

th r o u g h K o r d o fn by way o f th e Wad i e l M uk ad d am "
.

X V I t is to thi s typ e th e that the n ame NIJ B A is I su g
nebed
'

, , ,

ge s t m o s t p r o p er ly appli e d and i t is a n o tic eabl e fact that th e Arab

, ,

o f th e p r e s en t d ay h ar d ly e v er S p eaks o f th e Nil o tic n e g ro o f th e

s o u th by that n am e : h e ins tinctively r e s erve s i t o n th e o th er h an d , ,

(a) fo r th e big black o f s o u th er n K o r d o fn (b) th e hyb r i d rac e living , ,

bv
S e e a o e , an d B r e as te d , A R 1 , 6 40
1

y x mi b il i y P f ligm
. . .

2
D r D e r r , w h o e a n e d t h e u r a s t e s at G M o a , an d r o Se an

l ly i b f g l
. .

w h o h as c o se s t u d e d t h e N u a o f so u t h er n K o r d o an , a r e e as t o th e c o se

mbl b w
r ese an c e et ly P l m i g
e e n t h e e ar to e z y
a c n e r o o f th e G e i r a an d t h e p r e s e n t t p e

lig
i n so u t h e r n K o r d o fn ( se e S e m an , l o c ci t p
m i i y v yi l mi ll
. . .

T h e c e e t e r e s o f thi s s te [ G M o a] h a e

e d e d th e r e a n s o f a ta

ly b il g g i wi x i ily m iv k ll jw
.

co arse u t N e r o o r N e r o d r ac e th e tr ao r d n ar as s e s u s an d a s

g l y mbl y livi g
.

I n a e n er a w ay th e ap p e ar to r e se e t h e co ar se r t p e o f N u b a n i n s o u th
ig i ili i
K o r d o fn at th e p r e s en t d ay , an d i t i s s n c an t t h at th e cr an a n d c e s o f t h e
Jbl y b ill g l ly
m e n o f e e M o a an d t h e N u a h lig
s a r e e c o se

( S e m an , A d d r e ss to th e
i i v m i
.

An th r o p S e ct o n o f t h e B r t A s so c fo r t h e A d an ce e n t o f S c e n c e , R ep or t , 1 9 1 5 ,
. . .

p 9
hy i l i i f h N b f h K d f P f
Of h h t e p s ca c ar acte r s t cs o t e tI a o so u t e rn or o n ro

S lig ll ly b il m l l w i h d k lm
.

e y Th y
m an s a s : e ar e a ta s to u t -
u t, u s c u ar p eo p e, t a ar a o st

bl k ki T h y d mi ly , ,

ac s n e ar e 6 f h
p re o n an t 0 p e r ce n t o t e

i d ivid l m m i d b i g d li h li d
. .

n d ua s i h l h
e as u r e ar e m e s at ce p a s, t e re a n er e n o c o ce p a c an

b hi
r ac h li i b ce p l a i c ( T h Ph y i l C h
n a o ut f h eq u a p ro p o rt on s

e s ca ar ac te r s o t e

N b fK d f
.

u a o R A I or o an , XL,
m k h x v i G b l M y
. . .

S d N d
'

F R i or e sn e r s r e ar s on t e e ca at o n s at e e o a see u an o tes a n

R d J
ecor 9 65
s, an 1 1 9, p
l i hi h p
. . .

6
S ee ate r n t s c a ter .
I 2 X VI
. . . AN D T HE LI BYAN ELEMENT 21

at e l Har z a ,
K ag a , in th e n o rth o f K o r d o fn and
an d o th er h ills ,

c to d e n o te th e ab o r igin e s e x ti r p ate d by th e F U N G at th e b e ginning

()
o f th e six tee n th c e n tu ry in th e G e zi ra an d th e n e ig h b o u r h o o d o f th e

S hab l ka c atarac t .

In th e fo r m N ubi a h o wev er the n am e c am e to b e applie d no t

, ,

t o th e c o u n tr y w h e nc e th e s e n eg r o es c am e b u t t o th e sc e n e o f th ei r
gr eates t tri u mp h s the vall ey o f th e Nil e b etween th e r s t catar act
,

an d N ap ata N ay m o r e by th e i r o ny o f fate al th ou g h th e n o rth er n

.
, ,

p o r ti o n of thi s s am e c o u n try th r o u gho u t the ear l y an d th e later

d y nas tic th e P to l em aic an d R o m an p er i o d s an d again in th e tim e
, , ,

o f th e M aml uks w as c o nsi d er e d a lm o s t an ann e x o f Egyp t an d w as

,

l ar g el y p o p u late d by Egyp ti an c o l o ni es the u s e o f th e n am e Nb ia ,

w as te n d ing m o r e an d m o r e to b e r e s tr ic te d to i t r ath er than to th e

s ou th er n p o r ti o n an d w e s h all s ee th at b y th e tim e o f Ibn S e l im in
,

th e l atter p ar t O f th e t e n th c en tu ry i t was n o t u nc o mm o n to r eg ar d
i t as applying p a r excellence to th at m o s t n o r th er nl y d is tr ic t o f th e
S u dan c o mmo nl y call ed M aris wh ich en d ed s o m e w ay n o r th o f th e ,

s ec o n d c atarac t 1

E GY P T I AN PERIO D I N N UB IA AN D T HE N UB I AN
T HE LI B Yo -

C O N QUES T O F E GYPT
X V I Ab o u t 9 45 B C th e Liby ans w h o in th e c o u r s e o f c e n tu ri e s
. .
,

h ad o b tai ne d a str o ng fo o ting in L o w er E g yp t an d th e D e l ta and

b ec am e p ar tly Egyp ti aniz ed s eiz ed the th ro n e o f th e P harao h s an d
,

fo u n d e d th e twen ty s e c o n d dynasty Ho w th is affected th e S u dan

2 -
.

immed i ately we d o n o t kn o w b u t in th e r ec o r d s o f 7 5 0 B C th e ,
. .

no r ther n S u d an app ear s n o l o nger as a p r o vinc e o f Egypt b u t as

th e s eat o f an in d ep e n d e n t m o n ar c h y o f w h ic h th e T h eb ai d was th e
n o rther n p r o vinc e an d Reisn er thinks i t like ly that as th e Libyan
, ,

kings s u bs equ ently weak en ed an d p o wer b e c am e d e c e ntr aliz ed ,

K as h ta th e Libyan ( P) r e p r es en tati ve c o mm an d ing in th e no r ther n

,

S u dan an d a m e mb er o f th e r o yal family assu m e d in dep en denc e ,

.

He ev en i t app ear s invad ed Egyp t an d e stablis hed his s u p r emacy

, ,

as far n o r th as T h e b e s His c api tal w as at N ap ata ( G eb e l B ar kal)

.
,

an d we m ay ass u m e th at th o u g h h e an d h is s taff m a h av e b ee n
y
E g yp to Lib yans the m ass o f his s u bj e cts w er e N b ians o f th e
-

p r es ent d ar ker typ e in th e n o r th an d n egr o es o r s emi n egr o es in -

th e s o u th .

g1
Cp . l
B u d e , I , 6 5 1 , an d I I , 1 05 ; a s o L e tr o n n e , l o c ci t E d e n c e o f t h e c o n vi
i y wi w i i x gy
. .

s s te n c th hi c h t h s t r ac t s o u t h o f A s w n w as c o n s d e r e d an an n e o f E p t
will l P
b e ad d u ce d ate r ( se e ar t I I , C h ap
f ll wi g i
.

2
F o r th e o o n s ee Re s n e r i n S ud a n N o tes a nd R ecor d s , fo r J an an d O c t 1
919 . . .
22 T HE NUBI ANS ,
T HE NUB A I 2 . . X VII .

X V I I Kas hta w as s u cc ee d e d b y his s o n P i ankhi (744 7 1 0

Th is king to o k fur th er ad vantage o f th e d ecad ence th at had o ver

tak e n Egy p t an d c o mpl e te d th e w o r k b e gu n b y his fath er in o v e r
r u nning th e w h o l e c o u n tr y an d m aking i t t r ib u tar y to h im .

XV I I I P iankhi w as su cc ee d e d ab o u t 7 1 0 B C by h is b r o th er . .

S h ab ak a T h is m o n ar c h n o t c o n te n t wi th m er e ly r e c e i v ing tr ib u te
.
, ,

r mly es tablis h e d his au th o r i ty o ver th e wh o l e o f Egyp t .

He was fo ll o we d by S h ab atak a an d th e l atter ab o u t 68 8 B C

2
, ,
. .
,

by T ab ar ka (a s o n o f P iank hi) wh o in th e r eign o f S h ab ak a h ad ,

c o mm an d e d th e E th i o pi an ar my that w as s en t to P al es tin e to assis t

Hez eki ah agains t th e Assyr i ans o f S e nn ac h er ib wh o w er e n o w ,

app r o ac h ing th e eas ter n b o r d er s o f Egyp t .

T HE AS S Y RI AN D AN G ER
T ah ar ka s m ain p r e o ccu p ati o n th ro u g h o u t his ign was to

X IX re

s tem th e ti d e o f this Assy r i an invasi o n Bu t h e was u ns u cc e ssfu l .

,

an d in 6 70 B C Es ar h add o n fo r c e d hi s w ay to th e Eg
. . yp ti an fro n ti er
an d h e avily d efeate d h i m Tab ar k a r e ti r e d s o u thwar d s l eaving th e .

D e l ta an d M emp h is in th e h an d s o f th e Assyr i ans 3

.

Es ar h ad d o n h o wever d i d n o t p r ess hi s su ccess an d as h e wi th

, , ,

d r ew n or th war d s T ab ar k a r eo cc u pi e d M e mp h is and r en ew e d hi s
intr i g ues wi th th e Pal es tini an kings .

XX O n th e d eath o f Es ar h add o n in 6 68 his s on As hu r b anip al ,

c o ntinu e d th e fr es h camp aign that h ad b een s tar ted against T ab ar ka

an d ac hi ev e d a d ecisiv e Vic to r y in th e eas ter n D e l ta T ab ar k a ag ain .

r eti r e d s o u th w ar d s T h e A ssy r i ans fo ll o w e d an d o cc u pi ed T h eb e s

.
,

r eins tate d th e Li b y o Egyp ti an d y n as ts as G o v e r n o r s in Egy p t an d

-

l eft garr is o ns As hu r b anip al h ims e lf th en r etu r n e d wi th h is sp o il

.

t o Nin ev eh .

S ho r tl y after war d s Tab ar ka d i e d 4

X X I T an u tam o n a so n o f S h ab ak a (wh o h ad m ar r i e d T ah ark a s

,

1
T h e d a te s giv en fo rby R i ith e t w y f h d y
en t -
t n as t y ar e as a m en d e d e sn e r n
O ct 1 919
h m k 77 ) h i k hi
. .

M 2
hi
an e t o f Sh b k b a B d (Hi
es m so n o a a a, ut r e ast e st p 3 t n s t s

li l d b f l Pi d w ll b i d
. .

a tt e oukh i S h b k
t u d Sh b k i anb a a a an a at a a, t m ay e n o te er e a ur e

G b l K B k l (R i
.
, ,

at e e S d
u r r u n e ar N d R d O t
ar a e sn e r , u an o tes a n eco r s, c

y f T h k Hi f vdi
.

B 6
d (l i
r e ast e 78 ) oc . c t p 3 sa s o a ar a: s e at u r e s as p r es e r e n co n
m y l h w mi k bly g i d h i i R i
. .

te p o r ar s cu p tu r e s s e un st a e a ne ro c ar ac t e r st c s e sn er , on

y (S d N y h h gh h A y i
.

th e co n t r ar dR ud J an o tes a n eco r s, an 1 91 9, p sa s t at t ou t e ss r an

ki g h T b k g h g f h
. .

n c o se to r e p r e se n t a ar a as a n e ro , e w as not a ne ro or t e s t at u e s

f b h hi m lf h w f wh i h migh b E gy i ,

o ot d hi d se d an s e s ce n an t s s e e at u r e s c t e pt an or

L ib y i ly g
b an ut c e rta n not ne ro

h f f h g y l m i f E hi i N i
.

H w4
e d as t e oun er o t e r e at r o a ce e te r e s o t o p a at ar n e ar

M w
,

er o e .
 XX III . AN D T HE LI BYAN ELEMENT 23

sis ter ) th e l as t king o f th e tw en ty fth d y n as ty c am e to th e th r o ne

1
,
-

in 6 63 B C an d th o u gh in n am e h e r u l e d o ver b o th Egyp t an d th e
. .
, ,

S u d an in fact th e o nly r es u l t o f his attemp ts to r e co v er L o w er

2
,

Egyp t was th at h e was d r iv en b ack an d T h eb e s w as s ack e d b y th e

Ass y r i ans .

B y 6 5 4 B C T anu tam o n w as d ead and b u ri ed wi th his g reat fo re

. .

fath er s P ian kh i S h ab ak a an d S h ab atak a n ear G eb e l B ar kal and th e

, ,

p o w er of th e S u d an o ver Egyp t h ad c o m e u tter l y to an en d .

M ERO I T I C P ERI O D AN D AF TE R T HE
XX I I O n th e n al s ep arati o n o f E thi o pi a fr o m Egyp t P sam m eti chu s
( P s am t ik ) I w h o h ad b ee n
,
ins tall e d b y t h e A ssy r i ans a s K ing of

S ais an d M emp hi s an d b ec o m e fo u n d er o f th e tw en ty sixth Egyp ti an -

d y n as ty d i d n o t c o nc er n h ims elf g r eatly wi th th e S u d an T h e r u l er s

,
.

o f th at c o u n tr y to o tu r n e d th e i r atte n ti o n s o u th war d s an d th e
, ,

p ro vince o f M er o e was c o ns o li d ate d and d eve l o p ed n ear th e j u ncti o n

o f th e Atb ar a an d th e Nil e
6
I t w as .

made an integr al p art o f Ethi o p i a as Ethi op i a h d b een o f Egypt Mero e a .

w as E th i O p i an iz e d th at i s b o u gh t u n d er t h e i n u en ce o f th e Egyp ti an
, ,
r

cu l tu r e w h i c h h ad b e en i n h e ite d fr o m th e d ay s o f th e Vice r o y s Bu t t h i s
r .

Egyp to Ethio p ian

-
e rtai n l y g r e atl y d il u te d b y i ts e x te n si o n c

t o M er o e Me o e w as E thiOp ian iz ed n o t Egyp ti aniz ed

. r ,
.

Ab o u t 440 B C as R eisn er b e li ev e s an d c er tainly b e fo r e 3 5 0 B C

. .
, ,
.

Mero e h ad in its tu rn ab so b ed Ethio p i a itself j u st as Ethio p i a th r ee r , ,

c e n tu r i es b efo re h ad ab so b e d i ts m o th e , c o u n try Eg yp t T h e d e g en e r ati o n

r r .

o f th e cu l tu r e b e ca me mo e t h e rac e w s ch an gi n g T h e r a .

Egyp tian e lement w as b eing o verb o rn e by o the s Lib yan Nubi an negro r , , , ,

o r wh ate v e r i t m a
y h av e b e en T h e n e tr ait s o f th e e d u c ate d an d skill ed .

Egyp tian w er e visibly fad in g into th e co ar se featu res o f negro i d race a

w h i ch m ay h av e b e en s l o w at fo rgetti n g b u t w as i n cap bl e o f gi v i ng a a

creative imp u l se to art l earnin g o e ligio n , ,

r r .

XX I I I We n ow h ave as a r es u l t o f Reisn er s wo r k at N r i an d th e ,

vi cinity an alm o s t c o mpl ete lis t o f th e kings that fo ll o we d T anu tam o n

, ,

b u t th er e is n o p o in t in r e c o r d ing th e m h er e M o r e imp o r tan t is th e .

fac t th at c er tainly by th e tim e o f N as tasen en (N astasen ) wh o r eign e d ,

fr o m 2 9 8 2 78 B C an d p r o b abl y b y ab o u t 440 B C th e p o li tical

. .
,
. .
,

capi tal w as at M er o e wh il e th e r eligi o u s capi tal r e m ain e d at N ap ata .

T h e temp l es o f N ap at w i th th e i r e n d o w e d b o d i es o f p iests an d cr afts

a r

m e n e d u cated i n t h e l e rn i n g o f Egy t r emai n e d t h e cu l tu ral cen t e o f th e

a r
p
1
B r e as te d , A R I v, 9 2 0, n o te 2
I bid IV , 9 2 0
lf i iy k w
. . . . .

T h e d at e o f t h e act u a o u n d at o n o f M er o e is n o t
6
of th e c t no n Fo r
f il lm
.

u r t h e r d e ta s as t o M e r o e an d fo r t h e se tt e e n t o f t h e A u to m o l o i i n th e s o u th

f ll w g
s e e th e o o i n c h ap ter .
24 T HE NUBI ANS ,
T HE NUB A I 2
. . XX III .

k in g d o m , w h il e Me
b ecam e the centr e o f materi al weal th an d p oliti c l
roe a

w as n o t u n til a gen er ti o n o r so after th e d eath o f N ast sen a a

th t th e r u l e r s o f Me o e i n tro d u ce d a r e v i v al o f l earn i ng an d art u n d er t h e

a r

in u en ce o f Pto lemaic Egyp t an d made their capit l fo r the rst time the a

cu l tu ral ce n t re o f Eth i o i a
p .

XX I V S o me fu r th er r em ar k s o n M ero e an d i ts p eopl e will b e

attemp te d in th e n ex t c h ap ter b u t b e fo r e l eaving th e s u bj e c t o f th e , ,

inh abi tants o f N b ia p r o p er w e mu s t r s t tu r n to the cl assical ,

geo gr ap her s o f th e P to l emaic p er i o d since th ey p r o vi d e c er tain i tems ,

o f infor m ati o n th at ar e o f val u e .

X X V We h av e s ee n th at i t w as E rat o s th e n e s w h o r s t u s e d th e
ter m N l B i in th e th i r d c e n tu r y B C As qu o te d b y S tr ab o h e s ays :

oz a . .

O n th e l e ft s i d e o f th e co u rse o f th e Nil e liv e th e N o u b ai in Lib ya , ,

a g e at race
r b eginnin g f om Me o e an d e x ten d ing as f as th e b en ds
, r r ar

[o f the ri ve ] T h ey are n o t su bj ect to the Ethi op ian s b u t li ve in d ep e n d ently

r .
,

b eing di vi de d into several s o vereignti es 1

.

Ag ath em eru s (thir d c en tury A D ) in a b al d lis t o f Afr ic an r ac es

inclu d es N iB (sic) o n ei ther si d e o f th e N ile

oz

oz
2
.

Pliny s ays : T h e islan d o f th e S em b err itae o n th e Nil e o b eys a

qu een Eigh t d ays j o u r n ey fu r th er [n o r th] ar e the E th i o pi an N u b el

. .

6
Th ei r ci ty o f T enu p sis is o n th e Nil e .

P to l em aeu s simpl y m enti o ns a nu mb er o f E thi opian tr ib es wi th

o u t l an d is h n am e s b u t c o n tr ib u te s n o th ing d eni te to o u r kn o wl e d g e
,

O f th e m b e y o n d th at th ey liv e d o n th e Nil e in th e Isl an d o f M e r o e ,

an d b ey o n d an d in th e w e s ter n s te pp e s
4
.
,

Pr o co pi u s s ays o f El ep h antin e (Aswan ) in the l atter half O f the

6

six th cen tu ry T h er e live b esi de s m any o ther r ac es th e very l ar ge

,

, ,

tr ib e s o f Bl em y es an d N o b atae T h e fo r m e r o ccu p y th e in te r i o r o f .

th e c o u n tr y an d th e l atte r r esi d e in th e Nil e va ll ey an d r e l ate s th at

dpw r epcbv 6S Ne Lo Noa t 3? Atbp , [J y a duo s,

1 61!
Ka r o uco a w

65 s pba e ws r o i}

1
r 7 . .

s Mepbns dpfdner oc uxpc 7 63V dy m br wv

du b A l t btl av, d AA 15 19

r ob x brr or a r r bptevoc r oi s

b b
,

n Ael o cs Ba a I Aei a t s Ot et k nuuum S tr a o C asau o n , II , 78 6 . ed . XV .

i w k
,
2
B k 1 1 , C h 5 , p 4 1 ap G e o g r M n o r e s Ag ath e m e r u s r o te i n G ree an

bi gm P l my g y il
. . . . . .

a r d e e n t t e d G eog r ap hi as H up o ty p osis

en t o f to e s G e o r ap h

Pli y l il g
.

n , H is t N a t Bk V I , I n s u a i n N o S e m b e r r itar um r e i n ae p ar e t
6
35
ii i m m il
. . . . .

Ab e a N u b e i Ae t hi o p e s di er um o c to t n e r e O p p du c o ru N o i m p o situ m ,
il w
.

T e n up si s F o r t h e s an d o f t h e S e m b e r r it ae ( S e m b r i t ae ) , h i c h i s p e r h ap s t h e
i i b w l f ll wi g
.

d str ct et e e n K as sa a an d Kal l ab zl t , s e e o o n c h ap t e r

P li y l ll m ib y i by m m
.

n a so c a s so e tr e in S r a th e s a e n a e o f N u b e i N ec n o n in
m i m m b mi i
.

e d a S y r i ae ad Li b an u m o n te p e n e tr an ti b u s N u b ei s , q ui u s jun g u n tu r Ra s .

D e in d e T ar an ei , d e i n d e P at am i ( Bk V I ,
ll
. .

4
E d M u e r , Bk I V , 7 4 8 7 8 3
x f ll w
. . .

6
D e B el la P ersi co , B k 1 , 5 9 T h e t e t i s as o o s : eur a a g em r e d AAa q d

. . .

NoBd r a t , n oAva q wrr br a r a y ew] dAAd B A/t ve s
B Anvs r e Ka i u ev r a br s

i 5 pvr a t Ka i
' -

ns r

.
,

tb
x p s
a s r t

z u
j a a ( i
fr m/.r a t , No otr. a t 5 6 r d d up i NeZ

o n o r a nbv

xo va t . . P r o co p i us was
b b
o rn a o u t 5 00 an d d e d a o u t 5 6 5 A D i b .
I 2
. . XX VI I . AN D T HE LIBYAN ELEMENT 25

D i o cl eti an( ) p ying

2 8 4 305 A D
a t o b o th tr ib e s a s o r t o f
. as well as

D an e g e l d g ave th e NO B ATAE a tr ac t o n th e Nil e b anks an d e n trus te d

-

t o th e m th e c ar e o f th e D o d ek as ch o i n os th e d is tr ic t s o u th o f ,

A sw n 1
.

XXV I In The Eg yp tian S udan B u d ge sp eaks o f th es e NO B ATAE o r 2

N UB A as a p ow er fu l tr ib e o f n o mads w h o lived in the We s ter n

D e s er t an d add s T h e N o b atae app ear to h av e c o m e o r igin ally

fr o m D r Fr an d K o r d Ofn an d in D i o cl e ti an s tim e th e i r s ettl e

m e nts e xte n d e d to th e o asis Of K h ar ga Again h e s ay s 3

T he .

p e o pl e w h o live d in the d es er ts o n th e w es t o f th e kno wn

t o cl assic al w r i ter s as
Nu b ae o r N u bi ans an d
N ob adae o r

, ,

N o b atae In R o m an tim e s th e N u bi ans c o nsis te d of a l eag ue o f

.

t h e g r eat tr ib e s o f th e We s te r n D es er t 4
.

T h e s tatem en t th at th e s ettl e m en ts o f th e N UB A ex te n d e d to th e
o as e s o f K h ar g a r e s ts o n th e r e m ar k o f P r o c o pi u s to th e e ffe c t th at
5

t h e NO B AT AE w h o w er e s ett l e d b y D i o cl e ti an b etwe e n Egyp t an d th e

B LE M YES h ad o r igina ll y live d

ab o u t th e ci ty o asis ar g a)

(i e K h . . .

I t h as b ee n o bj e c te d th at th e in h abi tants o f th e o as e s w er e u n
6

d ou b ted l y o f a Lib yan s to ck an d th at th e NO B ATAE w er e e ss e nti ally ,

a Nil o tic rac e an d c o u l d n o t h av e b ee n so far n o r th an d th at th er e fo r e ,

P r o c o piu s w as at fau l t Bu t this is a ver y r isky lin e o f ar gu m e nt :

.

th e r e is n o p r o o f th at th e N O B ATAE w e re e ss e n ti ally Nil o tic an d th er e ,

i s a qu i te d e ni te p r o b abili ty th at th e Libyan r ac e s th e anci e n t ,

T EM E HU an d th e N O B AT AE w h e th er o n th e r iver o r w e s t o f i t h ad
, , ,

c o mmingl ed T h r o u ghou t h is to r y th e n o mads o f th e wes t Libyans

.
,

o r B er b e r s h av e m ain tain e d an in ti m ate c o nn e c ti o n wi th th e d w e ll e rs

,

in th e Nil e vall ey ; an d th er e m ay h ave b een b o th Libyans an d

N O B ATAE at K h ar g a o r a mix tu r e o f th e two , .

XXV I I AS regar d s th e r eligi o n o f th es e N bians th e evi d enc e is

ver y sligh t In 45 2 A O P riscu s tells u s a p eace was m ade b etw een
.
7
. .
, ,

M aximin th e R o man gen eral an d the BLEMYES an d N b ians an d

, , ,

o n e cl au s e o f i t s tip u l ate d th at th e R o m ans s h o u l d all o w th e o th e r s ,

acc o r d ing to th e i r anci e n t c u s to m to m ak e a o u r n ey to P h il ae an d

j ,

visi t th e te mpl e o f Isis an d tak e th e nc e th e s tatu e o f th e g o dd ess and

b r ing i t b ack after a c er tain tim e .

Bu t C h r is ti ani ty h ad by n o w b egu n to n d c o nv er ts in N abi a .

6
1
S ee E v e tts , p . 260 .
2
11 , 1 76 .

11 , 41 7
i g m mw vid
.

o f th e e
4
I n t h e s e q u o tat o n s B u d e s e e s t o p r ess s o e h at ah e ad e n ce

w x g wi will l
.

To h at e t e n t I a r ee t h h im ap p e ar ate r

ll vi w
.

6
L o c ci t 6
Ha , Re e i n M a n of M ay 1 912
ll
. . .

7
F r ag m 2 1 ( e d M u e r ) ap L e t r o n n e , 1 1 , 2 05 if P r is c u s i s a

iy gy im fi g l
. . . .

g o o d au t h o r t as h e w as i n E p t at t h e t e an d a r e n d o f th e en er a .
26 T HE NUBI ANS ,
T HE NUB A XX VI I .

T h e s tatem en t E u s ebi u s that so ear l y as th e r eign o f C o n s tantin e

of
1

(3 1 3 337) C hr is ti anity h ad p en etr ated to th e E th i o pi ans an d BLE M YE S

r e fer s to th e Ab y ssini ans an d T r o gl o d y te s c o nv e r te d b y F r u m e n ti u s

in th e eas t b u t i t is n o n e th e l ess p r o b abl e th at th er e w ere C h r is ti an s

2
,

in N b ia at the s am e p er i o d an d th e re co r d o f C o smu s In d ic o ,

p l e u s te s p r o v e th at th er e w er e s o m e th ere in th e fth c e n tu ry
6
.

XXV I I I In th e sixth c e ntu ry c o nver si o n to o k pl ac e o n a l ar ge r

scal e A c er tain p r i es t named J u lianu s
. gr eatly c o ncer n ed fo r
th e bl ack p eo pl e o f th e N o b ad es w h o li v e d o n th e s o u th er n b o r d er ,

o f th e T h eb ai d an d as th ey w e r e h eath e n h e wis h e d to c o nv er t
,

th e m He acc o r d ingl y p er s u ad e d T h eo d o r a th e Emp r e ss o f ,

J u s tini an to s e n d him o n a missi o n to N bia Th ere h e tau gh t an d

, .

b ap tiz e d th e king an d th e n o bl e s w er e al l th e p eo pl e o f ,

K u sh ites c o nv er te d to th e o r th o d o x fai th an d th ey b ec am e s u bj ec ts
4
,

o f t h e th r o n e o f Al ex an d r i a
5
.

By th e l atter h alf o f th e c entu ry n o r th er n N b ia h ad b een fo r m e d

6

into a C h r is ti an king d o m u n d er S i lko th e k ing who s e G reek in scr ip ,

ti o n w as fo u n d in th e te mpl e o f T almis ( K al abs ha) I t is n o t u nlik e ly .

th at h e was th e ac tu al c o nv e r t o f J u li anu s an d h e w as alm o s t c er tainl y ,

t h e fo u n d er o f D o ng o l a w h ich w as to r e m ain th e c api tal o f N bi a ,

fo r th e s eve n c e n tu r i es d u r ing w hi c h th at c o u n tr y b ar r e d th e p r o g r e s s
o f th e Ar abs an d th e i r r e ligi o n fr o m th e u pp er v all e y o f th e Nil e .

XX I X Bu t w h en all is s ai d w e kn o w very li ttl e o f th e s tate o f affai r s

in N bia in S ilko s tim e o r O f the p eo pl e o ver wh o m h e r u l e d th ei r

,

r aci al c h arac ter is tics th e i r c u s to ms o r th e i r p o li ty , ,

.

T h ey w ere i t s eems alm o s t c o n tinu o u sly at war wi th th e s till

.

p agan BLEM YE S w h o o ccu pi ed th e l o w er vall ey o f th e Nil e fr o m

7

P r imis ( Ib r im) to th e fr o nti er s o f Egy p t ; an d S ilk o als o sp eaks o f

h i s r ai d s ag ains t th e o th er s ab o ve [i e south of] th e N o b ad ae
6
. . .
,

1
Vi t C ons ta n ti ni , 1 , 8 , ap L e t r o n n e , l oc ci t 2
S ee I , 1 XX b va o e

li l
. . .
. .
,
6
S e e B u t e r , n o t e t o A b u Sa h, p p 2 6 5 , 2 6 6
m y i b li f J bi m hy i
. .

4
L e th e o n o p h s te e e s T h e n ar r at o r w as a aco te o r onop s te

Ch i i
. .

r st an

l d by B d g ( 5 ) f m h S y i f B h b
.

6
T i l

r an s at e E l i
u e 11, 29 ro t e r ac o ar e r aeu s s cc es as t ca

Hi B h b
s tory Ab l F ag d w
ar e h li w k f J h f
r ae u s , o r u e ar re up o n t e e ar er or o o n o

l i B d g l J li
.
,

E h L

'

p e su s . P k L iet r o n n e q u o te s o co c e s at n t r an s at o n u e p ace s u an u s s

b w l wh ki g i ly d i
.

d at e d 5 8
et B h b ee n 5 40 an 4 ar e r ae u s e se er e , s p e a n n acc u r at e an n
di i g y h i h ig f C i w
.

c o n tr a h ct o n d to t e p as s a e q u o te sa s t at n t e re n o o n s t an t n e e re

conv d ll h g e r te h E hi ai N bi t d h
e ne ( L roes , su c as
,

t o p an s , u an s an ot ers see etr o n n e ,

loc

h i i i f S ilk
.

S L 6
do etr o n n e ate s t e ns cr pt on O o

Th i i i f S ilk y
.

7
a '
e n s cr pt on o b o sa s: rr o lna a eip u nv ner m i n? a t c uoo a u
'

nor 7

I m d wi h h m d h y w by h i id l
.

ax
er m a a or ou, a e p e ace t t e an t e s ore to m e t e r o s

Th y w v d h ly f w d
.

e e r e co n e rt e s o rt a te r ar s

ki B dg ( ) w gly
.

6
Th G N d AAo t
1 1 , 2 9 2 3

e r ee s at ou at awu c wwr p w u e ro n t r an s
l ki g
.

at es h h N b d
t L
e ot i Th
er h o h h
a es : e t r o nn e s co r r e ct . ese Ot er s , t e ot er n s
28 T HE NUBI ANS ,
T HE NUB A XXX I .

d e p th l ng it o r if o n e p r efer ther e is a mo r e d i re ct r ou te th at
all a o , ,

fo ll o wed by th e Tu r ks in 1 8 2 1 an d by m o s t o f the Ar ab c ar avans ,

via th e d ee p er d es er t w e lls o f e l Sa Hob agi an d El ai F u r th e r , , .

we s t an d very r o u gh l y p ar all el to th e Wdi el Mukad d am is the .

S imil ar Wd i e l M e lik r u nning fr o m th e D a r f r b o r d er in to th e Nil e

at D e bb a o nly fo r ty ve mil e s w e s t o f K o r ti
,
-
.

At e l Ayn o n th is Wdi an d at Ab u S u n to th e w es t Of it are

simil ar trace s of hu m an o ccu p ati o n w e ll kno wn to the n o mad s an d 1

,

at th e s o u th e rn en d o f i t n ear th e D r f r b o r d er th ey ar e very c o mm o n

in d eed .

XXX I I In thes e p ar ts the u n d er gr ou n d water s u pply h as d e cr eas ed

t o a v ery s tr iking e x te n t o f l ate y ear s an d th at in anci e n t d ays th e ,

r ainfall w as c o n s i d erably m o r e h e avy is p r o v e d I th ink by th e , ,

p r es ence o f gigan tic b ao b abs (tubeldi : A dansonia dig i ta ta) th at

ar e c e n tu r i e s o l d an d c o u l d h ar d l y h av e p ass e d th r o u g h th e ear ly

s tages o f gr ow th h ad th e c o u ntry b ee n as d ry as it n o w is S o m e .

h u n d r e d s o f y ear s ag o th e c o u n try o n b o th si d e s o f th e tw o g r eat

W dis m enti o n e d m ay h av e b een h abi tabl e al l th e y ear thr o u gh 2
.

XXX I I I N o w it is c er tain th at in p as t c e ntu r i es D AN AGLA fr o m the

Nil e h ave s ettl e d at e l Har az a an d fr es h c o l o ni es have j o ined th e ,

o l d er o n e s wi thi n r e c e n t y ear s I t is als o b e li eve d b y th e p eo pl e o f

6
.

G eb e l Mi d ob in D arf r ab o u t 1 40 mil e s wes t o f the Wi d i e l M elik , ,

th at th e i r anc es to r s w er e M AHAS S an d D AN AG LA fr o m th e Nil e

4
an d ,
,

as P r o fe ss o r S e ligm an h as p o in te d o u t th ere ar e v er y cl o s e lingu is tic

5
,

r e s embl anc e s b e tw ee n a lis t o f th e i r n u m erals w h ic h I c o ll e c te d in

an d th o s e o f th e B ARA B RA o n th e r iv er
6
1912 .

Emigr an t B ARABRA m ay h ave r each e d G eb e l M idOb by way o f

e l Har z a an d K a ga o r m o r e p ro babl y by way o f th e Wdi e l M elik
,
7
.

Bu t if B ARAB RA fr o m K o r ti an d D e bb a wh ic h ar e b etw ee n th e th i r d ,

an d fo u r th c atar ac ts an d o nl y a few mil es fro m th e py r ami d s o f

B ar k al c o u l d s ettl e at e l Haraz a as w e kn o w th ey d i d and at Midob

, , , ,

as w e m ay b e fai r ly s u re th ey d i d th e r e is n o r eas o n to d eny th e

6
,

p r o b abi li ty o f co r r esp o n ding m o ve m ents al o ng the s am e lines in th e

1
v vi i d
I ha lly h
e not i s te p e r so n a t es e tw o s t es .
2
ig i y h I
Dur n d i h
s x K d fa I v w y g
e ar s t at p as se n n o rt e rn or o n ne er s a a o un

b b b g wi g lf w T h A b l d l h i
ao a ro n se -
h hi g
so d n e ra s a so e c ar e t er e s n o su c t n an s ay

f m h im f N h
.

th e b ldi tu d e s at e ro t e t e o oa
il M lVIi h l T
.

6
F d or e ta Ch s s ee ac c ae ap VI
M il i wi h i h i by h i ill
. .
,
4
I bid C h

d ap V II at r n e ar e s c ent t n e r tan c e t e s s te r s s o n s t
h ld g d M d ob i di d i Ch i i gl S
. . .

o s oo at D i as t n r s t an on o a ee p 59
Cf h v b l i f K z d N bi giv b y B kh d
. . .

6
L i oc c t. t e o ca u ar e s o en u an u an s en urc ar t
P bli h d i j X
. . .

6
u A h p I
s e n3 our n nt r o nst LI I , 1 9 1 2, p 3 9
f m Mi d ob d h b f ll w h i li i h i y
. . . . .

M 7
d ar au ers ro an t er e a o u ts o o t s ne n t e ra n s e as o n
an d l y wi wh i d i g h A b
e ar n te r en ra n t e ra s

P
.

6
S ee ar t I , C h ap 4 . .
 XXX V . AN D T H E LI BYAN ELEMENT 29

o pp o si te d i re cti o n at o ther time s an d I am s tr o ngl y inclin e d to think that

th e N O B AT AE w ere o nc e l o r d s o f th e Bay d a an d th e c o u ntr y S o u th o f i t .

an d that th e i r n e g ro anc e s tor s m ay h av e p r e vi o u sl y o u s te d th e Lib y an

r ac e s th er e fr o m o r m or e pr o b ably b e c o m e fu s e d wi th th e m in r ac e
, , , .

XXX I V T h e nehes o f S en u ser t II I an d T h o thm es I and to a , ,

m o d i e d extent m o s t o f the w e s ter n an d s ou ther n su bj ects o f the

,

N b ian dyn as ty wh ic h r u l e d Egyp t m ay h ave b een o f th e s am e s to ck ,

as th es e n e g r o anc e s to r s o f th e N O B ATAE an d th ei r p ar tl y Lib y an iz e d

d esc en d an ts r esp e c tiv e ly ; an d if th e r aci al s u bs tr atu m w as th e s am e ,

i t is n atu ral t o s u pp o s e th at the ex te nt an d d i r e cti o n o f migr ati o n to

an d fr o m th e r iv er w e r e at d iffer ent p er i o d s r e gu l ate d by th e w eak

n e ss o r s tren gth as th e c as e might b e o f o th er an d h o s til e rac es

, ,

living o n th e Nil e .

F o r ins tanc e w h e n th e ti d e o f n eg r o invasi o n w as r o ll e d b ack

,

fr o m n o r ther n N bia in th e tim e o f th e New Empi re m o s t w o u l d ,

r eti r e s o u th w ar d s al o ng th e r iv e r b u t th e p r e s e nc e o f ali e n Nil o tic ,

n egr o e s in th ei r p ath o r o th er cau s es m ay have l ed a p r o p o rti o n to

, ,

m o ve w e s twar d s wh er e th ei r kin m ay o r m ay n o t h av e b een already

,

establis h e d I f th e s am e s to ck as m o d i e d by Liby an ad mix tu r e

. ,
, ,

w as s tr o ng e n o u g h at a l ater d ate to su pp o r t th e N b ian Empi r e o f

N ap ata it was by th en p r o b ably p r e d o minant als o in n o r th er n
K Or d ofn an d a s tead y in ter c o u r s e w o u l d n atu r ally exist b e tw ee n
,

th e r iv erain an d w e s ter n g ro u ps u ntil th e th i r d c en tu r y B C w h e n , . .

E r ato sth en es sp o ke o f th em c o ll ectively as N DB i a a .

In any cas e th er e is evi d enc e o f a cl o s e c o nn e cti o n b etw een th e

n egr o invad er s of th e s ec o n d mill enni u m B C th e r ank an d l e of th e . .
,

N bi ans wh o c o nqu er e d Egyp t u n d er th e tw e n ty fth d yn asty th e -

in habi tants o f th e G ezira at th e s am e p er i o d th e p r es ent inhabitan ts ,

o f th e N UB A m o u n tains o f s o u th er n K o r d o fn th e N O B AT AE o f L o w er ,
.

N ubi a an d the so c all ed NUB A o f n o r ther n K o r d o fn

, .

XXXV T h e weakes t li nk in th e ch ain is p er h aps that co nn ecti ng

n o r th er n and s o uth er n K o r d ofn b u t e v e n h er e at the p r es en t d ay , ,
'

th o u g h th e g en eral p h ysiq u e is o bvi o u sl y qu i te d iffer e n t th er e is a ,

co mm o n fu n d o f s u p er s ti ti o ns c o nne cte d wi th r ainm aker s an d ser

p e n ts an d e c o gniz abl e c r ani al r es embl anc es
,
r
1
.

1
P i l ly
ar t c u ar i l gi T h i w i d
th e att e n nig o f th e f
ro n to -

p ar e ta re on . s as po n te o ut

to m e i K
n by P f
1 91 S ligm
2 at ( i H d Af i
ga S d r o e s so r e an 9 v n a r va r r ca n tu i es ,
w h m i i g i hi i
. .

11 ; V i Af i
ar a I b
r ca na , 11 , t m ay e o rt ent o n n n t s c o n n e ct o n

t hat m y so I w
e ld K ag h h
e ar s i
ag o l i as to at a t at t e an c e n t p op u at o n

u se d b y h i d d igh L i w ld h m f S h K d fa
to ur t e r ea up r t ep s u s as to t e sa e o o ut ern or o n

K d fa k i m f m h hi ll f h m
.

pp 22 1 or o n ta e s ts n a e ro t e o t at n a e

l l O b id A d by h iv h m d ly ly h
.

c o se to e e s u se t e n at es t e na e oes no t p r o p er ap p to t e
md H az g dj i i g i
.

no a y h h
co u n t r h K to t f bi lle no rt n o r to t e g a-
ar a ro up o s a o n n t no r
to t h N b me i u i ha h S M Mi h l
o u nta n s A p n t e so ut . ee ac c ae , p . 1 .
30 T HE NUBI AN S , T HE NUB A XXX VI .

XXX V I O th er mino r p o ints th at p o ssibly s erve to c o nn e ct th e O l d

in habi tants o f c entral an d n or th er n K o r d o fn wi th th e p eo pl e w h o
liv e d at th e tim e o f th e tw e nty fth d y n as ty in th e G ezir a an d eve n ,

e as t o f i t ar e r s tl y th e o ccu r r e nce o f tu mu li ex actl y simil ar to

, , , ,

th o s e d e sc r ib e d ab o v e b o th o n th e K er r er i h ills cl o s e to O m d u r m an ,

an d o n th e sm all r o ck y e min e nc e s s u c h as G e b e l e l Ke h a d r o u n d
y , ,

Wad Hasu n a an d Ab u D elayk an d s e c o n d ly th e S imil ar i ty b e tw e e n

1
, , ,

th e c o n te n ts o f s o m e mi dd ens I fo u n d at F ar ag b in C e n tr al K o r d o
2

fan n e ar Br a an d o bj e c ts fo u n d at G eb e l M o y a (e g o s tr ich e g g . .
-

b ead s ) an d at M e r o e an d thi r d ly th e n d ing o f at s to n e r ings

6 4
, , ,

wh ich m ay c o nc eivably h ave b e e n c er em o ni al m ac e h ead s o r in s o m e -

c as es w eap o ns o f o ffence b u t w h ich I thi nk ar e m or e like l y to h av e , , ,

b een weigh ts o r s tan d s fo r r o u n d b o tto m e d j ar s b o th in th e

6
,
-

v l y j y
B o th se e r a d a s o u r n e e ast o f K h ar to u
1
m

x Pl ligm
.

2
S e e M ac M i c h ae l , T ri bes A p p e n di an d at e X IX , an d S e an i n A nna ls

J y
.

of A r ch a nd A n thr ul 1 91 6

i b l vi li k wi b ill
. . .

6
T h e se o st r c h eg g e a d s a so p r o -
de a n th t h e N o r t h e r n N u a h s

k l l i li w ig
.

P al l m e ( p 1 5 6 ) s p e a s o f t h e p e o p e o f th e att e r ( D a e r , T e ka , e tc ) as e ar n
i li mb m ll b b iz b
. .

r o u n d th e r o ns a nu er o f s a u tt o n s o f a o u t t h e s e o f a s hi rt u tt o n , -

m ad e o f th e s h e ll i wi
o f t h e o s tr c h s e g g , f i g
t h a p e r o r at o n i n t h e c e n t r e , t h r o u h

wi ig ig m g
h c h a s t r n i s p as se d , co nn e c t n th e to eth e r k bl y
I t o o th e t r o u e , h e s a s ,
ig i gl b ibb my i
.

o f co u nt n the s n e u tto n s o f o n e o f t h e se r ons in p o s s e s s o n , an d

f l mb
o u n d a t o ta n u er o f

m im
At th e sa e t i b
e t h e u s e o f o str c h e g g b
e ad s i s n o t c o n n e d t o t h e N u a -

s to c k ll k
T h e S hi u m e n c o mm ly w gi l m
on e ar r d es m yb k
ad e o f t h e T he r ea ll th e s h e
i i g l bi i f gm g
. .

n t o r r e u ar t s , p e r ce t h e r a e n t i n t h e ce n t r e , an d t h e n r o u n d o ff th e e d e s

by ig
cr u s h n m xxxi
( W e s t e r an n , p )
ligm i ig mbl i lly b w
. .

an , l oc ci t , d s c u ss n t h e se r e se th at
4
S ee S e an ce s , e s p e c a et e en

y y F gb ik mw m
. .

t h e t p e s o f p o tt e r at M e r o e an d ar a a H e th n s th at A t a so e h at r e o te
i l b k P lmi F i i
.

p e r o d
p e r h ap s a t e as t as f a r ac as t h e t o e a c
th e ar ag ab s t e w as o cc u p e d

by l i l livi g
a p e o p e r c h i n c att e , n g w i gb
i n h u t s o f r as s o r s tr a , an d u s n i o n e p o n ts

i w
fo r th e r l i iv y w i
e ap o n s ; a p e o p e r c h i n

or , y w k wi im l m
h ch t h e o r ed th p e en t s o f
s to n e

Pl I I S m f h h y h m
.

M Mi h l l
6
ac i c ae oc i c t at e o e o t e se t e ar e n t e u se um at

m hy i fli g i g i i m
. . .
,

Kh ar t o u
ar e p o rp Ba r b
te , e s te , n e ss , o r r an te , e as at sa, ut o st a r e

f d ligh d f i bl f w
. .

o f so t s and s t o n e an to o Th N b f h t an r a e o r u se as e ap o n s e as o so ut ern

K d fa h d d l b ( S lig A N li h i
.

or o ph i l n u se s er ca s to n e j -
ea e c u s e m an , eo t c ou r n

i g f m K yli f wh i h I h v ll d mb
.

R A I ThX L, e s to n e r n s ro a o c a e co e cte nu e rs

d wh i h h gh g h i w k h i x ly h m m fh
. . .
,

an c t ou ro u er n or m an s p, ar e e ac t t e sa e as s o e o t o se

f m h K d fa d b y C wf f m b
,

ro n o rt d
er n or o 5
n , ar e 5 at e ro oot ro a o ut A D 1 0 to A D 3 0
( S ligm
. .

e l i an , oc c t p
i i m d E y w bli w igh d m yw
. . .

I n an c e n t as h n o er n g pt t ere er e pu c e ers , an one as

i h f m f i g
n t e or f g ld od ilv r n d w s ol d b y i w igh W ilki
o an s e r , an as a so t e ste ts e t n so n ,
ki g f h i g y A d i i m k bl h h m yi d y
.

s p ea n o t e se r n s , sa s : n t s re ar a e t at t e sa e c u r r en c s to a

e m l y d i S d h igh b i g
p o e n en n r i an F h mr h t e ne o ur n co u n t r e s

u rt er o e, e n o t es ,

Th J w l w igh d h i m y T h i w igh w f d h w d
.

e e s a so e e t e r o ne e r e ts er e o sto n e ; an t e or

w igh i m
.

e t n (M d Th
e an s a s to n e a nners a n I I , 1 0, e

ill i f m T h b d i d by W ilki
u st r at o n s ro h w h e h esw igh w v y e p c te n so n S o t at t e se e ts ere er

lik h e t i g fM
e s to n e r n d h l s o ibly h v b m d i imi i
e r o e , an t e att er m ay p o ss a e e en a e n tat o n
o f h E gy i
t e y m C l B pt an s d His te f h m l i g H dd
p a so r e as t e st p 92, or t e et a r n s e a s

w igh wi h h i iv l i h i g T h i i g
. . . . .
,

t h at st o n e e ts t t e r eq u a e n ce n suc r n s s r n

m y i h ld y k w Th m i i g f Da f l
.

one s t e O e st c u r r e n c no n e o s t an c e n t c o n a e o r ur a so

k h f m f i g L mi g d m i i f bli D f
.

to o t e or o r n s . e p re er e n re e nu r a re qu ut ta au r our,
I 2
. . XXX X I . AN D T HE LI BYAN ELEMENT 31

n o r th er n h ills o f K o r d o f n at G eb e l M o ya G e b e l K ay li (o n th e , ,

K h ar to u m K ass al a r o ad ) in fro n t o f th e al tar at B as a an d in fac t

-
1
, ,

a l l o v er th e Isl an d o f M e r o e .

XXXV I I O n e m ay say th e n th at w h en th e M u h amm ad an Ar abs ,

in v ad e d L o wer NtI b ia in th e s eve nth c e ntu r y A D th ey fo u n d th er e

'

a r ac e rad ic ally c o mp o u n d e d o f p r e d y n as tic Egyp ti an an d c o gn ate -

Hami tic e l em e nts bl e n d e d wi th d ynas tic Egyp ti an an d Lib y an s to cks

a n d d e eply an d r ep e ate d l y m o d i e d b y for ty c e n tu r i e s o f d il u ti o n

wi th N e gr o bl o o d O n e o f th e tw o m ain N egr o s trains w as p r o b ably

2
.

d er ived fro m K o r d o fn an d th e G ez ir a an d in cl assic al tim e s h ad

b e en r ep r es en te d in m o di e d fo r m by th e N O B ATAE o r N UB A .

XXX V I I I As fu r th er evi d e nc e o f a fu si o n o f Nb a an d Liby an

e l em e n t s in th e B ay d a an d w e s t o f i t an o th e r fac t m ay b e ci te d .

S o l ate as th e s eve n tee n th c en tu ry A D 3

th e B ay d a w as S till .

kno wn as it h ad b een a c entu r y ear li er to L eo Afr icanu s as th e

, ,

D e s er t o f G o ran o r G o r h am o r G o r h an a n am e c o nn e c te d wi th
, , ,

K ORA AN an d as I b e li eve wi th G aram a an d G ar am an tes 4

, ,

XXX I X Th es e KURA AN wh o m el Ham d ni by th e

6
.

w ay incl u d e s wi th th e NUB A Z I N G an d Z AG HAW A as d e sc en d ant s o f

, ,

C an aan so n o f Ham are a mixtu r e o f T I BB U an d n egr o an d at th e

, ,

p r es en t d ay they fo r m a l ar ge n o mad ic s e cti o n o f that r ac e in th e

d e s e rts n or th o f D rf r an d Wadi an d ar e c o mm o nly sp o k e n o f
6
,

s T IB B U KURA AN T h ei r l angu age is a d i al ect o f T I B BU

. .

O f th e T I B B U K ean e s ays
T h e T ib u th emse l v es pp ar en tly dir ect d escen d ants o f the an ci ent
,
a

G aram n tes h av e th ei p r ime v al h o me in th e T ib esti r an ge i e th e Ro cky

a ,
r , . .

M ou ntain s w hen ce they take thei n me (T i b u Ro ck

,

r a -

T he r e e tw o d i st i n c t se cti o n s
ar t h e n o rth e r n T e d as a n ame r e callin g , ,

t h e T e d am an sii a b r n ch o f G ar am an te s l o c ate d b y P to l emy s o me w h er e

,
a

bi
l e fu t p ar l e s h a t an t s d u P c h e r I ls p r r e n t p o u r o n n a e d e s an n e au d et a n i m i x
i
ii w l wv l y
.. .

( T an s , V oy a u D arfo ur , p O n th e h o e , h o e er , I e an to t h e t h eo r
g w im l y wi bl j wf
. .

t h at t h e s e r i n s o f s t o n e ere s p s t an d s o n h c h t o a an c e ar s ( C ro o o t in

S ud a n N otes a nd R ecor d s , A p r 1 9 2 0, p
wf l
. .

I s an d o f M e r o e ( M e m X I X , A r ch S ur v N ub p p 1 6 , 1 , 7
1
C ro o o t,

Pl
. . . . .

an d ate X I )

lli mi ll
.

th , A r ch S ur v N ubi a , B u
2
C p E ot S 1 1 1 , 1 9 09 , p p 2 2 if
kl y
. . . . . .

( 1 6 7 0) q u o te d i n th e Ha u t e d
6
S e e R B l o m e s G e og r ap hi cal

fi
. .

o f L e o A r can u s , I , 2 8

v i i bj m f lly x
.

4
I h a e d sc u s se d t h s s u e c t o re u i n an Ap p e n di to Th e Tri bes of
Aror ther n a nd C en tr a l K or d ofa n
'

6
S e e M akr i z i , K h eta t, 1 1 , 5 7 1

m l bi i
.

6
T h e n a e Ku r a n a s o o cc u r s i n Ar a a as t h at o f a se c t o n o f Hu w ay t t n e ar

ib
D a o n th e Re d S e a co as t B u r to n (L a n d of M i di a n , 1 1 , 9 7 ) ent o n s t h e s e p e o p e m i l
y bl g li mix
.

h e s a s t h at t h e p o rt o f D um ay g h a e o n s to t h e B e B ali yy ) w h o ar e ed

wi th a few K u r a n H u a t at an d K ar ai z ah H u ta

-
wy
B u r c h ar d t (N ubi a , p -
ym k
mm i g g f m y i
. .

co en t n o n t h e p ass a e ro e l H am d n i , s a s : T h e N e g r o e M o s li m s t o t h s
ly
d ay ap p m
th e n a e o f K o r an n d s c r n at e i i imi
t o al l th e p a an N e r o n atio n s ly g g .
32 T HE NUBI ANS , T HE NUB A XXX X I .

b etw een T rip olitana an d Ph az an ia (Fezzan) ; an d the S o u th ern D azas ,

th r o u gh w h om th e T ib u me rge grad u all y i n th e n egro i d p o p u l ati o n s o f

[the] central Su d an T h is intermingling with the bl acks d ates f om r emo te

. r

times wh en ce P to l emy s r emark th at th e G ar am an tes seemed r ath er mo re

,

Ethi o pian s th an
fu ll bl o o d tru e Hami te s - 1
.

X L cc o u nts giv
T he en by Her o d o tu s
a P to l emy and P o m p o niUs ,

M e la give an impressi o n o f th e Gar am an tes as a n o m ad race exten d

2

ing fr o m n o r th o f F ez z n as far s ou th as Nb ia .

Her o d o tu s s ay s : T h e G ar am antians h ave fo u r h o r s e ch ar i o ts i n

-

wh ich th ey ch as e th e Tr o gl o d yte E th i o pi ans and P to l emy S o m e

6
,

v ery gr eat rac es i nh abi t L aby a n am ely th at o f th e G aram antes wh ich ,

ex t en d s fr o m th e s o ur c e s o f th e r iv er B ag r ad a as far as th e l ak e o f

X LI Ag ai n , m o r e th an a mill e nn i u m later , we
h av e L e o ( . 1 5 3
1
1
5)
s aying 6

Nu bia i s en cl o se d o n th e so u th si d e w ith the d esert o f G o ran T he .

ki ng o f Nu bi a m in tain eth co n tinu all warr e p art l y agai n st the p eop le o f

a

Go ran (wh o b eing descen ded of the p eop le called Zingani inhab ite the 6

d eserts an d sp eak s a ki n d e o f l ang u age th at n o o th er n ati on vn d ers tand eth )

an d p artl y ag ain st c e rt ai n o th e r
(i e th e Bu g ih a o r B ega )
7
. . .

X L I I O n the str ength o f th es e qu o tati o ns al o n e o ne w ou l d I , ,

th ink b e j u s ti ed in ass u ming th at j u s t as fo r m any y ear s b e fo r e

, ,

th e C h r isti an e r a th ere h ad b e en c o n tac t an d fu si o n b e tween th e

d ar k N bians an d th e Libyan r ac e s d e sc e n d ed fr o m the T E M E HU in
th e c o u n tr y b e twe en D o ngo l a and D r f r s o to o in th e C h ris ti an , , ,

p eri o d th er e was simil ar c o n tact b etw een th e NUB A (NO B ATAE ) an d

th e T IB B U in th at re gi o n .

1
M an : l
P as t a nd P r esen t , p 4 74 T h e at es t an th r o p o o c a r e se ar c h e s in n o l gi l
wi l vi w ll
. .

w a y c as h t h K e an e s

e M M G ai ar d an d P o u tr i n , au th o r s o f Etu d e a nth r o
g y
. .

p ol og i que d es p op ul a ti ons d es r eg i ons d a Tcha d et d u K a n em , a r e e t h at th e ar e

l g ly b
ar e m m
B e r e r s , an d e as u r e en ts s h e e d t h at t h e

e on w y bl g
to a p h s ca t p e yi l y
l l y mbli g
c o se r e se ig i in th e N r t an s o f t h e S ah ar a

( Re e in M an , M ar c h vi w
l y
C ar e tt e ( l oc ci t p 3 1 2 ) a s o s a s th at th e T u an d T u w r e k ar e ibb or n La b y igi m
ta
b ig l g m l i i m i b w
. . .

Be r e r s N ach t a r e ar d e d t h e as a

p o p u at o n n te r e d ate et e e n th e

i ig l fi g
.

nd e n o u s p e o p e s o f N o r t h A r ca an d th e N e r o e s o f t h e S u d an (V o l 1 1 o f S a h
by b
. .

a n d S ud an , q u o te d C ar o n , 1 ,
2
D e S i tu O r bis , c h I V . .
6
Bk I V , c h ap s 1 7 4 , 1 8 3 . . .

4
Bk IV , p 7 4 2
. .

Ka i u yw r a uv $6 11 7; Ka r a uuer a t r n
. v A tbnv 7 6 r e 1 631! P a p a .

ud vr wv Ot ijxou owr o 7 63V 7 00B a y p d da n or a uo u rn 631! uxpt r s N oti er

/ .

6
1 1 , 8 36 ig i
F o r t h e Z n an s ee p 5 6 M arm o l s ers o n o f th e p ass a e q u o te d

v i g
i gl g i i m x
. . .

L e p r n ce [ i e o f D o n o a] a u e r re o r d n a r e e n t t an to s t c o n tr e c e u d e

is :
l
. .

G o r h an , q u i e s t u n e e s p ece d E g y p t i e n s q u i co u r e n t p ar l e s d e se r ts et p ar e n t u n
l gg i li
an a e p art c u e r , t an to s t co n t r e l e s p eu p es q u i d e l m
e u r e n t au L e an t d u N i l v

d an s l e d e se r t (t r an s P er ro t , 1 1 1 , 7 1 M arrn o l o u r s h e d a o ut 1 5 2 0 i b
igi l g zi ig b
. .

e n e r a o n e d i Z n an i see C ar o n , I ,
6
L eo s o r n a is un a (
7
f m k
F o r u rt h er r e ar s o n t h e Ku r a n o f th e p r esen t d ay se e C h ap 4 o f th s art

. i P .
 X LI V . A N D T HE LIBYAN ELEMENT 33

A s tr o ng gum e n t for th e hyp o th esis is als o p r o vi d ed by th e cas e

ar ,

al r e ad y q u o te d o f G e b e l Mi d ob
,
wh er e w e h ave a n egr o Hamitic ,
-

p o p u lati o n cl aiming r e l ati o ns hip wi th the N bian s o f th e Nil e an d

sp eak ing a l angu ag e aki n to that o f th e l atter 1
.

X L I I I Fu r th er e v i d e nc e is p er h aps to b e fo u n d in th e r o ck pictu r e s -

at S h al shi o n e o f th e sm all h ills c o mp o sing th e Har a z a r ang e o n th e

2

s o u th er n fr ing e o f th e m e eting gr ou n d of th e tw o r aces T h es e ar e -

.

v e ry similar in typ e to th o s e w h ich o ccu r els ewh er e thr ou gh o u t th at

p o r ti o n o f N o r th Afr ic a wh ich h as b een p r incip ally su bj ected to
Lib y an inu e nce s "
.

X L I V At what d ate th e m o d i e d N UB A s to ck in no r th er n K o r d o fn
was r epl ac ed in th e pl ains by th e n o m ad Ar abs i t is h ar d to s ay b u t ,

th e KAB AB i S H insis t th at o nly s o m e ve o r six g e n er ati o ns ag o th ei r

gr an d fath er s w er e s till engage d in exti r p ating NUB A fr o m the

sm all an d l ess easily d efensibl e h ills T h e c o u n try is so emin e ntly .

s u i tabl e fo r cam e l b r ee d ing th at th e Ar ab is n o t li k e ly to h av e o ver

-

l o o ked it w he n h e r s t b egan to s ettl e in th e S u dan T h e o r o gr ap h ical .

,

h y d r o gr ap h ic al an d clim atic c o n d i ti o ns an d th e v e g etati o n o f

n o r ther n an d c en tr al K o r d o fn all w o n d er fu lly re s e mbl e th o s e o f
t h e Ar abi an h ig h l an d s : i t is a l an d o f s tepp e s an d p as t ur e wi th s u ffi
ci en t water o b tain abl e fo r th e scanty n ee d s o f th e n om ad : it is n o t
giv e n o v er to th e agr icu l tu ris t an d th er e are n o gr eat m o u ntain c hains
t o imp e d e fr e e r o aming Bu t in L e o s tim e ear ly in th e S ix te en th

.
,

1
l f i l k l g g
T h e c ase o f t h e B r ke d o f s o u th cen t r a D ar ur , w h o a so s p e a a an u a e
-

l ly i
c o se b will
ak n t o th at o f th e B ar a r a l wi b e d ea t i P t h i n C h ap 4 o f t h s art

m g v ig ly f if l mi l i g i i
. .

a e a h h an d s e ad n
2
L eje an s aw t h e an d an c u d e sc r p t o n o f
mwi
th e by
h ch i s q u o t e d li i
H artrn ann i n D i e N ig ri ti er ( B er n , 1 8 7 6 , p I co p ed
m l ly l bli l wi m
.
,

th e as c o se as I co u d i n 1 9 08 , an d p u s h e d th e r e s u t th s o e n o te s i n

XXX X
j our n A n thr I ns t y i i i y ly g v
I , 1 9 09 T h e ar e q u t e d s t n ct i n t p e t o th e r u d e en ra ed

m im i li l wi
. . . .

( o r s o e t e s p a n t e d ) u n co u th o ut n e s i n s h ep h e r d s r u d d e

h ch o c c u r o n
ll Fg w
o th e r hi s at e l Har z a, n e ar o a inf i
e ste r n K o r d o a n , at G D a e r o n t h e n o r t h e r n

fi g b m lil bi v y
.

r n e o f D ar N a a, i n S o a an d , i n A r a a, an d all o e r th e T u w r e k co u n tr ,

an d w i by i l i
h ch m l v m lv
t h e n c u s o n o f t h e ca e p r o e t h e li se e s n o t e ar e r t h an t h e

b gi i g
e nn n i i m m
o f t h e C h r s t an e r a, an d m ay b e i u ch iv o r e r e c e n t s n ce t h e n at es o f
w
t h e p r e s e n t d ay i n t h e S u d an d r a w ll
su ch , e g m o n th e i a s o f ro o s T h e p ct ur e s

f ll lif mvm g f l w ll i
. . .

at S h al s h i are u of e an d o e e n t an d ar e r ace u an d e p ro p o rt o n ed
y
th e w i igm
ar e i n r e d an d h te p b k l gi
e n t , an d r e p r e se n t m e n o n h o r s e ac ; a so r af
fe s
y
an d h e n as

Fl m i i
S e e L A n thr op ol og i e , X I I , 1 9 01 ( a an d ) fo r p c tu r e s o f th s t y p e ;
y F XV
.

V
an d fo r t h e r u d e r t p e L A n thr op ol og i e , I I I , 1 8 9 7 ( l am an d ) ; I I , 1 9 06 ( C ar e tte
v xv
B o u e t) ; i X V l
1 9 04 ( G au t e r ) ; j our n A n thr I ns t L I , 1 9 1 4 ( Z e t n e r ) ; e tc
i l m m l li y l i ly gg iv
. . .
, .

6
O n e o f t h e an c e n t p ace n a e s i n th e s a e o ca t i s a s o c u r o u s s u e s t e
-

g m ml w z l g i g ill ll
.

A t K a a , s o e 1 00 i e s e s t o f e l Har a a, i s a ar e o u ts t an d n h ca e d B ak al i ,

a nam wi e ll g f ll wi g m i
h c h r e c a s a p ass a e , o o nil on e n t o n o f t h e s an d o f M e ro e an d

ib
th e tr P l my
es s o ut h o f i t , i n to e

s G eog r ap hy :

y
I n t h e r e s t o f t h e c o u n tr , b ut
f w
ar th e r i ll
e s t o f t h e E thi o p an hi y w l gi w ll
s , i n t h e s an d an d at e r e s s r e on , d e th e

P l my
r ac es o f P h az an i a [ F e z z n ] an d B ak al i ti s S e e to e

,
Bk 1 1 1 , p 7 8 3 , e d M u11e r :
.

. . .

7 d 66 M a r a r i js xtb a s Ova ut tbr e a O r w A l d t orr m d w b wu K a r exo va t uer ct r ij u

Ka i

p x p p
( .
'
i P l my
dp oxov xcbpav oi Kur d r hu P arfai t/ l a v Ka i B a Ka X i r w B ar th ( I V , 5 8 0) d e n ti e s to e .

s

wi
B ak ali t i s th W r g e la, far to th e n o rt h .

M . S I
. .
34 I 2 . . X LI V .

c en tu ry ,
it b ee n S till h e l d b y the d ar k er p eo pl e w h o s e
s eems to h ave
ai n iti e s w e h av e d isc u ss e d In th e sixtee nth an d s e ve nteenth
.

c entu r i es th e Arab e l em en t e nter ed th e c o u ntr y fr o m tw o si d es In .

th e r s t pl ac e th e n o m ad s c am e in fr o m th e d i re c ti o n o f D o ngo l a
an d s o o n O b tain e d a p r e d o min anc e in th e pl ains n o r th o f th e l ati tu d e

o f K g a Her e at th e p r e s en t d ay th e s o c all ed N UB A wh o s e ty p e
.
-

r ang e s fr o m th e n e g r o i d t o t h e d e b as e d Arab an d a sm atter ing o f ,

D AN AG LA h o l d o nl y th e l ar g e s t o f th e h ills e l Harz a K g a K at l
, , , , ,

U m D u r r ag an d Ab u Had id wh ich al o n e p o ss ess a water s u pp l y

, ,

s u fci ent to s u pp o r t thei r p o p u lati o n Th ey live in c o mp arative ami ty.

wi th th e n o mad s an d are n o t afr ai d to pl ace th ei r vill age s at th e fo o t

,

o f th e h ills ins tead o f as p r ev i o u sly o n th e s 10p e s an d to c u l tivate

, , ,

an d g r az e in th e pl ain In a few generati o ns th ey s ee m like ly to b e

.

in d is tingu is habl e fr o m th e s ed entary inh abi tants o f c entral K o r d o fan .

X L V In th e s e c o n d pl ac e in th e S ix te e n th c e n tu r y th e alli e d fo r c e s
,

o f F UN G an d Ar ab h aving tak e n S ob a an d K e rr i fro m th e AN AG or

,

N UBA an d fo u n d ed th e ki ngd o m o f S en n r b egan to p u s h n o r th ,

war d s an d we s twar d s By th e mi dd l e o f th e fo ll o wing c e n tu ry th ey

.

h ad b egu n d eni te ly to ass er t th e ms e lve s in c en tr al K o r d o fn T h e .

p o p u l ati o n th er e in all p r o b abili ty w as s till ess en ti all y NUB A b u t it ,

m ay al r ead y h av e b e c o m e to s o m e ex te n t ad u l ter ate d wi th th e n e g r o i d

D r f r i an r ac e s s o m e r e mn an ts o f w h o m S till exis t in th e n o r th er n
1
,

h ills an d fu r th er s o u th .

1
Q C h ap 4
v l
F o r an acc o u n t o f th e p e o p e o f e l Har a a , K g a , e tc s e e z
my y ill k w
. . . . .

T ri bes of N or th er n a nd C en tr a l K o r d ofa n T h e ar e s t

C h ap V I o f no n as

b mm l ll m lv i b ivi i w
. .

N u a an d t h e co o n p eo p e c a th e se e s so T he r su d s o n s sh e t r ace s
mi i igi m m iv ly bi
.

o f t o te st c o r n : ve o f t h e ar e n a e d r e sp e ct e ( i n Ar a c) C attl e fo lk ,

R at fo lk ,

S h e e p fo lk ,

Woo d o ,
Ho r s e fo lk

f lk i bj
F o r t h s su ec t r e e r t o f
b mi xm l
.

R o e rt so n S t h , p p 1 8 6 ff an d 2 1 7 ff , an d fo r o t h er e a p e s s e e p 9 4 e t p ass i m
. . . .
3 6 T HE BEGA ,
T HE B LE MYE S

Ar m e n o i d inu e nc es an d n o t to immigrati o n by th e b rachyc ep halic

Arab p o p u l ati o n o f th e Heg z an d th e Y e m e n b e c au s e
wh ere th e S emite (Arab) an d Hamite h ave mi x ed the l atter h ave ever
ad o p te d th e l an gu ge o f th e fo me r an d wh en mi x e d p e o p l e h av e ar i sen
a r ,

I th ink it can b e s id th at they re mo re Arab th an Hamite I t i s cle ar

a a .

th at n o thi n g o f th i s s o rt h as h p p en e d in th e Re d S e P r o v i n ce o f th e
a a

i s o b v i o u s th at wh il e th e Bi sh ar in h av e b een mo st mo d i e d
by the fo reign r o u n d h ead ed el ement th e B en i Amer are the least in
-

u en ced s o th at b ro ad ly sp eak i n g th ei r p hysi cal ch aracters m ay b e tak en

, , ,

to b e th o se o f th e o r igin al B ega i n h abitants o f th e e aste r n d esert

1
.

I I I O n e n o te s in th is c o nj u nc ti o n th at n o n B e ga tr ad i ti o ns as -

p r es er ve d in th e n ative nisbas ar e u ni te d in attrib u ting to th e ,

B E N I AM I R an Arab d escen t wh ich is d eni ed to th e B I S HAR i N and

HAD EN D O A : B E N I AM I R to o is a p u r e l y Arab n am e If th e gr eater

.

b rach yc ep h aly o f th e B I S HAR i N an d HAD E N D O A w er e d u e to Ar ab

immigr ati o n it is no t u nlik e l y that th e fact wo u l d h ave b ee n r e ected ,

rath e r th an taci tly c o n tr ad ic te d in th e trad i ti o ns , .

I V A c o mp ar is o n b etw e en th e p h ysic al c h ar ac te r is tics o f th e B E GA

o f th e p r e s e n t an d o f th e p r e d y n as tic Eg y p ti ans an d th e N b i an -

c o n temp o r ar i es o f the l atter S h ews very m ar ked r es e mbl anc es to exis t ,

an d as P r o fe ss or S e ligm an s ays
, ,

it it i s j u sti abl e t o regar d th e B en i Ame r th e l east mo d i e d ,

o f th e B ega t r ib es as t h e m o d er n r ep es en tati v es o f th e o l d p re d yn asti c

,
r -

(an d Nu bian) sto ck an d it fu rt he r ap p ears th at th e mo d i cati on u n d er

,

go n e b y the l atter du ring a p er i o d o f some 7000 o r mo e y ear s is e x tremely r

sm ll
2
a

V Ve ry cl o s e l y r e l ate d t o th e B E GA tr ib e s ar e th e AB AB DA w h o s e

,

h abi tat is fr o m Asw n an d K e n a to th e Re d S ea an d o f w h o m a

l ess er b r anch live eas t o f B er b er .

R eisner c o mp ar es the m wi th the Mi dd l e N bian s C G r ou p

o n th e o n e h an d an d wi th th e p r e s e n t d a
y B e d u in o f L o w er Egyp t
-

o n th e o th er Like the fo r m er th ey h ave b ee n m etam o r p h o s e d b y

.

a c r o ss wi th th e n e g r o an d th er e fo r e r e s e mbl e th e B ARA BRA in r ac e ;

6

b u t if tr ad i ti o n b e any gu i d e th ey hav e m o r e Ar ab bl o o d in th ei r
veins than th e B ARABRA 4
.

V I O n e m ay say th e n in s h or t th at wh e n th e Ar abs inv ad e d th e

, ,

2
Se ligm
an , l o c ci t p p 6 03 , 6 04
. . . .

L o c ci t p 6 06 , 6 07
i ff i
. . .

6
G u r da gg e r i l o c c i t pp 5 1
54
P i x ki by m
. . . .
,
4
S ee art IV ( n d e ) , an d c p G A H o s n s q u o te d C a e r o n (your n
ib l
. . . .

A nth r I ns t F e b 1 8 8 7 , O n th e T r e s o f t h e E as te r n S u d an I n o n e case at e as t
w l i m vji m b ib viz
. . .

a h o e s e c t o n o f th e h a e o n e d a n o ad S u d an e se Ar a t r e , th e K aw h l a
b m i g l m
.

i n K o r d o f n , en bl oc an d t o al l i n te n t s e co e an n t e r a p ar t o f t h e ( S ee .

P ar t I I I , C h ap .
1 3 VIII
. . . AND T HE NUB A OF MERO E 37

ea s ter n d e s er t they m et in the inter i o r a r ace o f P r o to Egyp ti an o r igin -

which was m o re m o d i ed in th e n o r th by N egr o and Ar m en o i d

inu ence s th an in the s ou th and wh ic h was d is tinctl y akin to th e
r iv er ain p eo pl e s I t m ay b e add e d an d fu r th er j u s tic ati o n will
.
,

a pp ear l ater fo r th e s tate m e n t th at if th er e ar e n o t tr ac e s o f Hi m ,

a r i ti c infu si o n to b e fo u n d am o ng th e m o r e s o u th er nl y o f th e s e
y
B E GA tr ib es it is a very r em arkabl e fact
, .

VI I N o w in th e cl assic al p er i o d th er e are fre q u e n t all u si o ns to

a p eo pl e c all e d th e BLE M YE S o n th e east b ank o f th e Nil e Th e s e .

BLE M YES h ave c o mm o nly b ee n ass u m e d to r ep r es e n t th e s am e p e o pl e

as th e B E G A b u t h i th er to th is h as r em ain e d a m er e th e o ry

, at ,

p r es e nt u n d em o ns trate d 1
.

V I I I Cl au d i an ( b o r n 0 3 6 5 Ammi anu s M ar c e llin u s ( c 3 2 0

2 3
. .

39 0 S u lpiciu s S e v er u s P allad iu s an d O lym p io d o r us r efer to

4 6 6
,

th e B LE M YE S as cl o s e to S y e n e (As w n ) an d th e c atarac ts .

O lym p i o d o ru s ac tu ally visi te d t h ei r c o u n try b etw ee n 407 an d

4 52 A D : h e sp e ci e s P r imis
( Ib r im 6 0 t o 7 0 m il e s b e l o w H a lfa) as ,

th e i r l as t city o n th e Nil e ; an d th e insc r ip ti o n o f S ilko w h o warre d ,

wi th the m in th e six th c e ntury c o rr o b o rates this I t is als o cl ear

7
, .

th at th ey w er e a r ac e o f invad er s h o l d ing in s u bj e c ti o n th e o l d er

N ti bi an an d n eg r o p o p u l ati o n 6 an d p r ac tic ally d o min ating th e w h o l e ,

o f th e T h eb ai d
6
.

T h e n am e o f BLE MYE S w as h o we ver als o appli e d to th e d e s er t , ,

n o m ad s p r esu m ably B E GA n ear th e Red S ea fo r w e r ead in the Acts

, , ,

o f th e M ar ty r s o f Rai th e o f s o m e th r ee h u n d r e d B LE M YE S e mb ar king
10

ab o u t
3 78 A D o n a v ess e l o f Ai l a wh ic h th ey h ad tak e n n ear th e
'

E thi o pi an c oas t an d s ailing al o ng th e Re d S ea to attack Rai the Bu t '

i t w o u l d n o t b e l egi tim ate to insis t fo r th is r eas o n that the n o m ad s o f

1
C ro wf
oo t, T h e I s an d l of Me ro e A r ch S ur v N ubi a , X IX 35
v
. . .
, ,
2
C a rm en d e N i l o , , 1 9 :
vg
I n d e a o lap s u Li b y am d i sp er su s i n o m n em
A et h i o p um p e r i e r ui t n i g r an ti a r e n a, m ll g
l
E t o c a c o n t n u o S o s d am n ata ap o r e i li v
I n r o r at , p o p ul i sq u e s a u s si tie n ti b u s e rr at , l
P e r M e r o en , B l em y as q u e e ro s , at r am q u e S y en e n f .

( Al by (M m
6
Bk X IV , Ch IV , s e ct 3 so q u o te d Q u atr e m er e II sur l es
f m
. . . .
.
,

B l em m y es) , r o E ty m o l og i con M ag num , p

i P m
.

4
V t ae atru , p 5 4 2 ( ap Q u atr em er e , l o c ci t , an d L e tr o n n e )
. . . . .

6
H ist L a usi a c ( ap Q u atr em er e , l oc ci t , an d L e tr o n n e)
.

XXX
. . . . .

Ap P h o tium , B i bl i o thec C o d L 1 9 4 ( ap Q u at re m er e , l o c
6
, p
. . . . . .

7
S e e Ch ap 1
ll vi w P bli i x x
. .

6
H R Ha , Re e o f th e u c at o n s o f t h e E B C o e , J n r E p e di tio n
bi
. . . . .

to Nu a, M a n M ay 1 9 1 2
i
.
,
6
S ee M ln e p 8 1
by L
. .
,
1
I l l us tri um Chr i s ti M ar ty ru m l ec ti tr i um p hi , p p 1 07 1 09 , q u o te d e t t o nn e

i i
.

( l oc ci t ) an d Q u atr em er e 1 1 1 3 0 an d R ai th e i s n e ar S n a

. .
, , 1 33 . .
38 T HE BEGA ,
T HE BLE MYE S I 3 V1 11
. . .

s n d es er t r eall y b o r e th is n am e as it w as c o mm o n to mis
th e ea ter
apply s o m e kn o wn n am e to an y u nk n o wn fo lk w h o app ear e d simil ar
1
.

Er ato s th enes Th eo cri tu s P to l em aeu s P r o c o pi u s an d V o p is cu s

2 6
,
4 6 6
, ,

r e fer t o th e BLE M YES in te r ms w h ic h w o u l d m ak e th eir m ain h abi tat

r o u n d Asw n ex te n d m u c h fu r th er s o u th w ar d s an d e as tw ar d s t o w ar d s

th e ter r i to r i e s o f Ax u m an d Ad u lis an d ar e cl ear ly r e ferr ing to th e ,

c ou ntry wh ich w e kn o w w as p eo pl ed th en as n ow by B E GA 7
.

T h e insc r ip ti o ns o f Ax u m an d Ad u li s th o u g h e nu m erating th e ,

p eo pl es b etwee n Ab y ssini a an d Egyp t w h o wer e c o nqu er ed by th e

king o f Axu m m ak e n o m enti o n o f th e BLE M YES by n ame b u t sp eak
, ,

ins tead of T AN GAI TE S an d B O GAI TE S ( B E GA)

'

IX O n e c o ncl u d e s th er e fo r e wi th L e tr o nn e that th e p eo pl e wh o
, , ,

c all ed th ems elves BLE MY E S liv ed c hi ey in th e vall ey o f th e Nil e

b e l o w N bia o n th e c o nn es o f Egyp t an d th e p eo pl e o f th e eas t an d

s ou th eas t b etw ee n th e Nil e an d th e Red S ea to wh o m th e h istor i ans

-

m en ti o n e d vagu ely gav e th e s am e n am e call e d th ems e lves s o m eth ing ,

e ls e In fact ear ly C h r is ti an wr i ter s w er e very h ap h az ar d in thei r

.
,

no mencl at ur e an d u s ed th e name BLEM YES to r ep r es ent th e B E GA

w h o s eem e d to b e m u c h th e s am e typ e o f p eo pl e .

X T h e B E GA wer e ess enti ally a n o m ad fo lk an d th e BLEMYES

p rim ar ily s ed en tary an d r i v er ai n an d th er e can b e li ttl e d ou b t th at
6
,

t h e B LE M YE S w er e o r igin all y a b r anc h o f th e B E GA w h o h ad s ettl e d

o n th e r iv er an d ab an d o n e d th e n o m ad ic life .

A simil ar ten d ency h as b ee n an d s till is v ery m ar k e d all al o ng th e

Nil e vall ey I t h as al r eady b een s u ggested that ther e w as pro b ably
.

a S imil ar c o nn e c ti o n at o n e tim e o n th e w e s ter n si d e b etw ee n th e

r iv er ain N ubi ans an d th e n o m ad N O B ATAE an d in m o r e m o d e r n

tim es th e fo r b ear s o f m any o f th e Ar abs at p r e s e n t s ettl e d o n

th e r iv er w e r e w o n t a few g e n erati o ns ag o to l ead a n o m ad life inl an d .

T hi s is n o t to d eny m any c as es o f a m ov em ent in th e c o ntr ary

1

6
L e tr o nn e ( l o c .
2
Ap S tr a . b o, p .
78 6 .

I dy l l , V I I , 1 1 4
,

i t! 6 6 Op et n vud r o w t n a p Al d t brr eaa t voue bo w

n r q ii rr o B Aeubwv, 8 9 6 V o bxr t Nei Ao s a pa r os

p . .

b
T h eo cr itu s w as o rn 2 9 0 B C an d d e d e r o l d i v y
f ll w b
. . .

4
B k I V , C h V 1 1 1 H e o o s E r at o sth e n e s Hi s d at e i s a o u t 5 00 5 6 5 A D
l m il b w xm
. . . . .

6
D e B el l o P er si co , 1 , 1 9 , p 5 9 H e p ac e s th e e as t o f th e N e e t ee n A u
l
. .

an d E ep h an t i n e (A sw n )

by
.

6
I n H is t A ug us ta e S cr ip tor es , p p 2 2 0 an d 2 3 9 , q u o te d
.
Q u atr em er e , l oc
. .

ci t , an d L e t r o nn e , l oc ci t
. . .

7
L etr o n n e , l oc ci t
ll y v w ll b m
. .

6
W o o e an d M c I ve r h a e sh o n th at th e o ld ru in ca e d K ar an Og n e ar I r i
l
w as th e c ast e o f a B l em y an c hi e f
S e e K a r a n dg : th e C em etery ( 1 9 1 0) an d K a r a n dg :
P bli i x x ii bi
.

th e T o w n ( 1 9 1 1 ) i n t h e u cat o n s o f t h e E B C o e J n r E p e d t o n to N u a ,
iv P il l i vi w by ll
. . .
,

Un M u s eum , h ad e p h a ( r e e e d
. H R Ha i n M a n M ay . .
,
1 3 X I
. . . AND T HE NUB A OF MER O E 39

d i r e c ti o n : th e tw o te n d e nci es v n b e at w o r k c o ntemp o r an eou sl y m ay e e ,

an d th e m o v e m e n t is d e ni te ly d i r e c te d o n e w ay o r th e o th e r at an
y
p articu l ar p er i o d b y th e p o li ti cal c o n d i ti o ns o f th e m o m en t .

X I Wh en e v er m e nti o n is m ad e o f B E GA o r B LE M Y ES b y cl assic al
o r m e d i ae v al h is to r i ans i t is I b e li ev e alw ay s in c o n n ec ti o n wi th th e
, ,

e as ter n b ank o f th e riv er an d th e eas ter n d e s ert s T h er e is h ar d ly a s u g .

ge sti on th at th er e w er e als o B E GA o r B LE MYE S to th e w es t o f th e riv er .

A p ass ag e i n P o m p o ni u s M e l a w o u l d n atu rall y b e tak e n as ,

Qu atrem er e an d L etr o nn e app ar entl y d o t ak e i t to m ean th at th e

1
,

B l em ye s o r r ath er s o m e o f th e m w er e w e s t o f th e Nil e : h e s ays :

, ,

Ab o v e th o se p art s w hi ch a e w as h ed b y th e Lib y an s e a ar e th e Egyp ti an

r

Liby ans an d th e L eu co ethi Op es n d th e l a ge n ati o n o f th e G etu li with

a a r

i ts n um er o u s b r an ch es B ey o n d th ese i s a v as t emp ty r egi o n un in h bit bl e

.
,
a a

t h o u gho u t i ts l en g th
r B ey on d it agai n [ e oth e ces] B eginni ng fro m
. ar r ra .

t h e e ast th e se are
Au g i l ae an d th e T r o g l o
rst th e G ar am an t ae , t h en t h e

y
d yt ae , an d l as tl an d fur th est est th e Atl an tes Fu rt h er in l an d are p eo p l ew .

, v
w h o if on e m ay b e lie e it , ar e scar ce l h u m an , b u t r ath e r h alf wi l d b eas t s y - -

th e Aeg ip an es an d Blem m y ae an d G am p h afan t es an d S at ri , w h o an d e r y w

ab o u t with o u t an
y s ettl ed h abit ati o n an d m ay b e s ai d r ath er to o ccu p y
w
th an to d e ll in th e c o u n tr 2 y .

Bu t th is
p ass ag e d o es n o t n e c ess ar ily b ear th e inter p r etati o n th at
th e B LE MY E S w er e w e s t o f th e Nil e an d if i t d i d n ee d n o t b e acc e p te d ,

as s tr ic tl y acc u r ate fo r as w e h av e s ee n th er e is th e evi d e nc e o f a

,

p er fe ct h o s t o f wr i ter s to th e c o n tr ary If M e l a th o u gh t th at th e .

b u lk o f th e BLE MYES w er e w es t o f th e Nil e h e w as c ertainl y wr o ng :

if h e d id n o t th e p ass ag e h as n o val u e as evi d ence that th ey w er e
t h er e S trab o w ho asce n d e d th e Nil e with Aeliu s G all u s in 2 4 B C
.
, . .
,

q u o tes Er ato s th e n es to th e fo ll o wing effe ct : 3

Lo w er d o w n o n eith er si d e o f M ero e al o n g th e Nil e [an d] to w ar d s

, ,

t h e Re d S e a are Meg ab ari an d B l em y e s su bj e ct t o t h e Ethi o p i an s an d

, ,

1
11, 1 28 . P o m p o ni u s p l ac e d an s l i n t r ie u r d e l Afr i q u e

au de al
l e s G ar am an t e s
m i
.

2
S u p er e a q u ae L i b y co ar ab l u u n t u r L i b y e s A e g yp tii s un t , e t L e u c o

i
ae t hi o p e s e t n at o fr e q u e n s m u l ti p l e xq u e G e t u l i D e in d e at e vacat r e i o p e r p e t u o l g
im i
.

t r ac t u i n h ab i t ab il i s T um p r o s ab o r e n t e G ar am an t as , p o s t Au g il as e t T r o g l o

l ib
.

d y t as e t ul tim o s ad o ccas um At an t as au di m u s I n tr a ( S i c r ed e r e l e t) vix i am

m yi
.

h o i n es m ag i s q u e s em ife r i A e gi p an e s e t B l e m m y ae e t G arn p h asan t e s e t S at r

i
s n e t e cti s p as s irn ac s e d i b u s a i h ab en t p o ti u s t e r r as q u am vg h a te n t

( o p bi Pm
l
. .

M e a , d e S i tu O r bi s Ch IV ) . .

6
r d O K a r wr p w e Ka r wdeV Me dns, n a d ,u c u T O N ei ixo
.
p p p D v 7r pbs T hu

E p v0p<w Me ydup o c

.

Ka i B A/t ves, Al tbn wu '

'
tn r a K o bI/ T es '

Aiy vn r l ocs 5 buopo u
'
n g d pta r ep w

( S t ra b o,

xvu , 1 .

g y ib
B u d e ( 1 1 , 1 7 4 ) sa s o f th e tr e s o f th e E ast e r n D e se r t a o u t t h e t h r d c e n tur b i y
i ib lm
i t i s sa d th at t h e se t r e s h ad s e tt e e n t s e e n i n t h e o as s o f K h ar a, b u t n o v i g
au th o r t iy
fo r th e st at e e n t i s q u o t e d m
M akri z i (K h e ta t, 5 6 1 5 7 1 ) q u o te s a er

v y
f l i g f m lm liv y
.

ul d e s c r p ti o n o f th e B e a r o Ib n S e i , w ho e d i n t h e t e n th ce n t ur , b u t

i
th e r e i s n o h n t i n i t o f an y B e a e st o f th e N e g w il .
 0 T HE BEGA , T HE B LE MYE S I 3 X I
. . .

ne ighb o urs o f the o n th e l eft S i d e o f th e c o u rse o f the Nil e

li ve the N (etc as qu o ted in C h ap .

, .

X I I Having o nc e s e tt l e d o n th e r iv er th e B LE M YE S w e re s tro ngly

inu enced by th e c o nte mp o rary E thi o pi an civiliz ati o n o f M er o e .

I t is c er tain s ays C r o w fo o t th at in t h e fth cen tu ry o r e ar li e r

, ,

K ingl ets o f th e Blem yes u se d the G r e ek to ngu e an d ap ed mu ch o f the

complicated ceremo n ial o f a Byzantin e co u rt by virtue o f a co mmo n scrip t . .

an d mu tu al in deb te d n e ss to Egyp t th e y s tan d i n cl o s e r e l ti o n w i th th e a

r ule s o f M ero e
1
r .

X I I I T h e acco u nt give n b y O lym p io d o ru s at the b eginning o f th e

fth c e ntu ry the ter ms o f th e p eace r e co r d ed b y P r is cu s as m ad e a
,

few y ear s l ater b etw ee n th e m an d th e R o m ans an d th e inscr ipti o n ,

o f T almis in th e fo ll o wing c e n tu r y p r o v e th at th e y w er e s till p ag ans

ab o u t th e mi dd l e o f th e S ix th c e n tu r y App ar e ntly th ey wo rsh ipp ed .

Isis at Ph ilae p r evi o u s to th ei r c o nver si o n Bu t P r o co pi u s wr iting

2
.
,

ab o u t th e mi dd l e o f th e s am e c e n tu ry an d m e n ti o ning th is als o ad d s , ,

th at th ey u s e d to s ac r ic e m e n to th e S u n an d i t is alm o s t c er tain
6
,

th at as a m atter o f fac t th e i r c h i ef r e ligi o u s pl ac e w as at T almis

, ,

wh er e th e templ e is kn o wn to h av e b ee n s acre d to th e S u n w o rshipp ed

u n d er th e n am e o f M an d o u l i s an d th at fo r th at r eas o n T almis w as ,

cho s en b y th e invad ing S ilko as th e si te fo r his insc rip ti o n 4

.

T h e BLE M Y E S m ay h ave b ee n c o n v er te d to C h r is ti ani ty as a r e s u l t

o f S ilk o s exp e d i ti o n o r p er h aps h e o r his s u cc e ss o r s so c r us he d th e m

th at th ey c eas e d to exis t as a s e p ar ate r ac e In any cas e wh e n th e .

,

M u hammad ans l ess th an a c entury l ater invad e d th e c o u ntry s o u th

, ,

o f Asw a n we h ear n o th ing o f BLEMYES an d the p o p u l ati o n w as

,

simpl y N UB A an d C h r is ti an
5
.

X I V An e v e n m o r e d i ffi cu l t p r o bl em is p r e s e n te d b y th e c o u n tr y
which lay a li ttl e fu r ther s o u th As al r ead y m en ti o ne d the c api tal .

o f th e Li b yo N b i an kings w h o c o nqu er e d Eg y p t in th e e ig h th
-

an d s ev e n th c e n tu r i es B C an d o f th ei r imm e d i ate s u cc e ss or s w as at
. .

1
A r ch S ur v N u b X IX , 3 5 , 3 6 C p H a ( M a n , M ay ll h e sa s : y
I f th e
l lm y w l mmy k w ii
. . . . .

p eo p e o f K ar an Og ere B e m e s th e B e e s S p o e an d ro t e i n M e r o t c

v m bi
.

2
W e h a e se e n ( C h ap 2 ) t h at t h e s tat e e n t o f E u se u s t o th e e ffe ct th at as
ly ig i i i iy i
.

e ar as t h e r e n o f C o n st an t n e C h r s t an t h ad p e n e t r ate d t o t h e E thi o p an s an d
f l
Ble m y e s r e ers t o th e p eo p e o f A s s n a an d th e T r o o d t c by i i ho gl y i w m F
r um e n ti u s

v iv i
co n e rt e d , an d n o t t o th e r e r a n Bl e m y e s th ho wi w m
S ilk o o u h t f g
by
.

6
D e B ell o P er si co , I , 6 0 o f e d n 1 6 6 2 , q u o t e d Q u at r e m er e ( I I ,
4
w l ml
L e t r o n n e , l oc ci t T h e r e e r e a so at M e ro e t e p e s s ac r e d to I s s an d to th e i
iv ly i g f m ix v y bv
. .

S un r e sp e c t e , d at n ro t h e s th o r se e n t h c en tu r B C ( s ee p 9 a o e )

ivi i i i
. . . .

6
I t m ay b e n o t e d h e re th at He r o d o t u s d d e d th e E t h o p an r ac e n to E as te r n
i wi
E thi o p an s ig g li
th s tra h t h ai r , t h at i s t h e B e a an d s u c h k e , an d W e s te r n E th o p an s i i

y
( th e o f L iby wi ly
a )

th cu r i g i
h a r , t h at i s t h e n e r o d s , each r o u p s p e a n g ki g
a
i l g g x
d ffere n t an u a e ( Bk V I I , 7 0 T h e c o n t e t i s th e c o p o s t o n o f t h e ar m ii my
of

X x )
. . .

er es .
I 3 X VI
. . . AN D T HE NUB A OF MER O E 41

N ap ata, b u t p r o b ably by 440 B C the p o li tical h ead qu ar ter s h ad . .

b ee n s h ifte d to M er o e ab o u t tw o hu n d re d mil e s aw ay to th e s o u th
,

e as t n ear th e j u nc ti o n o f th e Atb ar a wi th th e Nil e th e r e ligi o u s ,

capi tal rem aining as b efo r e at N ap ata , , .

T h e o r igin al s u bs tratu m o f p o p u l ati o n in th e c o u ntry r o u n d

M er o e o r at l eas t to th e s o u th an d eas t o f i t m ay h av e co nsis te d o f
, ,

t h at s am e r e d b r o wn r ac e w h ic h is h e l d o nc e to h av e o ccu pi e d th e
-

b anks o f th e Nil e th e s ou th w es ter n li tto r al o f Asi a an d th e Red S ea

,
-

c o as t ; b u t by th e r s t mill e nni u m B C if n o t l o ng b e fo r e th is r ace

1
. .
, ,

mu s t h ave b e c o m e su bm er ge d in the n egr o h o r d e s w h ich had s u r ged

u p fr o m th e s o u th an d acqu i r e d p r e d o mi n anc e in th e Nil e v all e y .

X V T h e ear li e st e xtan t r e m ains at M er o e p r o ve th at th o u g h th e ,

p o p u l ati o n was p r e d o min ant ly n egr o in th e fo u rth an d fth c e ntu ry

B C .Egyp ti an m o tive s in ar t an d m anner s wer e still p r ed o min an t
.
, ,

a n d t h at th ey c o n tin u e d so u n til ab o u t th e th i r d c e n tu r y B C T he . .

a cc o u n t o f M e r o e giv e n b y Her o d o tu s c is vi nc l
( 45 )
2
0 B C e d e e ead . . .

i n g to th e s am e c o ncl u si o n ; b u t b e fo r e we d eal wi th th is an d wi th th e
s c r aps o f info r m ati o n l e ft u s by l ater G r e e k an d R o m an g eo g r ap h e r s

a d ig r e ssi o n is n e c e ss ar y to p o in t o u t th at th er e w as app are n t ly an o th e r

c u l tu ral in u e nc e at w o r k b e si d e s th at o f E g yp t .

X V I We h av e al r e ad y h ad o cc asi o n to n o te th e c o n tin u e d c o n
n ecti o n b etwee n Abyssini a th e Nil e vall ey an d th e Y e m en o f ,

Ar abi a w h ic h p r o b ably b e gan at l eas t fo u r o r ve th o u s an d y ears

,

b e for e the C h r is ti an er a an d b e c am e in tim ate in th e s e c o n d an d r st

mill en ni a B C T h e templ es o f M er o e th e S u n T empl e the Li o n
6
. .
, ,

T e mpl e and th e o r igin al T empl e o f Isis all o f whic h b e l o ng to th e

, ,

Ear ly M er o i tic p er i o d an d th e si tting s to n e li o ns o f B as a N ka

, , ,

e l Mu s o wwar t U m S od a an d S ob a are c ertainly c o nn ec te d wi th

,

th e S u n T e mpl e o f T almis 4
th e tw o li o ns b e fo r e th e g r eat pyl o n o f
,

t h e te mpl e o f Isis at P h il ae an d o ne s u pp o s e s wi th th o s e si tting , , ,

d o gs wh ich B r u c e saw in Abyssini a an d wh ich Heer en and

C r o wfo o t u ni te in th inking wer e li o ns o f th e s am e typ e as th o s e at

B sa an d th e o th er pl ac e s m e n ti o n ed 6
.

I n Ab ys sin i a Bent c on si d er s C hristianity mu st h ve succeed ed a

,
6
,
a

fo rm o f S ab ae an su n wo rs h ip ; th e mo n o li th s an d altars al l p o in t t o th is ;
-

an d i n th e r itu al o f t h e i r c hu r ch w e can s till c l e ar l y s ee traces o f th i s cu l t .

T h e n igh tly s er vic es w h ich en d at su n ri s e th e ci r cu l ar c h u ch es w i th fo u r ,

r

2
E ot S 1
lli mi
th , A nci en t E g y p ti a ns , p p 6 1 , 7 9 . .

Bk I I , 2 9 6
S e e C h ap 1
w vl i gy f m m
. . . .

th e ti o f th e
4
S un o r s h ip w as o f c o u rs e , p re a e n t i n an c e n t E p t ro e
ig m
,

O l d K n d o : s e e B r e as te d , His t p p 5 9 , 6 2 , e t c
wf li i y gy
. . .

6
C ro o o t , l oc ci t p 23 S to n e o n s o f th s t p e ar e r ar e i n E
. . . .
pt .

6
Th e S a cr ed p 8 3, a n d c p ibid pp 1 3 8 1
.
97 an d 2 3 1 2
93 . . .
42 T HE BEGA ,
T HE BL E MYE S I 3 X VI
. . .

d o o rs i to th e fo u
o r en tate d
p o i nts o f th e c o mp ass th e sacre d gr o v es
r ,

s u r r o u n d i n g th e ch u r ch e s an d th e d n ci n g o f th e r i e sts l l r e call w h ata a

p ,

w e kn o w o f B l w o sh ip w h i ch w as c l o sely ak in to th e su n wo r h ip o f
aa r ,
-
s

S o uthern Arabi a .

He r emar ks in th is c o nne cti o n o n th e s u gges tiven ess o f Her o d o tu s s

statem ent th at E thi o pi a b o r d er s o n th e S o u th er n S ea an d th e

1

tabl e o f th e S u n in E thi o pi a is a m ead o w o n th e S ki r ts o f th e i r to wn

fu ll o f the b o il ed es h o f all m ann er o f b eas ts T h e anci ent Abys

.

sini an c api tal o f thi s S ab aean o r Him yar i tic c o l o niz ati o n w as Ava
(Yeh a) wh er e ther e ar e m o no lith s a m ass o f Him y ar i tic i n scrip

, ,

ti o ns an d a s u n te mpl e I ts fo u n d er s (th e

,
-
. ar e s u p

p o s ed to h ave b een trad er s in th e r s t ins tanc e b u t as th ey inc r eas e d ,

in nu mb er s an d s tr e ngth an d w er e r einfo r c ed by thei r kin fr o m o ver

th e Re d S ea th ey s u cc ee d e d in imp o sing th e i r l ang u ag e th e i r r e ligi o u s ,

r i tes an d t o s o m e ex te n t th e i r r aci al typ e u p o n n o r th er n Ab y ssini a

, , .

I ts n am e o f Ava is p r es u m abl y c o nn e c ted wi th th e S ab aean w o r s h ip

o f B aal Ava T h e c api tal w as s u bs e qu e n tl y r e m o v e d to Ax u m als o
-
.
,

a Him y ar i te fo u n d ati o n wi th m o n o li th s an d a h ig h l y p e r fe c te d fo r m

o f s to n e w o r s h ip ass o ci ate d wi th s ac r ic es to th e S u n .

Re s e mbl anc es b e tw e en th e l ater M er o i tic ar chi te ctu r e o f e l M us o w

w ar t etc d ating fr o m ab o u t th e th i r d c en tu r y A D an d th e r o u g h ly
, .
, . .
,

c o ntemp o r an eo u s ar ch i tectu r e o f Axu m s h ew that th e links o f c o n

n e cti o n b e tw e e n th e m ain vall ey o f th e Nil e an d Abyssini a h e l d fas t

in the gen erati o ns th at fo ll o we d C r owfo ot n o tes in p ar ticu l ar th e .

ex ac t r es e mbl anc e o f th e pl an o f th e u pp e r s to r ey in th e o l d D o ngo l a

c hu r c h wi th th e pl an o f En da Gi o r gis n ear Ad o wa 2
.

X V I I B ear ing th es e facts in min d w e m ay n o w r ever t to th e ,

d esc rip ti o ns o f M er o e l eft by th e cl assical g eo g r ap h er s .

In th e tim e o f Her o d o tu s th e inh abi tan ts o f M er o e i ts e lf wo r

s hipp ed Ju pi ter (i e Am e n Ra) an d B acchu s (i e O si r is )
. .
6 -
. . .

T h e E th i o pi an tr ib e s in th e vici ni ty h o w ever p r ac tis e d ci r c u m , ,

c i si o n w o r e skins u s ed p alm b r anch b o ws s to n e h ead e d arro ws

, ,
-

,
-

sp ear s tipp ed wi th h o r n an d cl u bs o f wo o d an d p ain ted thei r b o di e s ,

b efor e go ing into b attl e 4

.

As far s o u th fr o m M ero e as M er o e was s o u th o f Asw n lay th e

c o u n try in wh ich h ad s ettl ed the Au to m o lo i o r Asm ach "

1
Bk I I I , 7
wf i li
. .

2
L o c ci t p 4 0, b u t C r o o o t i s n c n e d in th e c as e o f e l M uso w w ar at an d

xm g x i b w
. . .

A u t o r e ar d th e A um te s as th e o rro ers .

6
H e ro d o tu s , 1 1 , 2 9 , 1 44 , 1 5 6
ki g m y) H lly
.

4
He r o d o t u s , V I I , 6 9 ( s p e a n o f X e rxe s s ar d o es sp e ci

e not ca

m i y liv m ly gi b v
.

e d r o un d M e r o e b u t s p e ak s

e n t o n t h at t h e ere o f th e re on a o e

Egy pt

.
44 T HE BEGA ,
T HE BLE MYE S I 3. . XX .

an d h ad r e c e ive d a G r eek e d u c ati o n E r g am e n e s d e clin e d to ackn o w 1

.

l edge th e autho r i ty o f th e p r i es ts an d p u t th em to d eath .

S trab o gives a simil ar acco un t o f M er o e bas ed l ar ge ly o n

2
,

E r ato s th en es .

T o th es e an d th e r e s t o f th e Gr e ek and R o m an g eo g rap h is ts th e
E th i o pi ans wh o lived n o t in M ero e i ts elf b u t in the s u rr o u n d ing

c o u n try w er e n o m o r e th an wil d s avages , wr etche d K u s h as th e ,

P h ar ao h s wo u l d h ave c all e d th e m .

X X I S o o n after th e b eginning o f th e C h r is ti an e r a b eg an th e g r eat

y
d a s o f M er o e w h ich ar e ass o ci ate d wi th th e Q u ee ns C an d ac e T h e .

r s t o f th es e w h o is a h is to r ical p er s o nage an d n o t p u r e l y myth ical 6

app ear s to h ave ru l e d fr o m N ap ata S h e was p o w e r fu l e n o u g h t o

4
.

c ap tu r e Sye n e (Aswn) wi th its R o man gar r is o n o f th r ee c o ho r ts in

2 4 B C ; b u t in th e fo ll o wing y e ar P e tr o ni u s d e fe ate d h er an d N ap ata
. .

w as d e s tr o y e d 6
.

Ab o u t 6 0 A D N er o s c e n tu r i o ns s e n t to expl o r e th e Nil e fo u n d

.
, ,

an o th e r C an d ac e r e igning at M er o e
6
Th ey r ep o r te d to o that th e .
, ,

kings of E thi o pi a w er e fo r ty ve in n u mb er an d that th e c o u n try -

b etw een M er o e an d Asw n was mo s tly d es er ted li ttl e trace r e m ain ,

ing of all the to wns an d th e thr iving ci v iliz ati o n m enti o n ed b y th e

e ar li er g e o g rap h er s In fact a p er i o d o f d e cad e nce in Egy p t s y n .
,

c h ro n i z e d wi th a s tate o f c o mp arativ e d e s o l ati o n in E th i o pi a a fu r th e r ,

p r o o f o f the d ep en d ence o f th e s o u th er n state u p o n its gr eat n o r ther n

n eighb o u r 7
.

XX I I M ero e d i d n o t h o wever c eas e to b e a pl ace o f imp o r tanc e , ,

.

T h e s tate o f i ts fo r tu n es s till c o n tinu e d to r e e c t th o s e o f E g yp t an d ,

1
uer a a xnfc cbs d y wy s Ka i ( t lxo a o gbr a a s
p j M ah aff ( p y 1 4 0) mk a es Er g a

m m y f h f h P l my (
. .

en e s a co n te p o r ar o t e o u rt to e 2 2 2 2 0
B 2
b w 6 d 54
o rn et Di d f e en 4 an B C e a te r 2 1 A D
P d C lli h p B dg Al x d
. . .

6
S ee seu o 8 i
-
a h G st e n es , a u e, I I , 1 0 n re e an er t e re at

C wf ii gS b 8
. .
,
4
lro i 3 o ot, oc c t p 3 c t n tra o , p 2 0.
P i h P imi ( I b m) b h R m b d y b wi h i y
. . . .
,
6
e t ro n u s c o se r s ri to e t e o an o un ar ut t n a e ar

it w as a anb d d i f v f Hi k i ( M h k ) h l d P l m i
on e n a our o e ro s y am no s u ar r a a
,

t e o to e a c

f i w T h f i m i d Hi k i il D i l i i d
,

r o nt er to n e r o nt e r re a ne at e ro s y am n o s u nt o c e t an r et re

h l gi A wa
.

t e e o ns to s n
P li y Hi N G if h ( A h S mi
.

6
n Ch 5 st N bi
at 8 ) VI , 3 r t rc ur v u a , X IX 0 su r ses

ibly h i d y y f C d i i d i l wi h h N k i A i
. . . . . .
, ,

t h at p o ss t s n as t o an ac es s e n t ca t t e at a am an -
m an t r e
i f y l i wh
ser es o ro mi a f d M
t es

d Nk Th o se r e a ns ar e o un at ero e an a e r e ar e n o

d i hi y f livi g f h y d f m h
.

r e co r s n C d s to r o an y an ace n a te r t e r s t ce n tu r A D an ro t e

i i l vi d f h m m i m h ki g l d i h d hi d
. . .

p cto r a e e n ce o t e o nu e n ts t se e s t at n s ru e n t e s e co n t r

d f i ( C wf l i
,

an h o urt c en tu r e s I h s eef D 7 ro o ot, oc c t p n t e n o te to p ar a L o

i giv i f m B wh i h if h f i hw h i 6
. . . .

s en a q u o t at on h ro r uc e c t e ac t s ar e au t en t c , S e s t at n 1 1 9
t h w
ere md C d as a li g M d i h I l f M
o ern d d ivi g
an ace r u n at
,

un ar a n t e s e o e r o e an er n
h eri m f m h g
n co e d ro b w t d w e h y re at tr a e -
r o u te et ee n e as t an e s t as er p r o to t p e n o
d b d id
ou t
C wf P li y (l i ) h w f wi h E y w
.

7
lro i 6 o ot, oc c t p 3 n y sa s oc c t t at ar ar e t g pt as

ibl f h d l i f E h i i b C wf y h i
. . . . . .

r e sp o n s e or t e e so at o n o t o p a, u t, as ro o ot sa s , t er e s no
w i hi
ar r an t y f hi
n st o r or t s .
1 3
. . XX IV . AN D T HE NUB A OF MER O E 45

in r s t p ar t o f the fo u r th c e n tu ry th e p er i o d o f th e Fl av i an an d
th e ,

An to nin e Emp er o r s a r evival o f tr ad e o cc u rr ed in b o th c o u n tr i e s

, .

T h e b u il d ings er e c te d at th is p er i o d at Bsa e l Mu s o ww ar at an d ,

N k a (th e G r ae co R o m an templ e) all p r o b ably th e w o r k o f a singl e

-

d yn as ty r e p r es e n t in C ro wfo o t s w or d s a b y e p r o d u c t o f th e

-

, , ,

imp er i al p r o sp er i ty d i r e c tly d u e to th e o ver o w o f R o man o Egyp ti an

,
-

e n er gy an d w eal th b e y o n d th e imp er i al b o u n d a i e s
1
r .

XX I I I T h u s w e ar e l eft wi th a gen eral imp r e ssi o n o f th e ou tlying

d is tr ic ts o f th e Isl an d o f M er o e as p eo pl ed d u r ing th e c e n tu r i e s
imm e d i ately p r e c e d ing an d fo ll o wing th e C h r is ti an era by h alf
n o mad ic h alf s e d en tary in d ige n o u s s avage s living by th e ch as e an d
-

sp ar s e c u l tivati o n o f th e s o il T o th e s o u th was th e c o lo ny fou n d ed .

b v th e Au t o m o lo i o r S em b r itae w h o w er e p r o b abl y o f Egyp ti an b u t , ,

p o ssibly o f Libyan o r igin T o th e n or th lay th e c o mp ar ativ e ly h igh ly .

ci v iliz e d to wn of M er o e S h ewing b o th a su cc e ssive p r e d o min anc e o f

E g y p ti an Gr eek and R o m an inu enc es an d als o a c er tain m easu r e
,

o f in d e b te d n e ss to th e Himyar i te s o f s o u th e r n Ar abi a .

T h er e s e ems to b e li ttl e evi d enc e to d ate th at th e ru l er o f M er o e

e x e r cis e d at an y p e r i o d a p er m an e n t c o n tr o l inl an d an d s o u th w ar d s

fu r th er a e l d than G eb e l K ay li an d G eb e l M o ya 2
.

XX I V M er o e s tan d ing at th e m eeting o f s ever al gr eat trade r o u tes

, ,

o w e d m o s t o f i ts fam e an d p ro sp e r ity to th e p o p u l ar i ty an d acc e s

s i b ility o f i ts m ar k ets N o rth an d s o uth w er e th e r ive rways w es t

.
,

w ar d s th e r o ad to N ap ata eas twar d s th e gr eat c ar avan r o u te wh ich ,

c r o ss es th e Atb ar a and ru ns to th e Re d S ea p o r ts an d s o u thwar d s ,

t h e wa di r o u te s w h ic h tap th e c o r nl an d s an d g razing are as o f t h e

'

Haw ad an d Ab u D elayk .

M er o e thu s fo r m ed an exc e ll en t si te fo r an e mp or iu m wh er e
sl av es ivo ry an d go l d might b e O b tain e d by exch ange
,
6
.

1
C ro wf
o o t , l o c ci t p p

37 39
k ig yli w i vi g ki g
. . . .

T h er e is a r o c at Ka i th a car n
2
r e p r e se n t n an E t h o p i an n
w g
e ar i n t h e u r aeu s , an d a S u n G o d ( s e e C r o o o t , l o c ci t p an d i n a c a ewf v
l by f wi g w i i k li
. . .

c o se I ou n d in 1 9 1 2 a d r a n h c h M r G r f th t hi n s r e p r e s e n t s t h e o n
h e ad e d A r se n u p h is o r Ap iz e m ak k wi
U p o n th e r o c vi g
th t h e c ar n ar e h e ap e d a

mb i ill b i w by i
.

nu e r o f s to n e s T h s m ay u s t r at e th e A r a p r ac t ce h er e i t i s s a d , th e
ig i i m i g b mi bl J
.
,

p as se r b y s n e s h i s d et e s t at o n o f so e t h n a o na e ( se e au s se n , p
-

w i b li f x m li imil
.

o r m ay b e c o n n e c t e d i th t h e an c e n t e e s e e p e d in a s ar w ay i n n o r t h e r n

D r fr ( s e e A p p 5 t o ar t I , C h P
F m l m v
. .

ro t h e N as t as e n e n s t e a ( 2 9 8 2 7 8 B C ) i t ap p e ar s th at t h at o n ar c h m ay h a e

iv f i i i f m w l im ly
. .

n ad e d K o r d o a n , an d

o p er at o n s at t h s d s t an c e r o M ero e o u d p t h at
z l g
t h e G e i r a o r a ar e p ar t o f i t w as p er m lyan e n t i by o cc up e di t h e E th o p an s

i
i
.

( Re s n e r i n S u d a n N o tes a n d R ecor ds , J an 1 9 1 9 , p p 6 5 ,
wf i wv g m wi i
. .

6
S o C ro o o t , l oc ci t p 7 H e co n t n u es , h o e e r , in a r e e e n t th L e p s u s
b i i iy gi l l
. . . .

p b u t t h e t r u e as s o f t h e r p ro sp e r t w as a r c u tu ra an d
l i ik m ig v m y g
.

p as to r a , an d t h s , I t h n , i s s o e th n o f an o e rs t at e ent I n a ear o f o o d
i fi mill v if ll w i f ll
.

r a n s t h e wa dis p r o d u c e a a r c r o p o f e t , b u t e en t h at th e r a n a

one a o
46 T HE BEGA , T HE BLE MYE S I 3 XX V
. . .

Bu t ab o u t 340 3 5 0 A D , as we l ear n fr o m o n e
X XV . . Axu mi te
of th e
inscr ip ti o ns , an exp ed iti o n w as m ad e by Aeiz an es
1
o r Ai z an a th e ,

p o wer fu l king o f Axu m agains t th e r u l er o f th e ,

N UB A in the Isl an d
o f M ero e o n acc o u n t o f h is agg r e ssi o ns o n th e fr o n ti er

I to ok th e el d gain st h i m an d ar o se i n th e str ength o f th e L o r d o f

2
a ,

th e Wo r l d an d I smo te t h em at th e T ak az e b ey o n d K amalke An d th en
,
6
.

w h en th ey w ith d r e w th emse l v es to d istan ce th en fo l l o w e d I [d u r in g] a ,

thr ee an d twen ty d ay s d u r i ng wh ic h I smo te h im an d to o k fr o m him , ,

p ri so ner s an d b o o ty an d to o k aw ay fr o m w here th e p ri so n e rs d w elt b o o ty

, , ,

an d d u r i n g w hi ch my p e o pl e r etu rn e d w h o h d g o n e t o th e w ar an d a ,

d u ri ng wh i ch I b u rn t t h ei r to w n s o f maso n w o rk an d o f str aw an d th ey ,

p l u n d ere d h i s c o p s an d h i s i o n an d h i s o re an d h is co
r
pp e r a n d d es t ro y ed r ,

th e p ictu r e s (o r statu e s) i n h is t emp l e an d th e p r o vi s i o n s o f h eap e d u p ,

c orn n d t h r e w th em i n to th e r i v er
,
a w ere o f leaders who
p e i sh ed ve an d o n e p i est an d I r e ac h ed t o th e K asu an d s mo te them
r ,
r ,

an d ann i h il ate d t h em at th e c o n u e n ce o f t h e r i v e rs S e d a an d T ak az e .

An d th e d ay afte I h ad rr i v e d I se nt o u t a mar au d i n g r t h ey a

l ai d w aste u p th e S ed a the to w n s o f maso nwo rk an d o f came

w as r ath e r h ea vi
w l d ill h v b
er g
2 000 l
y e ar s ag o , th e r e ou st a e e en no r e at s u r p u s

Ag i g d lw lh h f h I l ld h v
.

a n as r e ar s d f M
p as t o r a ea t t e S t ep p es o t e s an o ero e co u a e

d l g h d f m f h y h y d vg y
, ,

s u p p o rt e ar e d
er b s h or o st o t e e ar , a s t e o to -
ay , ut t e sa a er

of h t mi g ib m h v m d i im ibl f k f m M
e ro a n tr es u st b a e a e t p o ss e or oc s ro eroe to e
d iv g zi g f l d h y gh h fi w d
r f en or ra w n d h as ar a e as t e ar e n o an t ou a rs e re u g to
v h i w
p r es er e t ly l g e ra nibl h g -
ly w ld h v
ate r s up p as on as p o ss
,

e t e r as s su p p ou a e

f il d if l g k w
a e ar d ll h y
e oc limi ds S
e re l c o n c e n t r at e a t e e ar on a te ar e a ee a so

R i
.

i S d
e sn e r N d R
n d J u an 5 if o tes a n ecor s, an 1 9 1 9 , pp 0
I f ll w B wh D D H M II l i d
. . .

1
o 6 o ent , pp 2 3 e t s eq e re r U e r s t r an s at o n an n o te s

giv T h l i f ll w d b y C wf ( l i
. . . .

ar e en e t r an s at o n 6 8) i h f o o e ro oot oc c t pp 3

3 s t at o

Li d d i ff v l i l F i
. . . .

ttm an d K k ( 6)
an i r en c er 1 90 an er s n se era p ar t c u ar s . or n s t an c e ,

C wf ro y h x di i w g i h N b
oot sa s t eh h d e l
pe d
t on as a a n st t e a a w o a r ecen t y co n q uer e

th I l d fM
e s an I m h w v f N g gg i h d l ly g d
o e ro e . t see s t at a a e o e ro a r e ss o n a ate su r e

up f mh ro h d v wh lm d h
t e so u tR d h I l dan d v o er h e e t e e

r ace s o n t e s an an e en n o r t

o fi T h Bl k h d
t de w f m y b l gi g h K
ac s a i d
cap t u r e to ns o aso n r e on n to t e as u , o cc u p e

h m d b il w fg h h m g ill h y
.

t e an u t to h h ns o r as s u t s n e ar t e suc as t e ne ro es st u se ; t e

h d h
a i d h i igh b wi h
ar r e t e rd h im h y h d b k
ne o u rs t o u t a c au s e ,
,

an t r ee t es t e a ro en

th i w de r d i l d h v y f h Ki g f Ki g
or an n s u te d h h w ld t e en o s o t e n o n s , con en t t at e ou

ne v h A b
e r cr o s s t T h Ki g h w i
e v g h hd kdb h
t ar a e n r e co u n ts o n re en e e a s ac e ot

w fm y d w fg h x di i d d w
.

to ns o as o n r d an to h ns o r as s u t s , an s en t e pe t o n s u p an o n t e
N il f m h i f i j i wi h h M ll l i giv
e ro t e p o nt o ts u n c t o n t t e ii e r s tr an s at o n es

no w f f h K b y wl y immig N b
ar r an t o r an y r e ce n t co n q u e s t o t e as u ne r an t a

T h f ll wi g i mi v l im li f h igi l giv
.

2
e o o n q u o tat on o ts s e e r a u n p o r tan t n es o t e or n a as en

by B en t

h A b
.

6
I e. t e t ar a .

h N il
.

4
L e t e e

w f m w k Al (i S b ) i m i d T h m i
. .

6
Of h

t e to ns o as o n or oa e o a s e nt o n e e r st en t o n

f Al I b li v l fN di g
. . .

o o a, i i h e e wh e, s R i n t e s te e o as t asen e n , o, ac c o r n to e sn e r s

l l i l d f m 8 78
c a c u at o n , r u e Am f ro f hf m h 29 to 2 B C : en o o rt ro t e

d h m d b Ki g v d Al d h Ni
. .

G H
r e at o u se , an T K e a e m e to e n o er a -
e n se t an u t an t e ne

T ibr wh es gh wi h b w d h o y b h i d f h iv d h
t t o s an t e c o u n tr on ot s es o t e r er an t e

F Q o ur f h W ld (B d g
u ar t e r s o S P XXV t e or u e, 11 , ee ar a III
C wf hi k b y Al i h i i i f A i ibly m
. .

h i

ro oo t t n s t at oa n t e n s cr pt on o e z an e s s p o ss e an t
M (
ero e f ll wi g ) b wh v Al i m i d i
see o o n n o te x h ; ut en e er

oa s ent o n e n an y c o n t e t t at

d e h l
n es t li y h gi e d S Ob i
o ca lw y l ly i d d T h m
t t e re o n r o un a s a a s c e ar n ten e . e na e
1 3 xxv1 1
. . . AN D T HE NUB A OF MER O E 47
in go o d co n d iti on t h e r eu p on I p Ha en an d th e
sen t th e tro o l
t r o o p D ak n an d th e tr o o p a ar a S b
t , an d th e p u n d e r e d an d a d y l
as te l i w
w
d o n th e e d a th e S u a to N b w
n s o f str aw (h o u s e s ) o u r , N ag sO 1 T o n s f . w
of m aso n r y
o f t h e K asu an d o a, N asz ato 1 N b D v r tli 1 , an d r e a h e d
. .
-
c
i i
as far as th e d str ct o f th e re d O it , an d N b
ood o d t o in g
retu r e d c n ii n n my
p pe o le I se t u p t h i my
r o n e w thi n th e o u en e o f th e r c n c
er iv
S e d a an d T akaz e in sight o f th e to w n o f
,
i sl an d whi ch th e ,

Lo r d o f h eaven h as given I set u p my thr o n e h er e at the S ed a

th r o u gh t h e s tren gt h o f th e L o r d o f

XXV I Her e w e h ave thr ee d is tinct r ac es m e nti o n e d : r stly th e N UB A ,

in th e Isl an d o f M er o e as far eas t as th e Atb ara s e co n d l y th e KAS U

, , ,

t o th e n o r th w e s t n e ar th e j u nc ti o n o f th e Nil e an d th e Atb ara and

-

, ,

th i r d ly th e Red N b a s o m e d is tanc e fu r th er d o wns tr eam

.
,

Imm ed i ate l y d o wns tr eam o f th e j u nctio n o f the r iver s th e KAS U

an d th e N UB A w o u l d s eem t o h av e b ee n d w e lling si d e by S i d e I t is .

h ar d to avo i d h az ar d ing an O pini o n th at th e Re d N UB A m ay h ave
b een s ou th er nly c o l o ni es o f B lem yes As r egar d s th e d i ffer e nc e .

b etw een th e KAS U an d th e N UB A o f th e inscr ip ti o n m u ch

o bvi o u sly d ep e n d s o n w h e th er th e in ter p r e tati o n o f M i I ll er o r o f

'

Li ttm an an d K r en cker is c o rr e ct ; b u t in eith er c as e th e KAS U

wo u l d app ear to b e the m o r e ci v iliz ed an d Egyp ti aniz ed M er o i tic

typ e an d th e N UB A th e n egr o trib es o f the o u t d is tr icts T h e m atter -
.

m u s t simply r em ain d ou b tfu l .

I t is at l eas t cl e ar th at by th e mi d d l e o f th e fo u rth c en tu ry A D .

M er o e had fall en o n evil d ays an d a p r o c ess o f d isintegr ati o n h ad

s e t in Fr o m n ow o nwar d s we kn o w n o th ing to sp eak o f ab o u t th e
.

h is to ry o f th e p eo pl e li v ing s o u th o f th e c o n u enc e o f th e Nil e an d

th e Atb ar a u n til t h e tim e o f el Mas II d i an d Ibn S e lim e l Asw n i

w h o wro te th ei r d e sc r ip ti o ns o f N ubi a in th e t en th c en tu ry .

XXV I I At wh at d ate th e M er o itic p eo pl es b e cam e C h ris ti an w e d o

n o t kn o w Abyssini a w as c o nver te d ab o u t 330 A D an d n o r th er n
. .

N b i a ab o u t tw o c en tu r i es l ater ; b u t th e s e v er anc e o f fr i en d ly r e l a
ti o ns b etwe e n th e two c o u n tr i e s wh ic h o cc u rr e d in th e mi d d l e o f th e
fo u r th c en tu ry mi li tate d h e nc efo r th agains t th e sp r ead o fth e r eligi o us
b eli efs o f the o n e to th e o th er and so mu ch s o th at when C h ris ti ani ty
,

of l

l li b x
A o a, b e i t n o te d , i s a so ap p e d , o th i n th e A um i te n scr p t o n an d ate ri i i l
by w
Ab u Sli h, t o t h e t o n ( S Ob a) as e w ll i
as t o t h e d s tr i c t T h e n a m m
e s ee s to

vv lf m lw m i i il f m b
.

s u r i e i n th e d u a A an , th e n a e o f a d s t r c t n an d r o So a

or of

F m v f m li i i
.

1
ro T ak az e to h ea e n h as or s n e 40 o f t h e i n sc r p t o n
wf m k i m i i lf
.

Cro o ot r e ar s t h at i t i s c u r o u s t h at t h e r e i s n o en t o n o f M er o e tse
i i l g k w
i n t h e n scr p ti o n , a th o u h w e n o t h at i t w as st ill l g w i i
th e ar e s t to n i n t h e d s tr c t
l f w w m y w mig
.

B u t i n in e 4 0 th e r e i s a g ap a ter t h e o rd s th e t o n o f as o n r hi c h ht
surely v i m if
h a e c o n ta n e d th e n a e th e w
o r d s tr an s at e d

l wi
thi n t h e co n u e n ce o f

li i wi
c an b e ap p e d t o a s t e gl
h c h i s in t h e an e o f th e t w o r er s t h o u h iv g f y mil
t es

w yf m
a a ro lj i
th e act u a u n ct o n .
48 T HE BEGA , T HE BL E MYE S XX VII .

w as nally es tablis h ed in NII b i a in th e S ixth c en tu ry it was by w ay
o f Egyp t th at i t c am e .

XX V I I I In all p r o b abili ty i t was ab o u t th e en d o f the s am e c en tu ry ,

o r ear ly in th e s e v e n th th at th e fai th w as r e c e ive d by Al o a

, .

T h e to wn o f S ob a o r A l oa h ad b e e n a pl ac e o f imp o r tanc e ev e n

, ,

in M er o i tic d ays fo r a templ e th ere d ates fr o m th at p e ri o d ; an d

,
1

th o u g h A l u t o n th e s te l e o f N astasen en r e fer s n o d ou b t to th e

d is tr ic t i t is n atu ral to s u pp o s e th at i ts c api tal w as th e to wn su b s e

,

qu en tl y fam o u s by th e s am e n am e .

Wh en Al o a w as c o nver ted p agan te mpl e s w er e tu r n ed into o r

r e pl ac e d by c h u r c h e s Wi th Ch r is ti ani ty an d th e imp o r tati o n o f

.

li tur gi e s and h o ly b o o ks c am e als o a m o r e gen eral u se o f Gree k

wr i ting fo r p u r p o s e s o f r eligi o n an d c er em oni al an d a lin e o f com
2
,

m u ni cati o n w as O p en e d fo r th e fu tu r e b etwee n Al ex an d r i a an d th e

villages o f th e Blu e Nil e At th e p r es e nt d ay ther e ar e s till visibl e

6
.

s o m e trac e s o f an anci en t civiliz ati o n ev en b eyo n d S Ob a su ch as th e ,

o l d r e d b r ick b u il d ings
-
p r o b abl y r em ains o f chu r ch es n ear B lti
, , ,

K u tr ang K as e mb a Br o nko an d Hass a Haysa T h ei r d ate is n o t

, ,
4
.

kn o wn b u t they app ear to b e l o ng to th e same p er i o d as th e C h r is ti an

,

r e m ains fo u n d at S Ob a .

XX I X Fu r th er n o r th as the p o w er o f M er o e d e clin e d th e all egi ance

o f th e p e tty m eks w h o h ad o nc e o wn e d i ts o v er l o r d s h ip b eg an t o

b e d rawn to th e o n e si d e by th e m agn e t o f Ab y ssini a o r to th e o th er

b y that o f th e r ival N ubi an king d o m wh ich c en tr ed u p o n D o ngo l a .

Wh en ever w e c atch a glimps e o f th es e two p o wer s as fo r ins tanc e , , ,

1
g
B u d e , I I , 3 04 T h e n a e S o a s u m est s b gg
Astaso b as , t h e n a e h ch m by w i
b l il
.

S tr a o d e n o t e s t h e B u e N e
m b bl y ly by i w k
.

T h e sa e p ro a d o e s n o t ap p to A s s n ia, h e r e th e u s e o f G r e e
2

wii g
r t n i y
w as ch e
d u e t o t r ad e in u e n ce s ( se e L e tr o n n e , l o c
l b m i l y b w
.

6
A o a, o r S o a, i s en t o n ed A o a ) i n t h e t r e at o f 6 5 2 A D e en th e

et

b P by y
.

V
Ar a s an d t h e N b i an s ( s e e ar t I I , C h ap 2 , ) , an d th e t e n th c e n t u r i t w as t h e
m im w gl lim
.

p o rt an t t o n in t h e S u d an s o u th o f D o n o a ( s e e I b n S e

o st s a c co u n t i n

P a r t I I , C h ap mi m y g
I t r e a n e d s o fo r s o e tw o o r t h r e e h u n d r e d e ar s an d , t h o u h
wi f ll i i ki g m gl iv i b
.

th th e a o f t h e C h r s t an n do o f D o n o a an d th e n as o n o f t h e A r a s
i tsim b imi i
p o r t an ce n o d o u t d ly viv m w ill l
n sh e d , i t ap p ar e n t re e d so e h at at a s t at e r

b gi i g ix y i l g
d ate , fo r at th e e nn n o f t h e s t e e n t h ce n tu r i t w as t h e c ap t a o f t h e An a

or Nu a b w m F g iho th e un P
d s p o s s e ss e d ( s e e D 7 , I , i n ar t IV )
wf lv z m i
.

o o t , l oc ci t p 8 ; an d s ee n o te t o M S D 7 , I A ar e e n t o n s th e se
4
Cp Cro
l lly i m i i
. . . . . .

c h u r ch e s I t i s S t at e d o c a th at th e an c e n t n a e o f E l ti w as An t An ti an d R ud s
i v b i b g by l
. .

ar e s a d t o h a e r o th er , A n a r ace , w h o s e tt e d o n e ( R di s ) o n

e e n s s t e r an d

b k
t h e e as t an i
o n t h e p r e s e n t s t e o f B as h a kir a E as t ( o r Ro d o s , C ai l li an d s R od ess ,

11 , i w b
an d t h e o t h e r ( A n t ) o n t h e e st ank

lm k b b m
.

an d e l M as di , i t i s t r u e , s p e a o f t h e t r i e s so u th o f S o a i n u ch

Ib n S e i
m m
t h e s a e te r l i lg g
s as d o t h e c ass ca ll m w i
e o r ap h e r s , an d c a th e o r s h p p er s o f t h e

m im l bl k k lik
o o n , s t ar s , r e , t r e e s an d an a s, ig y l ly
ac s n a e d e th e Z n ,

b u t th e c e ar
f ib livi g i l
r e e r t o th e t r es wyf m
n v
n an d , a a l ro wl
th e r i e r , o r e se t o th o se w h o d e t
i bly f
c on s d era m
ar th e r u p s tr e a .
I 3
. . XXX I . AN D T HE NUB A OF MER O E 49

in s eve n th and eigh th c e ntur i es th ey app ear to b e bick er ing

th e
1
,

an d th e l e ss er p r inc e l e ts w h o w er e w e d g e d b e tw ee n th e tw o p r o b abl y ,

s u cc eed ed in m aintaining s o m e m easu r e o f l o cal in d e p en d e nc e wh at ,

e v er n o min al all e gi anc e th ey m ay h av e p r o fe ss e d .

XXX I t is in d ee d d ifficu l t wi th o u t fu r th er sci entic d ata to g et

an y b u t a v agu e imp r e ssi o n as to th e r ac e to w h ic h th e v ar i o u s o c cu

p ants of th e c ou n try r o u n d M er o e b el o nged in th e p er i o d imm ed i ately

p r e c ed ing its c o nqu es t by th e Ar abs F our d is tinct r ac e s at l eas t m et .

t h e r eab o u ts Inl an d to th e n o r th an d eas t w er e th e B E GA : t o th e n o r th

.

wes t w er e th e N UB A tr ib e s ; to th e s o u th eas t was Abyssini a : to th e -

s o uth al o ng th e Wh i te Nil e an d th e S o b at w er e th e p eo pl e o f who m

th e m o d er n r e p r e s en tativ e s ar e th e S HI L LU K .

XXX I AS r egar d s th es e l atter as h as b ee n m e nti o n e d th ey d ispl ay

2
, ,

B antu affini ti es an d p r o b ably th ey m o v ed into th e c o u ntry s ou th o f

,

th e S o b at an d th e u pp er r eac h e s o f th e Wh i te Nil e d u r ing o r r ath e r

l ater than the s ec o n d mill e nni u m B C T h ey d id n o t exten d th ei r . .

o cc u p ati o n to th e l o w e r W h i te Nil e to th e vicini ty o f K aw a an d ,

D u eim u n til th e b eginning o f th e six te e nth c e n tu r y A D th e p eri o d

, . .
, ,

th at is o f th e r is e o f t h e F UN G king d o m
6
.
,

B ru c e w as to l d in S enn r in th e eighteenth c en tu ry that th es e

F UN G w er e d esc en d ed fr o m the S HILLUK an d W es ter m ann h as l ate l y

ad d u c e d p r o o fs o f t h e c o rr e c tn ess o f th e trad i ti o n T o w h at ex te n t .
,

if any the Nil o tic n egr o es m o d i ed th e r aci al c o mp o si ti o n o f th e

,

1
I n 6 8 7 th e P
at ri ar c h o f A e an d r a s e n t a lx i
e s sa e e h o rt n th e n s ofm g x ig ki g
bi by i i i i
N u a an d E t h o p a (A ss n a t h at i s ) t o co n c o r d ( R e n an d o t , H is t P a tr A l ex . . .

1 7 8 , ap L e tr o n n e )
P i w ig bi iig
. .

I n 7 37 A D th e at r ar c h r it e s t o C y r i ac u s K n o f N u a to ce ase r a d n
gy bi g k ki g w x ig v
.

U p p e r E p t , an d t h e o r ap h e r s p e a s o f t h e n s po e r as e t e n d n o er

i ki g
t h r te e n o th e r i
n s ( ap wi
L e Q u e n in O r i en t C hris ti a n , 1 1 , 6 6 2 , fo r h c h se e
m f i l i i
. .

L e t r o nn e) B u t as a att e r o f ac t th e r e i s a c o n t n u a co nfu s o n i n t h e d e as o f
ly i i w i b w bi by i i v m
.

t h e e ar C h r s t an r t er s et een N u a an d A s s n a , an d e e n i n so e c as e s

b wet by i i
e en A i bi l
s s n a an d I n d a , an d b bl y
Nu a by i i

sh o u d p r o a r e ad

A ss n a

i g bj i f i will f
i n th s p as s a e T h e s u e c t o f th s c o n u s o n l wi l b e u rt h e r d e a t th at e r , b u t
by J l m k by li
.

o n e m ay q u o te a n o t e A B u t er to a r e ar A b u Sa h ( p O ur
m l k w bi i i l wi f ig
. . .

au th o r h e r e s e e s to oo u p o n S o u th e st A r a a as d en t ca
-
th o r o rm n
by i i
p art o f A i i ki f i
s s n a o r E t h o p a , an e r r o r a b y i i wi
n t o th e c o n u s o n o f A ss n a th
'

i wi lw w
I n d a h c h ap p e ar s o e r d o n

y ll l g ii
.

I n th e thi r te e n th c e n tu r w e s h a s e e t h at th e S u tan o f E yp t i n ad d t o n to
i g mb y
se n d n an e k gas s gl
to t h e i n o f D o n o a h ad to ap p r o ac h te n s ep ar ate m eks to

th e s o u th ( s e e ar t I I , C h ap P
P
.

2
1 6

m yi il bi
. .

6
W e ste r an n , L I I if I n 1 8 4 2 th e n h a te d th e s an d s as far n o rt h as t h e
f g l i Fig wi f
.

o u r t e e n th d e r e e o f at t u d e ( D e h r ain , V I I , Op p p C p S ch e n u rt h ,
J y gi g i l
. . . .

1 , 9 1 0 : O n th e 1 3 th o f an u ar , o n o n e o f t h e th r o n n s an d s , w e h ad o u r

wi
r s t r enco n tr e t h th e S hi l l o o k s T h s t r e o f n e ro es i ibor er g f m ly x m
e t e n d e d th e

lv m f vi g l m il
.

se es uc h u r th e r n o rt h t h an at p r e se n t , h a n s ett e en t s o n al l t h e s an d s ;
b u t n o w [ 1 8 6 9 ] th e o n e cep t o n a y ly x i lly
p e n e t r ate t o t h s at tu d e ( 1 2i l i
i
i n th e r
c an o e s y
I n a few d a s w e l ay t o a o n s d e t h e -
l gi vill g
a e o f K a a , th e k m ly
o s t n o r th e r n

l i bi by i il
. .

p ac e n h a t e d S hill o o k s o n th e W h te N e .

M . S . I .
50 T HE BEGA ,
T HE B LE MYE S I 3 . . XXX I .

in h abi tan ts o f th e Isl an d o f M er o e is u nkn o wn b u t s o m e in d ica ti o n ,

o f c o nn e c ti o n is p er h aps fu r nis h e d b y th e exis te nc e in M ero e u n til

th e th i r d c en tu r y B C o f th e c u s to m o f killing th e king wh e n h e w as
. .

co nsi d ered to b e n o l o ng er s u ffi ci entl y Vigo r o u s to r u l e Th is co n .

s ti tu tes p r es u m abl y o n e m o r e exampl e o f th e anci e nt b e li e f in kings

b e li e v e d to incar n ate th e d i v in e wer e p er i o d icall y kill e d

l es t that spi r i t s h o u l d su ffer fr o m i ts r etenti o n in an ageing b o d y 1
.

If S O i t is p r o b abl y to b e c o nn e cte d o n th e o n e h an d wi th th e sed

,

fes tival o f anci en t Egyp t wh ich is th o u ght to h ave o r iginall y ce l eb rate d

,

th e O s i r i cati o n o f th e k ing th ro u g h d eath an d c e r tainl y o n th e o th er , ,

h an d wi th th e s till exis ting c u s to m acc o r d ing to wh ic h th e Nil o tic

,
-

S H I LLUK an d D I N KA p u t th ei r k ings to d eath b efo r e th ei r b o d ily

vig o u r p ass es away 2
.

Tr ac es o f th e s ame cu s to m exis ted am o ng th e F UN G o f S ennar ,

at w h o s e c o u r t th er e w as a p e r s o n ag e w h o c o mbin e d th e fu nc ti o ns

o f M as te r o f th e Ho u s eh o l d an d Ex e c u ti o n e r o f th e K ings ; an d i t ,

s eems am o ng th e AB DU LLAB o f K er r i O f th e fo r m er B r u ce s ays :

,
6 4
.

I t i s o n e o f th e sin gu l ar i ties w h i ch o b tain s mo n g thi s b r u tis h p eo p le a

th at the k i n g as cen d s h is th r o n e u n d er an admi s si o n t h at h e m ay b e l aw

fu lly p u t to d eath by h is o w n su bj ects o r sl ves u p o n a co u n cil b eing h el d a

b y the gre t o f ce s if they d ecree th at it is n ot fo r the d van t ge o f th e

a r ,
a a

s t te th at h e b e s u ffere d to
a eign an y l o n ge r T h e e i s o n e o f fi cer o f h is
r . r

o w n family w h o al o n e can b e th e i n st ru men t o f s h e d d i n g his s o v ere ig n

an d ki n sman s bl o o d T h i s o f ce r i s c l l e d S i d el C o om m ste r o f th e

. a ,
a

kin g s h o u se h o l d o r s ervants b u t h as n o v o te i n d ep o sing h im ; n o r i s any

gu ilt imp uted to him h o w ever many o f h is so vereign s h e thu s r egul ar l y

mu r d ers .

XXX I I Bu t u n til the b eginning o f th e S ixteenth c entu ry th e Nil o tic

n eg r o es d o n o t app ear ei th e r r aci all y o r cu l tu rally to h ave exer cis e d
an y in u e nc e in th e Isl an d o f M e r o e c o mp ar abl e to th at o f th e o th er

th r e e g r o u ps m en ti o n e d O f th es e th e m o s t imp or tan t w as p r o b ably

.

th e N UB A T h e anci e n t inh abi tants o f S Ob a th e Isl an d o f M er o e an d

.
,

th e h ills o f n o r th er n K o r d o f n ar e s till c o mm o nl y S p o k e n o f as

1
ligm
Se X
an , j o ur n A nth r I ns t LI I I , 1 9 1 3 , p 6 6 4 T h e l ocus cl assi cus o f th e
bj F z P l illi g
. . . . .

C p a so M a n , F e b 1 9 1 5 , K

su e ct i s r a e r , Th e G ol d en B o ug h , ar t I I I n
ivi i g b y m l l i i m
. . .

th e D ne K n , G z a ROh e im , fo r s o e U r a A t a c n s t an ce s o f th e c u s to -

lig i l i y vi
.

2
S e m an , l o c ci t p p 6 6 5 , 6 6 6 an d s ee , in p art c u ar , M s s M u r r a s E d en ce

m il i g ig i
.

y
. .

in An c e n t E g p t , i n M a n , F e b 1 9 1 4 F o r th e

fo r t h e C u s to of K l n th e K n
m i
. .

c u s to in F az o g hl i se e L e p s u s , p 22 1
P
. .

6
S e e D 5 ( a ) i n ar t I V
y i mw i viv
.

4
B r u c e , B k V I I , C h 1X F o r an o th e r an c ien t E g p t an c u sto h ch s ur ed

m g F g ki g lly i g i l P
. . .

a on th e u n , th at o f th e n p er s o n a h o e n a p e ce o f an d , se e art I ,

XXV
C h ap 4 , I T h e co n n e c t o n et e e n t h e tw o i b w
e s i n th e t p c a li
Ha t c co n y i lly mi i
ki g imk m i mw b y y ly
. .

ce p ti o n o f t h e n as a r a n a e r an d t h e ed u h e re t h e e ar r e n as c e n c e

of vg i
e e t at o n i s e n s u r e d Cp S e an , l o c ci t p p
. ligm
. 68 1 , 683 . . . .
 C HAP T E R 4

The non -
A r a b Ra ces o
f D a f
r ur

I T he c o nsi d er ati o n
c s wh o inhabi ted D arf r b e for e the
o f th e r a e
1

Ar abs is o n th e o n e h an d r en d er e d m o r e d ifficu l t by th e l ack o f

, ,

m o der n sci entic r es ear ch an d o n th e o ther m ade m o r e eas y by , , ,

th e fac t th at th e Arabs h av e c o al e sc e d s o slig h tly wi th th e o l d er p o p u

l ati o n th at i t is s till easy to pick o u t th e n o n Ar ab e l em e nts S ever al -
.

intrepi d an d acc o mplis h e d trav e ll er s h av e Visi te d th e c ou ntry an d

b r o u gh t b ack val u abl e info r m ati o n b u t an th r o p o l o gy had no t in ,
.

t h e i r d ay s m ad e s u ch gi an t s tr i d e s as n o w an d th ei r s tate m e n ts ar e ,

n o t alw ays b ack e d b y sci en tic d ata o f th e ty p e avail abl e fo r Eg y p t

an d L o w er N ubi a I t is th e r e s ear c h es o f B ar th and N ac h tig al an d

.

th e acu te o bs e rv ati o ns o f e l T n is i th at h av e c as t m o s t lig h t o n th e

r e Ar ab e l e m e n t in D r f r
p
-
.

I I HE DA YAT T h e n o r th er n p o r ti o n o f D r fII r is c o n tain e d in th at

.

vast u nfer til e n o r ther nl y p o r ti o n o f Afr ica wh ich is set asi d e by n atu r e
fo r th o s e w h o l ead a p as to r al life Sc atter e d in insignic an t nu mb er s .

as far s o u th as K ebk eb ia an d K u ttu m b u t c h i ey r o aming fu r th er

n o r th in th e Enn e d i d is tric t o u tsi d e D ar f r are t h e BE DAY AT a wil d ,

an d e n ti r e ly n o m ad ic rac e r e l ate d to th e Z AG HA W A T h e i r g eo .

gr ap h ical p o si ti o n b etw ee n th e KURA AN (to th e n o r th) an d th e

ZAG HAWA (to th e s o u th) r o u gh l y r ep r es en ts als o th ei r e th n o grap hic al

s tatu s B ar th calls th em T er auy e an d s ays th e Ar abs call th em
.
2

T h e Ar abs o f K o r d o fan an d D rffi r S p eak alw ay s o f

A u wa s e ems to b e th e KURA AN n am e fo r th e m

B e d ay at an d ,

T er auy e o r T er w a a n am e appli e d to th em b y th e Ar abs

an d

o f B o r ku Li eu t F er r an di d ivi d es th e BE DAYAT in to (a) a n o r th er n

6
. .

gr o u p an d (b) a s o u ther n gr o u p call e d B I LL IA an d s ay s th ey cl aim

, ,

t o h av e o nc e b ee n C h r is ti ans In B ar th s tim e m o s t o f th em w er e
4
.

p agans b u t th ey n ow p r o fes s M u hamm ad anism P ar ti es o f th es e
6
.

BEDAYAT p er i o d ic all y S w o o p d o wn o v er th e d e s er ts th at in ter ven e

1
D ar ur fe an s m
T h e C o un tr y o f th e

F i Ir .

2
V o l 1 1 1 , Ap p I , p 49 6
ig m l i x
. . . .

3 08 , i n L A fr i qu e F r a nca is e
6
S ee R e n s e n e en t s C o o n au , p .

D ec 1 914
hi i i
. .

4
I bid O n t s p o n t se e A p p 5 to th s c h ap ter
k b igi
. . .

6
E l T II n i si ( V oy a u O u a d ay , p 1 7 ) s p e a s o f th e B e d ay t as n o t o f A r a or n
g i m lif i l g g
. .

th o u h th e r ann e r s an d w ay o f e , b u t n o t th e r an u a e , ar e t h o s e o f th e

Ar a b s. l m
H e c as s e s th e ( p 2 5 ) as n o ad c n e r o e s o r p s eu d o e d u n s
. m i
g -
b i .
 T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARFUR 53

b etween them an d the Arabs an d rai d c am els wo men an d ch il d r e n ,

fr o m th e l atter and th ey eve n ventu r e as far as th e r iverain d is tric ts

,

o f D o ng o l a T h ei r h an d is ag ains t ev er y m an s b u t s o r e m ar k abl e is

.
,

t h ei r p o wer o f e n d u r anc e an d th ei r s ens e o f d i r e c ti o n th at it is ve r y

d ii cu lt to o ver tak e th e m .

Sl atin h ad d ealings wi th th em wh en h e was an o ffici al o f the

T u r kis h G o ver nm en t in D rf r b efo r e the M ahd ia After m enti o n .

i n that th ey ar e p ag ans in all b u t n am e h e ad d s 1

g ,

U n d er wi d esp r eadin g b ran ches o f an en o rmou s heg lik tree an d

th e 2
,

o n a sp o t kep t b e au tifu ll y cl ean an d s p r i n k l e d wi th n e s an d th e Be d a at

y ,

b eseech an u nkn o w n g o d to d irect th em in thei r u ndertakings an d to ,

p o tect them f o m d anger T h ey h ave al so r eligi ou s feasts at u ncer tai n

r r .

d ates w h en th ey as cen d th e h ill s an d o n th e e x tr eme summits whi ch ar e

, , ,

w h itewash e d th ey o ffer s acr ies o f an im al s T h e y are a n e st l w art

,
.
,
a

r ace very d ark in col ou r with straight features a thin no se and small
, , ,

mo u th an d resembl e Arab s mo re th an Negro es T h e wo men are f med

, . a

fo r th ei r l o n g o w in g h ai r an d th er e ar e s o me great b eau ties amo n gs t

,

t h em as o n e o ften n d s amo n gst th e fr ee Arab tr ib e s T h ey ge n erall y w e ar

, .

S k in s o f animal s r o u n d t h ei r w ai sts an d l o i n s ; b u t th e h igher cl ass an d th e i r

w o men d re ss i n l o ng o win g ro b es made o f w h ite D ar fu r co tto n c l o th .

T h eir foo d i s v e ry pl ai n C o r n d oes n ot g ro w i n th ei r co u ntr y an d i s

.
,

almo st u nk n o w n to th em T h ey tak e th e se e d s o f th e wil d u mp k i n wh ic h

.
p ,

g o w s there in abu n d an ce an d they s o ak them in wo o den vessels made

r ,

fr om the b ark o f trees After taking t he outer shell s o ff they l eave the
.
,

se e d s to steep u n til th ey l o se th ei r bitter n ess an d th en s tr ai n in g them o f f , ,

an d mi x in g th em wi th d ate s th e y g ri n d th em i n to a s o rt o f o u r wh ic h
, ,

i s c o ok e d with meat an d fo rms th e p r in cip al fo o d o f th e c ou ntry

,
.

T h ey h av e al so mo st S tr ange cu sto ms as r egar d s in h eri tan ce an d su c

cessio n T h e cemeteries are generally situ ate d at some distance fro m the
.

villages ; an d wh en a father d ies the b o dy is taken by all the relatives to ,

b e b u r ied T h e ce r emon y o ver o n a giv en sign al they all r ush togeth er at

.
,

th e t o p o f th ei r sp ee d to the d eceas ed s h ou se ; an d h e w h o ar ri v es r st

an d xe s hi s S p e ar o r arro w in i t i s c o n s i d er e d the r igh tfu l h ei r an d n o t ,

o n l y b eco mes p os se sso r o f al l th e c attl e b u t al so o f hi s fath e r s wi v e s an d

,

o th e r wo men w ith th e e x c ep ti o n o f his o wn mo th er

,
He is at p erfect .

lib erty to mar ry th em if he wish es o r he can set them free A man s ,

.

female ho u seho l d is enti rely regu l ated b y his nan cial p ositio n I t is .

great o r small acco rd ing as the l o rd an d master is r ich o r p o o r .

As I b efo r e remarke d mo st o f th e p eo p l e still adh ered to th eir p agan

,

cu sto ms an d it amu sed m e greatly when S aleh D onku sa who was b y way
, ,

o f b eing a goo d M o sl em h im se lf d en i e d t o m e i n th e mo st emp h atic , ,

man ner that such cu sto ms were still in vo gu e in hi s trib e I asked hi m

,
.

what the great heg lik tree w as wh ich I h ad p asse d the p revio u s d ay when
-

1
Bk 1 , C h 3
l wi h
. . .

2
B a la ni tes A eg y p ti a ca F o r t h e c u t c o nn e c te d t tr ees an d s t o n e s i n D rf r
l g
.

see ater s ub D a u an d F r .
54 T HE N O N ARA B -
RACES O F D ARFUR

r i d ing th r ou gh the Kho r an d why th e gro u n d u n d ern e th was sp rinkl ed

,
a

with n e san d T h e qu e sti on su p rised him n d fo r a moment he w as

. r ,
a ,

s il en t ; h e t h en an s w ere d th t i t w s t h e u su l m e etin g p l ace i n w h i c h tr ib al

a a a

m atters w e r e d i s cu sse d T h e M ah e i a A ab s sai d I

. w nte d to gra e r r ,

,

a z

t h eir c attl e n e th e t ee ; b u t w h en I s aw th at i t w as d e d ic te d fo so me
ar r a r

s p e ci al p u p o se I p ev en te d t h em f o m d o i ng so He th ank e d m e mo st
r ,
r r .

h ear tily an d I co u l d se e th at th o u gh a fan atic al M osl em h imse lf h e w s

, , ,
a

d ete rmin ed to u p h o l d th e an ci ent mann ers an d cu sto ms o f his tr ib e an d ,

s o r et in h i s h o l d o v e r th em
a I sub se qu ently learn e d th at it was entirely
.

th r ou gh h im th t th e h o l y tr ee w as p rese rv e d
a .

Am o ng th e su b d ivisi o ns o f th e BE DAY AT I n D r f r ar e th e B I RAY RA ,

th e GALLI GE RK I , th e K OTI E RRA , th e S AR an d th e U RD i A .

I I I K U R A AN T h e K UB A AN fo r t h e m o s t p ar t liv e to th e n o r th o f


.

th e B E D AY AT an d als o o u tsi d e D ar fur , b u t a few o f th em are sc atter e d

a m o ng th e l atter tr ib e an d th e ZAGHAW A T h ei r p o ssibl e i d enti ty wi th .

th e anci e n t G ar am an tes an d th e i r o th er r aci al affini ti e s h av e b ee n

d iscu ss ed in an e ar li er c h ap ter I m ay ad d h er e th at s u c h o f th e m as .

I h av e m et in D r f r i d en tify th ems el v es wi th th e D AZA (th ey s ay

t h e ter ms ar e s y n o n y m o u s ) as a b r anc h o f th e T E DA (o r AN KAZZA) .

Th ey ad mi t o nly a d is tant r el ati o ns hip wi th th e BEDAY AT an d an e ve n

m or e r em o te o n e wi th th e ZAG HAW A an d d o n o t u n d er s tan d th e
c o mm o n l angu age o f th o s e tr ib es T h e T I BBU to th e n o r th o f them .
,

th e y say sp eak a l ang u ag e S imil ar to th e i r o w n b u t n o t i d e n tic al

, ,

wi th i t 1
T h ey d iscl aim all c o nn e c ti o n wi th th e T UW ARE K K EN I N
.

T h e o nl y b ranc h es o f K URA AN I h av e h ear d m e n ti o n e d ar e th e

fo ll o wing :
BU LTA D ON ZA
G AI D A K I LLI A
B I RRAS A D UD I RN IA
K O KURD A N O ARM A
M URD I N GA ,
or M URD IA

J I GADA (i n w ) th e est

IV Z A GHAW A Mixed wi th th e BE DAYAT b u a

. o e o u th , t m inl y t th s
o f th e m in n o r th e r n D r f r ar e th e Z AG HA W A T h is l ar g e tr ib e is
2
.
, ,

m ainl y a mixtur e o f Hami tic T I B B U an d n egr o an d h as Lib yo

6
,

B er b er afni ti es Th ey wer e kn o wn to th e m e d i aeval Ar ab geo grap h er s

.
,

b u t th e b u l k o f th e m in th e mi d d l e ag es app ear to h av e b ee n c o nsi d e r

i ly
1
Cur ous en o u h , g w
h e n I w as as n so e B e d ay at , Ku r a an an d Z a h a a ki g m g w

wi w ib
th i l
h at t r e i n p ar t c u ar t h e c o n n e c t e d t h e T u th e r epy e d t h at t h e T u ibb y li ibb
w e r e r e p u t e d to h a e v b
e e n i n o ld d a s r e at y l iv
e s o f th e H a d e n d o a o f t h e E as t e r n

i m
S u d an T h e s tr a n c o m o n to o th i s o f c o u r s e th e H a t c b mi i
X
. .

2
S e e M ac M i c h ae l i n j our n A n th r I ns t

L I I , 1 9 1 2 , an d . Ch III . . . V .

6
K e an e , E n cy cl B r i t ar t S u d an , an d c p C u s t , I , 2 5 3 , an d C ar b o u , 1 1 , 2 09
ig l i g mi f i
.

y
. . . .

N ach t a , o n t h e o th e r h an d , d en e d , o n r o u n d s th at se e n s u fi c en t , t h at t h e

w er e a T ibb u r ac e S ee V oy a u O ua d a i , p 7 3
. .
'

. .
I 4 IV
. . . T HE NON -
A R AB RA CES O F D ARF II R 55

a bly fu r th er w es t th an at p r es en t o n th e s am e l atitu d e T h ei r n ative , .

l angu age is a d i al e ct o f T I BB U b u t m o s t can als o sp eak Ar abic o f a

I
,

kin d .

Th ey ar e r s t m enti o n e d b y th at Her o d o tu s o f th e Ar abs ,

e l M as ud i ab o u t H e sp e aks o f th e d esc e n d an ts o f Ku s h
2
943 ,
A D .

th e s o n o f K an a an wh o m h e r efer s to in g e n er al ter ms as Hab s h a

,

li r all y b y ssini ns m ving w s w rds

'
an d Ah ab i s h (i e te A . .a
) as o e t a
, ,

after th e o o d an d th e n d ivi d ing in to tw o m ain b ranc h e s T h e N B A .

,

th e B E GA an d th e Z I N G b e c am e s e p arate h e s ay s fr o m th e o th er s , , ,

w h o c o n tinu e d w e s twar d s to w ard s e l Z ag h awa an d el K an e m an d

M ar k a an d K au k au an d Gh an a an d th e [s e c o u n tr i es o f the] o th er . .

kin d s o f bl acks an d D em ad em L ater h e sp eaks o f thes e we s ter n .

migr ants th ems e lves as c o ntaining Z aghaw a an d K au kau an d

K ar aki r an d M ad i d a an d e l M e l an a an d el K u m ati an d D u w ay la
an d cl K ar m a
3
Wh at h e o bvi o u sl y m eans is th at cer tain E thi o pi an
.

r ac e s at a v e r y e ar l y p er i o d p u s h e d w e s tw ar d s t o th o s e c o u n tr i e s

b o r d er ing o n th e Niger w es t o f L ak e Ch ad wh ich w er e s u bs e qu e n tl y

kn o wn as Z ag h ai G h an a e tc , , .

E 1 I d r i si wh o wr o te h is Geog r aphy ab ou t 1 1 5 3 after ex te nsi v e

'

t rav e ls in We s t A fr ic a in d ealing wi th th e d es er t o f Tis e r an d th e

,

ZAGHAW A an d F EZZAN d escr ib es th e p r e c ar i o u s s emi n o m ad ic exis t -

e nc e o f th e p eo pl e an d s ay s :
5
,

L es d eu x r i d en ces les plu s c o n si d e rabl es d u Z agh awa s o n t c ell es d e

s

S ak o u t a et d e C h meh ( a ti ) O n y tr o u v e u n e tr ib u v o y ageu se
a n .

a
pp ell ee S ad r i et aq u i p s se p o u r etr e B e b er e L es i n d i vi d u s a r .

q u i l a c o mp o s e n t r e sse mbl e n t u x Z a g h aw i en s ; i l s o n t l es m m es h abitu d e s

a ,

il s se s o nt id en tis a l eu s
c es et il s o n t rec o u s a e u x p o u r t o u s l e s
r ra r

o bj ets q u i l eu s o n t n cessaires et p o u l eu r n go ce C hameh est u n gro s

r ,
r .

b o u rg auj ou r d hu i m al p eu p l d o nt l es h bit n ts se so nt tran sp ort s p o u r

,

,
a a

l p lu p ar t aK o u k ou
a vill e situ e a1 6 j o u rn es d e distan ce I ls b o i .

vent b eau cou p d e l ait l eu rs e u x t n t s u m at es et mangen t d e la vian de

,
a a a r ,

c o u p e en l n i r es et s ch e au s o l eil
a I ls se n o u r i s en t au s si d e ep ti l es . r s r ,

d o n t il s fo n t u n e ch e ab o n d n te et q u i l s fo n t cu i r e ap r es l eu r av o i r

ass a

co u p 1a t et e et l qu eu e C es p eu p l e so nt tres suj ets al g le en so rte

a . s a a ,

q u a cc sign e d n s to u t l e p ys et d n s t o u tes l es tr ib u s d u S o u d an o n

,
a a a ,

re con n it u n Z a
g h a w i e n S il sa s a b st e n ai e n t d e m an ge r d u se r en t i l s e n
.

p

,

s er i en t to t l eme n t e x em t s
a a I l s v o n t n u s et c ach e n t s eu l eme n t l eu s r
p .

1
Cp . M ac M i c h ae l
s v bl i
o ca u ar e s in f oa m . A nthr . wi h t t h o se of C ar b o u , I,
21 3 e t seq .
2
V o l I I I , Ch 3 3 , p p 1 , 2 , 3 7 , 3 8
m v y i g g
. . . .

3
T h e n a e s ar i n d ffe r e n t M S S K auk au ( L eo s

Ga o is Ka b o (or
g ig ly
.

G ao o r G o o ) o n t h e N e r S e e C o o e , p 3 2
lyl ly i x g g l i i w
. . .

4
Coo e e ar n e d d sc u s se s th e e ac t eo r ap hi ca s tu at o n o f t h e s e e ster n

ig m
k n d o s an d m ay b e c o n s u t e d fo r d e t a s l il
P
.

5
I I I i n V o l V o f t h e R ecu ei l d e
. .
5 6 T HE NO N ARAB -
RACES O F D ARFUR I 4 IV
. . .

p art es i h on teu sesmo yen d e cu irs tann s d e ch ameau et d e chevre

au ,

q u i s o n t co u ver ts d e d iverse s so rtes d in cisio n s e t d o n em ents

r .

1 1 y a d an s c c p ays u n e mo ntagn e n omm e L ou k i a tr es

h au te et d u n d ii cile acces bien q u e l le s it fo rme e d u ne terr e bl anch e
'
,
o

et m o ll e N u l n e p eu t n s p e rir p p o cher d es cave n es q u i se tro u v en t

.
,
sa ,
a r r

s u r so n so m met atte n du d ap r es ce qu o n assu r e qu o n y tr o u v e d es

, ,

se r p en ts d u n e g ro s eu r e n o rme q u i s l an cen t su r q u i co n qu e se d i r ige

s

s an s l e s av o i vers leu rs r etraites ce q ui fait q ue les habitants du p ays les

r ,

r e d ou te n t e t les h abit ants d e c c c anto n so nt Z ag h aw ien s e t

leu r tribu se n omme S ako u t ; ils s nt tr es s d entai res p o sseden t d e no m a o ,

b eu x t o u p e u x d e h am e u d e r ce estim e fab i qu ent l eu s vtem ents

r r a c a a ,
r r

et l es te n tes o u il s d em eu re n t av e c l e p o il d e c e s an im u x e t se n o u r i s se n t a ,
r

d e l eu r l ait d e l eu r b eu r e et d e l eu r ch ai r C h ez eu x le s lgu mes so nt

,
r .

r ar e ; c ep e n d n t il s cu l ti v e n t l e dh o rra q u i (c omme o n s ai t) e st l p r i n ci p al e
a , a

p r o d u cti o n d u Z gh w a : o n y pp o r te qu el qu e fo is d u bl d e War djel n

a a a a

et d ailleu r s .

L ate in fo u r tee nth c e ntu r y i t is s ai d th e ZAGHAW A c am e

th e , ,

u n d er th e d o min ati o n o f th e B U L A
2
LA

Ibn K h al d u n ( 1 332 1 406) sp eaks o f the T AWAREK as a s e c ti o n o f

SAN HAGA B e rb er s wh o inclu d e th e kin d re d tr ib e s o f LAM TIJ N A

'

ZAG HAW A an d LAMTA an d h av e fr e qu en ted th e tracts s ep ar ating th e

co u ntry o f the B er b ers fr o m that o f the bl acks since a tim e l o ng
p r evi o u s to Isl am Bu t h e als o qu o tes Ibn S a i d ( 1 2 1 4 1 2 8 7) to th e
3
.

e ffe c t th at th e re w er e Z ag h awa living n ext to the N ubi ans i e fur th er , . .

eas t an d th at th ey w er e M u h amm ad ans an d incl u d e d a s e c ti o n c all e d

T ag ua 4
.

M akr iz i ( o r Ibn S a 1 d fr o m w h o m h e c o pi e s
. te lls u s ,

all th e n ati o ns b e tw e e n Ab y ssini a o n th e s o u th N ubi a o n

th at ,

th e eas t B ar k a o n th e n o r th an d T ak r r o n th e w e st ar e c all e d
, ,

s
Z ag h ai .

Leo Afr ic anu s 5 2 8 ) evi d e n t ly r efer s to th e ZA HAW A an d th e

( . 1 G
c o gnate K URA AN whe n h e sp eaks o f th e j o u r n ey b etwee n C ai ro an d

B o r nu as d ange r o u s o wing to th e d ep r e d ati o ns o f c er taine th eeves

c all ed Zingani , an d wh en , in th e p ass age p r evi o u sl qu o ted , h e y
s ay s king
N u b i a m ai n tai n eth co ntinu all w arr e p ar tly agains t
th e of

th e p e o pl e o f G o ran (w h o b eing d esc e n d e d o f th e p e o pl e c all e d

Zingani i nhab ite th e d e s er ts an d sp eake a kin d e o f l angu age th at
,

1
Or L o u n ia
B ar th , I I I , C h L I , p 4 2 8 , q u o t n M a kr i z i an d Ab u e l
2
d a; b u t i t i s p r oig Fi b bla e

ll i m ly g w m
. .

t h at th e a u s o n i s ere t o t h e Z a h a a o f K an e
l
.

3
E d d e S an e , Bk I I , 6 4
v i g
. . .

4
I bi d p 1 05 , an d e d ar , V I , 1 9 9 ; B k I I I
. . A ar an t fo r
. T a ua
. . .

r e ad s T g ra
5
Coo ly e , p .
98 .
 IV . T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARF OR 57
n o o th er n ati o n vn d ers tand e th ) an d p ar tl y a a g ins t cer tain e o th er

o p le
l
e
p .

T he ZAGHAW A ar e s till mu ch wher e they w er e in L eo s tim e b u t

t h e n o m ad Ar abs h av e inte r p o s e d to a l ar g er d eg r ee b e tw ee n th e m
a n d N ubi a an d th e o nl y c o l o ny o f th e m n o w b etw e e n D a
,
r fur an d

t h e Nil e is at K agm ar in K o r d o fan T h is s ettl e m e nt was p r o b abl y .

m ad e ear l y in th e e ig h te en th c e ntu r y an d incl u d e s th e ZAGHAW A

2

h ills o f e l Roy i an an d e l At s h an : it is n o w in g r ad u al p r o c e ss o f

ar abiciz ati o n ; an d th e s am e appli e s in a l e ss d egr ee to th e s e mi

n o mad ic Z AGHAW A o f D ar fur wh o tho u gh they d o n o t call th em , ,

s e lve s Ar abs an d h av e n o t y et fak ed Arab p e d igr e e s sp eak Ar abic ,

a n d wi th M u h amm ad anism h av e ad o p te d m any Arab c u s to ms T h ey .

s till h o w ever r etain thei r b e li ef in r ainm ak er s

, ,
T h ey ar e
a li th e s talw ar t an d ac tiv e fo lk o f th e s am e c as t o f c o u n te n anc e as
, ,

t h e T I BB U v er y bl ack skinn e d an d m u c h add ic te d t o r ai d ing an d

4 -

, ,

bl o o d feu d s .

T h e P IJ R c all th e m M RI D A th e M i dob i s K EZB AD I th e TAMA

'

, ,

( an d E RE N G A) K u yu k an d th ey c all t h e

ms e lv e s B e r r i b,u t

in

t h e d i al e c ts o f th e D AGU an d o th er s th ey app ear as ZAGAWA T h e .

B I RKE D u se th e fo r m Z au g e I

El Tunisi gives a nu mb er o f d etails c o nc er ning the ZAGHAWA at

5

t h e b e ginning o f t h e nin e te e nt h c e ntu r y T h e i r c o u n tr y a v er y .

,

sp aci o u s area in n o r th wes ter n D ar fur was r u l e d by a tr ib u tar y -

s u l tan wh o had twe lve m eliks s u bj ect to him I t was o ften kno wn .

6
a ter m als o u s e d h o w ev er t o incl u d e th e

as D ar T ke ny ao uy ,

B ERT I co u ntry imme d i ate ly eas t of it T h e ZAGHAW A an d B ERT I .

,

t h o u g h li v ing as n e ig h b o u r s i fr app ant d e l a s ag e ss e

p ar u n t ra t ,

d ivin e w er e v ery d i ffer en t in character the ad vantage b o th in

, ,

m o rals and app earanc e l y ing wi th th e l atter T he Z AGHAWA were at .

feu d wi th th e M AHAM I D Arabs

1
Cp C h ap i P
T h e r e e r en c e t o L e o i s Bk V I I , 8 2 6 an d 8 2 8
2 , X LI , o f t h s ar t f
m l l ig y i w k
. . . . .

T e p o r a t r an s ate d Z n an e as G p s e s an d D r B r o n ( L eo , p 8 2 8 ) t hin s
i y ig i l wi
.

t h s c o r r ect O n p 8 2 6 ( l o c ci t ) h e s a s t h e Z n an c an n o t b e c as s e d th an y
k w l il g ig i
. . . .

no n p eo p e S i r C W so n (f oa m A n thr I ns t A u g 1 8 8 7 ) t h o u h t th e Z n an
ig bb b bi iz y i yi i
. . . . . .

h t b e K a a i sh A r a s T h e G p s e s i n S r a an d A s a

m n o t y e t ar a c ed

i ill ll
.

M n o r ar e s t c a e d t chin g en e ( vo n L u sch an , l oc ci t p

. . .

2
S e e M ac M i ch ae l , p 1 09
g l w mb i l ig
. .

3
Ho o n i s a s o t h e o r d u s e d o n t h e H o or p at e au ( U p p e r N e r ) fo r
a ra nimk a e r o r s o r ce r e r ( s ee M ac M i c h ae l , l oc ci t F o r t h e r e e in c e rt a n i b li f i
ly P
. .

ho s t o n e s an d t r ee s s e e ar a I I I o f t hi s c h ap t e r V
b
. .

C p Gar o u , 1 1 , 2 09 5
V oy ag e a u D a rfo ur , p p 1 2 8 , 1 3 2 , 1 3 3 , 1 3 6 1 3 9 , 2 9 7
i by ii m m lf wi g l
. . . .

6
T h e te r i s sa d e l T un s t o e an t h e e t ar m o r n [ o f t h e S u tan ]
ll li
b u t t h e F ur o f th e p r e s e n t t e m e i t d e n o t es th e o n s T k n y ao u y
il l f i y i i i
w as t h e t t e o f it s r u e r , a u n c t o n ar q u te d s t n c t r o t h e o c a S u t an an d f m l l l
a p p ar e nt ly ki
a Vi y
nd of l
ce r o f o f t h e S u t an o f D a r ur ( s e e l oc ci t p p 1 32, 1 33,

i l ill viv g l i iy i
. . .

T h e t t e st sur e s , t h o u h i ts h o d e r h as n e t h e r au t h o r t n o r d u t es .
58 T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARF OR I 4 IV
. . .

p r es en t the ZAGHAW A ar e d ivi d ed into s everal l arg e s ecti o ns

At ,

o f w h ic h th e c h i e f ar e th e fo ll o wing 1 :

ART EY T .

M I RRA .

AKAB A .

K AI T I N GA Th is l ar g e c o mmu ni ty li v ing cl o s e to the n o r th o f

z
.
,

K u ttu m r egar d s i ts e lf an d is r e gar d e d by o th er s as T UN GUR by

, , ,

d e sc e n t o n th e m al e si d e an d Z AG HAW A o n th e fe m al e si d e T h ey are .

inclin e d to d emu r to th e app e llati o n o f ZAGHAW A th o u gh n o t atly ,

d is o wning it an d to sp eak o f th ems e lve s as a s ep ar ate tr ib e T h e y

,
.

n e v er call th ems e lve s TUN GUR .

K O BB ( Incl u d ing th e K UB GA ) T h is s e c ti o n is in th e e xtr e m e

. .

n o r th w es t o f D ar fur an d n o r th eas t o f Wad ai T h ere is a c o l o ny o f

- -
.

K UR GA with o th er K O BB (NAS F IRT I ) n ear K eb k eb ia b u t th e i r

, , ,

h abi tat p r o p er is in a m o u n tain o u s d is tr ic t n o r th w e s t o f D ar T am a -

.

T h e K O B B I ar e s u b d ivi d e d in to AN G O M I RRA N O W RA WAYRA , , , ,

BAYB ELA K E RAY Ko B IRRI ARRA B URS U S I GE RLA an d G o n ; th e

, , , ,

K UB GA in to B I G I E RLA HO T I LLI A B ERB ULA an d B 1RGABELA

, ,
3
,
.

KA LI B A
N I K I RI .

G ALI GALGE RA o r G AN I GAL GERA (u n d er th e KALI B A)

,
.

AW LAD D IKAY N an d AW LAD D O URA U n d er AK AB A U n til th e . .

l atter p ar t o f th e eighteenth c entu ry h ow ev er , th e AKAB A w er e u n d e r ,

th e Awl ad B I RA Y N naha s

Each m ain d ivisi o n o f th e ZAGHAWA n ow h as its o w n m elik ,

su bj ect to n o singl e Z ag h awi S u l tan o r o ver l or d Th ei r h abi tat .

s tretc h e s acr o ss p r acticall y th e wh o l e o f n or th er nm o s t D ar fur an d

p ar t o f n o r th er n Wad ai an d in its m or e s o u th er nl y d is tr icts (in
1
,

D ar fur ) is l ar g e l y p eo pl e d b y F fIR an d T UN GUR .

V MIDOB G eb e l M id ob li es ab ou t 400 mil es west of K h artou m

.

o r 3 0 mil e s w e s t s o u th w e s t o f D e bb a in th e n o r th eas te r n c o r n e r
5
- - -

of Da r fur an d m e n ti o n h as al r e ad y b ee n m ad e o f i ts p e o pl e as h av ing a
,

Nubi an s train an d sp eakin g a d i al ec t th at r e s embl es that o f th e B ARAB RA 5

.

1
g w g lly
T h e Z a h a a en er a li i b ib
ad d th e B e d ay at t o th e s t o f th e r s u t r es

b w w f b
.

2
T h e K aiti n g a r an d i s as s h o n T h e
as e i s

cr o s oot at t h e -

mm m g b b w f m
.

co o n to o s t F ur an d T u n u r r an d s an d ap p e ar s to b e o rro ed ro

yl y i P xx
t h e r o a K a r a se ct o n o f F ur ( q u P
a in ar a an d c p ar as V I I an d X IX )

il b ivi i w li by
. . . . .
,
3
T h e d et a s o f s u d s o n s o f K o b b an d K u b g a e r e s u p p e d to m e

ll ivil vi
M r E G S ar se ld Ha o f th e S u d an C f
S e r c e , I n s p e c to r o f N o r th e r n D ar ur
b
. . .

4
S ee Gar o u , 1 1 , 2 09 2 1 0
P XXX X b w i f ll w ly
.
,

L I I T h e ac co u n t o f M i d o
5
ar t I , C h ap 2 , I I I an d h c h o o s i s p ar t
i i l wi il ib il bi
. .

d e n t ca t h an a rt c e I c o n t r u te d , u n d e r t h e t t e N u an I n u e n ce s i n
f
D ar u r ,


to th e mb r st n u i
e r o f S u d a n N o tes a n d R eco r d s b u t ce r ta n
ii v b m
ad d t o n s h a e e en m iv v b l y
ad e b i
F o r a c o p ar at e o c a u ar o f M i d o , B r ke d an d
b l i
.

B ar a r a , s ee at er su b B r ke d .

60 T HE NO N ARA B -
RACES O F D ARE II R v .

of inher i tanc e and su ccessi o n is s till fo ll o wed and o n th e d eath o f ,

a m ek h e is s u cc ee d e d b y hi s sis ter s s o n Th er e ar e two m oks

.

in M idob o n e o f th e no r th er n p o r ti o n o f the r ange (U RTI s e cti o n)

, ,

th e o th er o f th e s o u th er n ( S HE LK TA s e c ti o n) an d in b o th c as e s th e ,

p r actice is th e s am e .

In th e m atter o f in h er i tanc e i t is u s u al in o r d er to c o nfo r m to ,

Isl amic p r actic e whil e p res er v ing th e anci e nt cu s to m fo r a m an b efo r e ,

h i s d eath to gi v e h i s w eal th to h is s o ns an d th e sis ter s s o n th ere fo re

fin d s n o th ing l e ft to inh er i t T h e w ell to d o carr y a swo r d the r es t

.
- -

a few th r o wing sp ear s o r a k n o bb e d s tick T h e th r o wing stick u ni .

,

v er s al in the r es t o f D ar fur is n o t u s ed at Mi dob , .

Ci r cu mcisi o n o f b o th s exes is p ractis e d M arr i age wi th th e .

d au gh ter o f th e p ater n al u ncl e u s u al am o ng th e n o m ad ic Ar abs is

, ,

tab o o at Mi dob b u t th e s am e d o es n o t apply t o m ar r i ag e wi th th e

,

d au g h ter o f th e m ater n al u ncl e .

A very in ter es ting annu al fes tiva l is h e l d by th e M i d ob is o f th e

n o r th an d s o u th alike I t b egins it is s ai d o n th e eigh th d ay o f a
.
, ,

l u nar m o n th wh e n th e c o r n is r ip e an d th e r s t few h ead s ar e b eing

,

c u t b u t b e fo re th e g e n er a l r eaping
, O n th is o cc asi o n th e y o u ng m en
.

an d th e gi r ls in h e c as e o f th e s o u th er n M i d b i s to K h or O d i n a
g (
o t ) g r
an d c amp th er e fo r ftee n d ays e nj o y ing th e ms e l v e s wi th d ancing
,

an d h o r s e pl ay T h e e l d er fo lk m er e l y act th e p ar t o f S p e c tato r s an d
-
.

b r ing o u t the fo o d an d d r ink fo r th e o th er s .

A m o n th l ater o n th e e ig h th o f th e fo ll o wing m o n th th at is th e
, , ,

y o u ng m en g o (in th e cas e o f th e s o u ther n M idobis) to K hor T il t

an d tak e p ar t in m anl y sp o r ts r u nning an d r i d ing e tc T h e w o m e n
, , .

an d gi r ls l o o k o n In the e ve ning each y o u ng m an h as to j u mp o ver

.

th e K h o r ; an d th e n al l g o h o m e .

S o mu c h th e d ate in th e m o n th exc ep te d I was to l d at Mi dob

,

an d i t w as ad d e d in p assing th at th e y o u ng m e n h ad th ei r h ead s

an o in te d fo r th e fe s tiva l B u t in 1 9 1 8 I was tr av e lling wi th s o m e

.

M i d ob i s an d n o tic e d th at o n e o f the m a y o u th age d 1 9 o r s o wo r e , ,

hi s h ai r l o ng an d th ickl y pl ai te d an d p ar te d d own th e mi d d l e s o m e

wh at after the fas h i o n o f the BE DAYRfA y ou th s with th e pl aits ti ed

to g e th er fo r te mp o r ar y c o nv eni e nc e at th e b ack o f hi s h e ad T h is .

l ed to e nq u i r i es an d th e fo ll o wing ad d i ti o nal fact s transpi re d T h e .

wh o l e fe s ti val d escr ib ed ab o ve is kno wn as the baz z a an d if th e ,

ye ar is a b ad o n e fr o m the p o int o f vi ew o f the h arves t (bukkali ,

A r a bi c ; ur ung ul Mi dob ) i t is n o t h e l d
1 -

, .

T h e pl ai te d h ai r (di wa o r
r t i r wi A r a bic ; r ufan Mi dob )
1
, , ,

1
T he M i d ob i s sp ea k o f th s i as an Ar a bi w
c o rd , b u t , if so , it see m s to be a

i
c o r rup t o n o f s o m e sort .
I 4 V
. . . T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARFUR 61

is an imp or tant featu r e in th e p r o c ee d ings In anticip ati o n o f th e .

fes tival th e l ad s o f Mi dob all o w th ei r h ai r to gr o w l o ng an d ab o u t ,

sp r ing tim e th ey b egin to p ay sp eci al atte nti o n to an o inting an d

-

pl ai ting it Th u s wh en th e tim e c o m es for th e c e l eb r ati o n o f th e

.
,

s ec o n d h alf o f th e fes tival if th e fath er s j u d ging th e h ar v es t s uffi

, ,

c i e n tly g o o d to war r ant i t giv e s anc ti o n an d an o in t th e i r o wn h ead s

,

( w h ic h ar e o f c o u r s e cl o s e s h o r n ) th e l ad s d r e ss th e ms e lv e s u p wi th
, , ,

wo m en s o r n am e nts b r ace l ets b ead s etc an d take a d ru m (nu

, , , .
,

a r a an d fo r m a p r o c e ssi on an d g o r o u n d visi ting all th e n eig h b o u r

)

g
ing vill ages b eating th ei r d ru m an d invi ting co ntr ib u ti o ns
,
.

In a go o d y ear th er e will b e s o m e fty to a h u n d r ed y o u th s thu s

c e l eb r ating the baz z a in a p o o r y ear p er h aps o nl y a d o z e n o r s o ;
,

an d evi d e n t ly i t is a m atter for d is tinc t p r i d e in after life to h av e -

b ee n o n e o f th e l ad s o f a go o d y ear : o f my infor mants o n e b o as ted

th at h e h ad b e e n o n e o f six ty th r ee an d an o th er o n e o f fty ve -
If -
.

t h e nu mb er s ar e s u fci ent ly l ar ge tw o in d ep en d en t p r o c e ssi o ns ar e

fo r m ed ins tead o f o n e .

B efo r e s etting o u t o n th ei r s er i es o f visi ts (wh ich m ay exte n d o ver

a w e e k o r a fo rt nig h t o r s o acc o r d ing t o th e n u mb er o f vill ag e s to b e
,

visite d an d the l ength o f the gaps b e twee n vi sits) th e l ad s s e l ect fr o m

am o ng th e e l d er s o f th e i r tr ib e fo r th e m atu r i ty o f th e i r j u d gm e n t , ,

tw o o ld m en ( bar ag a sir ig i r u l e r s o f th e y o u ng m en

i e ) as

. .
,

ad vis er s : i t w as expl ain e d th at tw o w er e c h o s e n an d n o t o ne o nly , ,

b e c au s e in hu m an affai r s tw o h ead s are b etter than o ne I t is a .

m atter o f fo r m ali ty that thes e two e l d er s at r s t r e fu s e an d o nly ,

all o w th e ms e lv e s to b e o v er p er s u ad e d w h e n th e l ad s e ng ag e s o l e mnly
-

t o th e m to b eh av e th ems e lv e s an d l ead a d e c e n t o r d er ly life av o i d in g ,

qu arr els an d i rr e gu l ar i ti es an d ins u b o r d inati o n T his d o n e th e tw o .

,

e l d er s c o ns e n t to act an d ins tru c t th e l ad s in th e p r o p er r i tu al T h e

, .

s am e e l d er s m ay never s er ve m or e th an twic e .

I n add i ti o n th e l ad s s e l e c t fr o m am o ng th ei r o wn n u mb er tw o
,

l ead er s fo r each p r o cessi o n o r fo r the singl e p r o c essi o n as th e c as e

2
, ,

m ay b e ; b u t fo r th is p r ivil e g e o nly th o s e ar e e ligibl e wh o s e fath ers

an d m o th er s ar e s till aliv e an d h al e D u r ing th e c o u r s e o f th e p r o .

c es si o n al visi ts al l th e l ad s s u bmi t to th e o r d er s o f th e l ead er s th u s

c h o s en .

T h en th e p r o cessi o n s ets o u t an d visi ts th e vill ages b eating th e ,

d r u m an d c o ll e c ting w h atever is o ffer e d o f c or n m o n ey s h e ep s tr ip s , , ,

o f c o tto n m ater i al e tc Small gi r ls n o t y et c o m e to p u b er ty m ay

, .
, ,

1
w d i igi i l h
T he or d f
s r s a so t at u se or a vill g h ikh M d ob
a e s e at i
l ly ll d b g i igi ld I
.

2
A so ap p ar e n t ca e ar a a s r h
as ar e t e tw o e er s t ap p e ar s t o
i mm i l wh i h f l l h y h b h d m
.
,

be at e r a c o a t e o ut s e at s t e ru .
62 T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARF OR I 4 V
. . .

fo ll o w in the train of th e p r o cessi o n ,

b u t it is not cu s to m ary fo r an y

o n e e ls e to d o s o .

At th e fes tival th e o ffer ings ar e all h an d e d o v er to th e

en d o f th e

two e l d er s w h o d i v i d e u p o n e th i r d o f th e to tal am o ng th e l ad s an d
,
-

keep tw o th i r d s fo r th ems e l v es T h e l ead er s o f th e p ro c essi o n g et n o

-
.

m or e in th is d is tr ib u ti o n than th ei r c o mp ani o ns .

T h e n th e l ads d isp er s e to th ei r h o m es an d the father o f each (o r

in d efau l t th e fath er s b ro th er ) cu ts o ff h is s o n s l o cks an d give s th em

to th e m o th e r an d s h e h angs th e m u p in th e h o m e an d th er e th e y
,

r e m ain s u sp e n d e d in d eni te l y .

T h is cu tting o f th e h ai r is th e n al c o nsu mmati o n o f the wh o l e

affai r an d e v er y m al e Mi d obi g o e s th ro u g h th e p r o c e ss o n th e
,

th r e s h o l d o f hi s m an h oo d an d o nc e fo r all T h e r e is n o p ar tic u l ar , .

a e sp e ci e d an d th e r i te h as app ar e n t ly n o c o nn e c ti o n wi th p u b er ty
g , ,

mar r i age etc O n e simpl y wai ts fo r a r eas o n ably go o d h arve s t y ear

,
. .

I t is o nly fo r bi dd e n fo r s o ns o f th e s am e m o th er to g o th r ou g h th e
cer em o ny in a singl e year th o u gh s o ns o f th e s am e fath er by d iffer e n t ,

m o ther s m ay d o so U ntil his h ai r h as b ee n s ho r n it is imp r o p er fo r .

a b o y t o l eav e th e m o u n tain an d in th e c as e o f th e o n e wi th u ns h o r n , ,

l o cks who m I e nc o u ntere d n o thing b u t th e fo r c e o f p ar ticu l ar cir ,

c u m s tan c es w o u l d h av e in d u c e d h i m to d o i t an d h e w as o bvi o u sl y ,

as h am e d o f h ims e lf
1
.

1
ig b i g f ib l
I co u d as c er ta n n o o t h e r n e h o u r n D ar ur t r e h as an y st r ct
S o far as i ly i
lg i
an a o o u s r t e m w i il i m g
T h e s o e h at s m ar p r ac t ce a o n th e Kim r ( se e ar a X X I ) i sP
i wi i m i i ig wi v
. .

asso c at e d th c r c u c s o n an d h as n o t h n to d o t h t h e h ar e s t
bvi i bi f iv l mbl b
.

T he o ous n te r e s t i n th e M i d o e st a i s t h e r e se an ce i t e ar s t o

f iv l w
M ay D ay e st a s , h e th e r t h at as so c ate d
-
i wi th th e h oly b ll u g i i
o f M a n e s a (A s a

i i i y ill l i gi
M n o r ) in p r e Ch r st an d a s , o r th at st h e d i n T h u r n a , o r i n th e c o u n t r y
-

i i gl
d st r c t s o f E n an d

w h er e ,

i i y
as M ss H ar r so n s a s ,

t h e Q u e e n o f t h e M ay
an d t h e J k
ac ill f m
i n th e G r e e n s t go
-
ro - -
w y
h o u se t o h o u se N o ad a s it i s t o
ll i g i
.

( A nci en t A r t a nd R i tua l ,

co e c t p e n c e ; o n ce i t w as t o d ffu s e r ace an d n c r e as e

p 75 )
1

T k f h T h i gi f iv l b gi
.

h a e t e case A
o t h e ur n an e st a r st : s soo n as t e tr e es e n

to b g e i i g h h ild
r een mbl
n sp r n S d y d t i h w d
e c r e n as s e e on a un a an go o ut n to t e oo s,

wh h y h ere t f h i
e l ym
c b Li l L f M
o o se one
,

Th y bo kt e r p a at e s to e tt e ea an e rea

b h f m h d wi h m b h il d ill ly h i h lf
.

r an c es ro t h e t re e s an t ne t e a o ut t e c t on s s o e s ar e e t

p e ep i g T f h h h ild l d hi f f h h ld mbl T h y
n o ut wo o t e ot er c r en ea m or e ar
,

e s ou s tu e. e

k h i i gi g d d i g f m h ki g f gif f f d h
.

ta e m s n n h an an c n ro o u se to o u s e , as n or ts o oo su c

gg m g
,

as e s , cr e a (A d Ri l
s au sa es , rt an tua p
Ev m iki g i h ll l f m i A i M i ly
.
, ,

en o r e s tr n I w s t e p ar a e ro an c e n t s a no r : t as n o t on

at E li h h l y B ll
s t at a h S i g Fo iv l P l u h k h
ap p e ar s at t e pr n e st a u t ar c as s an o t er

i
iv Q i W h m g h D l h i i h S i ? A d w d
.

n s t r u ct e ues t o n : o a on t e e p an s s t e an c t er n e n

to o u r a m z m h h S i i B ll A B ll w h
a e ent t at t ly i h l y h i
e an c t er s a u u o not on s o m
lf b i h ly h h h w m k h h ly h i h S i
.

se ut s so o t at e as po er to a e ot er s o e s t e an c t er ;
d m im by h i d h i h m h B i h
, ,

an f
o st h i
p o r t an t or us, e s an c t es s e at n t e o nt ys os, t e

m h h o nt
,

th b gi at i g f i g h im f h bl mi g f m y t e e nn n o sp r n t e t e o t e o s so n o an

p l an t s .

W d
h e h h S
o not ifi D l hi w ear t d iv b iat ll tb e an c t er

at e p as r en ,

ut n a p ro
a bili y h w l d f m h
t e h as h v y migh
e ro k i h iy
o u se to ouse, t at e er one t p ar t a e n t e s an c t t

1 4 . . v . T HE N O N A RA B -
RA CES O F D ARE tJ R 63

J u s t b efo r e the rains th e s o u th er n M i dob is h o l d a qu i te d i ffer en t

c er em o n y at th e h o l y r o ck o f U d ru a b r o k en u ns h ap ed bl o ck o f ,

grani te s o m e 2 1 feet h igh lying at th e fo o t o f G e b e l U d r u (c all ed b y

th e Arabs a l ar g e an d c o nspicu o u s d e tac h e d hi ll o n th e

s o u th si d e o f Mi d ob T h e h o ly r o ck is c all ed T e lli (n o r th er n d i al ect)

.

o r D e lli (s o u th e r n d i al e c t) an d th e s am e w o r d in th e Mi d obi l ang u ag e

m eans G o d O ver it is b u il t a r o u gh b u t o f b ou gh s wh ich is r ep ai r ed

.
,

y ear ly b e fo r e th e c ere m o n y b u t le ft in b ad r ep ai r fo r the gr eater p ar t ,

o f th e y ear T h e r o ck w h e n I saw i t in J u l y 1 9 1 7 was s till c o v e r e d

.
, ,

wi th milk s tains An o th er sm all er b o u l d er n ear b y h ad similar s tains

.

u p o n i t an d s o m e s to n e s an d c o w d u ng o n th e to p o f i t T h is s e c o n d -
.

b o u l d er w as r eferr e d to as th e s o n o r y o u nger b r o th er o f th e l ar ger

o n e an d t h e r eas o n o f i ts h aving als o b e e n h o n o u r e d w as s ai d to b e
,

th at th e hu t b u il t o ve r th e big b o u l d e r h ad so c o nsis te n t ly fall e n to

pi e c e s that the p eo pl e th o u ght the ro ck w as p erh aps ann oyed at the
n egl e ct s h o wn to th e small er b ou l d er s o o f l ate y ear s th ey had take n ,

t o m aking o ffer ings t o b o th T h e s to n e s an d c o w d u ng h ad b ee n .

-

pl ace d u p o n th e sm all er b ou l der by th e ch il d r e n in pl ay .

T h e c er em o ny at U d r u is p er fo r m e d by c er tain o l d w o m e n o f
t h e O r d arti s e c ti o n w h o in h e r i t the p r i v il eg e fr o m m o th er to d au g h ter
, .

T h e o ffer ings o f milk fat o u r m eat e tc are h an d e d by th e , , , , .

,

v o tar i es to th es e o ld w o m e n an d by th em place d o n th e r o ck T h e .

r es t o f th e p e o pl e s tan d s o m e w ay o ff an d p ass th e tim e j u mping an d

d ancing an d singing .

T her e is s ai d to b e ano th er h o ly s to n e at wh ich simil ar rain

t h at sim ly x d d f m hi A M g i i y f A i M i w h v m
p e u e ro m t a n e s a, a c t o s a no r , e a e o re
i l T h l f i y b y y h w d f h i y b gh
.

p art c u ar s h e r e , at t e an n u a a r e ar ear t e st e ar s o t e c t ou t
B ll h ld b w m f h m
.

a u h t e d
n e st t h at c o u h h e g o t, an at t e ne o on o t e ont at t e

b gi i g f d i h y d d i d i f h i y w lf T h B ll
e nn n
,

o see t rn e t e i d e c at e t or t e c t

s e ar e e u

s s an c t e
lif b g wi h h i g f h g i l l y wh h wi h h i g
.

e e an t t e o p en n o t e a r c u tu r a e ar , et er t t e sp r n or
t h e m l gh i g w d
au tu n k w T h d d i i f h B ll w h igh
p ou n e o not no e e cat o n o t e u as a

lm iy H w l di i h h d f wh i h w hi f i
.

so e n t e as e h n p r o ce s s o n , at t e ea o c en t t e c e pr es t
i i y W i h h m w h l d d h i b d
.

an d pr f h e st e s s o t e c t d t t e en t a er a an t e s ac r c er , an tw o an s

fy d m id S h ly w h b ll h hi g l ky migh m
.

o h out s an a en s o o as t e u t at n o t n un uc t co e n e ar

h y d m id m hv b h hi liv h y m
.

hi m ; t h e o ut s an a en s u st a e ot t e r p ar e n ts a e, t e u st n o t
h v b a e d h b
een u n h i f i f d
er t h Th h e l d
ta oo , t e d l d n ect o n , o eat e er a p r o n o un ce a ou

y f h f y f h i y d h l d d h i iz d h w m
.

a p ra er or t e s a et o t e c t an t e an an t e c t e n s , an t e o en

d h il d d w l h h b i gi g f h fg i
,

an c f ren , d f or p e a ce an d f ll ea t an or t e r n n o rt o ra n an o a

t h h
e ot f i d f l All h i l gi g f f ili y f f d d h ild
er ru t s , an o c at t e

,

t s on n or e rt t or oo an c ren ,

f d h h l y B ll w h h li gh df if l
.
,

o c u se s r o u n t i hi e o u o se o n e ss s s s tr e n t an ru t u n e ss
T h b ll i i i g d giv hi f d , .

e d f d
u d s f h
se t ap art an h e an t s oo or t o se t at e m oo

H liv gh m d wi b ly i A il h d m Ag i
.

e h es o n t r ou au t u n an n te r u t e ar n pr t e en co es a n

i i f md i h il d d y gby dy h
.

a p r o c es s on d s or e s e n ate an pr e st s , c r e n an o un o s an out s

j m m h d k hi
u st c o e to i i an d h B ll i
oo

i d h
ta e thi e r p art n t , an t e u s s ac r ce so t at s

g h d vig
s tr e n t an hi l A d wh h y h ll h v i
our m ay p ass t o s p eo p e n

en t e s a a e s acr

d h B ll l h m d ivi d i m g h wh k i h i
.

ce t e u et t e t up a on t
e o se o to o p ar t n t e p r o ce s s on,

g h f h B ll f h l k f h S
,

t h h
at e ac hi h f h m ay g e t s s ar e o t e s tr en t o t e u ,
o t e uc o t e t ate

( Ar t a nd R i tu a l , p p . 86

64 T HE N O N ARAB -
RA CES O F D ARE IJ R 1 4
. . v .

m aking c er e m o ni e s ar e h e l d a d ay s j o u r n ey away at G eb e l Ab u ,

Nukta I t als o is c all ed T e lli (D e lli )

. .

We s hall see that els ewh er e in D ar fur anal o g o u s c ere m o ni es ar e

h e l d wi th th e o bj e c t o f e nsu r ing g o o d rains an d in ev e ry c as e th e ,

m e d i u m is an o ld w o man an d o ffer ings ar e mad e at s o m e p ar ticu lar ,

s to n e o r tr ee ; b u t in th e cas e o f Midob th er e is so far as I c o u l d ,

d isc o ver n o s u gg e s ti o n o f th e u s u al s er p e n t o r o th er d em o n h aving

,

i ts l ai r b en eath 1
.

T h e thr ee m ain s e c ti o ns in to w h ic h th e p eo pl e o f Mi d ob ar e
d i v i d e d are th e U RT I (in th e n o r th er n h ills ) th e T O RT I (o r D O RT I ) , ,

an d th e S HE LK T A (in th e s o u th er n h ills ) b u t th er e ar e als o c er tain ,

we ll d en ed s u b divisi o ns su ch as th e O RD ART I th e G E NANA wh o

-

ar e r e ck o n e d t o h av e a s tr o ng Arab s tr ain an d w h o s e n am e is famili ar

fr o m th e mis h as (q xv in P ar t I V) th e T URKED D I th e U S UTT I an d

.

,

th e K AGEDD I All alik e (th e G E N ANA e xc ep te d ) cl aim t o b e M AHAS S

.

fr o m D o ngo l a b u t th ey p r es er ve n o wr i tte n r e co r d n o r o ral tr ad i ti o n

as t o th e tim e at w h ic h th e y s ettl e d at Mi dob n o r as to th e ci r c u m

s tanc e s o f th ei r migrati o n T h ey call thems e lve s T i ddi z

. .

T h e o ld b u r i al g r o u n d s at Mi dob ar e invar i abl y at th e foo t o f

th e h ills an d th e si te s ar e m ar k e d by r o u g h c ai r ns o f s to n e Exactly .

simil ar cai r ns o ccu r b etwee n Mi d ob an d th e Wad i el M e lik o n th e ,

Wad i el M e lik at K aga an d K atul o n th e Wad i e l M ukadd am in

, , ,

t h e h ills imm e d i ate l y w e s t o f O m d u r m an an d in th e h ills b etw ee n

th e Bl u e Nil e an d Ab u D e layk .

V I B E RT I S o u th o f th e Mi d ob hills in eas ter n D ar fur live the

.
, ,

B ERT I a l ar g e tr ib e o f mix ed o r igin T o th e P IJ R th ey are kn o wn as

'

.
,

K URM U to th e B IRX ED as S UL GU t o th e Mi d ob p eo pl e as B ay ti
, ,
.

Th ey call th ems e lves S I GATO Th ei r u pp er cl ass es p u t fo rwar d s h ad owy .

cl aims to b e r e lated to th e G A ALI I N o f th e Nil e vall ey an d to th e '

HO W ARA b y d esc e nt an d to the D AR HAM I D g r ou p o f K o r d o fan b y

3

inter marr i age b u t in app e aranc e th ey ar e all alike n egr o i d

, .

T h e tr u e h o m e o f th e B ERT I is in th e T ag ab o h ills b etw een Mi dob

an d e l F a s h er b u t in r e cen t year s o wing p ar tl y to th e O pp r essiven ess
, ,

o f th e F IJ R S u l tan s ru l e an d p ar tly t o th e l o c al fail u r e o f th e c r o ps

,

l ar ge nu mb er s o f th e m h ave s ettl ed to the s o u th eas t in G eb e l e l -

Hill a an d Taways h a d is tr ic ts wh er e th e re u s ed to b e o nly insignic an t ,

co l o ni e s o f B ERT I an d in w es ter n K o r d o fan Th ey are en ti r e l y

,
.

s ed en tary an d ar e r igh tly d escr ib e d by e l Tuni si as a mil d an d

4

m
1
C o p ar e I b n S e i s r e co r d o f t h e lm
vg
o u e o f a s acr e d s t o n e i n co n n e c t o n i th i w
imk g
ra n a in b z gi
in th e S o a ( G e i r a) r e o n in th e te n t h c e n t u r ( s e e ar t I I , C h ap y P
il g g m wi b bly m i i
.

2
T id d i i n t h e B e rt an u a e e an s h te
p ro a a e r e co n c d e n ce .

3
P
S e e ar t I I I ,, C h ap 8 . .

4
S e e V oy D a rfour , p p 1 2 8 , 1 3 3 , 1 3 6 , 2 9 7
. . .
I 4 VI
. . . T HE N O N ARA B -
RACES O F D ARFUR 5
g o o d n atu r ed p eo pl e In fac t th e Arabs d e spis e th em as spi r i tl ess
-
.

an d c o w ar d ly A p art fr o m c u l tiv ati o n th ei r o nly i n d u s tr y app ear s

.

to b e th e m aking o f bur m as o r j ar s fo r water o r m er issa , .

T h e p r o c ess is th e s am e as in n o r th er n K o r d o fan fo r ins tanc e , .

T h e b all o f cl ay is pl ac e d o n a pi e c e o f r o u g h m atting th e st is ,

d r iv en in to i t an d th e w alls o f th e jar ar e d r iv e n o u t fr o m th e
insi d e T h e m o u th pi e c e an d n e ck are mad e s ep arate ly an d s u p er
.

imp o s e d .

I r o n w o r k er s are as u s u al thr o u gh o u t D ar fur h e l d in d etes tati o n

-

, , ,

b u t b o th t h e Z AG HAW A an d th e B ERT I h ar b o u r sm all c o l o ni e s o f s e rvil e

i r o n w o r ker s fr o m th e w es t
-
1
.

T h er e ar e two o r th r ee h o ly s to n es an d tr ees in o r n ear th e T agab o

hi lls z
wh er e r i tes ar e p er fo r m ed o nc e o r twice a y ear T h e u s u al
,
.

o cc asi o n is j u s t b e fo r e th e r ains ar e d u e t o c o mm enc e b u t i t is n o t ,

u n u s u al fo r r e c o u r s e t o b e h ad to th e s e si te s ( m aha ll a t a wa z

pl ac es o f cu s to ms als o at h arves t tim e imm e d i ate l y b efo r e the ,

r e aping in the h o p e o f ens u r ing a go o d cr o p an d fat kin e As at

,
.

M idob th e inter m ed i ar i e s ar e o ld wo m en w ho h o l d th e r ight fr o m

,

m o th er to d au ghter b u t th e d au ghter d o e s n o t p ractis e u ntil sh e h as

,

h ad c h il d r e n o r is ad vanc e d in y ear s T h e sp ac e r o u n d th e tr ee o r .

s to n e is car efu lly swe p t an d s h ee p ar e s acr ice d an d o ffer ings o f

m eat milk fat and o u r ar e m ad e an d wo r s h ip is r en d er e d T h e
, ,

.

famili e s o f th e o l d w o m e n o ffi ci ating are all o w ed to sit cl o s e by an d

watch th e r i tes b u t th e res t o f th e p o p u l ac e r em ain afar
, .

O n e infor m an t d eni e d any i d ea o f a spi r i t o r anim al living b e l o w

t h e s acr e d tr e e o r r o ck b u t o th er s o n th e c o n tr ary h e l d th er e w e r e
,

= an e vil spi r i t th er e th o u g h th ey h ad n o n o ti o n
( g f ( ) )
'

a a r z t sin a r z t .
,

o f th e i r s h ap e o r fo r m o r attr ib u te s T h e o l d w o m e n th ey s a t alk to
y .
, ,

th e s e an d s tr o k e an d s o o th e th e s to n e .

Bu t as a m atter o f fact th o s e B ERT I w h o h av e acqu i r ed s o m e

, ,

m eas u r e o f civi liz ati o n by c o n tact wi th the Ar abs ar e inclin ed to

r eg ar d th e w h o l e m atter as a s u p er s ti ti o n an d i t s ee ms t o b e o nl y ,

am o ng th e ru d er typ e living am o ng th e T ag a b o h ills that th e r i tes

ar e s till p r ac tis e d .

T h e B ERT I ar e s u b d ivi d e d in to innu m er abl e s e c ti o ns an d th e

n am es o f th e gr eater nu mb er o f th es e c o r r esp on d to the n am es o f
h ills in o r n ear T ag ab o b u t i t w as insis te d by th e h ead S ha r ta i

( om da ) o f th e tr ib e fr o m who m I o b tain e d th e fo ll o wing li s t that

, ,

i t w as th e h ills wh ic h w er e c all ed after th e s e c ti o ns an d n o t vi ce ver sa ,

.

1
S ee p 8 9
m ll h ill wh i h giv m wh l
.

y
.

2
O n e i s at S a ah , o n e at t h e s a c es i ts n a e t o th e o e

Ta gb g
a o r an e T h e att e r o f th e s e i s th e . l m im o st i
p o rt an t s te o f all .

M . S . I .

66 T HE N O N ARA B -
RACES O F D ARF IJ R 1 .

WAM IRT O M IN A
MAS AN D I AT BAS I N GA 2

KAYLI N GA WARL
ARM AD I AT K AM LI N GA
WAD K EN I AT W i z ATo
KA M ARS Ho wAT K AS HRI T O
ATAB I RT o K I B RAN To
KAM AL KUA B O B ART o
M U S AB A AT M I S M ART o

1

WI M ARTo

K UD I L
U M B AT o BU RAN To
K I RAT o GnAT o
U MZAT O KAD AN To
HAN D I LT o HoB AT o
K ARAKA MAD I N K IRT 03
T h e d i al e c t sp o k en by th e B ERTI b ear s m ar k ed s mbl anc e s
re e to
th at o f th e ZAGHAW A G
.

VII TU NGU R T h e T UN G UR wer e r ep o r te d to B arth as hav ing

.
7

c o m e o r igin all y fro m D o ngo l a wh er e th ey h ad s ep arate d fr o m the

Batalesa th e w e ll k n o wn E g yp ti an tr ib e o r igin ally s ettl ed in B en e s e

,
-
.

N o w Batalesa is s impl y a r e gu l ar pl u r al fo r m e d fro m Bat l s

,

th e Ar abic fo r m o f P to l e my (P to l e m ae u s ) an d th e l eg e n d s u gg e s t s
8
,

t h at th e T U N G UR w ere an anci en t p r e Ar ab tr ib e fr o m N ubi a Fr o m -

.

c er tain cu s to ms th at s u r v i v e am o ng th em o n e w o u l d infer th at th ey
9

wer e C h r is ti ans at th e d ate o f th ei r migr ati o n to the w es t C ar b o u .

s tate s 10
L a tr ad i ti o n d es T o u n djo u r p ar l e au ssi d u n s ej o u r d e l eu r
'

tr ib u s u r le s b o r d s d u b ah r Nil ; an d o n e n o te s in c o n r m ati o n

th at th e i r n am e s u rviv e s in th at o f th e Tu ngu r R api d s e v e nty tw o -

mil es s o u th o f W ad i Halfa O n r each ing D ar fur p r o b abl y in th e .

,

fte enth o r sixteen th c e n tu ry th ey to o k u p th ei r ab o d e in th e

,

n or ther n o r c e ntr al d is tr icts Th ey h av e b een sp o ke n o f b y trave ll er s .

as d isp o s s essing th e D AG U in D a r fur b u t th e r e is n o d o u b t th at th er e ,

1
Pm bly F b y igi
r e su a ur or n

T h h dm i C
.

2
e w ea an s o n se c t o n p p 95
m g h Bi k d ?
. . . .

3
C M d
p k i a ar g ar e

a on t e r e

m g h D ag
.

C
1
S bi d
um S b l n an g

an am e an g

a on t e u
p
l imi g b K b ab h b y igi m g h F
. .

5
C h p L b ab ot er a is, c a n to e a is or n, a on t e ur
xm l d ix hi
. .

6
F or e A a p hes se e p p en 1 to t s c ap t e r .
7
Q V l v Ch o 111, LI , p 43 0
l Fi d a H i
. . . . . .

Ab A 4 i d li l i l l
2
S ee , e g u e a e) st nt p 1 0 ng , J o -
g z o u
y
. . . .
.
, , ,

D B w di i g L ll ( 6 ) h B li
I s e e t at
h r ro n, e f h Z
t n e o , ca s p 45 t e at a se s o ne o t e e n e ta

b ) ib
.

( B e r e r tr es

d ix 5 hi
.

9
S A ee p p enh to t
74 s c ap t e r I,
w ll h v b li h h ix h yb h T g
. .

11
I t m ay e a e e e n e ar er t an t e s te e n t ce n t u r ut t e un u r are
not m i d by L
e n t o ne h b gi i g f h ix h eo y B
at h i bid
t e e nn n o t e s te e n t c e n tu r
,

: cp ar t

N h ig l h gh h y d Da f f h y
.
, .

pp 4 2 9 , 43 0 ac i th a t ou t t e e n te r e r ur n t e te e n t ce n tu r

C b
. .

( se e ar on , I ,
 O F D AR P II R
-

68 T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES VII .

d ivi d e d wh eth er h e was a T u n g u r awi o r a Fur awi o r o ne o f th e

as to
T o Ra th e p r eh is to r ic p eo pl e w h o acc o r d ing t o trad i ti o n p r e c e d e d
, , ,

t h e P i J R b o th in th e m o u n tains o f Si an d T u rra (th e n o r th er nm o s t

p o r ti o n o f M arr a imm ed i atel y s o u th o f Si) F o r thi s c o nfu si o n th e
,
.

l o ca l bl e n d ing by m arr i age o f P i IR an d T UN G UR s to cks is o bvi ou sl y

r e sp o nsibl e fo r an exac t ly simil ar d o u b t s u r r o u n d s th e eth nic al s tatu s
,

o f th e p eo pl e o f D a r F u r nu n
g th e ms e lv e s at th e p r e s en t d a
y .

T h e T UN G UR w er e n o t c o n te n t to r e m ain fo r l o ng in D ar fur In .

l ess than a c en tu ry th ey b egan to exten d th ei r c o nqu es ts o ver Wadai

an d u p to th e b or d er s o f B ak i r m i .

In p r o p o r ti o n h o we v er as they m o ve d wes twar d s th ey weakened

, ,

th e i r h o l d o v er th e m o s t e as te r nly p ar t o f th e i r d o mini o ns an d th eir

pl ace w as take n b y th e KAY RA s ecti o n o f th e F UR wi th wh o m they
h ad in ter m arr i e d 1
.

In th e w es t th ey wer e o ver c o m e in th e r s t h alf o f th e s eve nteenth

c entury b y Ab d e l K er im th e fou n d er o f th e M uhamm ad an e mpi r e

,

o f W ad a i Th ey th en m oved in to K an e m an d o ver cam e th e B ULALA

2
.

an d c o mp e ll e d th e Ar ab tr ib e s to p ay tr ib u te B y th is tim e if no t .
,

b efo r e th ey h ad b een c o nver ted to Isl am S u bs e qu en tly they were

,
.

s u b d u e d b y th e B o rn u an s b u t in th e mi dd l e o f th e nine teen th c en tu r y ,

r e g ain e d th e m as ter y b y th e ai d o f th e S u l tan o f Wad ai S h o r tl y .

afte rw ar d s h o wever th e AW LAD S ULAY M AN invad e d th e i r c ou n try

, ,

an d m ad e th e m tr ib u tar y Since th en they have b ee n o f li ttl e acc ou n t 3

. .

T h e tr ad i ti o n giv en by Sl atin is t o th e effe c t that th e T UN G UR

4

c am e fr o m th e n o r th fr o m Tu nis u n d er Ah m ad e l Ma ak r (o f

th e B E N I HI LAL th e c o mm o nly r e p u te d anc e s to r o f th e K AY RA F II R)

'

, ,

b ut th is s to ry is s o o b v i ou s ly in ter twin e d wi th th e fab u l o u s

Ab u
Z ay d o r B e ni Hil al cycl e cu r r ent in Egyp t an d th e S u d an an d 5
,

th er e m ay s o easily b e a c o nfu si o n b e tw ee n T UN G UR an d F IJ R tr ad i
'

ti o ns d u e to th e ex te n t to w h ic h th e y in ter m arr i e d in no r th e r n D ar fur

, ,

1
m h d h f h f D ali w h i k f h
N o t e t h at t h e ot e r an no t t e at er o o s sp o en o as t e rst

K y S l b l g d h K y f mily h f h w T w i ( C b
,

a ra u tan , e on e to t e a ra a : t e at er as a u n g ur ar o n,

m x g h ) i id h v m i d h
,

S Ab d l K

I, o, to o , e eri ne t p ar a r ap s sa to a e ar r e t e
d gh f h T g ki g ( G b
au ter o t e un ur n ar ou , I ,

B 2
h l i N h ig l S h
ar t ocd S d c t ;44 ifac t d V
a , a O d an u an, I I I , 9 an oy au ua ai

d G b 6 Th l
. . . . .
, ,

pp 7 S h 2, 93 ; c 84
u rt z , p p
7 554 1
5 44 , an w ar ou , I , 3

2 2 e as t t o ar e

i gN hi l
. .
.
, ,

q uo t n ac t ga .

3 4
C b Ch ar ou , I , Ch
111 ap

bj i d i d i my l E
. . .

5
Th e su e ct 56 57 s S s c u s se d n pp ee a so s cay r ac e

7 Th l md
. .
,

L L D l S d d C b 8 d

au tu r e , e es er t e t
7 e ou a n , an ar ou , I , 4, 4, an II, 1 e as t n a -
e

l f il Sh by H m i D i l i h
.

a so r e er s d T d h
t o an ar t c e c oa un un sc er ar t an n n er s a m sc e

C H B k hi h

S d

O i d Z G d li h
'

r en t, I, 29
31 an to ec er s ur e sc c te er ost c en u an

f B k bi g h T g f m
. .
,

(i D I l
n er s am ) ,
6 16 re
an n e , asc . II , pp . 1 1 ,
1 2 . ec er r n s t e un ur ro

th e K ff
e as t ( S di d
am bi l p B d i di l
m e y er I Af ik tu en er ara sc i en e u nen a ecte nner r as

bi g hmf mT i
.

p p C b 8a ar ou, I , 4, r n s t e ro un s
i Hi lal P I I Ch
. . .

F f h B
o r an acc o u n t o t e en s ee ar t ,
ap . I ,
X IV .
 VII . T HE NO N ARAB -
RACES O F D ARFUR 69

th at o n e wou l d h e si tate to a cc ep t an
y of i ts d etails as h is to r ic all y
c o r r ect .

T UN GUR h o w ever are gen erall y r egar d ed as h aving s o m e

T he , ,

intimate c o nn ecti o n wi th th e B E N I HI LAL an d thou gh this m ay o nl y , ,

b e an e c h o o f th e KAYRA trad i ti o n th e c o nver s e m ay e qu ally b e tr u e , ,

an d th e r e als o r e m ains th e p o ssibili ty th at ab o u t th e ftee n th o r

sixteenth c entu ry A D o r even earli er s o me Arabs o r Arab o N ubi ans . .

, ,
-

wi th a B E N I HI LAL c o nne cti o n m o ved westwar d s fr o m th e catar ac t ,

r e gi o n o f th e Nil e to D a r fur mix e d wi th th e n ativ e r ac es an d c am e , ,

to b e g e n er all y kn o wn as T U N GUR a th eo r y n o t u ns u pp o r te d by
1
,

l o cal tr ad i ti o n 2
.

T h er e is als o th e b are p o ssibili ty that the T UN GUR m ay h ave b een

r e l ate d to th e B er b er tr ib e s d isp o ss e ss e d by th e B E N I HI LA L in N o r th

Afr ic a an d p er h aps th r ou g h th e m to th e B E N I HI LAL th e ms e lve s

,
.

O r th ey m ay c o nc eivably p r e s e n t a p ar all e l t o th e c as e o f th e HO W ARA

s ettl e d in an d n ear el F as her : th es e latter ar e by o r igin B er b er s fr o m
U pp er Egyp t wh o in D o ng o l a and K o r d o fan ar e r ep r es e n te d by th e
n o mad HAW Awi R an d th e neg ried GE LLAB A HO WARA resp ective ly 3
.

T h e wo r d Tu ngu r in N ubi an o r B ar ab r a m eans a b o w fo r

s h o o ting ; N ubi a was k n o wn to th e Ph ar ao h s as T a s ety ( L and o f -

L es N u bi ens d i t s ervent d ar cs

th e B o w)

an d , ,

ar ab e s p o u r l anc er d es ec h e s C es t d eux q u e les p eu pl es d a

.

He dj az d u Ye me n et les au tre s Ar ab es o nt app r is ati r er d e l r c 5

, ,
a ,

L es Ar ab es l es n o mm e n t l es a r cher s ha bil es T h ei r tr ad i ti o ns co n
e
.

n ec t th em wi th D o ng o l a an d th e B EN I H I LA L th ey p re s e rv e (as m ay ,

b e s een in App e n d ix 5 ) th e c u s to m o f u sing th e S ign o f th e C r o ss ,

th e i r n am e s u rvi v e s in a rapi d o n th e Nil e an d all th ings c o nsi d er e d , , ,

o n e m ay s a
y th at s u c h e vi d e nc e as th e r e is cl ear ly in d ic ate s a N ubi an

o r igin fo r th e T UN GUR .

If this is co r r e ct a p arall e l is pro vi d ed by the c as e o f th e B IRKED,

which will s h o r tly b e d iscu ss ed .

T h e T UN GUR h ave g e n er ally b ee n r e fe rr e d to by tr ave ll er s as

T hi1
m t b C b Vi w ( q v 7 4 t )
s se e s o e ar ou s e I, no e
JhX vi w i
. . .

2
Cp MS D 1 C L I I I , an d cp S ir H H o n st o n s

e s n f our n A nthr
i l g i f
. . .

X
. . . .
,

H H il al i an

I ns t LI I I , 1 9 1 3, p 39 9 e co n s d e r s t h at a ar e p ro p o rt on o th e
i vd f d h i w f m h gi f h N il f
. . .

n a e rs oun t e r ay ro t e c at ar act r e on o t e e D ar ur t o
ac r o ss

W d i B a a o r nu d B gh i mi w h
an h y a d h r er e t e ar e r e p r e s e n te at t e p r e s en t d ay by
h S h wi g i mi gl d wi h H mi i d g l m f
, ,

t e a a O h t er s a a n n e t a t c an ne ro e e e n t s an d o u n de d

w f l F j dy y f S F m h m
.

h
t e po er u un d f h
n as t o e n aar ro t e s e co n o t e s e s t ate ents I

w ld i ly d i
.

ou ent re s sen t

P
.

3
S e e A p p t o art I I , C h ap 1
. . .

4
Re i n i s c h , D i e N uba S p r a che , p 1 6 5 -
. .

5
Q u atr em er e , I I , 2 8
XX bv) b
.

4
M as d i , I I , 3 8 3 ( an d cp I I , 2 ,

. III a o e : th e Ara i c i s g f lm


70 T HE NO N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARF IJ R 17 1 1 .

Arabs , th e y s till f
G a ali m anner make p er th e d eb as e d

an d ,
a t er

fu n cto ry cl aim to b e d e sc en d e d fr o m th e B E N I ABB AS h ow ev er

,

d i ffi cu l t i t m ay b e t o r e c o ncil e th is wi th th e B E N I HI LAL c o nn e c ti o n .

In D ar fur an d K o r d o fan i t is n o t u nco mm o n to s ee b o th th e

d is tinct ive l y n eg r o i d an d th e d is tinc ti v e ly d ar k Arab ty p e am o ng th e
TUN GUR ; b u t in Wad ai o n th e o th er h an d N ach tigal fo u n d the , ,

T UN G UR wi th a skin alm o s t wh i te T h ey sp o k e Ar abic an d h ad

.

th e r e p u tati o n o f b e in g Arabs
1
.

M Car b ou sp eak s o f th e w es ter n T UN GUR as a p o p u l ati o n inter

.

m ed i ar y b etween th e Ar abs an d the KAN E MB U an d T I B B U an d mixe d ,

wi th o th er tr ib es am ong wh o m th ey h ave live d As r egar d s th ei r .

app ear anc e h e s ays : O n tr o u ve Ch ez l es T o u n djou r l e tein t C l ai r

d es Ar ab e s ( ham er z r ou g e) m ais la n u anc e akh d h e r (li tt v er t :

, .

b r o nz e fo nc ) est la plu s r p an du e Qu elqu es u n s d en tr e eu x ass ez .

-

rare s d ailleu r s o n t le teint az r e q (n o i r

,

T h ei r c hi ef h e s ays is kn own as the foug bou a wo r d o f K anem

, , ,

o r igin
2
.

M o s t o f th em ar e in K an em : o ther s are in B o r nu an d Wad ai (D ar

e l Ziud e tc ) an d D a
,
r fur M Gar b o u sco u ts th e i d ea that th ey c am e
. . .

fr o m th e eas t an d h as li ttl e d o u b t b u t th at th er e is g o o d fo u n dati o n

fo r th ei r cl aim to b e c o nn e c te d wi th th e B E N I HI LAL an d to h av e
c o m e fr o m Tu nis Th ey d o no t p r actis e fem al e excisi o n as th e Ar abs
3
.

an d Wad ayans d o 4
.

T he T UN G UR o f D ar fur ar e m en ti o n e d by e l T unisi am o ng th e
min o r S u l tan ates o f th at c o u n try n eigh b o u r s o f th e B I RKED living , ,

b etween G ed i d Ras el F il an d T u b el d ia T h ey h ad u n e c er tain e

5
.

d o s e d e r e ligi o n e t d i n tellig en ce cc q u i l es m ain ti e nt d ans l es limi te s

,

d u n e c o n d u i te pl u s m o d e r e U nlik e th e o th er p etty s u l tans th e

.
,

r u l e r o f th e T UN G U R u s e d to w e ar a bl ack tu r b an an d h e to l d e l T uni s i ,

th at h e d i d s o as a S ign o f m o u r ning fo r th e gl o ry that h ad d ep ar te d

.

As we h av e s ee n in th e ear ly d ay s o f th ei r p r e d o min anc e in

,

D ar fur th ei r c api tal w as at F er r a n o r th w es t o f K u ttu m n ear Si b u t ,

-

, ,

th ey p u s h e d s o u thwar d s th e nc e an d m ad e G e b e l Har ayz s o u th o f ,

el Fa s h e r o n e o f th ei r h ead qu ar ter s M o d er ate ly l ar ge c o l o ni es o f

, .

T UN GUR s till exis t b o th r o u n d K u ttu m an d Har ayz Wi th the exc ep ti o n .

o f th e in d e ter min ate T UN G U R F IJ R o f F u r n u n g th ey sp eak Ar abic o nly

'

an d ar e kn o wn b y n o o th er n am e th an T UN G U R t o th e v ar i o u s d i al e c t

sp eak in g tr ib es o f th e c o u ntry Th ey ar e d ivi d ed into a l ar ge nu mb er .

o f s e c ti o ns m o s tly sm all an d n e gligibl e b u t th e fo ll o wing app ear to

, ,

an d 1 67
2
1
V oy a u O u a d a z , p 9 3
. . . C ar b o u , I , 8 2 8 4 .

4
3
I bi d 1 1 , 1 7 ; an d I , 7 3 , 7 4
. . I bi d 1 1 , 1 7 , 2 2
. .

5
V oy d a D a rfo ur , p p 1 2 8 , 1 3 3
m viv
. . .

4
I bid p 1 2 8 T h e c us to
. . . d o es no t s u r e now .
I . 4 VI I I
. . T HE N O N A RA B -
RA CES O F D ARFUR 7 1

b e th e m o s t imp o r tant T h e b r an d s wh ich e ach m o s t c o mm o nl y u s es .

fo r i ts anim als ar e add e d b u t o f c o u r s e m any o f th e su bs e cti o ns u s e ,

var i ants .

A K I RAT I (th e r u ling family at Har ayz ) T h ey u se

th e b r an d (a) o r (b) an d c all i t (p r o b ably by e r r o r ) th e D D
. .

a nka r z b

a, b
B D O W LUN GA (th e ru ling family at Ku ttu m ) T h ey u se
U I
. .

th e ding ar (i . e . nag a r a

or sm all war d r u m ) wi th s ticks as in

-

th egu r e .

C K I RW A T h ey u se th e tuhdi ( r eaping I IU
. .

knife (a) o r vary it to (b) T h ey als o u se (c)

,
a b
. .

D K RfJ KfJ RI T h ey u s e th e ankar i b as (a) o r as

D D
'

. .
, ,

( )
b b u t,
in t h e l atter c as e c all i t a nag a r a
a

E . N I M I N GA . T h ey u s e th e b r an d as s h ewn .

F . U M K ADARI K T h ey '

. u se th e ri
g l el g hor a b

cr o ws
fo o t ) in
th e fo r m sh ewn .

G . S UKIJ RI
'

. T h ey u se a ri
gl el g hora b

in th e fo r m
s h ewn .

H WARI N GA T h ey
s ai d to b e a b r anch o f S UKIJ RI

. . ar e .

T h e g u r e S h ews th ei r b r an d w h ic h is all eg e d to r e p r e s en t ,

a sw o r d h il t wi th an e x tra lin e fo r th e sc abb ar d .

J I N GUN GA T h ey ar e s ai d to b e a b r anc h o f th e K I RAT I

. . .

T h e i r b ran d ro u n d K u ttu m is as in th e gu r e
, , .

V I I I D AGU O n e o f th e m o s t anci e n t D ar f r ian rac e s o n e w h ic h

.
,

n o w fo r ms wi th th e B I RKE D an d BAY K O a d is tinc t alb e i t h e te r o

1
,

g en eo u s n e gr o i d g r o u p in c e n tr al D ar fur eas t an d s o u th eas t o f G eb e l

-

, ,

M arr a to th e n or th o f th e B AKKARA c o u n tr y p r o p er is th e D AGU

, , .

T h e g r o u n d s fo r any p o ssibl e i d e n tic ati o n o f th e s e D AG U wi th

th e T agua b ranc h o f Z A G HAW A m e n ti o n e d by Ibn S a i d as li v ing

fo r ty day s eas twar d s o f T ad m ekk a wh ich is in th e h ill y c o u n tr y ,

n o r th o f Agad e s w o u l d b e so far as I am awar e nil an d n ei th er

2
, , , ,

D AG U n o r ZAG HAW A l e n d any s u pp o r t to s u c h th eo ry ei th er b y th ei r

o w n tr ad i ti o ns o r by o bvi o u s p h y sic al c h arac ter is tics .

B r o wn e s tate s that h e gath er ed fr o m n ative tal es in D ar fur ab o u t

3

1 794 th at ,
T h e D ag eou r ac e c am e o r igin ally fr o m th e n o r th h aving ,

1
lli g w m
F o r t h e s p e n o f t h e se t o na e s se e n o t e l ate r u n d e r ikd B r e

bv g w dC ly i l lli g f D ag
.

2
S e e a o e su b Z a h a a , an oo e p 30 Th e o cc as o n a sp e n o a
g l l m i h ibili y id i i b y
. .
,

as Ta u a o n e e ad s m e t o e nt o n t e p oss t of th e en t c at o n er r o r
g
o f D a u an d T a ua
2
g .

p 280 . .
 72 T HE NO N ARAB -
RA CES O F D ARFUR I 4 VI I I
. . .

b ee n exp e lle d fr o m that p ar t o f Afr ica no w n o minally at l eas t u nd er , ,

th e d o mini o n o f Tu nis Th is s to r y als o h as n oth ing to re c o mm end i t .

.

B r own e r efer s to o to an all ege d cu s to m p r actis ed b y the D AGU

, ,

o f lig h ting a r e o n t h e in au gu rati o n o f th e i r ki ng an d k ee p I ng I t

b u r ning till his d eath A simil ar cu s to m app ear s to p r evail in U gan d a.

1
.

El Tunisi m enti o ns th e D AGU th e MAsALI T the M I M A the ' '

, , ,

KAS HMARA an d th e K URA AN as th e ve ab o r igin al tr ib e s o f Wadai 2

,

an d o f th e rs t n am e d s ay s : -

nt au su d d u D ar S lei h [i e Wadai ] vo isins des K oukah

L es D ad j o so -
. .

,
.

[ils] s ont g n ralement d u n n oir fonc ; l eu r c cte e est enco re s au v g e

ara r a .

I ls s o n t au x y eux d es O u ad aye n s c c q u e so n t l es B erty au x yeu x d es

, ,

F o ien s [i e p eop le of D afur]

r . L es B erty son t au n o r d d u F or et le s
. r .
,

D ad j o au su d d e O u ad y .

El Tunisi h er e o f c o u r s e r efer s n o t to th e D AGU o f D ar fur b u t to

tho s e o f D ar S u l a in s o u th er n Wad ai T h e fo r m e r g r o u p h e m e n ti o ns .

b r i ey in his b o o k o n D ar fur as living n ext th e B AYR O u n d er a

t ib u tar y S u l tan o f th ei r o w n 3
r .

B ar th sp eaks o f th e D AG U as hav ing d o min ate d D ar fur in th e

te n th c e n tu r y o f Isl am an d as b e ing c all e d in hi s tim e ( 1 8 49 5 5 )

N as Far a o n ( P h ar ao h s F o lk ) He r egar d ed th em as e nti r e l y

4
.

d i ffer en t fr o m th e Z AGHAW A an d th o u g h t th e y mig h t h av e c o m e

fr o m th e m o u n tains o f Faz og hli s o u th o f S enn ar Th ei r trad i ti o ns l en d .

c o l o u r to this th eo r y an d th ei r c u s to ms su gg e s t a B an tu c o nn ec ti o n .

N achtigal w h o m et th e D AG U o n th e fr o nti er o f D ar fur

an d Wad a i sp eaks o f th em (th e wes ter n o r S u l a b r anch th at is ) as
5
, ,

bl ack as jet s tr o ngly b u il t an d hi d e ou sly u gl y As re gar d s th ei r

,

, .

s tate o f cu l tu re th ey w er e n o min al M u hammad ans wi th nu m er o u s

p agan b eli efs .

1
w
B r o n e , p 3 06 A s u r a o f t h s c u s to viv l i
n o w o r o t te n , m ay li e i n t h e u se o f m f g
w iv l v ig y i
. .
,

th e o rd n r r e as t h e e q u a ent o f so er e nt : t h u s i t i s s a d th at s u ch
an d s u c h a t r e is

ib
i n t h e r e o f ( fi n ar ) an o th e r t r e , e an n it i s s u e c t ib m i g bj
b gi
i
to i t ; o r a a n th at so an d so h a s e e n ap p o n t e d t o t h e r e o f

fi n ar ) a t r e , ib
m ige an n b m if v
h e h as e e n ad e c h e o e r i t W h e n I d r e ct q u e s t o n e d t h e D a u as i ly i g
y l by w y i k v y v g ly
.

t o t h e t r u th o f t h e s t o r to d B r o n e , t h e d e n ed i t , b u t s p o e e r a ue

m i il
o f so mwi
e s m y b li v
ar c u s to h c h , th e e e e d , h ad p r e a e d a on th e D a u o f v il m g g
l v f
D ar S u a O n e m an o u c h e d fo r th e ac t th at S u t an B a h i t Ab u Ri sh a o f S u a l k l
by F m g lv b bly F
.

( d e p o se d th e r e n c h i n 1 9 1 6 ) h ad s ix t i es c au h t h i s s a e s ( p r o a e rt i t ,

qxlig i g m
o )
. i wi
h t n so e s u c h r e ag a n s t h is sh e s an d h ad ca use d i t to e p ut o u t b

C p R o s co e i n H a r va r d Afr S tud 1 , 3 7 , 3 8 ; an d B ag a nd a , p p 1 03 an d 2 02
lli g k f m bi
. . . . .

2
V oy a u O ua d ay , p p 2 4 5 , 2 4 8 T h e s p e n i s ta e n r o
. . t h e Ar a c ( 9 v. . .

p p 7 2 8 if )
. .

3
V oy a u D arfo ur , p p
ibb ll F k
. .

4
V o l 1 1 1 , C h LI , p 4 2 6 T h e T u ar e c a e d N as ar a o n i n t h e T ar i h
m v i b m k l
. . . .

i s , a n ati e M S o f W ada ( se e C ar o n , 1 ,

e l Kh a C p r e ar s at th e c o s e
i
. .

o f th s c h ap t e r .

5
V oy a u O ua d a z , p 6 8
. . .
 T HE N O N ARA B RA CES o r D ARE I J R
'

1 4 V 11 1
. . .
-

73
T he yh v ine fo r thei r deity w h om they su p ply v ery fr eely w ith
a e a sh r

m er i ss a an d th e mi n i ster s o f th e s an ctu ary d o n o t fail to p r o t b y th i s

-

l u cky fact T hey have al so a sacred tree w h i ch they simil arly w ter w ith
. a

m er i s sa an d a h o l y s to n e
,
D eath i s se l d o m attrib u te d to natu r al c u se s
. a

o r t h e will o f a S u p r eme B ein g b u t as a r ul e to th e evil e e o f a m agi ci an

1
y , .

I f b y th e help o f the G o d s an d b y me an s o f s ome tr i ck s o f magic so me o f

t hese s o rcer e s ar e d i sc o ve r e d th ey ar e m assacre d wi th o u t pi ty thei r go o d s
r ,

ar e seiz e d an d th ei r h o u s eh o l d s s en t in s l av e r y to Wad a
,
i .

T he s acr ed tr ee an d the h o ly s to n e at o nce r ecall Bru c e s

d escr ip ti o n o f th e NIJ B A sl av es c ap tive s fro m D ai er and T ek ali in

2
'

K o r d o fan w h o m th e tr av e ll er m et in S e nn ar an d w h o ad o r e d th e
,

m o o n an d tr ees an d s to n e s th o u g h I c o u l d n ev er n d o u t w h at tr ee

o r w h at s to n e i t w as o nly th at it d i d n o t exis t in th e c o u n t ry o f
,

S e nn ar b u t in th at wh er e th ey w er e b o r n Bu t as a m atter o f fac t

.
,

as h as al r ead y b ee n n o te d I n d ealing wi th th e B ERT I an d th e p eo pl e

o f M id ob th is c u l t is so wi d e sp read as to b e alm o s t u niver s al in

,

D ar fu r S o m e acc o u n t o f I ts p rac tic e by th e F UR 1 8 als o give n l ate r

. .

Wi th th em as wi th the ZAGHAW A it is ass o ci ate d wi th the i d e a o f

,

p l ac ating s o m e e vil b e ing g e n er ally in th e fo r m o f a sn ak e b e li ev e d

, ,

t o liv e b en eath th e tr ee o r s to n e T h e sp r ead o f M u h amm ad anism .

h as n ee d l ess to say w r enc h e d th e anci e n t s u p er s ti ti o n fr o m i ts

, ,

o r igin al s etting an d r e s e t i t in a m o d i e d fo r m am o ng th e u m
-

o bj e c ti o n abl e if n o t qu ite o r tho do x O bs ervanc es o f the l o cal Tru e

, ,

B e li ever s ; an d th e l atter w ou l d n ever fail to r epres ent th ei r p r ay er s

as d i r e c te d to th e O n e G o d h o w ev er m u c h th e i r fear s mig h t r eally
,

c entr e u p o n th e h i dd en d em o n kno wn to th eir fo r efath er s T h e .

p o si ti o n fr o m th e p o in t o f vi ew o f the ed u cate d n ative o f D ar fur

, ,

i s p er h aps exp r e ss e d m o s t easily by r ep eating th e gis t o f a d i al o gu e I

h ad wi th th e M a k d ti m S h e r if l ate ly th e S u l tan s Vi c e r o y in n o r th er n

,

D ar fur :

Q s Hav e the ZAGHAW A any h o ly pl aces in their co u ntry ? If s o o f

u e .

w h t k in d ?
a

A ns Ye s if any o n e w ants anyth i ng o r is u n der tak in g any v entu re h e

.
, , ,

vi sits s o me o ck o r t ee an d makes th e u su al o ffe ri ngs o f me at an d dih n

r r

( g e se) an d vo ices his app eal

r a .

Qu s Wou l d any r o ck o r any stone b e go o d en o u gh ?

e .

A ns N o T her e ar e c e r tain d e n ite o n es th r ee o r fo u r in D ar

. .
,

Z agh aw a .

Ques T o w h o m d o es he app eal ?

.

A ns T o G o d o f c ou r se
.
, .

Q es D o es h e h av e n o l o c al demo n al so in v i ew ?
u .

1
C p Ro s c o e , B ag a nd a , p 9 8
. . .

2
S e e B r u c e , W , 4 2 0 ff ; an d c p . . Ro s co e , B ag a nd a , p . 27 1 .
74 T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARFUR 1 4 VI I I
. . .

A ns . Well ,
t h er e u se d t o w d y h y p p l t G d ly
b e, b u t no a a s t e a ea o o on .

QuesD id th e ad o
. t s s st e o o y
s tes r o t e 1 11p t h i y m f h ly i f m h F 7 ?
A ns I t is general i n D arfur T h e D A U an d th e B I RK ED an d the FHR
. . G
an d th e ZG
A HAW A an d HED A AT al l d o th e same , an d th e p racti c e is p r ac Y
y v
t ic all u n i er s al e cep t amo n g th e Arab s x .

s th e r e a m e d iu m ?
Q u es I .

A ns Yes , a o man gen er al l

. w
Her p o s iti o n is h er editar fro m mo th er y . y
t o d au ght er , i r r e sp e cti e o f ag e v
Amo ng th e A HAW A s h e is call e d t h e . ZG
ba da
'

Q u es I s the r e an
.
y p articu l ar seaso n mo r e fa o u r abl e th an an o th er ? v
Ans N 0, b u t o f co u r se at th i s p r esen t s easo n ( u n e) it o u l d b e fo r
. J w
r ain m o st p eo p l e w o u l d b e p r a i n g an d m ak i n g th ei r o f fe ri n gs T h e D A U y . G
of D a r S u l a m ak e a regu l ar festi al o f i t T h e S u l tan an d h is n o bl es atte n d v .

an d all th e h o r semen , an d t h e
p l ace t h e dihn i n fro nt o f a h o l e i n a y
c ert ai n ro ck an d ait w
I f th e ant s th e big bl ack b attli ng an ts c o me o u t ,
.

it i s a go o d S ign an d all re o i ce I f n o t th e p ro sp ect is b ad T h i s p articu l ar j . .

y
s st e m I b eli e e t o b e co n n e d t o D a v r Su l a T h r o u gh o u t D arfur it is .

y q
merel a u estio n o f makin g o ffer in gs at certai n p laces an d p ra in g fo r y
s u cessc .

T h e D AGU in D ar fur li v e by cu l tivati o n an d b r ee ding cattl e in

th e fer til e trac ts r o u n d N y al a an d T ak al a to th e w es t o f D ar a .

T h ey h ave a h er e d i tary S u l tan tr ib u tar y to the S u l tan o f D ar fu r ,

o f co ur s e as h ead m an ,
an d hi s r ig h t h an d m an i s th e s am bei ,
-

a s o r t o f p r e si d e n t o f th e tr ib al s h e i k h s o r dam a lig who d o es

'
1
,

m o s t o f th e w o r k All th e s e cti ons o f th e tr ib e ar e su bj e ct to th e

.

sa m bei s o r d e r s e xc e p t th e S u l tan s o w n an d o n e o r tw o o th e r s

cl o s e ly r e l ate d to i t T h e p o si ti o n o f th e sam bei h o we v er is n o t .

, ,

h er e d i tar y b u t alm o s t e l e c tive He is c h o s e n by th e p e o pl e fr o m

, .

am o ng th e b o d y o f t h e tr ib e by a c o ns e n t th at is as n ear as p o ssibl e

u n anim o u s In th eo ry h e can b e d ismiss e d by th e S u l tan b u t in

.
,

p ractice h e is s e cu r e s o l o ng as h e c o mman d s th e co n d enc e o f th e

p eo pl e .

In add i ti o n to th e m ain D AGU s ettl em e n t in D arfur an d th e co l o n y

in D ar S u l a th er e ar e als o sm all er gr o u p s o f D AG U in D ar M essir ia ,

in K o r d o fan o n th e n o r th w es t fr inge s o f th e NIJ B A c o u ntry in wh at

,
-
'

ar e kn o wn as th e D AGU Hills an d e v e n a fe w sm all an d sc atte r e d ,

s ettl em ents far th er eas t n ear el O b ei d an d it is s ai d eas t o f

2
, ,

T ek ali 3
.

I n D ar ur , e e n
1
f
v m g h A b h ib l ld h b d y h h a on t e ra s, t e tr a e ers , t e o t at c o o se s

h ikh h k w d m alig

or d e p o s e s th e h e ad
i (i s e t at s, ar e no n as a s ng

f ll w T h m i d l wh
.

S ee p ar a X X I to i h S d o F o e t er s n o t u se e se e re n t e u an or th e
i i f h mb i m g h D ag di g m g
. . .

pos t on o t h f h
e sa e a on t e u cp t at o t e n ar a on th e
M al ( P x ly
.

as ) Th wit d
ar a X VI e t o e ac t co r r e s p o n

l C b
. . .

C M Mi h l
2
p Sac 7 cd 8
ae pp 5 1 52 e e a so ar ou, I , 3 1 an 11 , 2 1 2
20

T h D ag i K d fa g d d l lly H b y igi
. . .
, .
, ,

e u n or N b o n ar e r e ar e o ca as am e g s or u a or n

l Ih v ly h d f h m wh i D a f
.

3
Th d I
e se as t a e n o t m e t an on e ar o t e en n r ur .


7 6 T HE N O N ARA B -
RACES O F D ARE IJ R 1 4 V III
. .

s te m s o me c e ntu r ies ag o sinc e the l angu age o f the o n e is all b u t

inco mp re he nsibl e to th e o th er 1

I t is w e ll e s tablis h e d th at th e D AG U w e r e at o n e tim e th e p re
d o min an t rac e in c e n tral D ar fur th e e ar li es t kn own fo u n d er s o f a ,

m o nar ch y th er e an d that th ey were su ppl ante d by the T UN GUR ab o u t

,

th e six tee n th c e n tu ry
2
T h e c o ming o f th e T UN G UR r esu l te d in th e
.

r e s tr ic ti o n o f th e D AG U to th e d is tr ic ts w h er e th ey s till liv e .

T h e m ain d i v isi o ns o f th e D AGU o f D ar fur ar e th e fo ll o wing

A . To the east
T ULI N DJ I GERKE, th e r o a h ou se , yl
h o d n th e naha s l i g

CHO RT I N EN GE, o s e re ate d to cl ly l

th e T U LI N DJ IG E RKE
KALW AKE
B . Round Ny ala and sou th o f it
T UM B U C E
K E I AW ARKE
AD AJ UN GE

T he DA GU u se e th er o f tw oi b ran d s on th e i r animals ,

nam e l y the
hindir ei

or th e

loho nei .

T h e fo r m er is
sh ap e d as (a) l b
an d th e atter as
( )
b .
a

1
T he o o n f ll wi g li
st o f co on mm w o r d s co ll e ct e d at r an d o m sh e w s th e e te n t x
o f th e d f i
fe r e n c e T h e co rr e s p o n d n
. i gw o rds i n th e B ay ko d a e c t ar e il l
a s o add e d .

E N GL I S H D ARP IIR D AGU S U L A D AGU

B AY I O
o ne n u an i un un g

n u an i

t wo ad d a f b i d d ak d d a
th r e e k o dd os k o dd os k o dd os
f
our k as hf tis h e k tesh w e t
ve m u d d ak m u d d ak m idd ik
s ix ar ann ar an n ar an n

se v en fah t i n d i fak t i n dik fat i n d i

e igh t k o so n d a k o h an d ak k o so n d a
n nei w i s h t an d a b i s tan d ak t ib i s h t e n d a
ten ass n ig i
ass m ass m i
m an y oh yogi fab an g
g r ass n i art n ierk n i e rt
h d ea ass e i si ise
bl k
g ac i gill ira ud a
d re i rr p rra k ay l
S h
2
5
c Sl i
u rtz Ch pO w l d h w v b i li d
44 ; at n , 1 1 , 2. ne ou o e er , e nc ne to s u p p o s e
f m h h i i h h Da ( d h g bv) ld
.
, .
,

ro t e au t o r t es t f h T at t e gu an cp t e c ase o t e un ur a o e ru e

ll D a f i i b y b h h y v h ld w i
.

a B r ur d ll d ut t s e h
on a ou t t at t e ne er e an y po er n no rt er n

Da f ( h T ibb i G b l M y hw f
.

r ur h )
t e u spi h er e no r n e e ar r a n o r n t e c o u n tr no rt -
est o

i ( h F ) Th y d v dv h l im
,

t t e h r sp er e e o no t e en a an ce an y s u c c a
l d d i hi i P) T h i m i
. .

3
I '

nc u e h S b l
n t (S bi s se c t o n ar e t e am e an g urn n an g s na e s

h D ag f m f S h Th y i S h ab l m
.

sa id b to e t eab l u or o en a. e s ay c ert a n en a at a r e o te

p er idb m i
o d m
e ca g h D ag C S b a m g h
e n c o r p o r at e a on t e u p

am an g to

a on t e

i (P b v ) d S b ll m g h T g F fF
. .

B er t ar a . V I a o e , an am e an g a a on t e un ur -
ur o u rnun g

( Ap p .
5 to thi s c h ap te r ) .
 T HE N O N ARAB -
RA CES O F D ARFUR 77

IX B IRK E D B IRKE D liv e n o r th an d eas t o f th e D AG O an d

. T he 1

BAYRO b etwe en G eb e l Harayz an d th e R I ZAYKAT c o u ntry an d ar e a

, ,

mu ch l ar ge r tr ib e th an ei th er Th ey h ave als o a small c o l o n y a d ay s .

,

j ou r n ey n o r th eas t o f el F ash er at Tu r z a n ear Sani a Ku l din g yi

-

, .

O th er s ar e in Wad ai an d th e s e el T unisi c all e d th e l o w e s t an d m o s t

,
2

d espic abl e o f fo lk tr ai tr es b r u tau x h o nte e t l a pl ai e

, , ,

d u O u ad ay C es t d e c ette p eu pl ad e h e ad d ed q u e s o r tent les

.
, ,

o u vr i e r s e n fer et l es c h ass eu r s He d e scr ib e d th e m as bl ack an d .

slim an d s h o r t In S p eak ing o f the B I RKE D in D ar fur h e ge n er ally

.

gr o u p ed th em wi th th e T UN GUR an d h is o pini o n o f the m w as that ,

t h e y w er e tr ai tr e s v o l eu r s e t rap ac e s a l exc es s ans c rainte d e D i eu

, ,

mi d u P r o p h ete
3
.

B ar th m er ely m enti o ns th em 4
Bi r kit am o ng th e n egr o tr ib es
o n th e Wad aI D a r fur fr o n ti er
-
.

N ach tigal s ay s : 5

T h i s t rib e co mp o sed o f th e s l av es o f th e Su lt an [o f Wad a ] h as r emain ed

, i

free o f all r aci al admi x tu re T h e Birgu id ar e dark grey ( g is .

r

d r k er th n th e M ab as an d ar e o f a n egr o typ e an d h av e th e ch ar acter

a a ,

an d cu s to ms o f th e C e ntral Afr ic an s an d sp eak a l angu age en ti r e l y e cu li r

p a ,

t o t h emse l v e s 5
.

T h ei r m ain d ivisi o ns in D arfur at p r es ent ar e as fo ll o ws

MADARGARKE th e ru ling h ou s e 7
, T URI N GE
T UDD UGE sai d to b e HI LALI IN
, FI LEI KE
s o me Ar ab

S IRI N D I KE E RAYIAT

ie , . .

T O C O N C E s ai d to b e HI LAL I I N E ay k at li v i ng wi th th e B I RKE D

,
r

KAM UN G A T O N GO LKE
M IRO W GE

KA GI JRT I GE
K ULDU KE M O R O L KE
I ZM AN D I KE S AS U L KE

T h er e ar e als o m any o ther l ess imp o r tant d ivisi o ns T h e c o m .

p o n ent p ar ts o f all ar e in th e vi ew o f o th er tr ib es than th e B I RK ED

, ,

l ar g el y adu l ter ate d b y ali en e l em en ts .

1
lli g
T h e s p e n o f B r ke d an d B ay ko i s t a e n r o i t h e A r a c o f e l T un s

k f m bi ii
w yg iv ly l
.

T he o r d s ar e p r o n o u n ce d Bi r g e d an d Ba o r esp e c t e an d s h o u d

p e r h ap s b e s o s p e t l .

3
,

2
V oy a u O ua d ay , p p 2 4 9 , 2 5 0
. .V oy a u D a rfou r , p p 1 3 3 1 3 6
. . . .

1 1 1 , 5 4 3 ( Ap p
4 5
L oc ci t p 6 7
k bi w ll i i i f m
.

y
. . . .

5
T h e n o w s p e a A r a c as e T h e r r o tan a i s d st n c t r o t h at o f t h e
g l
.

D a u , e tc S e e ate r
b i i ll f
. .

T he r an d o f t h s s e c t o n , c a e d a t e r i t th e M ad ar ar k , i s as
7
g
she w ig
n , r e p r e s en t n , as a c o p ar s o n th th e r o a F ur m i wi r an d an d yl b
g will
t h at o f t h e T u n u r sho , a w
ar d r u an d s t c s w m
I t i s n te r e s t n
-
ik i ig
Vi w w f ll w l F lk
.

in e of h at o o s t o n o t e th at t h e S e r ar B ukke r C att e o )
bl z
at G e e el Har a a i n n o r t h e r n K o r d o an a so u s e a f l
r an d c a e d Ba t b ll y
w
e l N u g ar a ,

hi ch r e p r e se n t s a s a r o u n d d r u m ll
an d s t c , as i n th e m ik
g u re .
( S e e M acM i ch ae l , C am el B r ands , p .
78 T HE N O N -
ARAB RA CES O F D ARFUR 1 4 IX . . .

In p almy d ay s o f th e D ar fur S u l tanate th e B I RKED c o u n try

th e
w as th e app an ag e o f th e F r d igni tary kn o wn as th e Ur undulu 1
.

T h e l atter empl o y e d fo u r m ul k (li ter a l ly kings ) as far m er s o f

,

r e v e n u e th er e T h e B I RKE D u nlik e th e BAYKO D AGU Z A G HAW A

2
.
, , , ,

B ORKU M i M A an d T UN GUR h ad it s ee ms n o S u l tan o f th ei r o wn

, ,
3
, , ,

an d i t is s tate d at th e p r e s e n t d ay th at th ey o nl y h ad a S har ta i o r

l o cal om da at th e h ead o f th ei r tr ib e C o ns e qu e ntly it m ay b e

.
,

p r es u m ed th at th e y h ad n o nahas an d c er tainl y th ey had n o

wa hi l o r vizi er c o rr e sp o n d ing to th e ding a r o f th e MAsALi T an d

th e sa m bei o f the D AGU b u t o nly a n u mb e r of da m a lig s u bj e c t to
'

th e S ha r ta z .

T h e ir c o u n try w as kno wn by the n am e o f K ajjar a te rm s ai d

to h av e incl u d e d th e D AG U an d BAY K O l an d s als o an d th e B IRK E D

th e ms e lv e s ar e s till kn o wn to th e F IJ R as K AJJ ARA to th e D AG U as

'

K AGARU GE I an d to th e RAY K O as KAJ ARGE T h ey c all th ems e lve s

4
.

hd URGL
A few B I RKE D live in K o r d o fan , s o u th o f e l O b ei d , an d i t is
tr ad i ti o n ally r e p o r te d I n n o r th er n K o r d o fan th at ab o u t th e b eginning
o f th e e ig h tee n th c e n tu r y th ey w er e th e r u ling p eo pl e I n th e h ills o f

K ag a an d K atu l w er e o u s te d the nce b y th e BE DAYRI A

an d
'
5
.

T h e te n d e nc y am ong th ei r n eig h b o u r s n ear cl O b ei d is to cl ass

th e B I RK E D wi th th e T O M AM an d T U M B AB w h o ar e n e g ro i d tr ib e s ,

wi th p retensi o ns to a Nb ian Ga ali co nn ecti o n as o f HAMAC o r

-

,

N IJ B A d e sc e n t
'

N ow in c o ll ec ting a sm all vo c ab u l ary o f B I RKE D in D ar fur in 1 9 1 7

I fo u n d tw o inter e s ting facts In th e r s t pl ac e the B IRKE D o f Tu r z a
.
,

m e nti o n e d that th e p eo pl e to who m th ey wer e m o s t n ear ly r e l ated in

D ar fur w er e th o s e o f G eb e l Mi d o b an d in th e s e c o n d pl ac e th e d i al e c t

o f th e B I RK E D in s o u th er n D a r fur
7
b ear s an o bvi o u s simil ar i ty to the
N ubi an an d K anzi vo cab u l ar i es c o ll ecte d by B u r ckhar dt Th es e tw o
s
.

facts tr anspi r e d qu i te in d ep e n d e ntl y o f o n e an o ther an d pro vi d e a

clu e to th e o r igin o f th e B I RKED I t will b e r em emb ere d that th e .

p eo pl e o f Mi dob cl aim to b e an anci ent c o l o ny o f MAHAS S and

F
l
S e e at e r s ub F ur
ii
.

N
El T un s , V oy D a rf p 1 3 7
w m i i l
. . . .

e nt o n ed
O
C
I bi d I 3 8 , h e r e n o B r ke d S u tan i s
i m b bly viv g w i m
. .

T he r na e p ro a e s t o o i n th at o f t h e ad R ajj ar ( ap s
h
su r r e at
a

K a a, g

K ajja ,

K i a , et c )wi b w
h c h r u n s e t e e n D ar M asa i t an d W ad a
. l i .

5
S e e M ac M i c h ae l , p 66
P g l gi l g P
. .

5
S e e ar t I I I , C h ap 1 , an d t h e e n e a o c a t r e e s o f th e A roup in ar t I V

i z ly k bi y i f k
. .

7
T h e B r ke d o f T a r a o n sp e a Ar a c T h e say t h e r ath e r s all sp o e a
i ill l l g ib
.

r o tan a as th e s o u th e r n B r ke d s t d o T h e att er ar e a ar e t r e , an d n o t a
m ll lm wi b livi g m z
.
,

s a se tt e ent th Ar a s n r o u n d th e as i s th e c as e at T ar a

x i
.

5
S e e Ap p e n di 2 to th s ch ap te r .
80 T HE N O N ARA B -
RACES O F D ARFUR Ix .

Imme d i ately after Ibn S e lim s acco unt o f th e S u d an M akriz i pl ac es

the fo ll o wing p assag e

J ai vu au s si d an s u n e l ettr e ad re ss e p ar cer t i nes t ribu s a l mi r d es

a e

cro yants Ali b en Ab o u T al eb qu il tait fait mentio n des Be djahs et des

1
,

K adj h s l es qu el s so n t tr es mch ant s mais p eu p ill r d s

a L es B e djah s so nt ,
a
2
.

ai n si ; qu n t au x K adj h s o n n e n c o nn ai t q u e c c qu e n d it Ab d u ll h b e n

a a , a

Ahmed l h isto r ien d e Nu b ie 3

.

Ab d u l la ibn Ahm ad is Ibn S e lim e l Asw an i wh o w r o te b etw ee n

,

9 75 an d 99 6 A D b u t w hat h e h ad to s a .
y ab o u t t h e
.
, K A JJ A R A w e

d o n o t kn o w b e c au s e th e e x tr acts fr o m h is wo r k q u o te d by el Mak r iz i
c o n tain n o m enti o n o f th em .

X B AYIfI O T h e RAY KO n eighb ou r s o f th e D AGU an d B IRKE D ar e

.
, ,

s ai d by Sl atin to b el o ng to the MO N O LKE family an d to h ave em i

4

gr ate d fr o m the B ah r el G haz al in an cie nt days an d to have b ee n

gr anted l an d s in D arfur o n c o n d iti o n o f s u ppl y ing annu ally a mai d e n
fo r th e r o y al h ar em Bu t th e m o th er o f th e S u l tan M u h ammad F ad l
.

( 1 8 00 1 8 3 8 ) w as a B aykaw i a an d h e
-

in c o ns e q u e nc e d e cl ar e d th e , ,

t r ib e fr ee fo r e ver an d fo r b ad e t h e b u y ing an d s e lling o f th e m u n d e r

,

p en al ty o f d eath T he BAY KO at p r es ent as is n atu r al d eny th e.

, ,

implicati o n o f sl ave (i e n e gr o ) o rigin an d m er e ly p o int wi th p r i d e . .

to th e fac t o f th ei r in ter m arr i ag e wi th F IIR r o y al ty As a tr ib e t he y

'

d o n o t cl aim to b e Ar abs b u t as u s u al in D ar fur th e r o yal h o u s e , ,

o f B AY RO th e h o l d er s o f th e naha s th e T ERK I T HAGGAR s e c ti o n o f

, ,

t h e S UB HAN IN t h at is affe ct a G a ali o r igin I t was o n e o f th em b y

.
, ,

n am e U m B sa wh o m arr i ed the fath er o f M u hammad F ad l O f th ei r

,
.

e arl y h is to r y th e BAY K o kn o w li ttl e b u t t h e g en er al tr ad i ti o n am o ng ,

t h e m is th at th e i r anc e s to r s c am e fro m th e E as t vi a s o u th er n K o r d o
fan an d th e N IJ B A c o u n tr y at m u c h th e s am e tim e as th e BAxxARA
'

T h e trad i ti o n is h o w ev er m u c h to o vag ue to h ave any r e al val u e

, , .

B r own e i dentie d the B AY RO B ego to o cl o s e ly wi th the D AGU in

sp eaking o f the p eo pl e o f B eg o o r D ag eo u wh o ar e no w [i e 1 79 9]

. .

s u bj e c t to the cro wn o f F r b u t ar e a d iffer en t trib e wh ich fo r m er ly

r u l e d th e c o u n tr y

; b u t at th e s am e time the d i al e c ts o f t h e BAY KO
an d D AGU ar e a lm o s t i d e n tic al an d i t is c u r i o u s that wh e n I ask e d
3

1
l m h f h v b w i wi h i w y y
T he e t t er f h ust t er e o r e a e een r t te n t n t en t e ar s o t e co n

gy
q u e st o f E pt
kh d l ( W lik i wh d mk m h
.

2
B urc ar t t r an s at e s p ar e n at o n s o o n ot a e uc
b y Th b v i i f mB i l i (
.

oot e a o e q u o tat on s ro o u r an t s t r an s at o n 11,
kh d l I k w h K dj
.

4
B 3
urc B h ar Ch
t t r an s at e s : ut no not w o t e e a ar e 11

B w m i b y Ib S d ( p Ab l Fid a 5 8 )
. . .

5
85 T h
ro i ne, p 2 er e s a ent o n n a i a u e p 1

l ll d h B aj o d wi h h Z gh aw m zzl d
. . . .
,

of a p eo p e ca d h
e t e co n n e c te t t e a a, an t e t er pu e

I i h w v v y lik ly h h B k ,

B h (
art V l Ch q v o III , LI , p t s, o e er , er un e t at t e ay o

m
. . . . .

ar e ean t

x m l giv b v wh ki g f h D ag
.

3
E g
g . se e e a p es en a o e e n sp e a n o t e u .
1 4 11
. . T HE N O N ARA B -
RACES O F D ARFUR 81

th e p r es en t S u l tan o f th e B AYR O for his p ed igr ee h e tr ac e d it (as

fo ll o ws) to Ah m e d el D ag wh o m we h ave al r eady m et as a D AGU ,

S u l tan : M u hamm ad K eb k eb s o n o f Ab u kr N aka s o n of O mar

s o n o f Hu s ay n s o n o f Ibb a s o n o f N a s o n of Haggar s o n o f Ah m ad

cl D ag At th e s ame tim e h e r ep u di ated all r e lati o ns h ip wi th th e

.

D AG U an d attr ib u te d th e simil ar i ty o f d i al e cts to th e fac t that th e

t r ib e s h ad l o ng b een n eigh b o u r s in D ar fur .

I t s ee ms pr o b abl e th at th e BAY KO ei th er c am e to D ar fur fr o m

m u ch the s am e d i r ecti o n an d at mu ch the s am e p er i o d as th e D AGU

p hysically th e two ar e in d is tingu is h abl e o r els e th at th e D AGU

c am e fr o m th e eas t an d wer e j oin e d in D ar fur by th e n egr o i d BAYKO

fr o m th e s ou th eas t an d that th e l atter b o rr o w ed th e l angu age of
-

th e fo r m er b u t p r e s e rve d th ei r in d e p en d enc e T h e D AG U d i al e c t b ear s .

r e s e mbl anc e s to th o s e o f N ubi a b u t in th is r e sp e c t falls far b eh in d th e

B I RKED d i al ect 1

T h e s tatu s of th e BAY KO in e l T un isi s d ay s e ems to h av e b ee n

mu ch the s am e as i t is n ow b u t li ttl e is s ai d of th em b ey o n d th at ,

t h ey w er e r u l ed by a p etty S u l tan o f th ei r o w n T h e tr ib al wa ki l
2
.

o r vizi er o r P r e si d e n t o f th e C o u ncil o f S h e ik h s th e
sa m bei o f th e D AGU is am o ng th e RAY KO call e d the g indi (p lur
, .

H s c hi ef fu nc ti o n o u tsi d e th e sp h er e o f ad minis tr ati o n

)

e na di i
g .
, ,

is sai d to b e that o f p er for mi ng th e acc essi o n c er em o ny fo r a n ewly

3

s u cce ed ed S u l tan .

O f th e s u b d ivisi o ns o f th e BAY KO o nc e v er y n u m er o u s o nly a , ,

few ar e n ow r e m emb e re d T h es e fall in to th e tw o main g r o u ps o f .

S u b han in an d G h ar ba n
n i 4
an d

I ncl u d e th e fo ll owing :
T I RR I T HA GGAR 5
( the ro yla h o u s e) T I RKI T MARS HIJ T 5

K O ROE AI K I 5
P AM AR I 5

1
E g .
~
.

D AGU o f D A GU
F m B kh
ro urc ar d t s

N ubia

E N G L IS H

BAYR O D ARE IJ R o f S U LA ( M i n oa) N IJ B A K AN Z I
cow te i n y teiny t ei n y ( tu r ) ty g a ty g
h o r se m u rt an n m ur t an i m u rt ( p o r r n y i) m o r ty g a k ky
o

as s k atc hi n k ac hi n e, k at ch ( u t ch ) i k dja a h an o u b
k ak in
or

m o u th ik u n g a akk uk e ( al) akk a ag il k

T h e p er cen ta e o f B r ke d g
o r d s th at re s ei e N u i an w o r d s is a o o d h un dred mbl b w g
g
p e r c e n t hi h e r , I s h o ul d s ay , th an i n t h e c as e o f D a u o r B a ho o rd s T he g y w
m l l i i i ly f m bi
. .

nu e r a s o f t h e att e r , fo r n s tan c e , d ffer e n t r e ro t h o se o f N u a

ii
.

2
E l T i m s , V oy D a rf p p 1 2 8 , 1 34 , 1 3 8
gv k l m lf m y i f m
. . . .

3
Y ad ar r ag i e s r an T h e S u t an h i se w as n or an t

o n th e p o n t i
y bi y ll i g
.

4
T h e B a ho c an n o t p r o n o u n c e t h e A r a c g h , so t h e ca th s r o u p t h e

Har b an i n .

5
T h e se ar e Su b han i n .

M . S 1 .

82 T HE NO N ARAB -
RACES O F D ARF IJ R 1 4 x
. . .

1
T IRTUS HKI , or T I RTEJ KE
1
LUDUKE
1
D IS AKE
NYO GOL GO LE 1

KALAKALI KA 1

O u tsi d e D ar fur th er e ar e s ai d to b e m any BAY X O , wi th D A U , G

k
b etw een T e ali and the Wh i te Nil e in D ar K eb ir , and a co nsi d erabl e
c o l o ny of N yo g o lg o l ar e s ai d to have lived fo r m any gen erati o ns at
K aaki ng i in th e B ahr el h az al G 2
.

T h e BAY KO c all th ems e lve s B EO C E T o th e F fIR they ar e k n o wn .

as BEGO N GA , to t h e T AM A as BEGUK UN G , to th e D AGU as BEO GE, an d

to th e B I RKE D as BE KE '

X I T h ere ar e als o in D ar fur s ev er al trib e s o f d is tinc tiv e ly we s ter n

o rigin FELLATA T AKARIR B O RKU B ORN U M I MA
, ,
AB U , , , ,

S IN fIN an d M ARA
,
RIT O f th es e th e M IMA ar e th e o l d es t c o l o ny . .

MIMA .

T h e town Mirna is m en ti o n ed by Ibn B atuta in th e mi d d l e o f

of

th e fo u r te e n th c en tu ry as lying n o t far to th e w est o f Timb u ktu : o f

the l atte r to wn th e tr av e ll er r e mar ks m o s t o f its inhabi tants ar e
p eo pl e o f M irna o r o f th e trib es call e d el Mu laththam n (i e the
,
3
. .

Veil ed O n es the T UW AREK B ERB ER) , .

App aren tly th ey o r a b ranc h o f t h em s u bs e q u ently m o ve d eas t

, ,

w ar d s E l T unisi s ays o f the m in 1 8 03

.

L es Mym eh co n stitu ent u n e p op u l ati o n q u i s e c omp ose d e p lu si eu rs

t ribu s d i v i s e s e n f acti o n s I ls so n t d u n n o i r fo n c co mme d e l en cre

r . .

I ls h abitent au su d d i r ect d u O u aday su r l a meme lign e q u e les D adj o ,

et les K o kah 4 .

He ls o allu d es to a b r anch o f th em as u n der a tr ib u tary S u l tan in

a

D ar fur 5
N achtigal m en ti ons th em as a l ar ge tr ib e in Wadai b u t
.
,

m o s t o f th em h ad scatte r e d in th e s o u th o f th at c o u ntry an d l o s t th eir

raci al i d e n ti ty T h e r e s t o f th e m p r e s e rv e d th e i r l angu ag e w h ic h was
.
,

akin t o th at o f th e Z AG HA WA an d the K URA AN an d h ad a m elik

,

o f th e ir o wn Th ei r s o ci al r ep u tati o n was like th at o f the ZAGHAW A

3
.
, ,

u ns av o u r y an d t h ey h ad l ar g e ly in te r m arr i e d wi th th at tr ib e
, .

1
T h e s e ar e G h ar b an i n an d c an b e r e e r r e d to as g en ad i , i e sec t o n s s u f i bj ec t

gi i
. .

to th e nd

i m k i
.

2
T h e r h ead an i s sp o e n o f as M akd m N as r
ly l wi f m
.

3
S ee C o o e , p p 45 , 8 4 , 8 6 O d er r te r s t h an I b n B at ta u s e d th e
. . or

Am im a .

4
V oy au O ua d ay , p 2 4 9
w f wi h i Om a
. . .

5
V oy au D a rfo ur , p p 1 2 8 , 1 38, 297 T h e se e r e at eu d t th e B en r n
b
. . .

Ar a s
b l ll h m
.

5
V oy au O ua d a z , p p 6 5 , 7 4 , 7 5 ; an d c p C ar on , II , 1 9 9 ; th e att e r ca s t e
M imi
. . .

ou M o u t o u to u .
.
84 T HE N O N ARA B -
RACES O F D ARE UR 1 4 14111
. . .

ib al o r gani zati o n sp eaking Ar abic an d d ivi d ed in to two m ain

tr , ,

g ou ps the I BB A an d th e I KKA
r ,
1
.

Th er e r emain th e wes ter n fr o nti er tr ib e s th e sl av e tr ib es an d , ,

th e F UR th e ms e lv e s .

T o tak e th es e in tu r n
X I V KIMR D ar Kim r li es no r th o f th e M ASALI T c o u ntr y an d eas t

of D a r Ta m a T o th e n or th an d eas t o f it is o p en c o u n tr y sp ar s ely
.

p o pu l ated by n o mad ic ZAGHAW A of th e K UBB E an d K UB GA s ecti o ns '

I t is a small tr ac t p o or in n atu r al r es ou r c es s an d y in p ar ts an d s to ny
, ,

in o th er s and its p e o pl e live by cu l tivating dukhn an d b r eed ing

,

s h eep an d cattl e T h e water su ppl y is m o d erate I r o n is pl e ntifu l

. .
,

e sp e ci ally at B a bi r i .

T h e p o p u l ati o n cl aims to b e Ar ab G A ALI I N fr o m M ete mm a by

'

o r igin b u t b ey o n d th e fac t th at i t is Ar abic sp eaking (wi th th e

, ,
-

e xc e p ti o n o nly o f th e AB U J oK HA s e c ti o n w h o sp eak T a m a) an d h as ,

n o d i al e c t o f i ts o wn th er e is n o r eas o n to th ink th e cl aim h as m u c h

,

t o r e c o mm e n d i t .

T h e n am e KI M R lik e th e n am e E RM BE LI wh ic h is u s e d in pl ac e
, ,

o f i t in Wad aI m eans d o ve an d th er e ar e var i an t tr adi ti o n s th at

2
, , _

t h e K MR w er e th e o r igin al in h abi tan ts o f D a s T am a an d M s lit

I r a a 3

o r as th e F UR s a t h at th e y w ere o nc e T E M URKA ( F UR) w h o c o u l d

, y ,

ch ang e th ems elve s into d o ves .

T h e F UR c all th e KI M R O RAN G A t h e TAM A an d th e D AGU '

c all th em G I MRUK an d G UM ERKE r esp ective ly N o t b eing a

.

war like p eo pl e th ey h ave s u ffer ed mu ch at th e h an d s o f the m or e

r ap aci o u s Z AGHA W A MAsAL i T an d F UR 4
,
.

P o li tically th ey fo r m e d a p ar t o f th e D arf r S u l tan ate s ave in so ,

far as th ey c o u l d m ain tain th ei r in d ep en d enc e an d fr o m tim e ,

imm em o r i al th ey h ave had a p etty S u l tan o f thei r own .

T h ei r m ai n s u b d ivisi o ns ar e :
1 MI C C I (the ru ling sect o n )
. 2 ABU J oKHA i .

( )
a d hu rr iat Tahi r (a) Effe r
(b) Hu sayn b
( ) S h o wa

(c) N akhi t (c) Ligam

( d) B al ad
(e) M frs a
(f) Har ot
i
E l T i m i s ( Voy a u D a rfour , p p 1 2 9 , 1 34 , e t c ) s p ea s o f t h o s e s o u th o f M ar r a
1
k
ll
by w i m y k w b
. . .

h c h n a e t h e ar e n o n t o t h e A r a s an d H au sa i n W e st

as P o u an ,
fi i ll m F ll

A r c a T h e K am i r ca t h e l gi y
e ata T o e thn o o s ts th e are c o on no n mm ly k w
F F P l
. .

as u lb e o r ul or

ou

V
: s e e B ar t h , V o l I V , C h L I I , p 1 43 I n th e S u d an th e
m F ll l ly v l
. . . .

te r e a t a I S o o se u se d t o co er th e H au s a a so .

2
bi
T h e Ar a c is
3
C p N ach ti g a1, ap C ar b o u , . .

Cp C b N h i g l V O d
'

4
4 5. ar p
o n, 11 , 20 , 20 ; ac t a ,
oy . au ua ai , .
73 .
1 4 11 141
. . . T HE N O N ARA B -
RACES O F D ARFUR 85

3 . K URBU
(a) G id ayrnu k
(b) O wng a
( )
c Seib i r

(d ) Rim ayla
4 . LUK
w
(a ) A lad Haggar
b
( ) Si ki n

( c) M e dd i

(d ) er a a K

XV TAMA D ar T ama lying to th e we s t o f D ar Kim r o n the

.
, ,

W adai b o r d er is m o r e fer til e an d m o r e th ickl y p o p u late d than ei ther

,

M as al it o r Kim r I t has alway s b een a b o n e of c o n tenti o n b etween

.

t h e S u l tans o f Wad ai an d D arf r an d h as b ee n te mp o rar il y s u bj e c te d

b y b o th at d i ffere n t tim e s At o th er tim e s i t h as p re s e rve d a measu re
.

o f in d e p en d e nc e an d i t h as a lways h ad a S u l tan o f i ts o wn
, .

I ts p eo pl e ar e sp o k e n o f by M atteu cci 1 as d e taill e l e v e (p r es

de 1 m
, t ete b rac hyc p hal e (3 angl e faci al tr es o u v er t

an d N ac h tig al saw in th e m a cl o s e r e s e mbl anc e to th e D AG U (o f S u l a ,

p r es u mabl y) a mixtu r e o f wh o m wi th ear li er K I M R in habi tan ts th ey

,

m ay r e p r e s e n t
2
.

N ach tig al say s th ei r d i al e ct is simil ar to that o f th e S UN GUR o f

Wad ai an d o f the D AGU and th e B IRKED b u t i t is m o re than d ou b tfu l
3
,

wh eth er in the cas e o f th e l as t tw o p eo pl es m enti o n e d h e was r igh t

, , .

Th ei r d i al ect is qu i te d is tinct in v o cab u l ary fro m any D arfUr to ngu e ,

if o n e exc ep t o nly that o f the E RE N GA o f D ar M as alit .

X V I MA sALI I T h e M AsAL i T c o u n try is 7000 to 75 00 squ ar e

4
'

mil e s in exten t an d is b o u n d e d to the wes t by Wadai to the s o u th ,

by D ar S u l a to the n o r th b y D ar s T am a an d Kim r an d to the eas t

, ,

b y the F Ur T h e c en tral d is tr icts ar e u n du l ating an d s an d y wi th

.

nu m er o u s small r o cky o u tcr o ps ; the s o u th is m o u ntain o u s T h e .

no rth e rn d is tr icts tho s e o f th e ERE N GA an d G eb el M ii n ar e m o r e

,
'

s to ny an d u nfer til e : they will b e d eal t wi th s e p arate l y in the fo ll owi ng

s e cti o n T h e gr eat wa dis B ar e an d K ajja o n th e east an d we s t
.

r e sp e c ti v e ly p r o vi d e an e xc e ll e n t water s u pply at a s h all o w d e p th

, ,

an d d e ep er w e lls giving a mo r e p r ecar i ou s s upply are als o d u g

, ,

inl an d fr o m th e s e two ar ter i e s .

1
S ee C ar b o u , 1 1 , 2 07 .

2
S e e C ar b o u , 1 1 , 2 05
g i i
.

3
V oy d a O ua da i , p p 6 6 , 6 9 , 7 4

e r h ap s t h e S u n u r are to b e P
d en t ed
wi b g l m l
. . .

t h th e A sun g ti r r an c h o f E re n a ( q v ate r ) T h e T a a di a e ct an d t h at o f t h e

g i lly i i l
. . .

E r e n a ar e p r ac t c a d e n t ca
y ll m lv l lly k w
.

T h e c a t h e s e e s M asal at as a r u e , b u t ar e u s u a no n t o o th e r s as
l m ll m
M asai t T h e T a a ca th e M asar ak
. .
86 T HE NO N ARAB RACES O F D ARFUR-
I 4 . . X VI .

T he p o pu lati o n is fair ly nu m er o u s in the central d is tricts and is

s o ci ally o n ab ou t th e s am e plan e as that o f eas ter n D arf r In the .

s ou th it is mo re nu m ero u s an d l ess civiliz ed C attle an d s heep fo r m .

th e c h i e f w eal th o f th e M as al it an d dukhn is t h ei r s tapl e fo o d ,

pr o du ct I r o n is fo u n d in pl e nty thr ou gho u t th e co u ntr y O n the

. .

wh o l e h owev er D ar M as alit is d is tinc tl y a p o o r c o u ntr y an d b ut

, , , ,

for th e trad e r o u te fr o m Ab esh a to el F as h er wh ic h bis ec ts it w ou l d

-

b e a m er e b ackwater .

Like D ar T ama i t h as always b e en a b o n e o f c o nte nti o n as

b etwe en Wad ai an d D arf r b u t th e fo r m er p o wer n ever h e l d any
,

r ig h ts in i t an d m e r e ly m ad e o cc asi o n al attacks o n it as b e ing th e

n ear es t p ar t o f D ar fur .

Pr evio u s to the Egyp tian c o nqu est o f D ar fur D ar M as alit was

a p ar t o f th e w e s ter n d is tr ic t an d s u bj e c t t o th e V ic er o y (m a hd um
)
o f th e w e s t T h e E RE N GA an d MUN d is tr ic ts in th e n o r th w er e
.

co u nted a p art o f the F UR d is tr ict o f M ad i the MASALIT living ,

e as t o f Wad i Ba r w e re u n d er K er n e an d al l th e r e s t was a p art o f ,

F ia an d s u bj ec t to th e S har tai o f that d is tr ic t At th is p er i o d

.
,

wh er eas th e KIMR (als o u n d er M ad i) an d tw o s ecti o ns of EREN GA

had p etty S u l tans th e MAsALi T h ad o nly r r ash (sing fer sh)
, .

wh o ar e d igni tar i es o f d is tinc tly l ow er r ank an d l ess imp o r tanc e th an

S har a ti

I t was nly in th e D e rvis h days that a singl e Mas alati am i r

o

u ni ted u n d er h i s ru l e th e E RE N GA MUN an d MAS A

LI I an d n o t u n til

, ,

t h e cl o s e o f th e D er vi s h d ays th at h e ass u m e d th e t i tl e o f S u l tan an d

claime d c o mpl ete in d ep en d enc e At p r es ent th e rr ash o f th e .

var i o u s E RE N GA and MUN gr o u ps an d the S har tai wh o is o ver ,

th e fo r m er ar e all pl ac e d in s u bj ec ti o n to
, a m ak d um o f th e

MASALI I S u l tan an d th is Vic er o y is simply a m am l uh an o ld

, ,

D ink a sl ave wh o h as attain e d to a p o si ti o n o f th e h ig h es t tru s t T h e .

var i ou s MASALi T s ecti o ns ar e all o tte d as app anag es to m emb er s o f

th e r oyal family o r s tate fu nc ti o n ar i e s an d ad minis ter e d o n feu d al
lin es T h e S u l tan is o f c ou r s e su p r eme o ver all T o assis t th e r rash
. .

( in t h e c as e o f M AS AL i T E RE N GA an d M U N a
,
lik e
) th er e is a b o d y o f

In F UR d ays ,
y say in D ar M as alit each fer sh h ad als o a
th e ,

sam bei o r c h i e f ex e c u tive o f fic er an d re p re s en tative attach e d to ,

him as was als o th e cu s to m in th e c as e o f th e S u l tan o f th e D AGU ;

,

b u t sinc e th e c h i ef fer sh o f th e M AS ALIT h as b e c o m e a S u l tan th is ,

h as b een d ro pp e d .

1
S ee p 7 4 . .
88 T HE N O N ARAB -
RA CES O F DARFUR X VI .

In el T n isi

s d ay t hey
n d er fo u r kings (i e m eks) w er e u . .

an d th e i r c o u n try fo r m e d a p ar t o f D ar Ab o U m a
l
.

At th e p r es e n t d ay th ey ar e ru l e d by a p e tty S u l tan w i th a naha s

b u t th e ad minis trati o n app ear s to b e in fac t in th e h an d s o f th e , ,

a ter m d e n o ting p r o p er ly a sm all d r u m

( g a)
'

waki l o r ding ar
,

nu a r

o f w o o d b u t g en eral ly appli e d to th e m elik o r fer sh w h o h o l d s th e

,

s am e T h e S u l tan c o n du cts b u siness and issu es o r d er s thr o u gh the

.

ding ar w h o is in fac t a s o r t o f vizi er

, , , .

T h e r o y al s e c ti o n th at o f th e naha s am o ng th is s ou the rn

, ,

D arf r c o l o ny is th e S ERB U N G w h ic h I S s u b d ivi d ed in to S U GURR

'

O , ,

K UN D ERUN G K AI D UN G B I ALUN G an d o th er s u bs e c ti o ns ; b u t th e
, ,

r e m aining s u bs e c ti o ns are r e ck o n e d as b e l o nging t o th e din ar :

g
th e c h i e f o f th e s e ar e :

MU N GARE U MB E RTC HU N G G UN KU N G AW NUN C

U MB US F O KAN YUN G ME RKE RI NN
T h e d ial e c t sp o ke n is the s am e as that o f the wes ter n MASALi T b ut ,

th e trad i ti o n c u rr e n t as t o th e o r igin o f th e tr ib e is d i ffere n t T h e .

c o l o n y in s o u th er n D arffi r s tate th at th ei r ances tor s cam e fr o m th e

Yem en vi a no r th er n D arfUr T h e fact is that n ei th er d ivisi o n of th e .

t r ib e h as th e r e m o te s t i d ea w h ere i t c am e fr o m an d e ac h h az ar d s
a g u e ss to wh ic h li ttl e atte n ti o n n ee d b e p ai d .

In ad d i ti o n to th e tw o m ain s ettl em en ts d escr ib e d th ere are s o m e

M AsALi T in Wad ai an d o th er s in D ar fur in th e d is tr ic ts s o u th we s t
,
-

o f el F a s h er n am e ly D ob o Tawil a G eb e l Har ayz etc living am o ng

, , , , .
,

an d in ter m ar r i e d wi th th e F UR an d T UN GU R Th ei r p ar e nts wer e .

m o s tly p r is o n er s o f war d ep o si te d h er e an d ther e as co l o nis ts by the

F UR S u l tans .

X V I I E RE NGA an d MUN T hes e tw o p eo pl es h ave al read y b ee n .

sp o k en o f as living in th e no r th er n p ar t o f wh at is n o w D ar M as al it .

T h e l angu ag e o f b o th is alik e an d to all in ten ts an d p u r p o s e s is th e

s am e l anguage as th at sp o ke n in D ar Tama .

T h e MUN o r M U] ar e a v e r y sm all co mmu ni ty an d h ave n o t

, ,

m o r e th an sixty o dd v ill age s T h e ERE N GA are c o nsi d er abl y m o r e .

nu m er o u s Th ey c all th ems el v es B IRRUN G b u t ever y o ther tr ib e calls

.
,

th e m E RE N GA T h e M UN ar e c all e d M UN o r AHL E L G EB EL by Ar abic

2
.

sp eak ing p e o pl e an d J EB AR oK (i e J E B ALoK) b y th e E RE N GA an d

, . .
,

M UN o r J E B ALT A b y th e M AS AL IT .

1
E l T tm i si , V oy a u D arfour , p p 1 3 6 , 1 3 7 S e e p 9 8 an d n o te o n p 9 5
'

k w ig w l w
. . . . . .

i s t h e M asa i t o r d fo r

2
I do no t no t h e o r i n o f th e o rd , b ut E ri n g
b
Ar a s

I t m ay b e , an d p r o a b bly
i s , p u r e co in c d e n ce t h at

e r un g a

i s th e i
f mily m k l i k
.

a na e o f th e s n a e p e o p e at T r a e l A h d ar i n s o u th e r n D ar N Ub a ( se e

li m
S e g an , A rt an d t h at t h e E r e n a o r d fo r ra n

g w
( or sky i s ar r ,

i
w il ill g b i b i
.

h e at D in ( n o r th e r n D ar N u a) r a n i s ar a , an d at M i d o i t i s ar r

.
 I 4 xrx
. . . T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARFUR 89

T he main su b divisi o ns o f th e ERE N GA ar e th e fo ll o wing

SHAL
MARARIT 1
O WRA
AS UN C UR '

D UL A G G IR A

T h e O W RA an d M ARARI T h ave S u l tans

'

of i
th e r o wn : th e r e t o s nl y
rr ash .

XV I I I HADAHID Scatter e d h er e and th er e in D ar fur b u t p ar ticu

.
,

l ar ly in th e n eig h b o u r h o o d o f th e TAM A an d M AsAL i T b o r d er ar e

sm all c o l o ni es o f Had ahi d (o r th at is Blacksmi th s ,

.

T h es e hav e b een in the c o u ntry fo r m any g en er ati o ns and h ave c o m e

t o b e l o o k e d o n in s o m e c as e s ,
r ig h tl y or wr o ngly as F UR ; b u t
,

m o s t o f th em c er tainl y o r iginate fr o m Wadai o r w e s t o f it an d wh e n ,

a sk e d s a s o A s is u s u al in n o r th c e n tr a l A fr ic a fr o m eas t t o w e s t
y
-
.
,

th e y ar e h e l d in g e n er al c o n te mp t an d th e r e s t o f th e p o p u l ati o n d o
n o t in ter m arr y wi th th e m Th is fee ling o f aver si o n to war d s th e
.

w o r k er s in i r o n is s tr o ng e s t am o ng th e Z AG HAW A wh o s o far fr o m ,

inter m ar r ying wi th th em wo u l d n o t e at o r ass o ci ate wi th th e m T h e y .

a r e a h er e d i tar y c as te an d ar e c all e d M i r o si n by
( g m i r
) th e F UR . .

Fr o m casu al r e mar ks o f c o ntemp t that I h av e h ear d u s ed in sp eaking

o f th e m I s h o u l d s ay th at i t w as n o t s o mu c h to th e i r d ealing wi th

i r o n th at th ey o w e th ei r in h er i te d u np o p u l ar i ty as to t h ei r e mpl o y
m e n t o f r e fo r th e p u r p o s e 2
.

X IX

S LAV E TRI B ES T h e slave tr ib es o f D ar f r m ay b e
.

d i v i d e d in to two g r o u ps ; r s tl y c o l o ni e s o f n egr o e s fr o m o u tsi d e ,

D ar f r imp o r te d b y s u cc e ssive S u l tans en blo c an d s ettl e d o n th e

l an d du r ing th e l as t c en tu r y o r two b u t p ar tic u l ar l y b y th e S u l tan ,

1
l
S e e p 8 3 T h e r e ar e a s o M ar ar t a o n th e M asa i t p r o p e r i m g l
m wi w
. . .

2
N ac h ti g al ( V oy a u O u a d a i , p p 8 0 8 1 ) r e c o r d s t h e c o n te p t th h i c h th e
bl k mi l i g l m g
. .

t h i s h e d i n B o r n u , W ad a an d D ar f r

ac s an d i n en era a on al l t h e

ib ib i w l i k m yi g i wm
T u t e s an d t h at i n W ad a n o o n e o u d th n o f ar r n o n e o f th e r o e n
f m
o r e at r o m l bl k mi
t h e s a e p ate as a l
ac s th T h e S u tan o f th e Had ad i n i s t h e r e

ki v l ki g f i m ly i
.

n d o f c ar n i a T h u s , t o o , i n D a r ur A l i D n ar co n t e p tu o u s

a n ap p o n t e d

l iv l l w m v w
.

S u t an o f th e Had ad i n

as a r a t o th e S u tan ate ho h e o e r th r e as a

p relimi y n ar i
to h i s o w n s u c c e s s o n
m b z b
.

C o p ar e C ar o a , 1 , p 4 9 et seq an d 2 09 : Ha dd ad ch e l e s Ar a es , d og od
'

z mb z b z ll z
. .

che l e s K an e ou , a z a ch e l e s T o u o u , n oeg u e c h e l e s B o u a a, K a ba r tou c h e

"

f g j f m
l e s O u ad ai e n s , l e s o r e r o n s so n t to u o u r s p ro o n d e n t m I n K an e
th e mj iy a or t w k
o f th e i o r e r s in ibb igi
r o n ar e o f T
- -
u Ku r a an o r n -

l k mi by i i l k
.

S o , t o o , i n t h e e as t : C p B e n t , p 2 1 2 T h e B ac s th i n A ss n a i s o o e d

wi mi gl v w
. . .

up o n th n e d d r e a d an d i s s u p p o se d t o h a e t h e p o e r o f
i g i lf i
tu rn n h m se y mmi i g v g
n t o a h ae n a an d c o tt n mir a a e s o n h is e n e es

m f ll wi g f m fi
.

C o p ar e th e o o n ro T h e P r e B an tu O c c u p an ts o f E as t A r ca -

i i ik y y
( B e e ch ) , i n M a n , M ar ch , 1 9 1 5 : T h e an c e n t p o p ul at o n o f th e K u u c o u n tr i n
fi v b ib l w f ll
E ast A r ca ar e r e p u te d to h a e e e n c ann a d ar s c a e d M ai th dac hi an a T h es e
l ig i i mmi i F ll v i y
.

atte r , acc o r d n t o t h e D s tr c t C o ss on er o f o rt H a , ap p e ar t o b e a ar e t

o f e ar thg m wi m y
-
no es th an l o f th e u s u a g m m e ar th n o es in o st

f lkl

o y
o r e , th e killar e s i
e d i n th e a r t o f r o n ik y i l i s a K u u n s u t t o s ay
Y o u ar e th e s o n o f a M ai th ac h i an a

.
90 T HE NO N ARA B -
RACES O F DARFUR X IX .

T ir ah towar d s th e en d o f th e eighteenth c en tu ry ; s ec o n d l y n egr o es ,

who s e h o me so far as is kn own h as always b een in D ar fur Ap ar t

, ,
.

fr o m th es e tw o gr ou ps o f c o u r s e innu mer abl e D I N KA F ERT I T

'

, , , ,

N UB A N IAM N I AM and n egr o es o f v ar i ou s o ther B ah r e l Gh az al

,
-

trib e s h av e b ee n imp o r te d singly o r in sm all b atch es in to D arf r as

sl aves th ei r famili es b r o ke n u p an d th eir wive s an d d au gh ter s u s ed
, ,

to b r e ed c h il d r en fo r th e i r c ap to r s fr o m th e ear li e s t p er i o d t o th e
p r es ent ; b u t o f th es e it is u nne cess ar y to say m o r e at th is j u nctu r e .

T o th e r s t o f th e two g r ou ps sp e ci ed b e l o ng s u c h p eo pl e as th e
TURUG wh o ar e b y o r igin N UB A fr o m G eb e l Tekali in K o r d o fan
, ,

imp o r te d by th e S u l tan T ir ab th e AB i D i A r ou n d K eb k eb ia an d ,

K u ttum wh o w er e sl ave s o f K o r d o fan tr ib e s imp o r ted by th e s am e

,

m o n ar ch an d th e D AD I N GA wh o ar e s ai d to h av e b een in B o r nu
,
1
, ,

th ei r tr u e h o m e u n til ab o u t two h u n d r ed y ear s ag o an d to h av e

,

s oj o ur n e d awh il e in D ar T am a p r i or to th ei r r em o val to D arf r .

T h e s e c o n d g r ou p is in th e ex tr em e s o uth an d falls p ar tly wi th in

D ar f r an d th e B ahr cl G h az al P r o vinc e an d p ar tly in F re nc h
Equ ator i al Afr ica Am o ng th es e in D arf r to th e eas t ar e th e
.
, ,

M AN DALA (o r B AND ALA) an d th e S HATT living in th e R I ZAY KAT ,

c ou ntry and th e n or th er n B ah r cl Gh az al an d to th e w es t a c er tai n ,

nu mb er o f K ARA B I N GA B AN DA D AY GA (D I GGA) F OROKE F UN X UR

, , , , , ,

e tc Th is l atter c o nger i es h o wever h as i ts main h abi tat in th e

.
, ,

w es ter n B ahr el G hazal an d in th e F r ench S p h er e to the wes t O f it .

I t is c o mm o nly kn o wn b y th e vagu e g en er ic t er m o f F ERT I T b u t I

'

b e lieve that th e n egr o es th ems e lves wh o c o mp o s e it d istingu is h

b etween a w ester n d ivisi o n all sp eaking d i al ects o f th e s am e to ngu e
,

an d c o nsis ting o f K A RA S ARA G ULA M ED I K O I O V OR D UDU

, , , , , , ,

B I N GA RUN GA an d FERI an d kn o wn in g en er al as YER an d a l o o s e

,

eas te r n g r o u p o f F E RTi T c o nsis ting o f D I GGA BEA KE RAYS H

, , ,

S HAYRE B O N GO BELUN DA etc T o th e Ar abs o f c o u r s e al l alik e ar e

, , .
, ,

sl av es wh o have b een r ai d e d b y th em s elves fr o m tim e imm em o r i al ,

an d th e nam e o f FE RTi T in c o mm o n p ar l anc e emb rac es all or any

o f th e m Th ey app ear to b el o ng to th e B antu famil y

. .

N ow in D arf r trad i ti o n r elates s o m etim es that th e o riginal

h abi tat o f th es e F E RT i T was in G e b e l M ar r a an d t h at th e F UR rac e
is no mo r e than a c o ngl o m er ate b o dy c o mp o s e d o f th em ; o r s o m e
tim e s a m or e p r o b abl e th eo r y

th at th e ab o r iginal F UR w e r e a

d istinc t rac e th ou gh i t h as am alg amate d wi th th e F ERT i T tr ib es in

i b
T h e r r an d , o r r ath e r th at o f t h e r c h e , th e M e
1
M ahm ti d i if lik

e l D adi n g aw i , th e o st m
en e r a g lly
r e s p e c te d m an i n D ar ur i n Ali f

i
D n ar s t

im
e an d o n e o f h i s c h e c o un c if
o r s an d co an d e r s , i s as ill mm
v
( a) O th ers u se s u ch ar i an ts as ( b) C o p ar e th e F ar r an d ( p
. . m b .
9 2 T HE N O N A RAB -
RA CES O F D ARFUR 1 4 xx
. . .

S i, ) e tc . s an d th e h ills
o u th w es t an d w est o f i t in a s tate o f s avag e ry -

u n til s o m e B E N I H ILA L Ar abs u n d er Ah m ad cl M a ak r a d e sc en d an t

O f Ab u Z ay d el Hil ali w h o w as h ims e lf d e sc e n d e d fr o m th e B E N I

AB B AS 1 c am e to th es e p ar ts I t w as a d esc en d an t o f th is Ah m ad

.
,

n amed S u l ay m an an d su r n ame d S o l o ng th e w or d S o l o nga means

Ar ab in th e F UR to ngu e wh o n all y e s tabli s h e d an o v er l o r d s h ip

o ver th e F UR an d w e l d e d th e m in to a singl e p o li tic al u ni t an d b e c am e

anc es to r o f th e r o y al lin e
2
He an d h is so n MUsa ru l e d fr o m Tu r r a .
,

1
i i f
Th s im ibl T h B i Abba h v
s, o co u r s e , i wi h h p o ss e e en

s a e n o c o n n e ct o n t t e

B i H ilal ( P II Ch
.

en se e ar t ap

A b i g B i Abb a h y l im ki d f ki hi wi h h G li
.
,
2
s e n en s d t e c a a n o ns p t t e a a in , an

Id G l
ri s E d i dj l
a a

or l g d f h f S l ym a S l g
r s a

ap p e ar s as p ate rn a r an at er o u a n o on

N h ig l p H l l W ld Hi m G li i
Th

( se e ac t a a e rno t, or s s to ry p e sa e a a co n n e c t o n

i im li d i di i S l y a w
.
, .
,

s p h e hn t e tr a f T ki [ F ]
t on t d at u a m n as son o a em Ur ar an an

A b w m ib f B d f K d fa

ra f h
o an o t (E
e tr d L e B ll
O e ay r i a o or o n s cay r ac e au tu re , u

b i g g lly k d G li
.

G A S 855 h B d

S o c. eog r ug
ep t 1 p t e e ay r i a e n en e r a r ec one a a fn
A imil l im i l f di h f m f h Af i
. . .
,

o f a s o rt s ar c a s a so p re e rre n t e c as e o o st o t e r can

ki gd m w f D a f F i W d ai li f m S h d i
.

n o s e st i o G r Ur or n s tan c e , n a a a a ro en
a

A bb a i h m Ab d l K m ib Y m ( h G am i
.
,

b

so i di-
sa nt i s t at s
y na e e e ri n a e t e a

d ig di i l
f h G wa ) i h

o f h G t eli a a in p e r ee s , an c e sto r o t e a m a a s t e tr a t ona an ce s t o r

N h i l V O d d dP I I I Ch h G

( l ii
''

s ee ac t ga 7 oy au ua az , pp 0 an 93 an ar t ap 1 on t e a a n

D agl g
, . .
, .

an )a rou p

il f S l yma S l y x m ly v g d v i
.

Th d e eta s o u a n o ong s an ce s tr ar e e tr e e a u e an ar o u s .

I h v g a e lly h d h i
en er a k f A b f h B i H il al
e ar h m m id sp o en o as an ra o t e en w o ar r e a

F i
r p r n c e ss H m im f A hm d l M
e so k
et d m es ap p e ars as a s o n o a e a a

r , an so e

im d d f m hi hi d m di g i
.

t d
e s as i
e s ce n h d e ro m n t e s e co n or t r or o re s t an t e n e r at o n

Hi m h i v i ly A b w m f h M al t b h
.

s ot er d s ar o u s r e p o rt e as an ra or a o an O t e as i ut t ere

f g m b hi b y d h f h h w A b
,

i s no so rt o a ree ent a d o ut m e on t e ac t t at e as an ra an co n

n e cte d wi h h F b y m i g B h h F ( K ga ) d h T g wh il
t t e Ur ar r a e ot t e ar un ra an t e un ur , e

d mi i g h y i ly d iff f m l im b d d d
.

a tt n t e h
ar e e n t r ei e r en t ro o n e an o t er n r ace , c a to e e s ce n e

f m Ahm d l M k f h B i Hil l b h f i lik ly b h

ro a e a a

fi r o t e en

a ; ut t e ac t s e to e t at a

co mbi i f F n at o n d A b ( h o K y i ) mi di g
Ur an f h fra t e a ra s ect o n re n n one o t at o

h B g d A b i i m i d wi h h T ,

t e e a anh S d ra n t e e as te r n u an , n te r ar r e t t e u n g ur as a

p re limi y n ar di g h m i to h d
su cc ee Da f n h d
t e n n o rt er n an e as t e r n r fi r at t e en

o f h tix he s y D Hl l
te e n t Th W l d
ce n t u r Hi 585 r e rn o t s

tr e e , q v e or

s s t o ry p
b d N h i l d Sl i h w FO gh f h K y
. . .
.
, ,

d

ase on ac t g a s an at n s ac c o u n t s , s e s r a, a au te r o t e a ra

C hi f i e m i d ( ) h f h f S ha D h d h l f h T g S l
ta n , ar r e a to t e at er o u o rs i t e as t o t e un ur u t an s

o f S i (f wh m or d ( b)
o Ahm d l M see k hp f h an to a e
,

a a

r t e

an ce s to r o t e

g i D a f T h h b d h b S ha d h d D ali
.

T un ur n r Ur O er r st us an s e o re u an to er s e co n

f S l ym a S l gT h m il i w f i
.
,

t h e an c e s t o r o u a i d n o on o p u rsue t e at te r n et a s a as t e o t m e,
xi i F k
.

an d ll h a t d i h
at o n e n e e f n o te d s t e e s t e n ce o an an c e n t Ur s to c co n n e c te on
d wi h h I l mi A b wi h h T g ,

t h e o neh an d t h h t e s a c ra s an on t e ot er , t t e un ur
i m ili i l bvi A h d y y
.
,

Th h at t e s u cce ss o n w as d at r n e ar s a so o ous s e ac n as t s u c ce e s

h l di i ld m f il m y h f d f h w d y y h
.

t e as t , tr a t o n se o a s to ar r t e oun er o t e ne n as t to t e

d au gh f h l ter o iv f h ld T h i y m m i i d i E gy
t e as t r e p r e s e n tat e o t e o s s s te a n ta n e n pt
ly N w K i gd m d lm i ly b f h P l m i
.

un d her t e e ar e d i n o an a o s t ce r ta n e o r e , an n t e to e a c er a

y R y l M i g d M ili D
,

( s ee M ur r a o a i j R ar r aA h p e s an at r n e ar e s ce n t

n o ur n oy nt r o
m g h B g d i h Ch i i ki gd m f D g l W
.
, . .

I ns t X LV , a on t e e a an n t e r s t an n o o on o a e

h ll h A b wh m h i h d b f mili i A bi
. .

s a see , h to o , ow t e ra s, to o t e p r ac t ce a een a ar n ra a,

rea d il y d d i f
a h i
o p te w wh h y t or t d D g l dh wi
e r o n p u rp o ses en t e co n q u e r e on o a , an o t
w as i v g n m g h B b i
o ue a d A b
on i h f t e h y
er er pr n ce s ro un s en n t e o u r te e n t cen t u r

F ll d il d f will b f d i P I I Ch XXX
.

u er e ta s an r e e r e n ce s e o un n a n o te to ar t ap 2, III .

y Th K i v ll l
.
,

S B h ( 7 ) h d

O , to o , ar t II, 2 3 sa s : e an ti r e e n at t e p re s en t ay c a p eo p e

i g n l b i i lly h i ki g lw y f h
en era ut pr nc f h i m h
pa t d e r n s, a a s a te r t e n am e O t e r ot e r , an

t h e nam fh m h e o
,

ib i lm
t e i lly dd d i h h i l
ot er s

tr e s a o s t co n t n u a a e n t e c ro n c e as a
 XX . T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARFUR 93

b etw een M arr a p r o p er an d Si T h e ab o r igin al p o pu l ati o n b o th 1

.
,

h er e an d in G eb e l Si is fabl e d to h ave b ee n T o Ra b u t n o m o r e

,

is kn o wn of the m an d th ey ar e n o t d iffer e n tiate d by tr ad i ti o n in any

w ay fr o m th e o r iginal F UR 2
.

T o war d s th e en d o f th e s ev en teen th c en tu r y the F UR w er e

su i ci e n tly p o w er fu l to l eav e t h e m o u n tains T h e M US AB A AT a

.
,

b ranch o f th U Ge K N A R A h ad a l d y f u n d thei r way in to K o d o fan

r ea o , r
3
,

an d th e r o y al c api tal o f th e o th er F UR was n o w set u n ear Tin a in

p
th e fer til e c o u n try at th e eas ter n fo o t O f th e T u r r a r ang e F r o m h er e .

th e F UR n o t o nl y s u b du e d all eas ter n D ar f r b u t by t h e s e c o n d h alf

o f th e eig h te e n th c e n tu r y T i r ab h ad o v er ru n K o r d o fan cr u s h e d th e ,

c i r c um s t an c e o f th eg r e ate s t im
gi i mi
A a n , i n B ah r
p o r tan ce y B ar th s a s ( 1 1 1 , 4 5 3 )
m h S l b g g ly wi
.
,

u tan , o r t h e K u n an a, i s r e at

T he o th e r O f t e -
r e sp e c t e d , b u t th o u t
ig m iy v
p o ss e ss n s u c h p ar a o u n t au th o r t as w e h a e se e n t o h a e

v b wi e e n t h e cas e th
th e m gi ll x i by
a r a i n B orn u , an d as w e s h a n d e e r c se d

m y
t h e M o a i n W ad a

li i b viv f i l ii ig i y
.

A r e c o f th e s am e d e a n o d o u t s u r es i n t h e o fi c a p o s t o n o f d n t

u nt il l ly j y b y g m
at e en o e d th e r an d l i l
o th e r s o f t h e S u t an o f D ar fr an d i n p ar t c u ar th e

m ate r n a lg m r an d ii y '

i bj
o th e r E l T i m s s a s ( V oy o u D a rfo u r , p 1 8 4) o n t h s s u ect : S i le
g m g m ll g
. . .

s ul t an r n an t a en c o r e s o n er e e t s a r an d er e , e e s o n t c h ac un e u n r an ;
bi e n e n t e n d u , c c r an g i i j m
n es t p as u n e d g n t t o u o u r s p r s e n t e d an s l Et at ; il

e ur t

v ll
a e c c e e s q u i e n s o n t r e v t u e s

g l imi g m i m y
.

Ah ad e l M a ak r as th e r an ce s to r ,

T h u s th e T u n u r , i n c a n ar r h im
g l g l g vi g b
to t h e d au h t e r o f t h e as t D a u S u t an , th e D a u h a n mi il
e en p r e d o n an t u n t

t h e co mi g n g l ym
o f t h e T u n u r ; an d S u a l g ll
an S o o n bm
i s a o tt e d an A r a o th e r

l i
( S at n , C h imil ly
S ar lli g m
t h e M u s ab a at , ca n

il li
A h ad e l M a ak r a H a

m y g l g l
.
,

ar r h im t o th e d au h te r o f t h e as t T u n u r S u t an ( s e e M ac M i c h ae l , Tri bes
p g

g wi
an d t h e D a u o f D ar fUr a r e e

m i ii
th t h e in th s t r ad t o n
m g b il l
. .

T u r r a i s p art o f t h e s a e r an e as M ar r a I t i s th e u r a p ac e o f t h e D ar fUr

1 -

l mb l m m mm
.

S u t an s an d t h e r e s t an d th e t o s o f S u ay an , M Us a , Ah ad B uk r , M u ha ad

w
D o r a , A b u e l Kas im m
T i r ab , A b d e l R ah an e l R as hi d , M u ha

mm F ad adl an d

y yw b il b y i b b i k wi g f
,

Hu sa n T h e A l i D n ar a o u t 1 9 1 0 i n r e d r c

er e r e u t th r as s r o o s

l i g v l ym
.

in p ac e o f t h e o ld s to n e an d m u d e d c e s T h e r a e s o f S u a an an d M s a
i gl mb ig l
.

A b d e l R ahm an ,

hi s so n ar e i n a s n e to s t an d n a o n e t o th e n o r th o f t h e r es t

mm F l y v i gl l g mb v
.

M u ha ad ad an d Hu s a n h a e a s n e ar e t o T h e o th e r s h a e e ac h a
mb mb i g i by i
.

s e p ar at e to T h e ve to s co n t a n i n M us a s s u c ce s s o r s ar e s d e
s d e in

i gl w ll l by mb l ym l g
.

a s n e a e d e n c o su r e N e ar t h e to of S u a an an d M i i s a i s a ar e
m b il b y l m k wi ill g
.

s to n e o sq u e u t t h e S u t an Ah ad B u r ( 1 68 2 1 7 2 2 ) h ch i s s t in o o d
i
r e p a r b u t fo r th e r o o f imil m
T h er e i s a s ar ll m i
o s q u e ca e d G a a K u r r o n e ar

b w lk l w i
.

B u l d an g , e t e e n K e b k e b i a an d K u u to t h e n o r th e s t o f M ar r a T hi s i s s a d
-

v b b il b y l g w ll m i
.

to h a e e e n u t A b u e l K a s irn ( 7 3 9 5 2 ) an d i s a ar e e
1
ad e c o n s t r u c t o n -

o f red b i k m i wi
r c s, o r t ce d li vi g
th e ar t h an d s p s O f s t o n e an d h a n wy ar c h e d d o o r a s

an d wi w ndo s

l w ll f gi liz
.

2
T h e p e o p e o f T u r r a say th e T o R a er e c a e d a t er th e an t ar d o r

m i o n to r

(A r w i r i l , o r ll ca ed

il
to

i i
i n F ar d a e c t I t s s c en t c
m m m l
. .

na e i s V a r a nus N i l o ti cus T h e sa e n a e to or tow o cc u r s a s o as th e

ik m i
.

n c na e o f t h e p r e se n t S h ar tai o f th e B r ke d
v i i i
.

3
F o r t h e ar o u s acco u n ts o f th e r se c e s s o n s e e M acM i c h ae l , T pp 60
m ii l g lly l
.

6 2 T h e n am e o f T o n s a , t h e t r ad t o n a M u s ab a at an c e s to r an d ( e n e r a ) u n c e

l ym l g viv ll i
.

of S u a an S o o n , su r e s i n T u n s um , o r T u l z urn as i t i s n o w c a e d , a s t e

ill b w f v wi
i n t h e h s e t e e n T u r r a an d Ti n a T h e M u s ab a at i n K o r d o an h a e t s t e d

i mm P i lly g i ig
.

T o n s ar n

n to M uha ad T um s a h r ac t c a all acc o u n ts , t h o u h d ffe r n

il i f m l ym l g
.

in d e ta s , d at e th e M u s ab a at s e c e s s o n r o an S o o n T he

t h e tim e o f S u a
m iv f m bi
.

M u s ab a at i s d er e d r o

T h e Ar a c h i s

so b aha ,

na e to g o e as t
mm ly by w k
.

co on d rop p e d th e P I3 1 an d th e s e a en e d t o s .
94 T HE NO N ARAB -
RACES O F D ARFUR XX .

s ecessi o nis t M US AB A AT an d advance d as far eas t as the Nil e to

, ,

O m du r m an and S h e n d i 1
After s u c h ac h i evem en ts i t was th e natu r al
.

co u r s e to fo u n d a capital in a m o re c en tr al p o si tio n and Abd el

Rah man el R as hid ( 1 78 5 1 79 9) c h o s e el F as h er wh ich is two d ays

,

j o u r ney eas t o f th e M arra range in a s an d y o p en c ou ntry su i tabl e

for cu l tivati o n an d e n d o we d wi th a g o o d s u pply o f water T h u s th e .

m o r e civiliz ed m emb er s o f th e r ace K UN GARA fo r the m o st p ar t , ,

l eft th e r ou gh an d r o ck y fas tn ess es o f the h ills an d the b ro k en c o u ntry

b eyo n d to their r u der an d m o re s avage b r ethr en o f the o th er b r anche s
of th e F UR .

El Tuni si c o rr e ctl y d ivi d es th e r ace into KUN GARA KARAKI Ri T

2
,

and T E M URKA R ou gh ly sp eaking the r s t name d ar e in the east

.
, ,

t h o u g h t h ey ar e to b e fo u n d in ter m arr i e d wi th o th er F i i r in th e we s t .

T h e K ARAK I RI T ar e p r o p er ly th e p eo pl e o f G eb e l Si an d th e T E
'

MURKA ar e in th e s o u th w es t b ey o n d G eb e l M arr a Bu t as a m atter

-
.
,

o f fac t n o e x ac t lin e s can b e d r awn b e tw e e n th e th r ee g r o u ps an d

, ,

e l e m e n ts o f th e r s t in p ar tic u l ar are sc attere d far a e l d Even .

th o u gh th er e m ay b e an o r igin al s u bs tr atu m wh ic h is o f d is tinct ive ly

o r igin th er e ar e th e tr ad i ti o nal g r o u n d s qu o te d fo r s u p

F UR ,

p o sing that th e var i o u s F ERTI T tr ib es h ave b eco me grafted u p on this

s te m to su ch an exten t th at th e F UR o f th e p r es en t have qu i te as
larg e an e l em ent of F ERT I T in th ei r c o mp o si ti o n as Of tru e F UR
'

I t is at o nc e O bvi o u s as o n e trav e ls in D arfUr an d enqu i re s as to

th e in ter r e l ati o ns h ips an d g r o u pings o f th e F UR that th ei r su b
-

d ivisi o ns ap ar t p erh aps fr o m th e m ain g r ou ps O f K UN GARA KARA

, , , ,

KI Ri T an d T E M URKA are l o c al o r to te mis tic in o r igin r ath er th an

,

lin ear T h ei r names ar e taken no t fr o m a c o mmo n anc es to r b u t either

3
.
, ,

fr o m s o me h ill o r vall ey o r s o me bir d or b eas t o r gr ass After a few

,
4
.

g e neral r emar ks o n th e K UN GARA an d T E MURKA it will ther efo r e b e , ,

b es t to arrange s u ch info r mati o n as th er e is ab out the c o mp o si ti o n

o f th e F UR d is tr ic t by d is tr ic t r ath er th an to try to tr ac e ramic ati o ns

o f any singl e famil y th r o u gh o u t D a r fUr .

T h e K UN GARA incl u d e b esi d e th e r o yal K AY RA s ecti o n th e g r eat

, ,

MUS AB A AT gr o u p wh ic h b r o ke away to the eas t in th e s eve nteenth

c entu ry an d c o nqu er ed K o r d o fan an d r emain e d in p o wer there u n til

o u st e d by th e K U N GA RA fr o m D ar fur in 1 78 4 1 78 5 T h e K UN GARA
5
.

1
B o th S h en d an d M e te i mm i
a a r e s a d to b e P i i t n a es

m .

2
V oy o u D arfour , p 1 3 4
ii g ii l m g b v w
. . .

3
W h en e n q u r n fo r a tr ad t o n a an c e s to r a o n Ar a s o n e ne er dra s

bl kan wv l
T h e F ar , h o e e r , ar e n o n p u sse d an d h a ar d su ch u esses as z g
th at f ll w
e o

Ad m ly l g
.

a , w
as i t n o t ? or S u a m an S o o n
x l gv l l
.

4
E am p e s ar e i en at e r S e e a s o n o te o n p 3 4
. . .

5
S e e M ac M i c h ael , C h ap s I an d 1 1 . .
9 6 T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARFUR 1 4 X X . . .

singu l ar D im ang owi is fo r m ed fr o m th is wo r d and th e h ead

s h eikh ( S har ta i) o f th e d is trict is s till kn own as

th e D im ang owz
or D um ung owi .

D I MAN GA inclu de s all th e T E MURKA and soi disant

th er e o r e f -

K UN GARA u n d er th e D u m u n g o wi T h is g r o u p incl u d es s ever al su b .

d ivi si o ns l o cal r ath er than lin eal n am e ly

, ,

MURGIN GA ,
or MURKEI ,
th e HAGARAN GA
Dum

u n g o w i s o wn se ct o n i SURON GA
BURN A , or BURN AB AT I N GA MAYRI N GA1
N UY GON GA T E E ELLA 2

MED ERI N GA
T n isi , w h o sp eaks o f th e D ar Ab o D im a
N ow el D ar Ab a

d ym a ) as th e T E M URKA c o u ntry and o f th e Ab o D i m a h ims e lf as
th e d igni tar y

q u i a l e T m o u r k eh c o mm e ap an ag e attac h a so n
3
ra ng d escr ib es th e latter as living in a l ess m o u ntaino u s an d in
,

acc e ssibl e c o u n tr y an d as b e ing m o r e civiliz e d th an th e r es t o f th e

F UR wh o w er e, u n e p o p u l ati o n a p eau tr es n o i r e ayan t le s y eu x -

r o u g e s s u r l a scl r o tiq u e et l es d e n ts n atu r e ll em e n t ,

b ru taux et co lres su r to u t d ans l etat ,

gr o ssi er ete

e t d u n e bru tali t e x tr ao r d in ai r e s b u t h e is e i th er m aking a c o m

~

p ar is o n wi th th e F UR o f M arr a to w h o m th e wo r d s qu o te d ad mirabl y ,

appl y o r m r e p r o b ably h e r e fe r s to th e K UN GA l m n w ic
( o , ) R A e e e t h h ,

as p e r s o ni e d by th e h ead m an m a h a v e b ee n th e o nly o n e in th e
y ,

Ab o D ima s sp h er e wi th w h ic h h e h app e n e d to h ave b ee n b r o u g h t in to

c o n tact T h e nam e T E M URKA at p r es en t is u s ed to d esign ate th e l ess

.
4

civiliz ed e l em en t in th e far s ou th wes t w ho ar e fear ed o n acc ou n t o f -

th ei r p o w er t o tr ansm o gr ify th ems e lv es in to animals an d to c o m e to

life again after d eath an d is almo s t a ter m o f r ep r o ach O f thei r ,
.

cu s to ms m or e will b e s ai d l ater D ar Ab o D ima exten d s r o u gh l y .

,

es t -
il tu a la g
l e K am n e h , s i l l ui s u r t e t s i l r e e n t , e s t m i s a
uerr e ,

o rt ; o n vi
vi m

l tr an g l e e n se c r e t S o n s u c c e s se u r e s t l u p ar l e s u t an n o u e au S i l e s u tan l v l
m li viv y f
. .

e u r t d an s s o n li t , o n a s se s u r r e l e K am n e h L es p a s d u D ar o u r o i l o n n e
l b ll f i
.

p ar e p as ar a e ap p e e n t e n c o r e l e K am n e h , ab a fo r y , l e p er e d u D ar o u r [T h s -

i
i s n o t q u te ac c u r ate : A b o i s a co u r t es t tl e] la e e yi
e r t m m lib
i
d e c o n d u te e t d ac ti o n q u e l e

( p
kill F yf
.

W h e n A li D i n ar w as

e d i n 1 9 1 6 th e Ur e o f t h e d ay , o n e S a o , a F Ur ,
viv
sur vi
ed (h a n d e se rt e d a g ee o r two e o r e ) an d so w k n cu r r e d r e at o d u bf i g im
am g F
on th e Ur I h e ar d h im s p o e n o f n o t o n as t h e

k n ec

b ut

th e h a lf o f ly k
l lf m
.

'

t h e S u tan , i e I s u p p o s e , h is s e co n d s e E l T n is i s ac c o u n t w as ore or

l b x wv l i F
. . .

ess o r n e o u t e ce p t t h at I u n d e r s t o o d th at h o e e r t h e S u t an d e d th e Ur e
m l
u s t d i e a so an d t h at fo r a n ew S u tan t h e r e u s t n e ce s s ar l
b e a n ew Ur e, m ily F
m
b u t o f th e s a e a f mily
ll f l lg m
.

1
C a e d a t e r a o ca r ass n a ed m ay r i
w m ig b i i
.

o th o f t h e d s t r c t an d i t s
2
T he o rd e an s p eon s in F r I t i s u s e d
i bi
.

nha t an t s .

3
V oy o u D a rfou r , p p 1 3 6 , 1 4 1 , 1 4 6 , 1 4 8
F i il
. . .

4
In r an d a e c t T um u r d o n g o .
 T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARE UR 97
sp eaking as far n or th as th e wad i Az 1i m wh ich r is es in G eb el M ar r a
,

,

an d o ws w e s t t o G e b e l M u r ni o n th e M AsA Li T b o r d er an d th e nc e

s ou th w es twar d s u ntil it b ec o m es the B ahr el S alamat

-
.

N or th o f th e Az m li es D ar K er n e su bj e ct to a F r fu ncti o nary
l
,

c all ed the N iam at n T o th e n o r th an d n o rth west again o f D ar K er n e .

-

ar e th e d is tr ic ts o f F i a an d M a d i A cc or d ing to th e N i am atdn h ims e lf

2 3
.

al l hi s s u bj e c ts wi th few exc e p ti o ns ar e R UN GA an d o th er kin d s o f

FE RT I T s ettl e d in th ei r p r es ent p o si ti o ns by p as t S u l tans o f D ar fUr as

'

s er fs He even sp eak s o f his c hi ef S h ar tai s as FERT i T N ee d l ess to say

. .
,

h e cl aims Ar ab bl oo d fo r h ims e lf th ou g h c alling h ims e lf a F UR an d ,

b eing a sl ave to al l th e l o cal su p er s ti ti o ns an d cu sto ms Of tr ib al .

d ivisi o ns h e ha s p r ac tic ally n o c o nc e p ti o n an d d is tingu is h e s g r o u p

fr o m gr ou p o n p u r e ly l o cal lin es T h e T E MURKA o f D ar Ab o D ima .

h e r eg ard s as h alf F UR an d h alf F E RT I T th e S hartais c h i ey th e fo r m er

and th e c o mm o n villag er s th e l atter T h e p ar ticu l ar typ e o f F E RT i T .

c o mm o ne st in D ar Ab o D im a acco rd ing to the Niam atOn ar e th e , ,

F OROKE th e p eo pl e th at is who m th e D AGU say the y fou n d w est

, , ,

of D a r a o n th ei r r st ar r ival an d ej e c ted T h e T EB ELLA h e s ays ar e .

, ,

p r o p er ly B I N GA an d as it is cer tainly tru e that th e T EB ELLA are

,

p o p u l ar l y r egar d e d as d iffer ing in s o m e way fr o m th e r es t o f th e

D u m u n g o w i s s u bj ec ts th is expl an ati o n m ay h ave s o m e t ru th in i t

.
,

In fact if th e N iam atOn is in any way to b e tru s ted all G eb el M arra

,

an d w e s ter n D a r f r was at o n e tim e th e h o m e o f F E RT I T tr ib e s an d

th e y w er e o nly p ar ti all y d isp o ss ess e d by th e D AGU T UN GU R an d ,

Ar abs 4
How th ey c am e to b e call e d F UR an d why th ey sp eak o n e
.

singl e l angu age wh ich is no t that o f any Of th e FERTI T tr ib es I h ave

,
'

m et b o th in M arra an d th e eas t an d th e w e s t th e n o r th an d th e
, ,

s ou th h e fails to expl ain an d o n e h ar d ly s ee s any explan ati o n b u t

, ,

th at th e F UR w er e a d is tinc t rac e at s o m e e ar ly p er i o d h o w ev er m u ch

t h ey m ay h av e s u bs e qu e n tl y am alg am at ed wi th th e F ERT i T
5
.

F ia d is tr ict u n d er the o ld S u l tans incl u d ed wh at is now th e

, ,

n o r th er n p ar t o f D ar M as al it and D ar E r enga wh ich th ou gh gen er ally , ,

1
K ern e i n F m Ur e an s [th e] tro u s e r s [o f th e S u l t an ]
m
.

2
Fia e an s a h ar e
im
w lk i f [ f h S l h ]
.

M ad

3
e an s o n e who a s n ro n t o t e u tan s o r se

ki g
i d D a Ab D i ffi m d
.

S 4
f h F
p ea n d K
o e h Nit e r o u ts e r o m a an ern t e am at n a r e

th e l fN
p eo p e o (w l fM ) w B d h
u r g ni a d S h tai e s t e r n s o p es o ar r a ere an a, t o se un er ar

Ali ( 1 fM ) w Bi g h f h U wi ( fM e as t o

e as t e rn s 0p e s o ar r a ere n a, t o se o t e m un g o ar r a

an d i i ) w nM k k ( t ib l ly f li d h Az d ) f m B h l
ere a ra a a tr e c o se a ate to t e an e ro a r e

G b l d v f G b l Si w F i l
e e h K akian e en t e ar ri t o e e ere ert t a so

i y h K ga l g g i i d iff
.
,

L 5
ep s us 6 ) p 2 0 sa s t e un ra an ua e s q u te er en t

f m N b i (i B ab ) d m h v g f i i wi h m S h
.

ro an a ar ra an see s to a e s tro n a n t es t so e o ut

Af i l g g T h F w h h K ga k h m l g g
. .

r can an u a es ll e Ur , et er un ra o r no t , a sp ea t e sa e an ua e

bl m i g i wi h h F d i l i d d d i A d ix
.

at p A
r e sen t . ta e co p ar n t t t e e rti t a e ct s s a e n p p en 2

to thi h s c ap t e r .

M . s . 1 .
98 T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARFUR I 4 xx
. . .

inclu d ed in M as al it is r eally a s ep arate d is tr ict b etwe en the l atter

,

an d D a r K im r N u m er o u s E REN GA an d MAS ALI T n o w li v e am o ng

.

th e F UR o u tsi d e th e ir o w n da rs

T h e F UR o f F ia d ivi d e th e ms e lves in to M O GUN GA (c all e d after

G eb el M o gu ) AN DUN GA anda in F r means a sco u t) MAD RI N GA
,

, ,

AB T UN GA ( c all ed after G e b e l Ab tu ) E L GAN GA (c all e d after th e to nsils ,

i t is s ai d the F ia p e o pl e w e r e o nc e exp er t at c u tting th e m ou t o f

c h il d r en s th r o ats ) MAI LUN GA (call ed after G eb e l M ail o ) an d I S A

K HUN G ( c all e d a fter an anc e s to r I s a kh a th e D arf r fo r m o f

T h e S kar ia i o f F ia lik e th e N iam at n h as n o i d ea o f tr ib al su b

, ,

d ivisi o ns as d is tinc t fr o m l o cal g ro u ps o f mix e d o r igin .

O n th e eas ter n si d e o f G eb e l M arr a live s th e U m u n g o wi T hi s .

nam e is fo r m e d fr o m Ab o U m a (the S u l tan s l eft h an d as

D um ung owi is fro m Ab o D im a an d his p eo pl e m ay b e r e ferr e d

2
,

to as U M UN GA His c o u ntry s ee ms o nc e to h ave theor et ic ally i n

.

cl u d ed as th e o l d m aps s h ew th e ter r i to r i es o f the R I ZAY KAT an d

, ,

o th er B AK KA RA th e B AY RO B I RKED an d D AGU b u t h e is n ow r e
, , ,

s tr icte d to a v e ry limi te d ar ea in th e h ills .

As w o u l d b e exp e c te d th e U m u ng owi cl aims that h e an d th e

m aj o r i ty o f his p eo pl e ar e K UN GARA an d th ey d o n o d o u b t c o ntain , , ,

a K UN GA RA e l e m e nt , e sp e ci ally in th e c as e o f th e r u ling cl an t h e ,

MAYR IN GA wh o m we h av e al read y m et in the D u m un g owi s c ou n tr y

,

t o th e w e s t .

He d ivi d es his p eo pl e into nine wurr a r i (a wo r d u s e d amo ng

'

all th e F UR to d e n o te th e i r v ar i o u s g ro u ps ) n am e ly : ,

MAYR I N GA T URU G
K UN ARA G M i RI
ZOM I S UN I 4

S UMB I 3
WANNA in clu ding (a) ,
Nuy g o n g a5
D ULLO (b) T um

All th e b o ve are s u bj ec t to th e MAYRI N GA As r egar d s their ante

a .

c e dents h e is vagu e b u t th e D ULLO th e S UN I an d th e WAN N A (o r , ,

WAN N AN GA) h e cl ass e s as G ebb ala o r Hillm en an d fo r th e WAN N A

'

h e ad mi ts a sl av e o r igin 5
.

1
T here is b l I akh i F b a sol a Ge e

s a n i a, ut i t is d e n id
e t h at th e I s akh un g ar e

na m f e d a ter i t

i i w b dd h by li li
.

2
Hi s te rr to r e s e re oun e to t e n o r th D ar D a , o r Ab o D a

(th e
S l wh i h w bj h Ab o i
S h e kh an d e ten d e d to x

u tan s c as su e ct to t e th e
f i
e as t e r n ron t er

Th w d m
.

3
e or e an s a s p e ar

Th w d d m ll d k i v mm
.

of do i n D arfi I r an d
4
e or e n o tes a s a ar sp e c e s e co on

K d fa
or o n

li
.

5
C h D p wi t e um u n g o s st

i G ib S l b h y w i lv
. .

5
A ce r ta n ay t a n a a e sa s, as t h e r an c esto r G ay ta w as a s a e

h f E gy
, .

f Ph

o ar ao o pt .
 1 00 T HE N O N ARAB -
RACES O F D ARFUR XX .

K UN YAN GA T h es e b e l o ng p r o p er ly to th e gr eat n o r ther n d is tric t o f

.

th e T e k en yawi n o w in h abi te d by ZAG HAW A , T UN GUR Ar abs etc

, , , .
,

b u t th ey h av e als o c o l o ni e s far th er s ou th esp e ci ally r o u n d B er ing il ,

r a T h ei r cl aim t o b e K U N G A

an d D a . RA is p ro b ably a g o o d o n e sinc e

th e h ead o f th ei r g r o u p h e l d th e h er ed i t ar y r ank o f M elik el N aha s

K ing o f th e War D r u ms
X X I S o m eth ing m ay n o w b e s ai d o f th e h abi ts an d cu s to ms o f th e
F UR .

In th e r s t pl ac e th ey ar e all n ow n o minall y Mu h am m ad an s b u t
, , .

so th ey w e r e in e l T n is i s d ay a c en tu ry ag o Previ ou s to thei r

l
, .

c o nver si o n by S u laym an S o l o ng they ar e p o p u l ar ly su pp o s ed to

h ave w o r s hipp e d s to n e s o r tr ees an d th er e is s o far as I h ave

, ,

s een always ei th er a s to n e o r a tr e e in timate ly ass o ciate d wi th th e

,

malignant l o cal genii who m it i s s till co nsi d er e d advis abl e to pl acate .

C er tain sp o ts ar e s acre d to th es e g enii an d are kn own as m aba lo t ,

a wa id

( pl ac e s o f c u

s t o ms o r r i te s in A r abic o r a din a llo
g , in ,

F r F o r ins tanc e wh en I was tou r ing in wes ter n D ar fur (K er n

.
,

d is tr ic t) in 1 9 1 6 acc o mp ani ed by th e N iam atOn it twic e h app en e d

, ,

that o u r r o ad p ass e d by o n e O f th e s e sp o ts an d n o th ing w o u l d in d u c e

th e N iam atOn in spi t e o f h is Ar ab anc es try an d h is c o n temp t fo r
,

h is F UR s u bj ec ts to r e m ain wi th m e He insis te d in eac h c as e in

, .

m aking a detour Of s o m e mil es to avo i d th e h o l y sp o t T h e o ther

.

F UR wh o w er e wi th m e w er e u n affe c ted b ecau s e th e O bs er vanc e o f

th e c u s to m appli e d o nly to th e h ead m an o f th e d is tr ic t an d to n o
o n e e ls e Had th e Ni am atOn b een abl e to s acr ic e a s h e ep o n the
.

sp o t all w ou l d h ave b een well an d h e might have p ass ed i t in s afety ,

an d h e w o u l d n o r m ally h av e s e n t w o r d o n ah ead to th e n ear e s t

villag e to m eet him th er e wi th th e animal fo r sl au gh ter ; b u t the

exig enci es o f trav e l h ad r en d er e d t h is imp o ssibl e an d i t th er e fo r e

o nly r em ain e d fo r h i m to av o i d th e pl ac e He r mly b e li eve d that .

th e al ter n ativ e w as s u dd en d e ath fo r h ims e lf wi th in a few m o n th s .

T h e expl an ati o n h e an d his fr i en d s g av e as fo ll o ws At o n e si te .

,

c all e d S er g itti is a s to n e u n d er wh ich lives a d evil (shai tan o r

2
,
'

T h e h ead m an o f K er n e d is tr ic t m u s t n e v er p ass b y th is
g i n) .

s to n e wi th o u t o ffer ing a sacr ic e to th e d evil b u t th e p r o h ibi ti o n ,

appli es to n o o n e e ls e w h e th er h e b e th e S u l tan o f D a r fUr o r a vill ag e .

s h eikh T h e si te m ar ks no b o u n dary an d it m ak es n o d iffer enc e

.

1
V oy o u D arfour , p 1 4 5
bl mil w lli f i li
. . .

In G e e K o n g y o , a e st o f G u at th e o o t o f a s te e p n c n e , in
2
e

the ben d o f a s a kh or , m ll w k ,

h e r e t h e t r ac cr o ss es i t an d h e r e th e a er s d r a w vill g w
i w
th e r ate r ( at t h e d e p th O f a fe w f g
ee t) th r o u h o u t t h e e ar T h e

s to n e

y
r e e rr e d f
i yb l i igi f m b l
.

t o w as an o r d n ar o u d e r u n d s t n u s h e d i n an y w ay ro an y o th e r o u d er

n e ar i t C p p 1 2 2 fo r an o t h er s m ar cas e
. . . i il .
 I 4 X X I
. . . T HE NO N ARAB -
RACES O F D ARFUR 1 01

fr o m wh ich si de it is app r o ach ed T h e l o cal d evil has the fo r m O f a .

s h or t fat wh i te sn ak e ab o u t two feet l o ng wi th a l ar ge bl ack w o o ll y

h ead th e siz e Of a m an s s t an d e n o r m o u s e y es An O l d w o m an

.

living at Gu lli n ear b y u s ed to b e th e famili ar o f this mo ns ter

, , .

Her p o si ti o n was h er e d i tar y b u t s h e d i e d l eaving n o d e sc en d an ts ,

an d h er fu nc ti o ns ar e th e r e fo r e in ab eyanc e .

T h e Ni am atOn o n r eac h ing th e s to n e w o u l d sl au gh ter a s h eep 1

in s u ch a way th at i ts bl o o d w ou l d gu s h o ver the s to n e and wo u l d
d r ag th e c ar c as e ac r o ss th e p ath wh ic h h e w as to tak e T h e o l d w o m an .

w o u l d r emain b eh in d after h e had p ass e d to m ake u p c ake s o f bl o o d

an d o u r an d cu t th e m e at in to s tr ips an d arrang e th e s e m o r s e ls o n

o r by th e s to n e fo r th e sn ak e S h e w ou l d at th e s am e tim e h o l d co n
.

ver s e wi th th e sn ak e an d inter c e d e wi th it fo r the Ni am atOn s

immu ni ty fr o m all h ar m an d th e snak e wo u l d app ear to h er and talk

,

t o h er a n d gr an t h e r r e q u es t S h e w o u l d ad d r ess i t as ya w al ad i

.

(

m y c h il d an d p e t i t an d pl ac e i t in th e s h ad e .

In the s u mm er o ffer ings ar e m ad e to this s am e snak e to e ns u r e

go o d rains fo r th e cr o ps T h e l o cal s heikh an d e l d er s p er for m th is
.

c er em o ny in l ack o f the o ld wo man famili ar b u t o f c o u r s e the snake , , ,

w o u l d n o t app ear to th em o r h o l d any c o mm u nicati o n wi th them .

In ano th er cas e in K er n e d is tr ict it was an o l d har a z tr ee by

, ,

t h e e d g e o f a k h o r r u nning th r o u gh a g ap in s o m e l o w h ills an d n o t ,

a s to n e u n d e r w h ic h th e l o c al sn ak e l a
, y h id I als o h ear d o f o th er .

simil ar si tes in we s ter n D arf r and at D ob o o n the eas ter n si d e o f

M arr a b u t I d i d n o t visi t th em
,
.

S acricial o ffer ings o f a r ath er d i ffer en t n atu r e ar e c o mm o n am o ng

th e F UR an d e sp e ci ally at G eb e l S i th e KARAK I R I T d is tric t Th e s e
'

, , .

are m ad e by p er s o ns ab o u t to s tar t o n a j o u r n e y o r an p e r il o u s
y
ven tu r e an d ar e d esign e d to pl acate the l o cal d em ons T h e inter .

m e di ar i es in al l s u c h c as e s ar e th e o l d w o m en o f th e vill ag e .

T h e b e li e f in th e s acr ed sn ake is no t co nne d to D arf r

.

P r o fess o r S e ligman an d I fo u n d trac es Of i t in no r th er n K o r d o fan

s o m e y ear s ag o at K aga wh er e th e l o cal N UB A b e li eved a gr eat
,

snake to liv e in th e h ill c all e d Ab u Ali an d h ad o nce b een accu s to med

to s e n d th e ir w o m e n t o pl ac ate it an d th e Ab y ssini an G r eg o r i u s in
2
,

t h e s ev en te e n th c e n tu r y t o l d J o b Lu d o lfu s th e T r e as u re r t o th e ,

El e cto r P al atine that it w as an o l d b e li ef in Abyssini a th at the anci e nt

,

E th i o pi ans wo r sh ip d for thei r g o d a hu ge s er p ent in th at l angu age

c al l d Ar w e mi d re T h e s am e c u l t exis ts in s o u th er n K o r do fan
3
-
.

1
As l
a ru e , th e s h ee p m ust be

a kh d ar in l
co o u r , b ut I am n o t s u re if h i
t s

is un iv
er sa l
il i l g li m b i
.

F o r d e t a s r e th s
2
an d r e th e cu t at Ka a see Se g an ,
Ar t . Nu a n

H as ti ng s s E ncy cl op a edi a

.
3
L u d o l fu s , Bk . 11 , Ch . 1 , an d Bk . 1 11 , Ch V I . .
1 02 T HE N O N ARAB -
RACES O F D ARFUR 1 4 xx1
. . .

a m ong the NUb a e g at G eb els T ekeim an d Ti ra e l Akh dar at the

,
. .
,

p r es en t d ay 1 .

A l ess u n attr ac tive typ e o f sp r i te in D ar fUr is the dam z og a

'

(p l d.a m a z z
g) T

h e s e ar e misc
. h i e v o u s an d in p ar tic u l ar d e lig h t , , ,

t o c u r d l e fr e s h milk an d b reak h o u s eh o l d u te nsils b u t th ey m ay als o ,

b e c o ncili ate d an d will th en act as gu ar d i ans o f th e h o m e an d p r eve n t

any pilfer ing o r s u c h lik e El T Un isi gives a l o ng an d su bs tanti all y .

r e li abl e acc o u n t o f th e s e d a m z og as He h e ar d o f th em r ather in

'

th e r ole o f gu ar d i an g enii t o w ho m o cks an d h o u s eh o l d g ear w e r e

e n tr u s te d fo r p r o te c ti o n He als o r e l ate s o f th em h ow h e was ter r i e d

.

at G e b e l M arra o n c alling at a m an s h o u s e b y h e ar ing a l o u d cr y

, ,

Of meaning h e is no t h er e an d was to l d
,

C est le gnie gard ien d e l hu tte I ci p es qu e chacun d e nous le

a .
,
r a

s ien ; et n o u s l e s ap p e l o n s en fOr ien d m z 6 g He w as to l d l ter in Fash er 2

a . a

c o u l d b e b o u gh t J e nten d is so u v ent raco nter s i d hi s

th at d am z og

s .
,
a

info rman t q u e les D as g s ch etaient et se ven d aien t ; q u e p ou r s en

,

a ,

pro cu rer il faut all er tr ou ver qu el qu e p r op ritaire d e D as g et lu i en

, ,

ach eter u n au p r ix d eman d e U n e fo i s le m ar ch co n c lu o n rev i e n t av e c .

,

u n c ar a d e l ai t et o n le d o nn e au v en d e u r q u i l e p r en d et l e p o rt e d an s l e
3
,

lieu d e sa d emeu e s o n t ses D as r

g E n en tr an t il l e s s l ir e et va a

.
, ,

s u sp e n d r e l e c ar a a u n c ro c he t x au m u r En su ite il dit a ses D as g :

-

U n d e m es mi s u n tel tr es r ich e c rai nt l es v o l eu rs et m e d eman d e

a , ,
-

, ,

q u e je lu i fou r n i sse un g ar d i en Qu el q u u n d e v ou s vo u d rait il all er ch e z

~
.

lu i ? 1 1 y a ab o n d an ce d e l it C est u n e mai so n d e b n d i cti on ; et la p reu v e

a

c est qu il vou s app o rte cc c ra d e l ait

a .
Q ) ,

T h e dam z og a s w er e at r s t u nwilling b u t at th e n al app eal

'

O h ! q u e celu i d e v ou s q u i v e u t bi en all er ch e l u i d escen d e d an s e

z 1

cara ! One o f th em app arently relen te d L h omme s elo ig ne u n p eu et

.

au ssitOt qu il en ten d le b ru it d e l a c hu te d u D as an s l e l ait i l acc o u rt

g d ,

e t p o s e v i te s u l e v ase ou car a u n c o u v er cl e ti ssu d e fo li o l es d e d atti e

r r .

I l le d c r o ch e ai nsi co u v ert et l e r emet a l ach eteu l e m p o rte ch e z

q u i ,
r,

lu i C e lu i ci le su sp en d a u n m u r d e s hu tte e t en co ne le so i n a u n e
.
-
a ,

es cl av e o u a u n e femme
, q u i ch qu e m ti n v i ent le p re n d re e n v i d e l e
, ,
a a , ,

l ait l e l ve p arfaitement le r emp lit d e n o u veau l ait fr i che m ent trait et

,
a ,
a ,

l e su sp en d a l a meme p l ce D es l o r s o n est e n s cu it co ntre tou t vo l a . r

4
et to u te p ert e

El c o mmen t o n th is story is P o u r m oi je tr ai tais to u t

T n isi

s ,

c el a d e fo li e bu t it is n o n e th e l ess in ter es ting an d it s ee ms to p r o
,

vi d e add i ti o n al evi d e nc e o f th e s acr e d attr ib u te s o f milk to wh ich

fu r ther r efer ence will b e mad e in th e n o te at the en d o f th is chap ter .

1
il
F o r d eta s r e t h s an d r e th e cu t at K a a see S e i an , A r t N Ub a in l g ligm .

Has ti ng s s E ncy cl op a edi a C p Ro sco e , B ag a nd a , p p 3 2 0 an d 3 2 1

ii
.

g
. . .

2
E l T i m s , l o c ci t p p 1 49 , 1 5 0 3
L e a o urd
i l f y b
. . . . . .

4
E l T Un i s i , l o c ci t p p 1 5 0, 1 5 1 E l T un si r e ate s a u r th er sto r a o u t a
m i
. . . .

d a m a g i n t h e s a e s tr a n .
1 04 T HE N O N ARAB -
RA CES O F D ARFUR I 4 X X I
. . .

an d t h e r e is n o e vi d e nc e o f r e c e n t c h an g e in t h is r e sp e c t
is
simple At the h ead o f th e affai r s o f each d is tric t is a S har ta i (pl
.

S har a ti) , c or r esp o n d ing r o u g h l t o th e om da o f th e r e s t o f th e

1 '
y
S u d an An imp o r tant S har ta i has u n d er h im s everal l e ss er S hara ti ,
.
'

eac h o f w h o m c o n tr o ls a p ar tic u l ar g r o u p o f vill ag e s , an d al l alik e

2

are pu re l y s e c u l ar Ofci als o f the s am e trib e o r su b tr ib e as the p eo pl e -

to wh o m th ei r d is tr ic t b e l o ngs .

E ach S har ta i h as als o u n d er him a varying nu mb er o f dam a hg

'

o r t r ib al e l d er s
)
3
( g
si n d i m .hg .

A K ur si is a kin d O f p re si d e n t o f th e c o u ncil o f d am a lig

'

In d ivi d ing tr ib al d u e s (in G eb e l Si) th e S har ta i tak es two

s har es (o n e fo r h ims e lf an d o n e fo r th e S u l tan) wh il e the K ursi ,

t ak e s o n e s h are wh ic h ag ain is s u b d ivi d e d in simil ar p ro p o r ti o ns

, ,

th e K ursi g etting tw o th i r d s o f i t an d th e r e s t o f th e d im lig s o n e

-

th i r d T h e fu nc ti o ns o f th e K ur si are ex e cu ti v e viz to car r y

.
, .

o u t th e b eh e s ts o f th e S ha r ta i c o ll ec t taxes etc His p o si ti o n is

, , .

cu s to m ar ily h er ed i tary p assing to th e b r o th er o r so n b u t in cas e s

, ,

o f p er s o n al u n su I tab i lity s o m e o th er d im h
g is c h o s en B e l o w th e .

ab o v e in rank ar e th e vill ag e s h e ik h s c o mm o nl y c all e d m ul uh (sin

'

g , .

)
4
m elik .

T h er e is als o h o wever an in ter es ting an d s o m ewh at s had o wy

, ,

gu r e s till to b e accou n ted fo r th e Ur undulu In th e F UR c o u n try

.

p r o p er ever y S ha r ta z h as his Ur undulu an d th e S u l tan at el ,

Fas her always u s ed to h ave o n e als o As to wh at exac tly wer e his .

fu ncti o ns th er e is s o m e d ifference o f O pini o n In D ar Ab u D ima an d .

K er n h is fu nc ti o ns app ear e d to app r o ximate to th o s e o f a Ka di an d

'

t o h ave b e e n p r imar il y r e ligi o u s If th er e is a cr imin al o r civil cas e .

to b e d e ci d e d an d th e fac ts ar e n o t in d isp u te th e j u d gm e n t is simply ,

gi v en by th e S har ta i Bu t if p ro o fs ar e nee d ed o r wi tn ess e s ar e

call ed th e m atter go e s b efo r e the Ur undulu wh o r ep o r ts his nd i n g

to th e S ha r ta i to e n abl e th e l atte r t o giv e j u d gm e n t o r s e n te nc e If

a n e is imp o s ed i t is s h ar e d b e tw ee n th e two .

1
T he w ord is re g ar d e d as o f A ra bi c d eriv i at o n th o u gh w h e th e r t h s i i s r ea ll y
so see m s do u bf l
t u . T h e p ro p er F Ur t e r m fo r a S h ar tai i s

K i so ,

or

K son i g

(p l
ll d i i if
.

2
A h e ad S h artai i s
-
ca e K i so n g S h ar t ai s )
'

ong K rr ( Ch e of th e
im l g v i i i
.

3
E l T Un i s i , p 1 7 6
: Les s p es o u e r n e u r s s e c o n d a re s d e d s t r c ts o u d e
mm l l il i ib
.

u n e s s o n t ap p e s c h ar tay

co ( au p u r e L e s n s p e c t e u r s d e s tr u s
i g li
p o r t en t l e n o m d e d am al i dj ( s n u e r d e d o u m l o u dj q u i l s p r o n o n c e n t d o um

i m
As e l T n i s i s e d t o r n o te s , t h e t e r

d i m li g

i s o f A r a c d e r at o n an d bi iv i
m e an s b l w bv
a so rt o f lb w
r ace e t o r n a o e th e e o

T h e p r o p er Ur te r fo r d a a F m m
lig kilm i gl lly ll by m
.

is o, an d a s n e d i m l ig i s u su a ca ed th e d i lrn o n g
w y lk bv
h e n th e ta i n F ar C p n o t e t o p 7 4 a o e
lik ly bi m m i g ki g
. . . .

4
Me i s , o f co u r s e , a p u r e A r a c te r e an n n T h e p ro p er
m m lik gl gl
.

F Ur te r fo r a

e

is sa a

(p l sa a .
1 4 1 11 1
. . . T HE NO N ARA B -
RACES O F D ARFUR 16
5

AtG eb e l Si o n the o ther han d I co u l d n d no h int o f any

, ,

r eligi ou s fu ncti o ns p er taining to the Ur undulu an d h e was sp o ken o f

as simply a vizi er to th e S har ta i .

As r e g ar d s th e S u l tan s Ur undulu or the Ur undulu o f cl

,

F as her th e ter m is s ai d by e l T Unisi to d eno te the head o f the

S u ltan an d the Ur undulu w as
,

u m hau t et p u i ss ant d ign i tai r e q u i p o ssed e c o mme p rero g atives pl u si eu r s

, , ,

g r an d s p o rte d evan t lui u n tap is comme d evan t le Su l tan , .

Q u an d celu i ci va a la ch asse o u en v oyage la fo nctio n de l o ro ndo l o n est

-

d e march er avec ses so l d ats en tete d es tro u p es ; c est lu i q u i o u v r e la

m ar ch e .

Bu t th e inter pre tati o n o f th e n am e as h ead o f the S u ltan is c o n tra

d ic te d by wh at th e p eo pl e O f Ab u D im a S i an d K e rn e alik e s tate , ,

n am el y that th e ter m m eans the th res ho l d o f th e d o o r It is they

,

.
,

a l l e xpl ain e d th r o u g h th e Ur andula th at any o n e d e si r o u s o f appr o ac h

,

i n g th e S u l tan o r S ha r tai mu s t p re fe r h is r e qu e st 1
.

Wh en D ar fUr was r eo ccu pi e d in 1 9 1 6 there was s till a n o min al

Ur undulu at e l F as h er b u t his privil e g e s an d p o w er s w e re nil
, ,

a n d th e S u l tan s ee m e d to h av e tak en n o n o tic e o f h im w h at ev e r an d

m er e ly t o h av e all o w e d hi m to e xis t as a s o r t o f tr ad i ti o n al s u rvival .

Simil ar ly b u t to a mu ch sligh ter e xten t in th e o u t d is tricts p eo pl e d

, ,
-

b y F UR th e re h as e vi d en tly b ee n s o m e c h ange an d wi th th e wi d e r ,

s p r ead o f Isl amic m ann er s th e fekis h ave inc r e as e d an d i t is n o w

u s u al fo r th e m to b e c o ns u l te d as m u c h o r m o r e as th e Ur undulus ,

a n d th e l atter h ave l o s t m u c h o f th e i r d is tinc tiv e c h arac ter L o c al .

K ad is h ave als o ar is e n app o inte d by th e S u l tans and am o ng th e

, ,

n o n F UR tr ib e s p er fo r m th e s am e fu nc ti o ns as th e Ur undulus am o n g
-

t h e F UR b u t wi th the ai d o f a g r eater smatter ing o f M u hammad an

,

l aw th an the l atter p o ss e ss .

In D ar Ab u D ima if a m an die a n atu r al d eath h e is b u r i e d fr ee

o f c h ar g e ; b u t if h e is kill e d in a q u arr e l o r m u r d er e d a su m e u i va
q
l en t to ab ou t a p o u n d o r s o has to b e p ai d as a b u r i al fee by his
r e l ative s to th e Ur undul u w h o s h ar e s i t wi th t h e S ha r ta i T h is is

.
,

c all e d b u ying a grave b u t no p u r chas e o f l an d is impli ed sinc e

, ,

t h e m o n ey w o u l d h av e to b e p ai d e v e n if th e d e c eas e d o wn e d th e
l an d o n w h ic h h e was b u r i e d 2 T h e fe e w h ic h is e n ti r e ly d is tinc t
.
,

1
w
T he F r o r d fo r a doo r is w
wu rr or u rr e T he o r d fo r a ki

m w l m m by g i i g g i
.

is r T h e sa e
. o rd a so e an s o ur ( ad e r nd n ra n o n a

m u r h ak a
2
m f li g w ig
S o e e e n w as c au s e d i n 1 9 1 6i b h en d u r n th e d s tu r an c e s t h at ac c o m
i m b w kill b y
p an i e d th e r eo cc u p at o n so e A r a s ere l w ed t h e F ar an d t h e att e r er e

n ot on ly v yi g
a e r se t o p a bl m y
n

w
d ia ( o o d i im by
o n e ) b u t cro n e d th e r
-
p u d en c e
m ig b il
d e an d n a

f m
u r a fe e

b bf
ro yw l
th e A r a s e o r e th e o u d co n sen t to l e t th e
b b y i
A r a s u r th e r d e ad .
1 06 T HE NO N ARAB -
RA CES O F D ARFUR 1 4 X X I
. . .

fr o m bl o o d m o n ey or n es is n ever th el ess all ege d to h ave b ee n

-

, , ,

o r igin all y d evi s e d as a d eter r e n t to q u ar re ls o m e n e ss ; b u t th i s

e xpl an ati o n is u nc o nvincing an d th e fee is c h ar g e d i r r e sp e c tiv e ly Of

th er e h aving b ee n a q u arr e l at all (e g if a m an is mu r d er e d in his . .

sl eep ) an d wh ich ev er p ar ty m ay h ave b een to bl am e If an Ur un .

dulu w er e kill e d h i s r e l ati v es i t w as h e l d b y th e S ha r ta is o f

, ,

w h o m I e nqu i r e d w o u l d p ay th e fee to his su cce ss or Bl o o d m o n ey

, .
-

is p ai d in th e u s u al manner by the r el ative s o f a mu r d er er as c o m

e n sa ti o n t o th e r e l ativ e s o f th e m u r d er e d m an b u t in a d d i ti on a
p ,

n e of six h ead o f c attl e h as to b e p r o d u c e d b y th e p eo pl e o f th e

d is tr ic t in wh ich th e mu r d erer r esi d e s an d given t o th e
S har ta i o f th e d is tr ic t O f th e m u r d er e d m an T h is is n o d o u b t
'

.
, ,

c o r r ectly expl ain e d as a m easur e to d eter evil d o er s by making i t to

th e in te r e s t o f th ei r n eig h b o u r s to p r e v e n t th e m fro m o ffen d ing .

A w e ll kn own featu r e o f s av ag e etiqu ette that o f th e av o i d anc e

-

by a m an o f his m oth er in law an d by a w o m an o f h er fath er in law

- - - -

main tains in D arfUr as in K o r d o fan am o ng th e Arab n o mad s an d

,

th e s e d e n tar y p o p u l ati o n an d in th e G e zir a if n o t u niv er s all y in th e

, ,

n o r th er n S u d an El T Un isi s ay s o f th is s u bj ect :
.
1

L o r sq u u n i n d i v i d u est an ce au n e lle s il fr qu en tait p r c d emmen t

,

le p re e t l a mere d e s a fu tu r e e t s i cell e ci fr qu e nt ai t u ssi le p r e et l a

,
-
a

mer e d u p r ten d n t les r el atio n s d es d eu x familles so nt interromp u es du

a ,

j ou r meme de la d eman de en mariage ; ils se d eviennent tou s ab solument

t anger s Alo rs si l e an c ap er co it de l o in le pere ou la mere d e sa
r .
,

fu t ur e il p r en d u n autre ch emin q u e celu i O II il les vo it : le p ere et l a mere
,

e n fo nt d e m eme a so n g d L a lle v i te g l ement l a ren co ntre d u

ar . a

p r e et d e l a mer e d e s o n fu tu r es t d e r g l e ai n s i q u e n o u s ,

l av on s dit q u e lo r sq u u n i n d i vi d u e st amo u r eu x d u n e j eu n e lle et q u e

, ,

la mer e d e cell e Ci a co nsen ti a l accep ter p o u r gen d r e il ait s o i n d viter

-

l a r en co ntr e d e sa fu tu e b e ll e mere q u i A so n to u r d o it u ss i v iter d e

r -

, , ,
a

se tro u v e r fac e a face av e c s o n fu tu r ge n d e Si d o n c ell e le v o it ven ir r .

d e so n cOt e t q u tant tr o p p es d e lu i elle n e p u i s se p as o u n e v eu ill e

,
r

p as s lo ig n er ass ez v ite ell e s accro u p it a ter r e ram n e u n p n d e ses

, ,
a

vtem en ts su r s a t ete se v o il e l a gu e et r este ain si cach e ju s q u a c e

,
r ,

q u e l amant d e s a ll e soit p ass

.

T h e ab o v e is s till c o rr e c t In p ar tic u l ar i t is tab o o fo r a m an to .

,

e at wi th his m o th e r i n law o r a w o m an wi th h er fath e r i n l aw

- -

,
If - -
.

th e p ar ti e s w er e fo r c e d b y ci r cu ms tanc e s to sp eak wi th o n e an o th e r
th ey w o u l d d o s o b r i e y an d r api d l y wi th b e n t h ead s .

T h ere s eems to b e als o s o m e r e lu ctance o n th e p ar t o f a m an to

S p eak ing o r eating wi th hi s fath er i n l aw b u t it is v e r y slig h t an d n o t -

u niv er s al He w o u l d e v e n h ave qu alms ab o u t sp eaking to th e b r o th er s

.

1
V oy . ou D a rfour , p p . 21 9, 236.
1 08 T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARFUR I 4 X X I
. . .

A c u st o m co nn e cte d wi th cir cu mcisi o n wh ich cam e to my n o tic e o n

o ne o cc asi o n m a b e q u o te d h e r e T h e inci d en t h app en e d at a vill ag e
y .

o f KI M R n ear K e b k ebia b u t it w as s ai d to b e c o mm o n to al l D a
, r fur ,

Arabs an d o th er s W h e n a b o y h as b een circ u mcis e d his p ar en ts tr ick

.

him ou t in th e gay es t app are l p o ssibl e e ve n wi th w o m en s tr in k ets

an d a m an s sw o r d in th e p ar tic u l ar c as e u n d e r n o tic e an d fo r a p er i o d

,

o f fo u r te e n d ay s after th e ci r c u mcisi o n th e b o y d e m an d s fr o m an y

w eal thy visi to r to th e vill age an d fr o m his r el ati v es a cu s to m ary

, ,

gr atuity as by r ight He is als o fo r a p er i o d o f fo r ty days fr o m the

.

ci r cu mcisi o n s en t to visi t n eigh b o u r ing vill age s an d it is incu mb ent

u p o n th e p er s o n visi te d to s ac r ic e a fo wl in h i s h o n o u r T h e fo wl m ay .

b e c o ck o r h en an d n o anim al o r bi r d b u t a fo wl is acc e p tabl e

, .

XX I I All the village s O f th e F UR th at I h ave s e en ar e as d i r ty and

b ad l y b u il t as tho s e o f th e o th er inh abi tants o f D ar fii r T h e p r es en t .

gen erati o n wh en living at any d is tance fr o m th e g ebels u su ally b u il d

a c o nic al tukl o f s traw o r g r ass wi th a r a huba attac h e d ; b u t w h e n

th ere is a s u pply o f r o cks h an d y th e y O fte n pl ac e a l ay er o r tw o O f

th e m at th e b as e o f th e si d e s o f th e tukl as a p ro te c ti o n ag ains t w h i te
an ts an d p r o wling b eas ts o f p re y an d s u p er imp o s e th e s tr aw o r e ls e
, ,

make all th e wall o f s to n e an d o nl y the r o o f o f s tr aw In th e p as t .

th e p o p u l ati o n m u s t h av e b ee n qu i te ten tim e s wh at i t is n o w : w h o l e

m o u n tains th at ar e n ow u tte r ly d es er ted m ay b e s een as o n e trave ls , ,

tei r assed fo r c u l ti v ati o n ; th e i r si d e s th at is ar e b an d e d

to b e , ,

h o r iz o n tally u p to a c o nsi d er abl e h e ig h t wi th n ar r o w r i d g es m ad e

b y so ar r anging the s to n e s th at th e si de o f th e h ill ins tead o f b eing ,

a c o n tinu o u s sl o p e is a s er i e s o f s h o r t s te ps O n th e s e b ank e d u p
.
-

s teps wh ic h wo u l d h o l d the rain water th e c o r n was pl an te d an d

,
-

, ,

t h e u tiliz ati o n o f e ver y av ail abl e fo o t o f g r o u n d for th is p u r p o s e

te s ti e s to th e p r e v i o u s d e nsi ty o f th e p o p u l ati o n .

Simil ar ly r emains o f O l d s to n e v ill ages li tter th e w ho l e c o u n tr y

,

si d e in th e vicini ty o f G eb e l M arra an d i ts co u n tl ess fo o t h ills T h e -

.

h o u s e s w er e r o u n d o r squ are an d th e walls fai r ly w e ll b u il t o f ro u g h

u ns h ap e d s l abs an d r o cks b u t in s o m e c as e s th er e w as a s o li d fo u n d a
,

ti o n Of s to nes b u il t u p ab o ve th e gr ou n d l e v e l u p o n wh ich it is s ai d
-

, ,

with p r o b abili ty s o me s o r t o f grass b u t w as er ecte d

, .

In pl an th e vill ages w er e m er e r abbi t warr ens wi th the h o u s es

-

b u il t cl o s e to geth er o n h igh gr o u n d s u i tabl e fo r d e fenc e T h e p o o r er .

m an w o u l d app are n t ly h av e n o m o re th an a singl e h u t b u t th e b e tte r ,

to d o wo u l d h av e an e ncl o s u r e c o n taining a nu mb e r o f r o o ms o r e ls e
-

a g r o u p O f s e v eral h u ts b u il t c o n tig u o u sl y to o n e an o th er T h e c h i e f s

.

e ncl o s u r e
as o n e ass u m e s i t t o b e ge ner all y o ccu pi es a c entral

p o si ti o n o n th e h igh e s t gro u n d an d is l ar ger b etter b u il t an d mo re

, ,
I 4
. . XX II . T HE N O N ARAB -
RA CES O F D ARFUR 1 09

in tr icate in d esign Figs 1 2 3 will s erv e to giv e a r o u gh imp r essi o n

. .
, ,

o f th e c u r i o u s d esigns o f s o m e o f t h e s e e ncl o s u r e s s o far as I c o u l d

r e c o ns tr u c t th e i r ru ins T h e r s t r e p r e s e n ts a c h i e f s h o u s e s o m e

.

s e v en ty feet u p o n a
l e d ge o f G eb el K o wr a .

( T h is g e bel fo r ms a c o n

n e ctin g link -
b etwee n
G eb e l S i to w h ic h it
,

b e l o ngs an d G eb e l
,

M arr a T h e r o ad fr o m
.

e l Fa s h er t o K eb k e b i a
p ass e s th r ou gh it ) T h e .

o th er tw o gu r e s ar e o f

l ar g e h ou s e s at th e o l d
vill age of D er ib layn o n
th e wes ter n e d ge o f
G eb e l Si to the n or th,

o f K o w ra .

T h e d ate o f n o n e o f
th e s e vill ag e s is kn o wn
fo r c er tain b u t S O far as ( f m G b l1 K w ro) A = m l le le t B = i
o ra . s a c o se s . c r
,

c an b e asc er tai n e d th ey
l pp h mb
c u at u t di g er c p l t f m b il t
a e r s an n on a or u

t m h igh t w ll O th imil b t
o sa e e as a s. er s ar u

wer e inhabi ted u n til m ll h s t a d b k t

er b k with th t
o u se s s an ac o ac a

Z u b ei r P as h a d evas t t da e p i t d W ll C C
c ur e b t . f t th i k
a , , a ou 2 ee c .

D ar fUr l ate in th e l as t
c e n tu r y T h e m o s t c u r i
.

o u s featu r e o f th e b u il d

ings is c er tainly th e li ttl e

C l o s et lik e r e c e ss e s b u il t
-

into th e walls In s o m e .

cas es (as in th e gu r e s
p o r tr ay e d ) th es e cl o s ets
w er e singl e g ener all y ,

ab o u t tw o an d a h alf o r

th r ee fee t h igh wi th a ,

Co nc av e r o o f an d an
F i g ( f m G b. l S 2i ) D i
ro m t f e m eb t . a e er o ro o s a ou

3 y d W ll b t 3 f t h igh A d
,
ar s a s a ou ee oo r
e n tr y b ar ely big e n o u g h
.
.
,

wi th t l b li t l s o ne s a as n e .

t o ad mi t a sm all h u m an
b eing In oth er cas e s th ey w er e d o u bl e th e sm all er cl o s et l ead ing
.
,

b y a tiny d o o rw ay into a r ath er l ar ger cl o s et o f simil ar d esign .

Wh e th er th es e r o cky h o l e s w er e b u il t fo r war mth in th e c o l d weath er

o r as fem al e ap ar tm e n ts o r fo r s o m e o th er p u r p o s e o n e c ann o t say
, ,
.
1 1 0 T HE N O N ARAB -
RACES O F D ARFUR I 4 . . XX II .

m aj o r i ty o f the encl o s u r es co ntaine d o nly singl e s to r ey

T he -

b u il d ings o f simpl e cir cu l ar d esign bu t in the mo r e imp o r tant o n e s ,

o n e o fte n n d s an u pp er s to re y r o o m b u il t o v er th e cl o s ets o r o n th e
-

t o p o f th e w all wh ic h is b r o ad e n e d s u fci e ntl y to s u pp o r t it

, .

I hav e n o t p e rs o nall y visi ted any o f the p r es ent d ay village s in -

th e m o s t inacc e ssibl e an d u n d is tu r b e d p o r ti o ns o f the r ang e n am e ly , ,

th e h ear t o f G eb e l S i an d th e p eaks ab o v e K alo kitin g at th e s o u th ,

Fig .
3 ( f m
ro im
Ge bl
f i l e b y d R m b
S i) . D a e te r o c rc es a ou t 1 1 ar s. oo s a ou t

y d 8 d ar h lf f A
s. d anf m ll ky hill
e as te r n a o st an on cr e st o s a roc .

W h lf f A i
e s te r n ad w g di W ll b
o 5 f h i gh x
s on o n ra ent . a s a o ut 2 3 e et e ce p t

onw h lf f A w h
e st e r n h y wa b bly b 5 f 8
o i d e re t e er e p ro a a ou t eet . c o n ta n e no

m 0 i i d l f m f m h igh w ll D ibl i
ro o s. s a r a se p f
at o r o sa e e t as a s. , p o ss e p o s t i on o

e n t r an ce . w ll m l l y i d F ibly p h GG h d
D E, a co p ete ru n e .
, p o ss a at .
, s eer rop

d w h ill i d
o n H b ld
s e . ou e rs .

en d o f G eb el M ar r a n ear th e gr eat m o u n tain l ak e o f D er ib a ; bu t th e

,

fo ll o wing extract fr o m a r ep o r t mad e an d kin d ly l en t to m e in 1 9 1 8

by C ap tain H F C Ho bbs o f the Wes t Yo r ks h i r e R egim ent wh o
. . .
, ,

wi th Mr J A Gill an o f th e S u dan Civil S ervic e h as th e d is tincti o n

. .
,

o f b eing th e r s t w h i te m an to visi t th e l atter p o r ti o n o f th e r ang e ,

su gges ts that s o me at l eas t of the F UR s till tak e s o me car e in the

b u il d ing o f thei r hu ts an d the man agemen t o f thei r c ro ps an d ,
1 12 T HE N O N ARAB -
RACES O F D ARFUR I 4 X X 11
. . .

vi ll ga es are v ym er u ch b etter an d mo re s tro n gly bu ilt th an an y o th ers I

h v y
a e in No rth ern o r S o uth e rn D ar fu r an d a e in striki ng co n
et seen ,
r

tr ast to th e mi serabl e ill b u il t h o v el s o f th e B en i He lb a B agga a Ar b s

-
r a

w h o i nh abit th e p l ain t o th e sou th west o f th e J eb e l -

d istin ctly in ad v an ce o f th e o ther tr ib es o f D ar fu r as bu il d e s r

an d
b u r i al pl ac es o f th e O l d in h abi tan ts ar e fr e qu entl y m et wi th
T he -
.

T h ey ar e o val cir cu mfer enc es O f r an d o m s to n e sl abs s tu ck u p o n

e n d an d in D a r Ab o D i m a w er e sp o k e n o f as th e w o r k o f

, Ab u
,

U m G o n an

a te r m w h ic h m u s t b e th e s am e as t h e

, Ab u G o n aan
K r e fabl e d t o h av e o nc e liv e d in t h e n o r th e rn
( )

o r o n a an w h o a

N UB A hi lls o f K o r d o fan an d wh o s e n am e again m ay b e c o nn e cted

,

wi th K an a an i e C an aan s o n o f Ham th e tr adi ti o nal p r o ge ni to r o f

, . .
, ,

p agan tr ib es 1
.

T h e sys tem ad o p ted in th e F UR villag e s fo r s to r ing g r ain is d i s

t inctive fro m th at in K o r d o fan o r th e eas t to th e b e s t o f my kn o wl e d g e .

I t is as fo ll o ws : A nu mb er o f p o l e s wi th s h o r t fo r ks ar e p u t in th e
gr o u n d so as to fo r m a r o u gh sq u ar e T h e fo r k is at the l o wer en d .

an d r em ains a fo o t o r s o ab o v e g r o u n d In th e fo r ks o th er p o l es r es t .

h o r iz o n ta lly an d b r u s h w o o d an d m atting ar e l ai d fr o m p o l e to p o l e
,

to fo r m a b e d T h e h ead s o f c o r n w h e n cu t ar e h eap e d o n th is b e d
.
, ,

an d ar e c o n tain ed by l o ng b r o ad s h eets o f m atting (sher ha ni a

, ,

sher a kna w h ic h ar e s tr etc h e d al l r o u n d th e u p r ig h ts an d b o u n d

)
'

p l
.

to th e m thu s fo r ming an e ncl o s u r e T h e m atting is m ad e o f na l

.
,

grass w o r k ed in a c r iss cr o ss patter n T h e o bj ec t o f h aving th e co r n

-
.

s to r e thu s r ais e d ab o ve th e gr o u n d is to avo i d the r avage s o f the

wh i te an ts .

F o r th e s to r ag e o f g rain insi d e th e h o u s e th e F fi r u s e th e S uay ba ,

a l ar g e cylin d r ic al v e ss e l fo r m e d o f c o w d u ng an d m u d s o m e fo u r -

feet h igh an d tw o an d a h alf in d iameter F o r water o r m er issa .

th ey e mpl o y th e c o mm o n ci r c u l ar bur m a o f b u r n t cl ay u s u all y wi th ,

tw o o r th r e e tiny o r n am en ta l fals e h an d l e s pl ac e d at th e angl e fo r m e d

by th e b e lly an d th e n eck o f th e vess e l T h e bur m as ar e m ad e .

l o cally an d in th e s am e mann er as in n o r th er n K o r d o fan nam e l y , ,

by pl acing a lu mp o f cl ay o n a m at an d d r iving th e st d o wnwar d s

in to th e mi dd l e o f it an d th en w o r king o u twar d s .

T h e o nl y ar t in w h ic h th e F UR s h ew any p ar tic u l ar p r o ci ency

is that o f b ask et wo r k T h e n eatl y m ad e b ask ets o f c o ar s e s tr o ng
-
.

pl ai te d grass dy ed in vari o u s co l o u r s an d r es embling an o r d inar y

,

was te p ap er b ask et in s h ap e wi th the ir l arg e at sligh tl y c o nvex

-

, , ,

li d s wo rk e d in e ver y c o ncei vabl e fantas tic c o l ou r e d d esign o f lin e

1
S ee M ac M ic h ae l pp 88, 24 1 T he j gl f wl i l k w
un e -
o s a so no n in
f gi d ad Ab
. .
,

K o r d o an K o n a an

as u .
I 4
. . XX II I . T HE N O N ARAB -
RA CES O F D ARFUR 1 1 3

an d cu b e wh ich ar e o ften s een fo r s al e in the O m du r man b azaar s

, ,

ar e e ss e n ti all y a D a r fur m an u fac tu r e .

F o r m eas u r ing gr ain o r c ar rying i t in sm all er qu an ti ti e s th e , ,

F UR m ak e an u nc o l o u r e d r ay ha o f b ask et w o r k T h is is in s h ap e a -
.

wi d e ci r cu lar b o wl ab ou t a foo t h igh an d on e an d a h alf in d i am eter

at th e to p T h e l ati tu d in al b an d s ar e fo r m e d o f s tr ips o f b ar k o f
.

l ao t (Acaci a nubica) e tc an inc h b r oad an d imm e d i ate ly co n

.
, ,

tig u o u s Ho r iz o ntall y inter s e cting th e s e in an d o u t ar e s tr ips o f

.
, ,

c an e imm e d i ately c o ntigu ou s T h e in ter s ecti o n is th e simpl es t

,
.

p o ssibl e T h e r im is fo r m ed o f a l ar g er str ip o f can e an d t h e b as e o f

.
,

t wo c o nc e n tr ic r ings o f s to u t c an e T h e in ter i o r is pl as ter e d wi th .

c o w d u ng t o p r ev e n t l eak ag e
-
.

T h e F UR u s u all y c ar r y a qu ive r fu ll o f b ar b e d th r o wing sp ear s -

an d a knife b u t th e i r m o s t d is tinc tiv e w e ap o n is th e safar og (pl

.
,

sa a rig) o r th r o wing s tick s h ap e d as

-

, ,

ev e n l e ss c o mm o nly
( )
a o r (b
) or , , ,

as (c) an d cu t fr o m th e r o o ts o f t h e

i nder a b o r k i tr b u s h Pr ac tic ally ever y .

F UR c ar r i e s o n e o f th es e an d th ey ar e ,

very exp er t in th ei r u se T h ey ch i ey .

e mpl o y th e m fo r killing h ar e s an d

g u in ea fo wl b u t w h e n o cc asi o n ar is es fo r inj u r ing th e l egs o f th e

-

, , ,

h o r s e s r i dd en by th ei r fo e s .

T h e Nil o tic n eg r o d o es n o t u se th e th r o wing s tick b u t th e -

n egr o es w h o invad ed N Ub ia an d U pp er Egy p t u n d er th e eigh teenth

d yn as ty d id an d s o als o did th e B E GA ,
1

XX I I I In p er s o n th e F UR o f M arr a S i an d th e wes t ar e small an d ,

skinny wi th th in l egs small b o n es an d eg g s hap ed h ead s All h av e ,

-
.

a p e c u li ar l y r anci d sm e ll T h e y ou ng m en w ear b r ac e l ets o f b rass

2
.

an d h ang a few b e ad s an d c o w r i e s in th e i r h ai r m o r e esp eci ally th e

T EB E LLA b u t o n r eac h ing y ear s o f d isc r eti o n th ey give u p th es e

-

van i tI e s .

Th ei r char acter is m ar k ed by s tu pi d ity an d lo w cu nning in co m

binati o n T h ey ar e s u spici o u s an d d ec ei tfu l an d th ey ins tincti v ely
.

lie ab o u t eve n th e m o s t tr i v i al s u bj e c t rath er th an sp eak a w o r d o f

th e tr u th T h ey ar e v e r y ign o r an t an d c r e d u l o u s o f th e wil d es t
.

ru mo u r s h o t temp er e d i d l e an d d r u nk en ; b u t th ey ar e easil y
,
-

am u s e d an d h av e a d is tinc t s ens e o f th e l u d ic r o u s Th ei r o ne am .

biti o n in life is to acqu i r e m or e c attl e .

I1
m

XV d y ty p i ti g N g
n nu ero u s
p t d wi th b w
III n as a n n s e ro e s ar e re r es e n e o s
an d ar r o w s an d t h r o wi g i k ( b m g ) S lig
n st c s oo e r an s . e m an , A d d r e ss to th e A n th r o p .

B A R p e 1 9 1 5 , pp 1 0, 1 2
T hi w i d l b y D F lk i ( B ibli g y)
. . . . .

2
s as n o t c e a so r e n see o r ap h .

M . S . I .
1 14 T HE N O N ARA B -
RACES O F D ARFUR I 4 . . XX I II .

As go es far ther away fr o m th e m o u ntains an d p articu l ar ly

one ,

in the eas t wh er e th e p o p u l ati o n is mo re cr o ss ed wi th Arab an d o ther

,

s tr ains an o bvi ou s imp r o vem en t is n o ticeabl e in p hysiqu e and m ental

,

an d e th ic al s tan d ar d s ali k e Am o ng th e K U N GARA i t is n o t u nc o mm o n .

to see an ex tr em e ly we ll b u il t m an o f m assi v e p r o p o r ti o ns d ar k in
-

c o mpl exi o n e ven to c o al bl ack b u t wi th th e c o ar s e n egr o featu re s

-

r e du c ed to s o m e kin d o f r egu l ar i ty .

XX I V U ntil r e c ent y ears th e S u l tan o f D ar fur u s ed to app ear wi th

th e l o w er h alf o f hi s fac e v e il e d and i t w as c o u n te d th e h eig h t o f ,

O ffe nsi v en ess fo r an y o f his s u bj e c ts e v e n h i s c h i ef m e n t o l o o k at , ,

him s tr aig h t in the fac e O n e add r ess e d him o nl y wi th b o w e d h ead

.

an d ey e s ab as e d h alf kn e e ling an d h alf si tting o n th e g ro u n d T h e

, .

S u l tan o f MAsALiT s till app e ar s in pu blic wi th fac e veil ed to th e

ey e s Her e we p r o b ably h av e a tr adi ti o n o f r oyal ty d er ive d fr o m th e
1
.

B er b er e l ement in th e wes ter n s tates ; b u t o f c ou r s e th e veiling

2
, ,

cu s to m is m o s t famili ar to the wo r l d in th e cas e o f the pictu r esqu e

v eil ed
T UW ARE K o f th e n o r th er n d e s er ts
kn o wn in D ar fr wh er e th er e is a l ar ge c o l o ny o f the m cl o s e to el
,

F as her as KE N I N w h o ar e l ar g e l y B er b er


.
,

Simil ar l y th e seven d ays s e qu e s trati o n o f a newly ch o s en king

,
-

m enti o n ed by B ar th as p r actis e d by the ( B er b er ) M UN IYO MA

3
,

cl o s e ly c o rr esp o n d s to the simil ar cu s to m r el ate d by el T Unisi o f 4

th e S u l tans O f D ar fUr .

X X V N o w th e ab o v e d isj o int e d i te ms o f info r m ati o n ab o u t th e

var i o u s p eo pl e wi th wh o m the m o r e d is tinctivel y Arab s to ck c o m
mingl ed in D arfUr o bvi ou sly fo r m t o o sl en d er a fou n d ati o n to su p
p o r t any c o nclu si ons o f sci en tic nali ty b u t they d o give c er tain ,

in d icati o ns o f a g eneral n atu r e as to the di r e cti o ns fr o m wh ic h came

th e e th nic in u enc e s th at hav e b ee n at w o r k in th e c o u n t ry .

Ap ar t fr o m th e Ar ab s train it s eems th at th e tw o main e thnic

e l em en ts in D a r fur ar e th e N e g r o B an tu an d th e Hami tic T h e fo r m e r
( .

is th e m o s t anci ent an d s u r vive s mo r e s tr o ngly in th e s ou th an d in the

r ang e o f G eb e l M ar ra T h e l atter is p ar tly d u e to th e c o n tinu o u s
.

p ressu r e ex er te d by the Ar abs in n o r th Afr ica u p o n th e B erb er rac e s ,

c o mp e lling th em to m o ve s o u thwar d s an d encr o ach u p o n the l an d s

o f th e d ar k er r ac e s a p r o c ess w h ic h b e g an at l eas t as ear ly as the
,

s even th c entu r y A D an d affected e very s tate fr o m the Atl antic to

.

th e Nil e in a g r eater o r l ess d eg r ee .

1
M ar ch 1 9 1 8 , w as th e d ate I m et h im
w f i i m
.
,
2
S ee , e g B ro ne, p 21 1 an d cp r o n t sp e ce to D e n h a , C l ap p e r to n an d
i v ig m
. .
. .
,

O u d n ey Tr a vels F o r th e an c e n t c u sto m o f c o

s .
er n th e o u t h s e e B ar th , 1 1 ,

l by i i
.

2 70. It a so ap p ear s i n A ss n a (s ee B en t, p .

3
11 , 27 1 .
4
V oy . au D a rf p . . 1 60
.
1 1 6 T HE N O N ARA B -
RA CES O F D ARFUR I 4
. . XX VI .

N O TE O N C ERTAI N E GY P T I AN OR HAM I TI C
S URV I VAL S I N D AR UR F
XX V I S ir H J o h ns to n sp eaks o f a wave o f l ate Egyp tian cu l
.
1

tu r e b eing b o r n e acr o ss th e S u d an al o ng th e s o u th er n fr inge o f

th e S ahar a D e s er t to th e U pp er Nig er Th is h e dates imm edi atel y .

p r i or to th e C h r is tian er a At Agad es ar o s e th e S o nghay p eo pl e .

ad o p te d acci d e n tall y o r by in u e nc e an imi tati o n o f anci e n t

wh o
Egyp ti an ar chi tectu r e in cl ay an d wo o d ins tead o f After
su b du ing th e MAN D I N G O o f M ell e th ey m ad e th eir h ead qu ar ter s fo r
a tim e th e ci ty o f J e nn e at th e c o n u e nc e o f th e Nig er an d th e

B ani F r o m J enn e was r ad i ate d o ver all th e Wes ter n S u d an an

.

app ar e n t Egyp ti an inu e nc e in ar c h i te c tu r al fo r ms in b o at b u il d ing ,

-

an d o th er ar ts

.

P r o fess o r S eligman h o wever O bj ec ts to th e s tr ess l ai d o n Egyp t :

, ,

h e w ou l d p r efer to sp eak o f th e Hami tic in u enc e ( of wh ic h th e

Egy p tian civiliz ati o n was o nly a sp eci al d evel o pm en t) wh ich was
l eavening d ar k Afr ica p er h aps fo r th ou s an d s of y ears b efor e Egyp t,

h er s e lf em er g ed in to the lig h t o f h is to ry 2
.

In th is c onnec ti o n thr ee facts m ay b e ci ted El T Un isi r e l ate s .

as fo ll o ws
3

Au tre ex emp l e d e o n n e p ermettai t p as au

Sultan du O u aday d e b o ire du l ait frais Ca d isaient les O u ad ayen s . r,

,

s i l e su l tan b o i t d u l ai t q u est ce q u e b o i o n t l es s uj e ts ? O r il ad vin t

,
-
r

q u u n S u l tan s e p o cu a u n e v ach e l ai tir e O n l e su t d an s le p u blic ; o n

r r .

s am eu t a e t o n all a d i r e au su l tan : tu vas t e d f i e d e ta v ach e n o u s

,
a r ,

p romettre d e n e plu s b o ire d e l ait o u bi en n o u s te tu o n s I l fallu t obir ,

.

.

Auj ou d hu i cette c ou tu me est ab o li e et les su l t n s b o iv e n t d u l i t c o mme

r ,
a a

t ou t l e m o n d e .

S u p er s ti ti ons c o nc er ning milk ar e p r eval ent amo ng th e tr ib es o f

th e eas ter n S u d an an d E as t Afr ic a an d th e Nil o tic n e g r o es b eing ,

c h ar acter is tic o f a Hami tic s to ck o r cu l tu r e Wh eth er th e o n e qu o ted

4
.

nec ess ar il y r each e d Wadai fr o m th e Nil e acr o ss D arf r o r wh eth er it

m ay h av e c o m e in fr o m th e n o r th wi th o th er Lib y O B er b er in u enc e s -

ci t
1
L oc p 387
X l
. . . .

j our n A n thr
2
I ns t LI I I , 1 9 1 3 , p
i i
. .
A d d r e ss to th e An th r o p
4 2 0 S ee a so
v m i g
. . . .

S e c t o n o f t h e B r t A sso c fo r t h e A d an ce e n t o f S c e n c e , 1 9 1 5 B art h t h o u h t
f v i li g i i l gi b w ibb i gy i
. . .

h e o un d ar o u s n u s t c an a o e s e t ee n T u an d an c e n t E p t an , an d t h e
k
T ar i h e l K h am i s ( q v s up r a , p 7 2 ) ap p e ar s t o d er e t h e T u ro ivE g p t ( se e ibb f m y
m x m ly
. . .

C ar b o u , I I , 1 b u t M R e n B as s e t n o t e s ( C ar b o u , I , 1 1 7 ) t h e att er i s e t r e e

bf l b l
.

d o u t u an d S i l e to u o u e st ap p ar e n t a l g y p ti e n , i l e s t p ar c o n s eq u e n t au

b b
e r er e q u i ap p ar t e n t au
3
i
r o u p e c h am i ti q u e , a g
p p e au ss p ro to s t q ue

l i mi i -
.

V oy a u O u a d ay , p 3 9 3
ligm i
. . .

p 6 5 4 , an d i n M a n , M ar c h 1 9 1 5 ( r e th e B s h ar i n ) Cp
4
Se an , l oc ci t

w iki g i
. . . . .

B r o n e , p 4 6 6 , fo r o n e st r
. n n s t an ce .
1 4 11 1 11 1 . T HE N O N ARAB -
RACES O F D ARFUR 1 1
7

is a qu es tio n to b e d eci d e d b y exp er ts b u t w e h av e l ately s e en that ,

c er tain milk s u p er s titi o ns did exis t in D arftI r
-
.

T h e s e c o n d fac t to wh ic h I w o u l d d raw atten ti o n is as fo ll o ws :

B r o wne s tates that in D ar fur at th e b eginning of th e r ainy s eas o n
th e k ing acc o mp ani e d by th e l e ss er Ch i e ftains (m eleks) g o e s o u t
into th e e l d s wh il e th e p eo pl e ar e s o wing and mak es s everal h o l es
wi th his own h an d Th e s am e cu s to m is s ai d to apply in B o r nu etc
1
.
,
.

I t h as i ts c o u n ter p ar t (as B r o wn e n o tes ) in anci en t Egyp t .

The g r ea t m a ce -
hea d o f Hier akonpolis da ting back som e , si x o r

seven tho usand his m ajesty inaug ur a ting ir r ig a tion wor k s

hoe f the s ti l l
2
wi th a o p a tter n in use .

The g ur e
is the king standing wi th a hoe in bo th hands
centr a l .

f
B e or e him i s a m an holding a bask et for the ear th , a nd bey ond tha t
3
ther e has been a no ther m an h olding a bunch of ea r s of corn .

s am e p ractic e u s e d to o b tain am o ng th e FUN G B ru c e r el ates

T he .

th at t h e n am e BadI wh ich h e c o nsi der e d g e ner ic to th e F UN G kings ,

m eant th e p eas ant an d was given b ecau s e o f th e cu s to m wh ereby

,

th e king always pl o u g h e d an d s o w e d wi th hi s o wn h an d a pl o t o f
l an d o nce in his r eign 4
.

Th ir d ly wh en Am r ibn el Asi c o nqu er e d Egyp t h e fou n d and

,

ab o lis h e d th e ann u al r i te o f s ac r icing a vi r gin t o e ns u re th e r is e

o f th e N il e
5
.

T hat th e s ame cu s to m ling ere d in B o r nu d own to m o der n tim es

app ear s fr o m t h e s to r y w h ic h n e g r o pilg r ims t o l d B u r ck h ar d t in

1 816 1 81
7 a t C ai r o : th ey r e l ate d th at at t h e t im e o f th e in u n d ati o n ,

wh ic h is r egu l ar th er e as in E g yp t it [s e the r iver T sad wh ich o ws , . .

th r o u g h B o r n o u at a s h o r t d is tanc e fro m th e c api tal o f Bi r n ey ] o ws

wi th gr eat imp etu o si ty A femal e sl av e r ich ly dr ess ed is o n th is .

s o l emn o ccasi o n thr own into th e s tr eam by o r d er o f th e king 5
.

1
w
B ro n e , p p 2 8 3 2 8 4 E l T n is i c o n r s t h e tr u th o f B r o n e s acc o un t as

m w

g l il l b bl
. .

r e ar d s D ar fi I r L e s u t an p o ss ed e , e n p r O p r i t s p c a e , d es t er r e s a o u r a e s
g m l j
. .

l p o q u e d es p e , e s co rt d e p u s d e c e n t e u n e s

s o rt e n r an d e p o

i fi
p r n c e , u n e o s ar r e n p e n e c a p a n e , d es ce n d d e c h e a , iv li m g vl
if
p r e n d d f r en t es r a n e s , e t , a g i m
e s u r e q u u n e s c a e p o ch e l a t e r r e , i l l e s e tt e e t

lv i j
l es se e m
C e st la p r e er e s e e n ce q u i t omi m mb
e s u r l e s o l , d an s l a co n t r e o u e s t

l
.

a o r s le ( V oy a u D arfo ur , p
ligm X
. .

2
Se an , f o ur n A n th I ns t LI I I , 1 9 1 3 , p 6 6 7
Fli P i b y ligm
. . . . .

n d er s e tr e , H i er a ho n o l is , 1 , an , l oc ci t Cp
3
9 1 0, q u o t e d Se

p .

i g ll
. .

R e s n e r , Th e E g y p ti a n C o ncep ti on of I m m or ta l i ty ( I n e rs o L e ctu re , V11

w F g
.

4
B ru ce , I V , 4 6 9 ( B k V I I , C h I X ) A cc o r d n to M S

D 7 th er e e r e six u n ig
ki g ll i
. . . .

n s c a e d Bad
l
.

5
B ut e r , Ar ab p 4 37
k
. .

B u r c h ar d t , N u bi a , Ap p 1 1 , p 4 8 9 ; an d cp H o r n e m an n s Tr a vel s , p 1 03

5
. . .
. .
 APP EN D I X 1

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1 21 VO CAB U L ARY O F T HE MAsAL IT L ANG U AGE [4 1 a

APPEN D I X 4

A shor t Vo ca bulary f the M asali t

'

one ti o
tw o b ar r a

th r ee t an g
f o ur as
ve t or o
s ix i i
tt
se v en m i urr
eigh t ai a

i
n ne add e

ten u tt u
tw y en t i d d o m b ar a

thi y rt i d d o an k g
f y ort i d d o as
f y t i d d o t or o
a h d un r ed m ia ( A r )
A b
.

ra s E r in g
F r F u rt a
D ag u B ere e j
co rn a ss

h i a r k ji
i
h d ea k ujjo
m h out k an n a

ey e kg o o

t h e tw o e e s y k i os m b ar a
h an d k o ro

leg j i o nyo
arm k u ru
f h at er b ab a
m h ot er da

APPEN D I X 5
The Tung ur F ur f D F

-
o a r ur nung
I A da y j
s o u rn e yw lies the d istrict o f D ar
est n o r t h
- -
we st of K u ttu m
F u rn u ng T o th e east it i s b ou n d e d b y B err e d i s tri ct i n h abi te d b y
.
,

KAI TI N GA (a bl en d o f T UN GUR an d Z AGHAW A) an d F UR an d t o th e west b y ,

S erayf (AW LAD MAN A) T o th e s o u th west o f F u rnu n g i s th e range o f

.
-

Geb el Si the h ome o f the still s avage KARAKIRIT FUR

,

D ar F u rn u n g itself c o n si sts o f a g o u p o f d eso l ate h igh s u n bl acken e d r -

p eak s with l o w h ill s b et w een th em in tersecte d b y n arr o w waterc ou s es

,
r

th at o w fro m s p r i n gs an d su rr o u n d e d b y cu l ti v abl e l an d s w h ere t h e

,

T UN G UR an d F UR h av e th ei r v ill ages an d semi n o mad ic Z AGHAW A co me t o -

gra e th ei r o cks I t tak es its n ame fr om the h o ly ston e o f Fu rnu ng t

z .
,
a

w h ich th e h e dm an o f th e da h as to m ake s acr i ce if h e wo u l d av o i d

a r

d eath o r d i saste r
1
.

1
C p p p 1 00, 1 01 a o e fo r an o th e r o f th e se h o

bv ly
s to n es , i n K e r n e d s t r c t i i
w bl ly kim
. .

e st o f G e e M ar r a A t F u r n u n g i t i s o n t h e ha

( th e

S h ar tai o f t h e
i vill g l i if m
.

D ar ) w h o s ac r c es T h e a e r s an d esser s h e k h s d o n o t , b u t o n e o f th e

i g iv ly ly k w
.

as p r es t o b e S h ar tai h e o e s p r at e t o t h e h o ro c an d t h r o s a sto n e o n t o

l
i t If t h e st o n e h o d s , t h e o en i s o o d ; b u t
. m g if ll
it r o s o ff, t h e o e n i s b ad fo r h is m
p r OJ e ct .
1 24 T HE T U NG U R FUR -
O F D AR F U RN U N G [4 m
B eyo n d go rge to the e st w her e a few s qu are miles o f hill si de
th e ,
a ,

s h e l v e l e ss s te epl y th e g o u n d i s all r ibb e d w i th an ci en t cu l ti v ati o n

,
r

te asses
rr No w all i s o vergro wn with stu nted kit bu sh an d the lin es
.

r

o f th e s to n e s h av e b e e n b ro k e n b y t he r ai n s b u t at o n e time all mu s t h av e ,

b en cle re d an d every fo o t o f gro u n d levelle d in to su ccessi ve led ges e ach

e a ,

a fo o t o r s o ab o v e th e o th er .

T h e m i n e ntran ce to t h e fo rt i s fr o m th e west th at i s fro m the s i d e

a , ,

o f th e s et tl eme n t an d t h e g reat g ate w ay th r e e an d

, h alf yar d s b r o ad i s ,
a ,

nked by sto n e w lls n o t less than 1 2 feet h igh Enterin g here the ou ter
a a .

lin e o f the d efen ces o n e mo un ts alo ng the b ro ad sl o p in g p athway b etween

th e o u ter an d th e i nn er w all s to th e fo rt w h i c h cro w n s th e p eak .

T h e fo u n d ati o n s o f th e fo rt like th e o u ter an d in ner d efen si ve lin es

.

b eyo n d it ar e w ell b u ilt o f r o ugh u n he w n b o u l ders b u t the u pp er sto ri es

, ,

o f th e s tru ctu r e an d th e i nn e r r o o ms an d d i v i d i n g w ll s
, e o f m gn i c e n t a ,
ar a

r e d b r ick h ar d as i ro n m et allic i n r i n g an d s lig htl y gl az e d

, ,
T he l bou r . a

in v o l ved in b rin gin g the hu nd r ed s o f th o u san d s o f b ricks r e qu ire d fro m the

kil n s w h i c h lie a mil e o r mo r e away to th e s o u th mu st h av e b een en o rmou s
, , ,

fo r th e i n te r v eni ng gr o u n d i s i n co n cei v ably o u gh cu t an d s car r e d b y r ,

r v in e s an d litte r e d d eep i n j agge d ro cks T h e actu al p l an o f th e fo r t i s

a .

like n o thing b u t a rabbit w arren : galleries ru n in an d o ut an d chamb er

l e d s to ch mb er in b e w il deri ng manner All is p artly ru in e d b u t th e
a a .
,

o u tli n es can e asil y b e trace d Near the centre is a d eep s qu are p it w ith -

.
,

l o w er si des an d b o ttom o f r o ck an d u pp er si d es o f b i ck High e u p in ,

r . r ,

fact t the top mo st p o int o f all o n e e nte s a small b r ick r o om p er haps a

a ,
r ,

gu ar d o o m an d fro m it d escen ds sp ir lly d o w n step s thro ugh a series o f

r ,
a

d o o r w ys e ach at righ t angl e s to an d b e l o w th e l ast o ne to w h at ap p ea s

a , ,
r

to b e a d u n geo n in t h e ro cky fo u n d ti o n s o f th e fo r t T h e step s are mad e a .

o f h u ge b u r n t b r i c k s 2 an s l o ng b y 1 b T h d o o r w ay s h av e
3 p 1
1
s ro ad e 7 .

lin tel s o f w o o d l o n g si nce d ecayed n d c rumbling an d small win d o w s

,
a ,

O p e n at i nter v al s t o th e o u te r ai r T h e e n t ran c e to th e d u n ge o n i tself if .

,

s u h it b e i s j u s t l rge e n o u g h t o ad mi t a m an an d b ey o n d i s th e h o rr ibl e
c ,
a ,

c av i ty i ts e l f to o l o w fo r m an t o s t n d in
,
n d w i th a o o r s p ac e o f n o t
a a a

mo e th an th ree s qu re y d s S ome 5 0 yar d s to the n o rth o f the fo r t n d

r a ar . a

ab o u t 2 0 fe et b el o w i t s tan d s t h e S u l tan s h o u se a m e d i u m s i e d

,
-
z

o bl o n g b u il d i n g o f re d b r i ck T h e o n ly r emar k bl e fe atu r e o f i t w s th e
. a a

in geni o u s m nn er in wh ich the i nsi d e su rface o f the w all s h ad b een

a

l s tere d w i th
a e d e t h o f t h e e x act k i n d u s e d fo r m ak in g th e b r icks
r nd a
p ar

t h e n su bj e cte d t o i n ten se h eat b y t h e ligh ti n g o f e n o rmo u s re s i n si d e th e

r o o m s o th t t h e
, p l ster i tse lf h ad b e c ome h r d b r ick
a a a .

Bel o w the fo r t n d the Su ltan s h o u se ab o u t 2 00 yar ds to the s o u th

a

,

w est s tan d s t h e m s qu e s q u r e b u il d i n g o f thick w al ls w i th m ih a b

,
o ,
a a , .
r

to th e e st an d fo u i n te i o r p il l r s T o th e casu al e y e th e re w as n o th i n g
a r r a .

to di sti ngu i s h th e a c h i te ctu r e f o m th t o f th e r e d b i ck an d s to n e mo s qu es

r r a r

l g bik l f
T h e s e ar e r c s are a s o o u n d h e r e an d t h e r e i n t h e r u n s o f t h e ar e r
1
i l g
h o u s e s an d th e o rt an d m o s u f
t h e y h a e a so v l b i
e e n n o t c e d n e ar
h
o a in e st e r n Fg w
f
K o r d o an o n G e e Z an k i I r , a s t e bl
n i l yi g i ig
o n t h e an c e n t h h r o ad ro N u a to f m bi
D ar fUr b u t t h e as t a or t o f the v mj iy bik
r c s u se d i n all t h e b il u d n s er e o f t h e ig w
l iz
u s u a s e an d s h ap e .


5] T HE TU N G U R -
P IJ R O F D AR F U RN U N G 12
5
of G am i K a

Wadi B a e b et w een K eb keb i an d Ku lku l an d
u r r o , o n th e r

a ,

i G b l e e M arr a Bu t th e m aki ng o f th e m b b h ad e vi d ently

ofT u rr a n . z ra

giv m
en so bl
e tr o u e fo r t h o u gh th e f c e o f th e ar ch h ad b een n ego ti ate d
, ,
a

f lly th c
su cces s u e o n cav e b ack h ad b e en fo rme d b y b u i ld i n g u p a s t aight
,
r

s u f ce o f l ar ge b i ck s an d th e n h e w ing th em i n to c o n c av ity as o n e w o u l d
r a r

h o ll o w ou t a tro u gh T h e h o u ses o f th e c o mmo n fo lk w e r e o f ston e in th ei r

.

l o w e co u r ses an d p esumably r o o fs o f straw w ere su p erimp o sed S ome

r ,
r .

o f t h em w e r e u n u su all y l ar ge ; th e d i mete o f o n e cl o s e to th e mo s qu e a r

th e Ima m s p r o b abl y w as el e ven y ar d s

.

I V N o imp l emen t s o r o rn amen ts w e e fo u n d b u t I h ad n o t th e time o r r ,

t h e mean s t o d ig fo r th em B r o ken sh ar d s wer e no t i n fr e qu en t T h e . .

o tt e r y w as o f th r ee ki n d s T h e c o mmo n bu m as w e e o b v i o u s ly o f th e r r
p .

sam e sh ap e an d mad e i n t h e s ame way i e k n e ad e d o u tw ar d s o n a m at ,

. .
,

as th e o r d i n ary bu m a f D a fu an d K o d o fan w i th w i d e mo u th
r o r r r , ,

s h o rt n e ck an d r o u n d b e l ly T h e i n s i d e an d o u ts i d e s u r f c es a e b r ick re d
. a r -

an d th e i n ter v e n i n g m at e i al b u r n t bl ac k I n t e x tu e th ey ar e v ery h ar d
r . r

an d t h i ck e th n th e u su l r a v e ry n e ce s s a y p e c u ti o n w h en o n e c o n
a a r r a

si d e s th e r o u gh t reatmen t th ey w ere li k e l y to r e c ei v e i n b e i n g c arr i e d

r

some 2 00 feet u p a s h eer s l o p e li tte e d w i th o ck s fr om th e s t e am b el o w ,

r r ,
r .

T h e e w er e al so l ar ge r ecep t acl es p resu mabl y fo r s to r i n g li qu i d in the

r r ,

h o u ses an d th es e w er e o f c o a s er an d e v en h a d e b e almo st in d is ting u ish

,
r r r r

abl e f o m b r ick w i th q u it e l ar ge p ebbl es emb e dd e d i n t h em ge n er all y an

r , ,

inch o r mo e th ick r .

T h e th i r d ki n d o f p o ttery w as o f t h e sh ap e o f th e p r esen t d y dul ng -

a a ,

with l o ng gracefu l n eck (slightly bu lb o u s in the mi dd l e) an d re d gl a ed ,

z

su r face O n th e o n ly l ar ge fragment I p icke d u p wer e v er y r o u gh l y i n ci s e d

.

markings o n th e b elly o f th e jar w hich in fo m w ere simil ar to th e b ran d

, ,
r

s till u se d b y th e F ELLA ( o r F ELLAN GA) s ecti o n o f th e T UN GUR F R T h e -

.

ma kin gs are thu s

r

T he b r an d is thu s 1

V vill g i th F
At t h e p r es ent d ay th er e g h ill l l ar e n o a es n e u r nu n s: a ar e

T hi T
1
g b d b bvi s mblun h ur r an l e ar s o o u s r e se an c e s t o t e c ar ac t er e s a u n e tt es

pi d by D
c tu r e ( Th l d b y h M h mm d
o u tt q v p f e se att e r , as u s e t e u a a an s o

h Af i id b d iv d f m J wi h m i d y
. . .

N o rt r c a , ar e s a to e er e ro e s ag c , an m ay r e p r e s e n t e e s ,
ymb liz P vid
to s d o h
e vil Th b
ro d h v b
en ce an co u n t e r ac t t e e ey e e r an m ay a e een

b gh b y h T g D a f f m N bi b i h l k f vid
.

ro u t t e un u r to f r ur ro ti a, ut , n t e ac o an y e e n ce o

th f
e u se o l i N bi i i m b bl h h y b w d
c ar ac t er e s a u n e tt e s n u a, t s o re p ro a e t at t e o rr o e

th m e b atd f m h T ibb ib livi g h

a su se q u e n t h f Daf at e ro t e u tr es n to t e nort o r ur ,
wh b d o se d i imil r an s ar e n o t ss ar .
 1 26 T HE T U NG U R FUR -
O F D AR FURN U N G [AP P .

o u ts i de where the grazing and cu lti vabl e so il are b etter b ut within r each
, ,

o f th e wate r s u
l
pp ly .

T he vill ager s th emsel ves ar e a bl en d o f T UN GUR an d F IJ R bl ack b u t

'

w ith l ess d istinctively negr o id features than the FIIR o f Marr a and S i '

T h ey tal k amo n g th ems el v es in the F fJ R d i al e ct b u t all seem to kn o w

Arabi c as w ell S u ch o f th em as I qu e sti o n e d c all ed th emsel ves T UN GUR
.
,

n o d o u b t b e c au se o f t h e ari sto c ratic as s o c i ati o n s o f th e n ame an d p re ,

s er v e d a tr ad iti o n th at t h e y c ame o r igi n all y fr o m D o n go l a b u t th e y ad ,

m i tte d th at m an y o f th ei r fe ll o w v ill ge r s w er e P IJ R an d th at th e tw o races

'

-
a

h ad i n te rmarr ie d fr eely n d o n n o p rt i cu l ar system fo r gen erati o n s T h ey

a a .

r egar d e d th e T UN GUR as b ei n g th e r e al o w n ers o f t he d a O f th e

'

r.

c r i ter i o n w h e r eb y t h ey d e ci d e d w h eth er a c h il d o f mi x e d o rigi n w as

T UN GUR o r F fJ R I c o u l d e x tract n o c o h e r e nt acco u nt T h er e w as s o me tal k .

mo ther s mo th er b u t wh en p r ess e d for d etail s they

o f th e

al w y s fe ll b ack o n th e n o rmal Mu h amm ad an Arab cu sto m o b tain i n g i n

a

s u c h m atters T hei r S har z Has an K anj ok th ey call e d a T u ng u r awi

'

. az , , ,

b u t wh en I m et him so me d ays l ater an d qu esti o n ed h im in th e p r esen ce

F fJ R S har ta i o f S 1 an d th e T u n g u r awi S har za i o f K u ttu m , h e
'

th e

of
'

v
e i d en tl y q
felt himself in a u an d ar , an d th e o th er two dg etted u neasil : y y
if h e Calle d himself a T u ng u rawi h e riske d a smile at his p r etentio u sness
an d a sneer at h i s p u s ill an imi t , so h e h es i tate d an d tr i e d y
T UN UR F R

G -

an d , wh en p ress e d , d e ci d e d fo r As a matter o f fact , T UN GUR

w
P IJ R i s th e term w h ich o u l d b est d escrib e th e p eo pl e o f F u rnu n g T he . y
fall into th ree gro u p s , FELLA (FELLAN GA) , S AMBELLA ( S AMBELLAN GA) an d

. G
D UM tJ A All o f th ese th e T UN UR p r o p er an d th e P i JR p r op er alike r egar d

as P IJ R , th e y v
th emse l e s seem to r e gar d th e F E LLA as T UN UR r ath e r th an G

P m an d th e S AMBE LLA as F IJ R r ath er th an T UN UR
,
G .

T h e n ame o f th e S AM B E LLA o u l d app ear almo st c ertainl to b e co n w y

n ecte d in s o me w ay w
ith that o f the S AM BE LAN GE sectio n o f D A U wh o G ,

co n si d er it to b e a co r rup tio n o f S HEN ABLA (sing S ham b ali an d with .

th at o f th e S am b an g ato se cti o n o f B er ti
z
.

1
T he T un g u r ro u n d lik
K u ttum ,
F u r n u ng i
e t h e B e r t an d
an d m o s t o f t h e res t

l i
o f t h e p o p u at o n w h o c u t l iv f f
at e o n so t s an d i n e as tern D a r ur ,

u se fo r h o e n th e ig g
r o u n d th e

g i lrn o i a ( o r g
n a ar a

as th e

g ll
T u n u r c a i t an d o n e n o t e s t h e w o rd isf m f m
or ed ro th e
sa m e r o o t as T hi s im l m g l l
p e en t is o f r o u h o ca
w o o d an d s h ap e d as s h e n w b l
T h e e n d at B i s a n atu r a o n e
l g ig gl l g f m
. .

I t i s r ath e r ar e r t h an a r h t an e T h e e n t h ro A to B
b i f m b
.

i s a o u t 2 7 n c h es , r o B to C a o u t 1 8 T h e h e ad i s o f
mm i wi lig ly v f
.

ha er ed r o n an d s h ap e d th s ht c o n ca e s u r ace as

she w n F o r h o e n th e i g im l m
p e en t i s h e d l wi th th e tw o h an d s
f m bv ww iw b w
.

at A an d u s e d ro a o e do n ar d s an d n ar d s et een

lg
th e e s Fo r a n m ki g l
h o e s i nt o wi
h c h to d r o p th e se e d i t i s
l l b l iv w lk l g
.

a so h e d i n o th h an d s , b u t t h e c u t ato r , as h e a s a on ,

at e ac h s tep a es m k wi i
th i t a s h o r t jab n to th e g r o u n d o n hi s

lf i
e t s de
ig g k m
.

F o r h o e n i n a ar d e n o n o n e s n e e s a u c h s h o rt e r

i m
n s tr u e n t o f th e s a m
e s h ap e b u t wi v y m
th a er u c h s h o r ter

f
s h a t (B t o C e n on b i g ly i
an n c h o r tw o ) i s u s e d

m
.

2
S e e p ar as V I I I an d V I o f thi s c h ap te r C o p ar e to o t h e
g b wi F ll mi g AB W OOd n S h aft
.

g
.

D a u r an d s th t h o se o f t h e e a an d o f t h e s e T un u r
a
-
'

K ai tin g a n a livi g m g
on the Z a h a a g w .
i ro n ea
 1 28 T HE T U NG U R F C R -
O F D AR F U RN U N G [AP P .
5
s ay , P IJ R
'

TUN GUR alike call themsel ves go o d Mu h ammad ans they

an d

ar e e s co rt e d to th e s to n e b y th e sh ei k h o f th e v ill age o r i n hi s ab s en c e , ,

by o ne o f his family o r failing b o th by the I m am o f the vill age mo s qu e

, , ,

an d th er e th ey e ach sme ar some di l m ( o r bl o o d if an an imal h as b een ,

s ac r i ce d ) in th e fo rm o f a c ro s s wi t h th ei r fo r en g e rs o n th e si d e o f th e

b ou l d er an d e ach d ep osits a sto n e o r a p iece o f green g ass f om the g o v e

,
r r r

o n th e to p o f i t If the cou p l e ar e to o p oor to h ave affo r d ed a

.

s h eep o r any dil m th ey mak e inste ad t he o ffe r i n g o f a p i ec e o f

co w d u n g T h i s d o n e t h e c o u p l e ar e l e d o n to t h e wate r sp r i n g
-
.
,
-

in th e p alm gro v e an d th ere t h e p re si d i n g p r i est if o n e m ay call

-

him su ch tak es a p i e ce o f m u d fro m th e p o o l an d d ab s it o n th e

fo rehead s o f th e cou pl e o n th e tip s o f th ei r sho u l d e s (in fr ont) on thei r

,
r ,

o n th e p o i n ts o f th ei r k n ees an d i n t h e s mall o f th ei r b ack s

l
m iddl es , .

He th en bin d s a twi st o f gr een g ass fr o m th e fr i n ge o f the p o o l r o u n d r

e ac h o f fo u r an k l es an d wr i s ts an d r o u n d b o th n e ck s an d th e c e r emo n y ,

is o v er .

Muta tis m utandzs isely the s ame is d one it is sai d o n the o ccasi o n
'

p r ec , ,

o f a ci r cu mci s i o n o r a bi r th b u t i n th e l atte r c as e it i s th e m o th e r an d n o t
,

th e c h il d w h o i s th e o bj e ct o f th e r i te I n th e c se o f a l dk m v i siti n g
'

. a z z

Ayn Si r r a h e i s s imil arly e x p ecte d o ath er u se d t o b e fo r th es e cu sto ms

r r ,

ar e fallin g i n to d i su s e to s ac ri ce a s h eep an d sme ar i ts bl o o d in th e form

o f a c r os s o n th e sto n e o r el se to m ar k i t w i th dik n an d to m ak e his

, ,

o ffer in g o f a sto n e o r a p i e ce o f g reen g as s an d to g o t o t h e sp r i n g an d b e r ,

marked as d escrib ed ab o ve b u t the o n l y differ ence a twi st o f grass ,

w as p l ace d r o u n d his r ight wr i st o nl y .

T h e F fJR p r op er (so th e T UN GUR say) h av e n o p ar t o r l o t in these

r i tes an d th e r e aso n wo u l d n o t s e em far to s eek T h e T UN GUR o n e s u os

, pp es .
, ,

b r o u ght with them fr om C h ri sti n Nubi a th e reco ll ecti o n o f cer tain chu r ch a

rites in p arti cu l ar the Sign o f th e C r oss an d thou gh th e EfJR w er e n ever

, ,

c o n v e rt e d t o C h r i s ti an ity t h ei r h o ly s to n e w as u tiliz e d b y th e n ew c o mer s -

.

O n th e o th er h an d the T UN GUR in time b ecame M u h ammad an s w i tn ess

, ,

th e mo s qu e at Fe r ra b u t b o th th e y an d th e P IJ R still p r ese r ve su p er
'

stitio u sly so me relics o f th ei r anci en t f i t h s a .

1
My if m
n or an t d escr ib d h i by l
e t s p aci n g hi g j
s n er u st a bv
o e h is na e vl b ut
ca ll d i
e t h is

h e ar t .
,
 P A RT II
T HE P RO G RE S S O F T HE ARAB T RIBE S
T HRO U G H E GYP T

M . S . I .
 1 3 2 T HE PR O GRES S THR OU G H EGYPT II .

s ecti o n K E N AN A , c o n tain e d am o ng o th er s th e B E N I MAK HZIJ M ,

of
'

th e B E N I AB B As , an d th e B E N I O MMAYYA

.

anci e n t c api tal o f th e Kah ta n ite Ar abs w as at S an a a in th e

T he
Y em en b u t a c en tu r y o r s o after th e C h r is ti an era l ar ge nu mb er s
,
1

o f th e m mig r ate d n or th war d s in c o ns e q u e nc e t r ad i ti o n h as it o f th e , ,

b u r s ting o f th e gr eat d am o f M ar i b an d s ettl e d th er e , .

Thu s the B E N I LAKHM cam e to fo u n d th e M o n adir a dyn as ty at

Hir a n ear the anci e nt si te o f B abyl o n an d r u l ed th e Ar abs of I r ak

, ,

as v ass als o f P er s i a
z
.

T h e G HAS S AN to o k u p t h ei r ab o d e n e ar D am asc u s and fr o m

ab o u t 3 7 to 6 3 6 A D m aintain ed a c o ntr o l u nd er th e aegis o f the
.
,

Byz an tin e emp er o r s o ver a c o nsi d er abl e p o r ti o n o f S y r i a

,
3
.

T h e K UD AA g r ou p p ar tic u l ar l y th e G UHAY N A and B EL I s ettl e d

, ,

in th e n o r th er n h alf o f th e Heg az h aving all b u t exti r p ate d th e anci e nt

t r ib e s o f T HAM M UD
an d AD w h o h ad p r e v i o u sl y liv e d th er e an d
1
,

w h o ar e lik e ly to h av e b ee n c o gn ate to th e Hami tic tr ib e s in h abi ting

th e o pp o si te A f ic n c o s t
r a a
5

I V P r evi o u sly t o Isl am th e d i ffer e nc e b etw ee n th e Kah tani te an d

I s m aflitic tr ib es h ad b een to s o m e ex te nt acc e ntu ate d by a differ en c e

~

o f l ang u ag e fo r th e m o re s o u th er nl y g r o u p sp o k e Himy ar i tic ; b u t

,

th e t r ib al m o v e m e n ts th at to o k pl ac e in Ar abi a after th e C h r is ti an
er a r es u l te d in a sp read o f A rabic an d wi th th e acc e p tati o n o f ,

M u hammad anism th at l angu age b e cam e c o mpl etel y p aram o u n t .

We s hall s ee l ater th at th e d is tinc ti o n b etw een K ah tanite an d

I sm afliti c s u rviv e s u n d er a r ath er d iffer en t g u i s e i n th e S u d an at

th e p r e s en t d ate .

V L e t u s n o w p ass to th e c o nqu e s t o f Egyp t b y th e Ar abs in th e

s e venth c entu ry .

T h e p r o fu s e n e ss o f d etails w e p o ss e ss c o nc e r ning t h e c o nqu es t

is o nl y e qu all e d b y th ei r inco n sis te ncy T h e ch i ef r eas o n fo r th is is .

t o b e fo u n d in th e fac t th at t h e ear li e s t w r i ter s o f all w e r e C o p ts ,

w h o w e r e c h i e y c o nc er n e d wi th m atter s o f c hu r c h h is to r y ; an d th e
r e c o r d s o f th e ear li e s t Ar ab h is to r i ans b etw e e n w h o m an d th e C o p t s ,

th er e is in any c as e a sad g u lf ar e ei th e r l o s t o r o nly p art i all y

, , ,

ex tan t in th e ex trac ts p re s e rv e d b y l ater w r i ter s

6

1
P vl b ig
C au s si n d e e r ce a ( 1 8 5 8 7 ) p u t s t h e u r s t n o f th e d am a o u t 1 2 0 A D , b
w i bl iv g ii x
. .
,

b u t s h e s t h at t h e r e i s co n s d e r a e d e r e n ce o f o p n o n as t o t h e e act d ate
Fi yk
.

2
Ab u e l d a, p p 1 2 2 e t seq an d V an D c , p 2 4
Fi yk
. . . .

3
Ab u e l d a, p p 1 2 8 et seq an d V an D c , p p 2 8 3 1
. . . .

D io d o r u s s T h am u d e n i
4

l
.

5
C p B u r to n , L a nd of M i di a n I I , 2 2 0 e t seq ; S a e , P r el D is c
l vi xxi if l i l i
. . . .
,

6
S ee B u t e r , A r a b pp

T h e d fi c u t e s ar e a s o n c r e as e d
by i ibili y v lm g l iy
. .

t h e n acc ess t o f se e r a i p o r t an t M S S an d t h e e n e r a s car c t o f ad e q u at e

l i
.

t r an s at o n s .
I I 1 VI
. . . IN T HE MI D D LE AGES 1 33

T h e F a tah wr i tte n ab o u t 8 68 A D is
el B ul da n

o f el Bal ad h u r i , . .
,

th e e ar li e s t c o mpl ete ex tan t r ec o r d o f t h e c o nqu es t fr o m th e p en o f an

Ar ab an d th e au th o r m ak es i t cl e ar th at e ve n in th e nin th c e n tu r y
,

t h er e w as th e g r eate s t d i ffe r e nc e o f O pini o n c o nc e r ning th e s u bj e c t As .

r e g ar d s th e q u e s ti o n o f th e tr ib al c o mp o si ti o n o f th e fo r c e s w h ic h

e i th e r ac h i e ve d th e c o nq u e s t o r immig rate d in th e y ear s i m m e d i

ate ly fo ll o wing i t t h e r e c o r d is p ar tic u l ar ly sc an ty .

A c e r tain am o u n t o f d isj o inte d info r m ati o n is h o w eve r to b e

gl ean e d fro m var i ou s s ou r c es an d o f thes e th e m o s t fr u itfu l is th e
1
,

t reatis e w r i tte n at th e b eginning o f th e fte e n th c e ntu ry by el M ak r iz i

o n th e s u bj e c t o f th e Arab tr ib e s s e ttl e d in E g y t
z
p .

By this time m any o f th e tr ib e s w h o h ad take n p ar t in the c o nqu es t

o f Am r ibn e l As i h ad b e c o m e m er g ed in o th er s w h o h ad arr iv e d

at s u bs e q u e n t p er i o d s o r h ad b ee n b o r n e w e s tw ar d s o r s o u th w ar d s
,

o n th e t i d e o f c o nq u e s t .

V I GU D HAM O n e n o tabl e e xc ep ti o n app ear s to h ave b ee n th e

.

great Kahtan ite tr ib e o f G UD HAM o f who m a l ar ge p o r ti o n h ad in ,

1 400 A D b ee n o ccu p y ing th e E as ter n D el ta [ el Hau f ] fo r s o m e

.

75 0 y ear s
3
The y an d th e B EN I LAK HM w ere th e ch i e f r ivals o f th e
.

Kays ite trib e s in that l o c ality 4

.

Th ey wer e o r igin ally a b ranc h o f th e B EN I TAI fro m th e Ye m e n ,

b u t th e y h ad so c o mpl ete ly b r o k e n away fr o m th e p ar e n t s te m th at

t h ey m ay b e c o nsi d er e d as e nti r e ly s e p arate In th e e r a p r e c e d ing .

Isl am th ey w ere s ettl ed wi th s o m e B EN I LAKHM an d b ranch e s o f

KUp AA in th e n o r th er n Heg az fro m th e Red S ea inl an d to the terr i

t o r y o f t h e B E N I K ELB 5
.

T h e tr ib e w as o r igin ally d i v i d ed in to two g r eat b r anc h e s th e ,

B EN I HI S HM and th e B EN I HARAM each with nu m er o u s su b d ivisi o ns 6

, .

F ew o f th e fo rm er b u t p rac tic ally al l th e l atte r s e em to h ave b ee n

, ,

s ettl ed in Egyp t " .

T h o s e in th e Hau f in th e ftee nth c e ntu ry fe ll u nd er two main

1
S e e t h e c h ap te r w
hi c h o o s f ll w
i i wi f i l x i
.

2
h c h w as o u n d at th e t m e o f N ap o eo n s e p e d tio n an d

T h s t r e at s e ,
k
t a en a a ro w y f m gy
E p t , h as ee n s u ar ed b mm iz b y
Q u atr e m er e in hi s M m oi r es
an d s u p p e en t e d ro o th er M S S lm f m
H e ca s hi s p r c s M m oi r e ll i
fl l m i bl
.

s ur l es tri bus A r a bes e ta bl i es en Eg y p te W ust e n e d h as a s o ad e co n s d e r a e u se

o f i t i n hi s R eg i s ter a n d en g en ea l og is chen T a bell en d er A r a bi sch en S tam m e a nd

'

f
F a m i li en h e r e e r s to i t as A bha ndl ung zi ber di e i n A eg y p ten ei ng ewa nd er ten ar a bis ch en
S tam m e

3
M akr i z i s ap

Q u atr em er e ( I I ,
f ll wi g
.

4
E g i n 8 1 3 A D ; s e e o o n c h ap te r
P vl
. . . . .

5
C au s s i n d e e r c e a , I I , 2 3 2
fl wi iP
.

6
W ust en e d , 5 ( fo r h ch s e e T r ee 1 at th e e n d o f t h s ar t , p I n Q u atr e .

m er e

s M m o i H m
r es ,
) G m ar a

j oj
h ap p e ar s as ar a

7
I e n e ar ly ll h b ib f B i H m m i d b y W
a t e su -
tr es o en ar a en t o n e us te n f ld
e ar e

i l M k i li f ib i E gy
. .

nc u d e d in a riz s st o tr es n pt .
1 34 T HE PR O GRES S T HR O U G H EGYPT II 1 v1 . .

d eno m inati o ns th e ZUB AYB an d th e B EN I R UMAY L an d h el d m any

,
1 2
,

t o wns in ef 3
.

I t app ear s fr o m el M ak r iz i s tr eatis e th at th e s u bs e c ti o ns kn o wn

co ll ective l y as th e ZUB AYB w er e th e B EN I K URRA th e B EN I ZAYD

4
, ,

t h e B EN I B U G A an d th e B E N I S UW AY D Am o ng th e B EN I K U M AYL
5 6
.
,

M ak r iz i inclu d e s r s tly th e B EN I S A AD th e d esc en dants th at is

, ,

, , ,

o f th e ve S a ad s m e n ti o n e d in Wus te n fe d s tree ; s e c o n d ly
l th e

7
,

B EN I RAS HI D S ; th i r d ly th e HALAB A ; fo u r th l y th e B EN I U KB A1 ; ,
g
,

fth ly th e AI D H ; six th l y th e B E N I Z AY D M E N AT
11
, , .

O f th e B E N I U KB A s o m e w er e in Sy r i a r o un d ab o u t D am asc u s

,

s ou d A
n fl T h e r e s t w er e in th e Hau f
13
an d o th er r a . .

I t s eems th at s o m e o f th e s e l atter at s o m e tim e o r an o th er j o in e d

th e B EN I HILAL an d o th er s w e s h all s ee e v e n tu all y fo u n d th e i r wa

, y , ,

to n o r th er n K o r do fan an d b e c am e th e nu cl eu s o f th e KAB AB i S H
t r ib e .

An o th er s e c ti o n o f G UD HAM cl o s e ly r e l at e d to th e HALAB A an d ,

th e B E N I U KB A an d r e p r e s e nte d in Egyp t w er e th e B E N I R U D AY N I
1 5
, .

No w th e ter m B E N I K UMAYL it s eems p r o p er ly appli ed o nl y to all , ,

1
W u sten f ld e D h o b e ib Q u atr e m D ab ib W u st e n e d o o
er e ,

f l f ll w s a

i y m g y w i ig
.
,

de n te s ste o f o r t h o r ap h h ch Q u atr em er e d o es n o t In q u o t n th e
f m l h lli g i g y v f ll w g
.
,

or er I a te r t e sp e n to s u t t h e o rt h o r ap h I h a e o o e d t h ro u h o u t .

2
Q u at r e m er e ,
K em i l .

3
S e e M akr i z i ap Q u at r e m re (11 1 93,
ll m wi h B i K gi b h f B i Hilal l d
.

, ,
1
We sh a e et t en u rr a a a n as a r an c o en se tt e at

B k ar m g h K am B b
a a on i t h B i H il al i v i
e etf N Af i a er er s pr o r to t e en n as o n o r ca .

l l wh h h i i b w h w
.

I i t s u se ess to s p e c u at e as t o et e r t e r e s an y co nn e c t o n et e en t e t o or

not P b bly h w ( S l ro a t er eb B i H il al
as d
ee m
ate r , su h f en an co p ar e t e c as e o

h B i U kb )
.
.
,

t e en a

B dj b id
.

5 6
Q e u at r em re , Q e S a a u at r e m re , ou

M k i bvi ly m m B i S d h d d iff
. .

7
a hri z h o ou s e an s t at t e ter en a a a ve e r e n t co nn o ta

i
t o n s acc o rdi g h i l S d f d I i l f m h
n to t e h
p ar t c u ar a a

r e err e to t s c e ar ro t e tr ee t at

m f h i l d d h Th m ligh d i i b w
.

so e o t e ve nc u e ot er s ere are so e s t sc r e p an c e s et e en

f ld d M k i h h l k fS d
.

Wu st e n e an ( p Q ) a ri z ere : e g t e atte r a u atr e m re s p ea s o a a

Af i M lik ib Af M alik i b M alik

. . .

d S d ib

ib d f S d ib
'

n s n st e a o a a n a n s an a a n n

i d f S d ib M alik ib Z yd M a
.
,

n s te a o a a n n a en t
w h d d f S w yd ll d Ra h id d B i Ra h i d
.

3
Th ere er e t ree e s ce n an t s o u a ca e s an en s

w asb bly d i h m w w B i S d
p ro a u se n t e sa e ay as as en a a

,

M k i i d ivi d i H l b a ib S w yd d H l b a ib B g
.

9
Th If

e se a r z es n to a a n u a an a a n u a.

Wu f ld is te n e
1
h f m

h ld b H l ba ib M alik ib S w yd
s co r r e c t t e o r

er s ou e a a n n u a .

Q Ak b h
u at r e m r e , a a .

T h y liv d b w
11
C ie d A l (M k i i p Q
e eet Aid h
e en a r o an i a a r z a u atr em re , 1 1 ,

( Ai d ) d f ld i f G dha
.
,

i Wu

s o es n o t o cc u r n st e n e as a s e c t o n o u m
Th y
.

S 12
Ib K h ld o , to o ,
9 h d f n h M d Tha n , 1 1 e r e ac e as ar s o u t as e in a e r e ar e

ill f w f mili f h m d M w l
. .

st a e a es o t e ro un u ay a .

Al 13
Ak b Al w
f a, h m di v l
or

m I i h El h f i
a at i a, as t e e ae a na e. t s t e at o an c e n t

t im h Ak b f h es , t e

(S M i Lif f M h
a a o lxxviii d
t e p r esen t . ee u r, e o a om e t, p .
,
an

B L d f M idi
u r to n , an o an, I ,

M ki i( p Q
14
a r z ) k f h B i U kb m g h B i
a u atr em er e , 1 1 , 2 01 sp e a s o t e en

a a on t e en

H ilal livi g A f d E B L im h B i U kb h d
.

i d s e c t o n s an as n at s un an sn a y eo s t e t e en a a

b m mi i f B i Hilal ( l )
.

e co e a a n sect o n o en q v . . at e r .

15
Q u at r em r e , B en o u R ad iny .
1 3 6 T HE PR O GRES S T HRO U G H E GYP T 1 1 1 VI I
. . .

ou t , fo r w e s ang uinary enc o u nter b etw een the T HA ALIB A

r ea d Of a

an d th eG UD HA M 1 n S h arkia P ro vinc e ab o u t 1 2 3 7 A D an d th is b attl e . .

,

w as o nly th e cu lminating p o int o f a l o ng s er i e s o f attac k s an d c o u n ter

attack s w h ic h h ad b ee n taking pl ac e fo r y ear s T h e C UD HAM i t .
,

app e ar s w ere p ar tiz ans o f t h e G o ver n o r o f Sy r i a an d in l eagu e wi th

,

th e M E Z A T A an d Z E N A T A B e r b e r s o f B ah ir a P r o vinc e whi l e the ,

T HA AL IB A s u pp o r te d the S u l ta n o f Egyp t A fte r the g h t in 1 2 37

.

a t r eat y o p e ac e w as ar r ang e d
f 1
.

An attemp t b y S al ad in in th e r s t y ear o f his reign to r ed u c e th e

nu mb er o f TAI h o rs em en cau s e d s u ch r es entment that it was ab an
d o n e d T h e c av al r y o f G UD HAM h o we ver w er e r e d u c e d fr o m 7000
.
, ,

2
to 300 .

Wh e n Mu
iz z

Izz el D in 3
, th e rs t
M aml uks of th e Bah r ite ,

s u ppla nte d th e Ayy11 bites

, m any o f th e Ar abs at o nc e ro s e in r es e nt
ment agains t th e ru l e o f a b ar b ar i an sl ave an d in 1 2 5 1 fo r me d a

,

l e agu e o f r eb e lli o n 1
.

T h e B EN I T AI to o k a p r o min e n t p ar t in th is r e vo l t an d th e y w er e ,

j o ine d by s o m e AW LAD U D HRA w h o we re als o K ahtnites an d

,
5
,

m any K E N AN A incl u d ing s u ch b ranch es o f th at gr eat tr ib e as th e

,

AW LAD MUD LAG and th e d e sc n d nts A i ibn K b T h e r eb e ls

f d

3
e a o a a .

wer e h o wever signally d e feate d an d c o mp e ll e d to scatter into

, , ,

G har bia P r o v ince 7

.

T h e T HA ALI B A b ranc h app ear to h av e b ee n p o we r fu l in M o ro cc o

in 1 3 6 03 S eve ral tr ib e s in th e S u d an ar e d esce nd e d acco r ding to

.
,

t rad i ti o n fr o m th e m ; an d s o m e o f t h e B AKKA
,
R A m ay cl aim a c e r tain

d e g r ee o f p ro b abili ty fo r th e p rete nsi o n .

T w o o th er l ar g e Kahtan ite tr ib e s re p r es e n te d at th e c o nq u es t o f
Egyp t ar e th e B E LI an d th e G UHAYN A B o th wer e m ain b r anch es o f .

K UDAA that is d escen d ed fr o m Himyar whereas the T AI w ere

9
, ,

d e sc e n d e d fr o m K ah l an th e b r o th er o f Himy ar .

1
M akri z i p 44 3
,

i
. .

2
M akr i z i l o c ci t p 1 06 Bl o ch e t r e ad s Djo u d am i s , b ut I as s um e t h s to
mi
i g f h A bi x viz w
.

i d f
.
, . .

be a s r e ad n o t e ra c te t , .
, or n s te a o

M i
3
E mi E i b k
u r s

Ai b

Q r e

-
eg e tc u atr em re , I I , 1 92
f ld O d f ld giv f
.
, ,

Q5
e Ad h h
u at r em Wu re , Wu
ra s te n e sr a s te n e es o ur

ib
.
,

Od ll K h

s r as , i a a t an t e t r es

F mMk i( p Q migh h Aw l d Ad i d
.

3
ro ) a riz q a u atr em e r e one t sup p o s e t e a an

w ib R f f ld (
. .

h K
t e d h M dl
e n an a an t Wu
e u ag e re s e p ar ate tr es e e re n c e t o s ten e q
d P) h w h y w m g I a li i f mily h gh d b
. .

N

an sll f h e s t e ere a o t e sa e r e at sm i t c a t ou no ou t,
as o f h te n i i f i h d h igh p
ap p e n s , a ce r ta n ll h f p o rt on o t a t e r t ar exce
,

ence to t e u se o
h
t e na m K a e en na .

M k i Kh t
7
a riz I b K h ld

e a t, I , 2 1 0 7
3
n a n , I , 1 4
i G h i dy y i h H d w
.
, .

9
T h K da

ed d h u a s u cc e e e t e an c e n t ur um te n as t n t e eg z an ere

h g di f h K b il h y w l d b b y h K ai
t e u ar an s o t 6 e a a a un t t e e r e r e p ac e a out 40 AD t e us
i f K y h (V D y k
.

se ct o n o u ra s an c 3
4 , pp .
,
I I 1 V 11 1
. . . IN T HE MI DD LE AGES 1
37

B E LI T h e B EL I in th e D ays o f Ign or anc e h ad b ee n s ettl e d in

VIII .

y
S r i a , b u t at th e tim e o f th e c o nqu e s t O m ar ibn el K h attab trans
1

fer r e d a l ar ge nu mb er o f th e m to Egyp t , an d o n e o f th e qu ar ter s o f

F o stat w as set asi de fo r th em Th at th ey w er e o n e o f the m o s t 2
.

nu m er o u s o f th e tr ib es th at immigr ate d at th is p er i o d is s h ewn b y

t h e fac t th at t h e y w e e incl u d e d wi th t h e G HA
3
r F IK an d o n e o th er

tr ib e as
1
th e th re e tr ib e s o f E g yp t

Am r h ims e lf is s ai d t o h av e .

u s e d th is p h r as e an d o f th e B EL I h e add e d Th ey h ave mo s tly b ee n

,

C o mp ani o ns o f th e P r o p he t an d thei r princip al qu ality is that they

S
ar e e xc e ll e n t caval i er s .

D isp u te s s o o n ar o s e in Egyp t b etwe e n th em an d th e i r kinsfo lk

t h e G U HAY N A b u t an ag ree m e n t w as n all y r eac h e d wh ere by th e
,

B ELI s ettl ed in th e co u ntry lying b etween Egyp t an d the p o rt o f

Ai d h ab o n th e Re d S ea that is in th e n o r th er n p ar t o f th e B E GA
6
,

c o u ntry wh ich was l ater inhabi ted by th e AB AB DA In M akriz i s

7
.

d ay th er e w e r e nu m e r o u s b nc s t m in Egyp t an d wi th the m
ra h e o f h e
8

wer e co mm ingl e d c ertain small er co mmu ni ti es d rawn fro m the

I s m ai li tic tr ib e s o f B EN I O MM AYYA T HAK I F (a b ranc h o f K AY S

AY LAN ) an d HUD HAY L O th e r B EL I w e r e fu r th er s o uth i n th e

.
,

A k h mim d is tr ic t wi th th e G UHAY N A 3
.

At p r es e nt th ey are a l ar g e tr ib e o n th e Arabi an c o as t r o u n d
We gh neighb ou r s o f th e G UHAYN A and th ere are o ther s s ettl ed in
, ,

E gyp t r o u n d
1
T h e h ad p r e o u s
y vi l y b
ee n i n so u th e r n Ar a i a S ee B u r to n , L a nd of M idi a n b .
,

I , 2 9 6 , an d 1 1 , 1 4 1 , e t c
i v l
.

2
I b n D ukm ak, ap B u t e r , p 2 7 9 ; e l K i n d , ap E ett s ( A bu p 1 09
i w
i lm i by i
. . . . .

O th e r q u art e rs e r e o ccu p e d B en B ahr , B e n S a a at , Y ashk u r ( a s e c t o n o f

L ak h m ) , B en Hu d h a
3
i i i i zyl
ib n M u d r ak a , B e n N a d , B e n e l A r ak, e tc
S ee p 1 5 6 , n ote .

giv
.

1
B o u r i an t es M ah ar r ah ( 9 3 .-o m as i ts n a e ib
T h e r e w as n o s u c h t r e . .

I i t b bl h M d r h ) i m
s p ro a e t at

u r

o s e an t .

M k i Kh
5
6 a B giv
ri z , f h m i L d f Midi
e ta t , I I ,

4 9 . u r to n e s an acc o un t o t e n an o 1 an ,

II , 1 41 e t seq

i lly d f m A wa i B i
.

3
Ai d h ab l h

ay p r ac t ca u e e as t ro s n , n e ar t e an c e n t e r e n ce : s e e

M k i Kh t t
a riz d d W f ld b B l b A
e a

I, pp 4 1 an 43 , an us te n e su a i en

m r
f ld 6 Th b d i
. .
, , ,

S M k i p Q
7
ee ( d Wu
a ri z a u at re m e r e II , an s te n e I, 1 0 e o un ar e s

f h B li w h h b id g f S h h ai igh b
, .
, .

o t e h e d
ere o n t h h h e nort t e r e o u an on t e so u t t e ne our

h d fK l ( i M k i Kh t

oo o am a q v n a riz e a t, I

i B H B S wad B N ab
. .
, ,

B H (M k i p Q
3
E g an e arm o e tc . a ri z a u atr em re, 1 1 ,

f ld l
. . .
, .
, .
, .
, , .

2 02 W ; us t e n e oc

i l d d by M k i i m g h m w f l ib f U E gy
, .

9
B h ot ar e nc u e a r z a on t e o st po er u tr es o p p er pt
( P II Ch
se e art ap

li g i i b h ibl h m
.
,
1
h M akl

Th i
e ru n I i s e ct o n n ot c as e s s t e a a t s p o ss e t e na e su r

iv i h M akl f K d fa d D a f ( i P I I I ) T h S h ikh f h i
.

v es n t e a a o or o n an r ur q v n ar t e e o t s

b h Gi g g v m f i f B li k w h i d livi g
. . .

r an c h at r a a e m e t e na e o t e n se c t o n s o e no n to m an n

d W gh
ro u n d Gi g h y w e an r a: t e ere

M akl M w ah b S h m W h h h Hil b a

a a o i a a a a as s a n

h H R b id d

R a B
um ka F
t i a om r n e r ay t ere t u a

B (l
u r to n i 4 ) i w y h
oc . i i l i
c t . II, 1 1 sp e c es t ent -
t r ee pr nc pa s e ct o n s .
Ibn K h al d un ( 1 3 32

1 406 ) te lls us

y
In U pp er Eg p t fr om As an an d b e o n d it as far as th e l an d O f th e w y
y
Nub a an d that o f Ab ssin ia are numer ou s trib es an d scattere d section s , all
o f t h em b e l o ngi n g t o G
U HA N A, o n e O f th e b r an ch e s o f K U D AA T h e

Y . y
lled th o se p arts an d co n u ere d the l an ds o f th e NIJ B A an d s armed o e r q '

w v
y
th o s e o f Ab ssin i a an d s h ar e d th ei r c o u n tr i e s wi th them 7 .

Els ewh ere th e s am e au th o r sp eak ing o f ev ents th at o ccu rr ed

3
,

o nly a d e c ad e o r tw o b e fo re h is o w n bi r th an d th ere fo r e wi th in

c o mm o n r eco ll e cti o n s ay s : ,

An d w ith th e c o n v e r si o n o f th e N ubi an s t h e p ayment o f tr ib u te c eas e d 3

T h en th e tr ib es o f th e G UHAYN A Arab s sp read o ve th e ir c o u n try n d r a

s ettl e d i n i t an d r u l e d i t an d l l e d i t w i th rap in e an d d i so r d er At st . r

t h e k in gs o f th e N I J B A attemp te d t o r ep u l s e th em b u t th ey fail e d : th en
'

th ey w o n th em o ve r b y gi vi n g th em th ei r d au gh ters i n T hu s
w as th ei kingd o m d i si ntegrate d an d it p asse d to cer tai n o f th e son s o f
r ,

GUHAYN A on account o f their mothers [ b eing NIIBA o f the blo o d ro y l] s e

. .
'

-
a ,

S e e W uste n e d , 1 , 1 8 6 7 , sub
1
flG o h e i n a b en Z e d
i
b yb w ly mil
.

e s n o rt h o f Hau r a ( B u r to n ,
2
T h e o u n d ar et e en th e t w o i s n e ar 50
l o c ci t 1 1 ,
P vl
. .

3
C au ss in d e e r ce a , I I I , 2 1 7
m
.

4
E l N uw ay r y , ap I b n K h ald n , H is t B er b I , p p 3 1 3 ff S o e 7 00 G h at afan
m i m
. . . . .

an d F ez ar a , e t c , acco p an e d th e

. .

5
M akri z i , K h eta t , I I , 5 6 9

il m i m m g mi m i ib
.

3
I bid I I , 7 1 0 S i r C W s o n en t o n s th e a on th e s e no ad c t r es -

w
. . .

n o r th o f A s an ( l o c ci t p
l
. . .

7
E d d e S an e , p p 9 1 0 ; e d ar vo l 6 , p 5
i g vi g b l by l
. . . . . . .

3
E d ar vo l 5 , p 4 2 9 T h s p as s a e , n o t h a n e e n t r an s at e d d e S an e ,
g lly i
. . . . .

h as e n e ra e s cap e d n o t ce .

3
P
S e e art I I , C h ap 2 T h e Ar a c i s a b Eats li M . . l bi - .

,a U vi g i l-a .
U
lj ) l .a
j .
1 40 T HE PRO GRESS T HRO U G H EGYPT x
.

co nqu es t o f E g yp t the YAS HKUR s e cti o n o f th e tr ib e es tab

At th e
lis h e d th ems e lve s u p o n th e h ill c all e d after th e m th e site o f Ibn ,

l
T n s o u em sq
1
M an y o th er s e cti o ns o f th e tr ib e als o entere d
.

Egyp t in the s eve nth an d eigh th ce ntu r i es an d s ettl ed r o u n d Al ex

an d r i a In 79 8 A D s o m e An d al u si an r e fu g ee s w h o h ad b e e n
2
.
.
,

b anish e d fr o m Sp ain b y th e O m m ayy ad p r inc e el Hak am and h ad

l an d e d at Al exan d r i a e nte r ed into a l eag ue with th e B EN I LAKHM ; ,

b u t th e tw o p art i es s o o n q u arre ll ed an d in 8 1 5 th e An d al u si ans s u c

c ee d e d in taking th e to wn
3
.

D u r ing th e s am e h alf c e ntu r y th e B E N I L AK HM w e r e invo lv e d in -

th e civil w ar th at fo ll o w ed th e d eath o f Har li n el R as h i d an d evinc e d

great tu rb u l enc e at inte rvals 4
.

In M akr iz i s tim e th e y were very nu m er o u s in U pp er Egyp t an d

s o m e th i rty o f th ei r s e cti o ns are m enti o n ed by nam e T her e were .

als o s o m e o th e m s till s tt l d
f n l x nd i a
d A 5
e e r o u e a r .

Am o ng o th er K ah tan ite t r ib e s p o r ti o ns o f w h ic h ar e kn o wn to
h av e e nter e d Egyp t at th e tim e o f th e c o nq u e s t o r s o o n after i t w e
m ay n o te th e B EN I HAM D AN th e l ar g e Himy ar i tic family o f D HU ,

AS B AH to wh ic h b e l o ng e d M alik ibn An as th e fo u n d er o f the M aliki

s e ct an d a s e cti o n o f AZD al l o f wh o m s ettl e d at G iz a 7
3
, ,

L et u s n ow tak e th e b es t kn o wn o f th e I sm ai litic o r Ad n an ite

tr ib es w h o to o k p ar t in t h e invasi o n o f E g yp t T h e m o s t fam o u s .

ar e th e K EN AN A an d th e K URA YS H .

K E NANA an d KURA S H
X I T h e e p o n m o u s anc e s to r o f th e Y . y
K E N AN A m ay h ave lived ab o u t 1 00 A D T h e h o m e o f hi s d e sc en d ants
3
. .

fo r s u cc e ssive c e n tu r i e s h ad b e e n in th e Heg az an d Ti h am a r o u n d
M ekk a " T h e g reat su b tr ib e o f URAYS H b ecam e s ep arate fro m th e
.
-
K
p ar ent s to ck s o m e tim e b efo re th e r is e o f th e P r o p h et an d th ei r m o s t
y
fam ou s famil that o f KUsAI O b tain e d th e gu ar d i ans hip o f th e
, ,

K a ab a ab o u t 440 A D 1O

. .

1
M akr i z i K heta t,

I, 36 1 T h e r e w as a sol a s e ct o n i of Ra i b
a ca ll d Y
e as hk u r

P vl
.
,

( C au ss in de er c e a 11 ,
2
O ne of th e i r nu
,

mb er w as G o v e rn o r o f E gy pt in 7 5 0 A D .
( L an e -
P l oo e, H is t .

p 49 )
lx i k
.

3
M akr i z i l oc ci t 11, 49 3 , 4 9 4 A e an d r a w as r e ta en i n 8 2 7 an d th e A n d a
l i w
x ll d C P l g zy
. . .
,

u s an s er e e p e i e to r ete : se e L an e o o e , l oc
-
. c t .
p .
3 6 , q u o ti n Do ,
11 ,

6 8 76 d Q an e u at re m re .

P l l i
,
4
L an e -
8 M k
oo e,i l i 6 oc . c t .
p .
3 ; a riz ,
oc . c t . I, 2 9 .

5
M ki i p Q a e
r z ( a u at re m re II,
f ld
.
,
3
Wu s te n e 3
l
.
,

Vi d M k i Kh t 6 6 d 6 d Ab

7
e a ri z e a t, 11 , 0 an 07 , an u S lih ( p T he atte r

k f G iz b il x l iv ly f h H m d a ,

by E v giv f
.

sp e a s o a as u t e c us e or t e a n : a n o te e tts es a re er

l Si i H l M had i 8 ( A bi ) C B l

e n ce t o e t s u sn e u ra, I , 1 ra c p ut er , p 43 1
i d P v l l i T bl V I I I
. . . .

3
C au ss n e e r ce a oc c t a e

f ld 6 8
. .
, .

3
I bid d Wu 1, 1 9 3, an ste n e I, 2
i d P vl
.
.
,
1
C au ss n 5 e e r ce a ,
1, 23 .
II 1 X I
. . . IN T HE MI D D LE A G ES 1
41

At th e b eginning o f th e s even th c e n tu r y b o th th e an d th e y b u lk
o f K EN A N A s till w o r s h ipp e d th e i d o l U zz a , an d th e tw o tr ib e s w ere
1

acc u s t o m e d t o ac t in u nis o n in tim e o f w ar

2
.

Wh en th e P r o p h et p r o cl aim e d hi s missi o n h e m et with th e mo s t

s er i ou s o pp o si ti o n fr o m his own t r ib esm en o f K URAY S H an d it was ,

th ey an d o th er K EN AN A w h o sign ally d e feated h im in 6 2 5 at O b o d

an d atte mp te d in t h e fo ll o wing y ear t o b e si e g e h i m at M ed i n a
3
.

In 6 30 M u hammad to o k M ekka and th e i do l o f U zz a w as b r o k en

to pi e c e s by K h ali d ibn Wali d
4
T h e K URAYS H th e n s u bmi tted . .

T h e d ate an d ex te nt o f th e K EN AN A immig r ati o n in to Egyp t ar e

b o th u ncer tain b u t in th e tim e o f th e P atr i ar ch S he m i d i s bi o gr ap h er
,

at th e en d o f th e s e v e n th c e n tu r y th e B EN I M UD LAG s e c ti o n w er e ,

s tr o ng e n ou gh to b esi eg e Al ex an dr i a s ack m o nas ter i es an d r efus e

'

, ,

to p ay t ax e s u ntil an ar my w as s en t ag ains t th e m
5
.

In 8 1 8 A D an d again th i r tee n y ear s l ater w e n d th e KEN AN A

. .
, , ,

an d in p ar tic u l ar th e B E N I M U D LAG s e c ti o n w h ic h app ear s to h av e ,

b ee n m o r e o r l ess in d ep en d en t o f th e m ain tr ib e an d to h ave b ee n ,

v e ry p r o n e to r eb elli o n taking p ar t in the C o p tic r evo l ts ,

3
.

In 1 2 49 wh en L ou is I X O f Fr anc e b esi eg ed D ami etta th e

, , _

garr is o n c o nsis ted o f K EN ANA T h ey ed h o w ever o n th e r s t .

, ,

app ro ac h o f th e e n e my an d in c o ns e q u e nc e t h e S u l tan h u ng as
,

m any o f th em as h e c o u l d catch 7
.

By th e en d o f th e fo u r teenth c entu ry the K EN ANA p r o p e r in

Egyp t wer e d ivi d ed into th r ee m ain d ivisi o ns th e D AM RA th e LAYTH ,
3
,

an d th e F IRA S : th ei r h ead qu ar ter s w er e r o u n d S a ki a K o l ta .

T h e K URAY S H incl u d e d th e AW LAD AD 1 I B N K A AB th e B E N I

,

MAKHs M th e B EN I O MM AYYA th e B EN I AB B As an d m any o th er s

, ,

an d m ay b e ass u m e d t o h av e b e en w e ll r e p r e s e nte d at th e c o nqu e s t

o f Egyp t sinc e b o th Am r ibn e l As i an d e l Z u b ay r ibn el Awwa m

,

w h o r einfo r c e d h im an d s ev eral o th er s o f th e m o r e fam o u s Ch i e ftains

,

wer e tr ib esm e n o f K URAYS H M an y m o r e immigr ate d wi th su cces 3

.

1
P vl
C au ss in d e e r ce a , I , 2 6 9 O th e r K e n an a o r sh p p e d t h e M o o n an d A d e w i l
b yk
.

ar an (i bi d I , 3 49 , an d cp V an D c p
b k fm ly b w y
. . .
,
2
E g in 5 8 0 A D r o e o u t th e a ous Ho W ar s et e e n th e Ku r a s h

b i
. . .

an d o t h e r r an c h e s o f K e n an a o n t h e o n e h an d an d th e B e n Haw az in o n th e
l
o th er : th e s e as te d fo r a o u t t e n b
e ar s ( C au s s in d e y
e r ce a , l oc ci t I , 2 9 6 P vl
P vl
. .

3 4
I bid 1 1 1 , 9 0 C au ss i n d e e r c e a 1 1 1 2 4 1 if
b i
. . .
, ,
5
M S Ar a 1 40, p p 3 3 ff , ap Q u atr em er e I I , 1 9 8 S h en d i d e d i n 4 5 1 H is
bi g wi l
.

y
. . . . .
,

o r ap h w as r tt en in 6 8 5 o r 6 9 0 ( B u t er , A r a b p p 8 7 an d .

3
E g se e M akr i z i , K h eta t, 1 1 , 4 9 4 , 4 9 5 , 49 6

P l
. . .

7
M akri z i , S el ak p 5 1 2 ; L an e o o e , H is t p 2 3 2 -

fl m m
. .
, . .

3
W ust en e d ( N ) , D h a r a ; Q u at r em er e , B a r ah

km by i giv li b
.

I b n Ab d e l Ha a , as q u o te d A b u e l M ahas n , st o f th e Asha
3
es a

m i ly
w h o acco p an e d Am r N e ar

al l o f t h e s e e r e Ku r ay s h i t e s , an d o f t h e a a n, w m gi
mj iy i l i g by bl g i b i
.
,

Am r an d Z u a r , e o n e d t o t h e B en K a a se c t o n

th e a or t , nc ud n
l
( s e e B u t e r , p 2 2 9 no te) . .
1
42 T HE PRO GRES S T HROU G H EGYPT II 1 x1
. . .

sive Om m ayy ad an d Ab b asi d go ver no r s and w e s hall see th at at " 1

,

l eas t o ne p ar ty o f th em c r o ss ed th e Red S ea into the S u d an in th e

e ig h th c e n tu r y E ar ly in th e te nth c entu ry th e b r anch d esc en d e d
2
.

fr o m G a ar ibn Ab u T alib w as exp ell e d fro m M ekka by th e B E N I

HUS AYN an d fr o m th e c o u ntry n o r th o f it b y th e B EN I HARB an d ,

t o o k r e fu g e in Egyp t In Ibn K h ald n s tim e th ey wer e s ettl e d .

b etween As wan an d Ku s with th e B EN I K AN Z and were kno wn as ,

th e S h u r afa cl G a ar a : th ey we r e c h i ey e mpl o y e d in trad e

3
T he .

G A AF I RA o f the p r e s e nt d ay ar e th e i r d e sc e n d ants

.

In 1 400 th e K URA YS H wer e m o s tly s ettl e d r ou n d As h munayn

wh e nc e they h ad o u s te d th e G UHAY N A ; o th er s lived si d e by si d e wi th
th e G U HAY N A in e l Si ut an d M anfal ut d is tr ic ts o r sc atter e d th r o u gh ,

o u t U pp e r Egyp t
4
.

Am o ng th e i r c h i ef s u b d ivisi o ns Mak r iz i m e nti o ns th e B EN I

G A AF IR th e B E N I TALHA th e B EN I Z UB AY R th e B EN I S HAYB A th e

, , , ,

B EN I MAK HZIJ M th e B E N I O MMAYYA th e B EN I ZAHRA and th e B EN I

, , ,

S AHM (th e family o f Am r ibn el As i) 5

.

X I I KA Y S A Y LAN Ab o u t 7 2 7 A D a p o r ti o n o f th e gr eat tr ib e o f

. .

K AY S AY LAN was b ro u g ht fro m th e U pp er N eg d o f Ar abi a by th e

t r e as u r er O b ay d u l la ibn e l Hab h ab an d s e ttl e d in th e eas ter n Hau f

3
.

In th at y ear a K aysite el Wali d ibn Rifa a e l F ah mi was G over n o r ,

o f Egyp t
"
.

Acc o r d ing to M akr i z i o nly a few in d ivi du als o f th e FAH M an d

AD W AN s e c ti o ns o f th e tr ib e h ad p r evi o u sly b ee n in Egyp t b u t th is

s tatem ent s eems inaccu rate fo r w e k n o w th at b etwe en 709 an d 72 7 n o t , ,

c o u nting el Wali d there had b een n o l ess than th r ee Kaysite G o ver n o r s

,

o f Eg p t tw o o f th e FAHM an d o n e o f t h e AB S s e c ti o n an d th e s e

y , ,

w o u l d no t h ave c o m e u n atte n ded by nu mb er s o f th ei r own tr ib esm e n .

El K in d i to o m enti o ns that at th e tim e o f the c o nqu es t a p ar t o f

, ,
3

e l F o sta t w as l ai d o u t b y th e tr ib e o f K inan a ibn Am r ibn el Kib r

ibn Fah m i e by a s ecti o n o f K AYS We s hall als o s ee that o ther

9
, . . .

s ecti o ns o f K ays were w e ll r ep r es e nte d b e fo r e 72 7 A D .

1
F o r th e n u mb er o f th e s e s e e f ll wi g
o o n c h ap te r , p ar a V II I
f l wi g
. .

2
S ee o l o n ch ap t er , p ar a x1
l
. .

3
I b n K h ald i m ed de S ed vo l 6 , p p 5 , 6 , Bk M akr i z i

, . an e , I , 9
-
1 1 . ar . . . . II ; cp .
,

K h eta t,

71 0
11 , .

4
M akri z i , K heta t,

II, 71 0 .

5
Q u atr e m e re I I 1 7
P l giv h d b
.
, ,
3
S e e M akr i z i K heta t L an e o o e ( H is t p 2 8 )

I , 229 -
es t e at e as a o ut

P vl ib ym y
. . .
, ,

C au ssin d e er ce a p u t s t h e d ate o f th e t r Ka

732 e s ep o n o u s an ce s to r s

b w ly f g i b w hi
.

Ad n an

at a o u t 6 8 A D T h er e ere o n o ur en er at o n s et een m an d

P vl bl
.

( C au ss i n d e e r c e a , V o l I , T a e V I I I)
P l
. .

7
L an e o o e , H is t p 4 8
-

li
. . .

3
El ap A b u S a h , p 1 10

fl w i
. . .

3
S ee W us te n e d , D , h er e c l Q e n is r e ad fo r cl Kib r .
 T HE PR O GRES S THR OU GH EGYPT X 1I .

Th ey mu s t to o h av e l ar ge l y inter m arr i ed wi th th e B erb er s in

, ,

Egyp t fo r w e h ave th e gr eat L UATA b r anch o f the l atter ab out 1 400A D

, . .

ac t ually c alling th e ms e lv e s d esc e n d an ts o f K ays Ayl a n 1

.

No w s o m e o f th e m ain branch e s o f K AYS h ad at an ear ly d ate

b eco m e s uffici en tly in d ep en d ent to b e no l o nger sp o k en o f u n der

th at d e n o min ati o n in c o mm o n p ar l anc e .

Ab o u t 5 6 3 A D for ins tanc e th e bl o o d y War o f el D ahis bro k e

. .
, ,

o u t b e tw ee n th e B EN I F EZA RA an d th e B E N I AB S b o th in d ep en d e nt

,

s e cti o ns o f th e G HATAF AN b r anch 2

.

X I I I F E Z ARA Th es e FEz ARA in th e P r o p h et s day w er e to all

.

intents an in d ep e n de nt tr ib e an d live d n ear M ekk a T h ey and th e .

B EN I AB s s u bmi tte d to Isl am in 6 2 9 b u t r evo l ted fo r a tim e against

,

Ab u B u k r in 6 3 2 3
.

Fr o m el Nuw ayry w e l ear n that s o m e G HATAFAN an d FEZARA

4

t o o k p ar t wi th G U HAY N A an d o th er s in th e exp e d i ti o n w h ic h Ab du ll a

ibn S a ad mad e to th e w es t o f E g yp t in 647

.

Th is w ou l d n ot b e c omp atibl e wi th th e s tatem ent o f M ak r iz i that

th er e w er e n o KAYS in Egyp t till 72 7 A D w e r e i t n o t ass u m e d th at .

th e F EZA RA h ad b e c o m e s o in d ep en d e n t th at th ei r Kaysi te o r igin h ad

b een fo r gotten 5
.

S u bs equ entl y o th er F EZARA acc omp ani ed th e B EN I HI LAL wh en ,

th e l atter e n ter e d Egyp t in th e e l e v e n th c e n tu ry an d th e re m ar ks o f ,

I d r isi in 1 1 5 4 an d o f Ibn S a id a c e ntu ry l ater l ead o n e to think th at

th is o r an ear li er g r o u p o f F E ZARA c o al e sc e d wi th th e B er b er s to s u c h
a d e g r ee as h ar d ly to b e d is tingu is h abl e fr o m th e m
3
.

O th er F E ZARA r em ain e d in E g yp t Mak r iz i sp eaks o f th em as .

s ettl ed in U pp er Egyp t K ali b P r o vinc e an d C ai r o Eve n m o r e o f ,

7
.

Q u atr e m
1
er e , I I , 2 07
l d ill 6 8 i d P vl l Fi d a
.

2
It C
as t e t d0 Ab A D z s ee au s s n e e r ce a 11 , 429 an 49 9 ; u e
Dy k f ld H T h w
.
,
.
,

pp 4 V1 8
0 e t seq ; d W an f h c p 3 ; an us t e n e e ar ar o se o u t o a o rse

i wh i h f l ly k l
. . . .
, ,

r ac e n c ou p a to o p ac e

i d P vl
.

3
C 8
au s s n 6 e e r ce a 111 , 2 1 34 5 , 3 2
l MS S A d D 6 X
.
, ,

Ap I b K h l d
4
7 S n a i
n , I , 3 1 3 44 ee a so 1 1 L I V , an III n
P f m wh i h i m m f h m h v m i d Ab d ll ib
. . .
, ,

ar t IV , ro c t s ee s so e o t e m ay a e acc o p an e u a n

S d
a a

x di i f 6 6
s e pe t on o 4 1
42
i d P v l (T bl X ) ym
.

C 5
au s s n h d e f h e r ce f a a e B p u ts t e ate o
t e ep o n o u s an ces to r o

t h F a e b ez Th r a at a h g i b w h i d G h fa
o ut 3 00 A D e r e ar e t r ee en e r at o n s et e en m an at a n

h g fK y
. .

t e d r an so n o a s

p Ib K h l d ) y Am g h d d
.

3
Ib S id ( n a q v a n a un , p p 9

1 1 sa s : on t e e s ce n an t s

h H yb i
. . . .

o f Gh fa h B k
at a n th R ah ere d h F a
ar e Id at ar a t e a t e u a, an t e ez ra. ris

( p p C R h
2 9 0, a h 6 ff ) k f h i i f O ld P l m i
ar e t t e , ec er c es pp 1 2
,

sp ea s o t e t e r r to r es o to e a s

i h bi d b y Z a d F a d ll d h m B b ib bi iz d
. . . .
. .
,

as n a te en ta a n ez r a , an a u e s to t e as er er tr e s ar a c e

Th Z a w B b S m F a m i d i N h Af i d
.

e f en ta er e o cou rs e er ers . o e ez ra r e a ne n ort r c a an

v d h i ib l i g i y M C
p r e s er e t (l
e r i tr 44 5 ) m ai h m i 85 n te r t : ar e tt e oc c t p en t o n s t e n 1 3
m g h ib i h vi f C i
. . . .

as a on t e tr es n t e p ro n ce O o n s tan t n e .

Q 7
e 7 Th u at r em ill F a i E gy ( K li l
r e , 1 1 , 20 d e r e ar e s t ez ra n pt ppe p 9; an cp .

S i C W il
. .
,

r . so n , p .
II 1 X I V
. . . IN T HE MI DD LE A G ES 1 45

th e m m u s t h ave fo u n d th ei r w ay to th e S u d an fo r th o u gh th e nam e , ,

is n o w s el d o m h ear d it w as u s e d p r evi o u s to th e M ah d ia alm o st ,

g en er ically to d en o te th e c am el o wning tr ib es o f K o r d o fan an d -

D ar fur an d a p er u s al o f th e nisbas th at fo ll o w will m ak e i t cl ear

1
,

th at a gr eat n u mb er o f th e S u d an e s e Arabs w h o d o n o t aspi r e t o c all

th e ms e lv e s B E N I AB B A S cl aim d esc e n t fr o m th e F EZARA G HATAFA

N , ,

B E N I D HUB I AN an d o th er tr ib es o f K AY S AY LAN
.

X I V B E NI H ILAL an d B E NI S U LA YM An o th e r gr eat s u b tr ib e o f .
-

KA YS w as th e B E N I HI LAL T h e s e w e r e g en eal o gic ally c o nsi d er e d .

, ,

a s e c ti o n o f th e HAW A Z I N w h o lik e th e B E N I S ULAYM w er e a b ranc h .

, ,

o f th at m ain d ivisi o n O f KAYS c all e d th e I KRI MA

2
.

Th at p o r ti o n o f th e I KRI M A wh ich w as gen erally kn own b y th e

n am e will b e m et wi th l ater in sp eaking o f th e AW LAD M 2 at

Asw an T h e B E N I HI LAL at s o m e fai r ly ear ly p er i o d h ad b e c o m e
3
.
4

s ep arated fr o m th e m ain tr ib e in the s am e w ay as h ad th e FEZARA ,

an d th e i r h o m e at th e b eginning o f th e s ev e n th c e n tu r y w as wi th

th e i r r e l ativ e s th e B E N I S U LAYM n e ar Tayf in th e pl ains wh ich li e

e as t o f th e m o u n tains th at s e p arate Ti h a ma fr o m N eg d Wh en th e
5
.

Isl amic m o v em e nt b egan a nu mb er o f them m o ved p erm anently to

Syr i a .

N o w in th e te n th c e n tu ry th e F atimi tes h aving b e c o m e s u p r em e

1
Cp .
, to o , e l T n i si .

I k r im a

M an sur

Su l ym
a Haw az in

Mu aw i a

Sa sa a
I
Am
'

il l H a
( S e e W u s t en
3
f ld F
e , ,
an d C au ssin d P
e v l T bl X )
e r ce a ,
a e A .

S ee p 1 8 7
v l im H ilal i b A mi hi m lf liv d b
. .

4
C au ss in d e P er ce a est at e s th at n

4 r se e a o ut 1 4 A D
bl X
. .

(T a e A )
l vl
.

5
I b n K h a d un , I , 2 5 ; C au s s in e e r ce a , 1 1 , 4 1 0 d P C Q 5 p u at r em

re , 1 1 , 2 1 2 2 1

bi i d d f m h m gh y A bi
. . .

T h e S h e r ar at o f A r a a ar e s a d t o e e sce n e ro b d D t e : se e ou t ra a

D eser ta , I , 1 2 5 D o u h t sp e a s o t e as t e g y k f h B H il al h f bl d i h i A b a e an c e n t ero c
,

ar a

lm i i m i f k w igi w l lly ib d
. .

o f N ejd a o s t an y an t q u ar an r e a ns o u n no n or n ere o ca att r u te

t o th e m
: se e A r D es l o c ci t an d I , 3 8 7 , an d
. . . . I, 36, 38 , 1 38 II, 2 1 1 , 25 9 .

M . S . I .
1 46 T HE PRO GRES S T HR O U G H EGYPT I I 1 X IV
. .

l ng th e N o r th Afr ican c o as t lin e p u s h e d th ei r c o nqu es ts eas twar d s

a o -

o v e r Egy p t an d S y r i a an d b y 9 1 A D th e y h ad b ro u g h t u n d er th e i r
9 , .

ru l e al l th e c o u nt ry lying b e tw e e n th e eas t er n b o r d e r o f M o r o cc o

an d th e Sy r i an d e s e t an d th e O r o n te s
1
r .

Alm o s t imm e d i ate l y afte r th e c a u est o f Sy r i a th e K h alifa e l

Az 1 z Ab u M ans ur (9 75 9 9 6 A D ) m o ve d th e B EN I S ULAY M an d B EN I

. .

HI LAL to U pp Egy p t
e r an d s ettl e d t h em th e r e T h e c h i e f d i visi o ns
2
.

O f th e l att er w e r e t h e AT HB E G th e R I A H th e Z O GHB A th e M A AKL

, , , ,

th e G I S HM an d th e K URRA 3
.

Ab o u t
fty years later in 1 045 w h e n th e p o wer o f the Fatimite s , ,

was b e ginning to d e clin e M u i z z th e c h i e f o f th e SAN HAGA B er b er s

at Kai r u a n b e c am e d is affe c te d an d th e K h alifa e l M u s tan si r Ab u ,

T amim ( 1 03 6 1 094) e ve ntu all y s e nt wo r d in 1 049 to th e B EN I

, ,

HI LAL s ay ing I m ak e yo u a gift o f M agh r ab an d th e k ing d o m o f

M u iz z s o n o f B alk i n th e Sanh ag i th e ru naway sl ave

4
,
.

T hu s w as u s h er ed in the p er i o d O f p er m an ent Arab d o min ati o n

in th at p t o N o th Af ica which li es we s t o f Egyp t T h e tr ib es o f
ar f r r
5
.

B EN I HI LAL acc o mp ani e d by o th er B EN I KAYS c hi e y B E N I S ULAYM

, ,

u n d e r th e i r l ead e r s h ip sw ar m e d lik e l o cu s ts to th e
an d F E z A
3 7
RA , ,

n o rth w es t in 1 05 1 j o in e d fo r c es wi th th ei r kinsfo lk the B E N I K URRA

-

w h o wi th th e ai d o f th e K ET AM A B er b er s h ad al r ead y e s tablis h e d
t h ems e lv e s ab o u t fo r ty six y ear s b e fo r e at B ar k a an d o v erran th e
-
,

p r o vinces o f Tu nis an d T r ip o li Mu iz z enlis ted th e ai d o f th e

3
.

Z EN ATA B erb er s b u t h is resis tanc e w as weak d is affecti o n w as r ife

, , ,

s u c h o f h is tr o o ps as accep te d b attl e we r e d e feate d an d th e c o u ntry ,

p ass e d u n d er th e d en o min ati o n o f th e B EN I HI LAL T h is gr eat .

exp e d i ti o n an d th e d e s u l to ry w ar far e wi th t h e Z E N A T A th at fo ll o w e d

i t g ave r is e to th e fam o u s c y cl e o f l eg e n d s in h o n o u r o f th e h er o
Ab u Z ay d e l Hil ali w h ic h w as r ife at l eas t u n til l ate ly al l o v er

, ,

1
yk
V an D c , p 1 5 0
m i l ym l v gy m v y
. .

2
S o e o f th e B e n S u a ap p e ar a so to h a e e n te r e d E p t s o e se e n t
y li v b l
e ar s e ar e r ( 1 09 A H ) an d to h a e w b
e e n s ett e d r o u n d B alb ay s , h e r e su s e q u en t ly
yw j i by i ib l m v wi
. .

th e ere o ne d o th er s o f th e r tr e T h e s e all , at a at er d at e , o ed th th e
m i ib b y w
.

a n tr e to th e B e r e r c o u n tr in th e e st ( Q u atr em er e , 1 1 , 2 1 2
l l
.

3
I b n K h a d un , I , 2 8 ( e d d e S an e ) , an d e d ar V o l 6 , p 1 5 , Bk I I
l
. . . . . . .

4
I b n K h a d u n , e d ar V o l 6 , p 1 4
P vi i b m m ii w
. . . . .

e r o u s ex
5
re o u s t o t h s o f co u r s e t h e A r a s h ad ad e n u p ed t o ns e st

w f m gy
ar d s ro E b m m lm b m
p t an d n o d o u t so e p er an e n t s e tt e e n t s h ad een ad e ,

b g l bi iz i
b u t th e r e h ad e e n n o e n e r a ar a c at o n
b lk w ill bi i im l
.

e ( s ee I b n K h a d un , e d
3
T he u o f th e F ez ar a e r e st i n Ara a at th s t

l
.

d e S an e , 1 , 1 1 8 n o te)
v l ib m i b y w i l ly
.

7
S e e r a o f t h e s u b tr e s e n t o n ed
-
I b n K h ald im e r e , as b e p art c u ar

i bl w i il l g
p o n t s o u t , an d as W us t e n fe l d s t a e s h e s , n o t B e n H a p r o p e r , t h o u h t h e

y
w ki
ere of igi
n d red o r ly v y
n i n n e ar e er i l ig
c ase , e g G h atafan ( n c u d n F e z ar a) an d
b y yl l
. .

r an c h es o f Ka s A an ( S e e I b n K h a d un , e d ar V o l 6 , p p 5 , 1 6 ,

o th e r

P l
. . . . .

3
C p L an e o o e , H is t p 1 2 8
.
-
. . .
 1 48 T HE P RO GRESS THR O U GH EGYPT I I 1 X IV
. . .

Leo Afr ic anu s

( c 1 49 5 1 5 5 2 ) giv es u s d etails c o nc er ning th e .

B N I HILAL in th e no th
E r Th e A r a bi ns w ic in bi t Afr ica
a h h h a l
.
,

h e s ays ar e d iu i d e d in to t h r e e p ar ts o n e p ar t w h e r eo f ar e c all e d

, ,

CACHI N th e s ec o n d HI LE LL an d th e th ir d MAC HI LL
2 3
O f th e , .

Hil ell o r B EN I HI LAL h e t e lls u s th at th ey w er e a r ic h p o wer fu l

, ,

tr ib e wi th 6 000 h o r s e m e n d w e lling u p o n th e fr o n ti er s O f th e king

d o m o f T r em iz en an d O r an 4
.

T h e AW LAD U KB A s e c ti o n liv ed o n th e b o r d er s o f M el i ana in

Alg er i a an d w er e in r ec eip t o f all o w anc e s fr o m th e ru l er o f Tu nis :
5

th ey ar e a ru d e an d wil d p e o pl e an d in v er y d ead e e s trang e d fr o m

al l h u m aniti e : t h ey h av e ( as i t is r e p o r ted ) ab o u t 1 00 h o r s e m e n

5 .

X V R A BI A an d B E NI K A NZ O n e o f th e l ar g e s t d ivisi o ns o f th e

.

I sm ai liti c s to ck in Ar abi a w as th at o f RAB I A w h o incl u d ed th e

,

gr eat B UKR an d TAGHLI B s ecti o ns kn own to geth er as WAi L th e , ,

AB D EL KAY S an d m any o th er s
3
.

T h e ear ly h o m e o f th e RAB i A was in th e Heg az th e N eg d h igh

,

l an d s an d Ti ham a b u t to war d s th e en d o f th e fth ce ntu ry A D , . .

vi o l ent inter n al d iss ensi o ns b r ok e o u t and in th e sixth m o s t o f th e

t r ib e mig r ate d th e T AGHLI B fr o m N e g d n o r th w e s tw ar d s to M e s o
,
-

p otami a an d th e AB D E L KAYS fr o m Ti h am a eas twar d s wi th th e

B UKR to Bah rayn E ar ly in th e s eve nth c ent ury a gr eat p art o f th e

7
.

RAB I A acc ep ted C h r is ti ani ty

3
.

In 8 5 4 A D o ccu rr e d an exte nsive migrati o n o f RAB i A to Egyp t

. .
3
.

T h ey d isp er s ed into th e var i o u s canto ns b u t chi ey it wo u l d app ear , , ,

t o th e Asw an d is tr ic t an d n o r th er n N ubi a T h enc e in 8 6 9 in c o m .

, ,

p any wi th m any Kahtanite G U HAYN A an d o th er s th e RA B i A p o u r e d

1
igh y w f E gy d h N il
M e an n t e co un tr e st o pt an t e e

C hi ll d E q i by M m l
.

2
S h hi (Lac n, or c ac n eo , p ar e c a e sq u e u n ar o

Th y w igi di g b h h
.

( p fI a li i e ere o sm i t c or n ac co r n to ot au t ors

d M m l C
.

P y
.

j l(
3
L d 5
eo , t r an s B h L or 5 ) pp 1 42 an 1 0 ot e o an ar o ar ava a c. 1 20
d iv h i i f m i hi y f h ib f B i Hilal f m Ib
. . .
,

er e t h e r n or at o n as to t e p as t s to r o t e tr e o en ro n
d B w M h il l b bly i d d
e l R kfk ( aL se e ) B eo e ro n, p 21 1 n o te y ac ar e p ro a n t en e

M akl ) m i 6 ) b y Ib b h f
. . .
,

h M

Kh ld

t e kl ( a a d ( p or a a en t o n e see 1 4 n a ti n as a r an c o

B i H il al m g h B li b ib (
.

en d d h an r ep r e sen te 37 at t e p r e sen t a on t e e su -
tr es se e p 1

) M m l ( 7 6 ) ll h m M h q i l B h h ib h m
.
,

no te ar o d L
p ca s t e a e u ot e an eo attr u te t o t e a

Him y i i igi
. . .

ar t c or n .

4
L eo , p 1 44
T h ki gd m f H b x igh b f M li
. .

5
e n h o o uc an ar e n e t ne o u rs u n to t e r eg 1 o n o e an

(i bid l oc

l di g h A z h g ib whi h liv d i T h am d w
. .

3
I nc u n t e n a a, t e r e at tr e c e at r st n e a an no
b w h E h
et e en d h Sy i t e m i (C i d P v l
up r at e s an t e r an o un t a n s au s s n e e r ce a I,
Th w erel i f K y ll d R b
as a s o a s e ct o n o a s ca e a i

a
,

C d P v l l i Th l m f B k w k w D ia B k
.

7
e e r ce a oc c t e s e tt e en t s o u r er e no n as r u r,

h m d D i b ki f ld 7 8 b R bi b N iza ig
. .
.
,

t e o C Wu
er n ar e r

p st en e 1, 3 su a

a en r,

q uot n

d lB k i
. .
, ,
3
Y ak t an e I bid
e r 8 1, 34 ; II , 39 2
3
i g M ki i i h A b ib ld
. . .

Q
3
e 84 85
u at r e m re, II ,

q uo t n a r z s t r e at se o n t e ra tr es s e tt e

i E gy P l Hi
,

n C L pt .
p . an e -
oo e , st .
p . 29 .
1 1 1 xv
. . . I N T HE MI DD LE AGES 1 49

into th e B E GA c o u ntr y to the s t T h e l u res to them wer e th e ea

1
.

e m er al d an d g o l d min e s : th e sp u r w as th e O pp r e ssi o n o f th e tax

gather er o n th e Nil e In thes e ear l y days th e ch i e f o f th e R abi a w as

.

Is hak ibn B esh r b u t b e fo re l o ng a spli t o ccu rr e d an d th e B EN I YUN I S

,

s e c ti o n w h o had tak e n u p th ei r ab o d e at Ai d hab e mbro il ed the m

s e lves wi th th e B E N I BES HR s ecti o n an d wer e fo r ce d to reti r e to the

2

Heg az T h e n th e B EN I BES HR quar re ll e d am o ng thems e l v es Is hak

.
,

w as k ill e d an d h is c o u sin Ab u Ab du ll a M u hamm ad Ab u Z ay d

s u ccee de d him Ab u Z ay d h ad lived at B alb ays b u t o n b e ing

.

, ,

ch o s en to l ead th e tr ib e h e to o k u p his head qu arter s at Aswan , .

M eanwh il e c o nsi d erabl e c o r d i ality h ad ar is e n b etween th e RAB f A

an d th e B E GA in th e eas t and als o b etw e e n th e o th e r RA B i A and th e

N ubi ans o n th e Nil e .

T h e B E GA Ch i e ftains gave th ei r d au g h ter s to th e RAB I A in m arr i age

an d h e lp e d t h em t o ej e c t fr o m th e isl an d s O f th e Re d S ea th e o th er

Arabs w h o h ad s ettl e d th er e ear li er As a r e s u l t th e B E GA w h o had .

,

b ee n d is tinctl y infer i o r in s trength to th e N ubi ans b e cam e in alli ance ,

wi th th e RAB I A mo r e th an a m atc h fo r b o th the riverain tr ib es an d

s u c h K ahtan ite Arabs as h ad su ccee d ed in e s tablis h ing thems e lves

in the eas ter n des er ts B y M as ud i r el ates B as h i r ibn
3
,

M arwan ibn Is hak (o r Ab u M arwan Bis hr ) o f th e B E N I RAB I A

h ad u n d er h is S h ei khs h ip 3000 tr ib esm e n o f R abi a an d M UD R an d

th e Y em e n an d B E GA warr i o r s T h es e l atter were all HAD AR EB .

,

d w e ll er s o n th e c o as t an d c o nv er ts to Isl am .

T h e RAB i A w h o h ad re m ain e d r o u n d Asw an an d n ever m o ve d

4

e as tw ar d s S imil ar l y imp o s e d th e i r in u e nc e o n th e n ativ e s an d fo u n d e d

a m o d i e d Ar ab ar is to c racy r u ling by c o ns e n t o v er a l e ss vi r il e ,

th o u g h s till u ns u bj e c te d p o p u l ati o n o f au to c h th o ns Ab o u t 1 020

, .
,

o r r ath e r ear li e r t h e i r c h i e f Ab u M u k arram s o n an d s u cc ess o r o f

, , ,

Ab u Ab d u lla M u h amm ad Ab u Z ay d w as inves te d by th e F atimi te

K h alifa Hakim wi th th e h er e d i tary ti tl e o f K anz e l D o wl a as a r eward

fo r h aving d e feated an d tak e n p r is o ne r (in 1 006 ) th e r eb e l Ab u
R akwa By th e en d o f the n ext c entu ry an d p r o b ably s o o ner the
5
.
, ,

1
S ee M akri z i
K heta t, 1 1 , 5 6 9 an d 5 7 5 T h e R a i a h ad

een e p o e d i n b
b mly
bi i iv x i i , .

N u a o n a p u n t e e p e d t o n ( see p
P ibly m i wi m i i
.

2
o ss th e n a e B s h ar i n i s co nn e c te d th t h e n a e o f t h s s e c t o n
l ly mi l l
.

S e e M as u d i ,

3
B o u r i an t h o p e ess s tr an s at es th e as t

i f m
p art o f M akr i z i s q u o tat o n ro

M as u d i T h e Ar a c 1 3 as o o s :
. bi f ll w

4
S ee M as
ud i( p a . M akr i z i K heta t,

, II , Ab u S l ih , p . 276 ; Q u atr e m er e , II,

8 4, e tc .
5
Q u atr e m er e , II, 85 . C p B ec
. k e tt , p . 1 96 .
1
5 0 T HE PRO GRES S THR OU G H EGY P T II 1 X V. . .

h o l d er of is ti tl e w as als o call ed Am ir o f Aswan chi ef that is

th , , ,

o f th e Ar abs in t h at vicini ty
1
.

After th e g ranting o f th e t i tl e K anz cl D o wl a th es e w e s ter n

RAB f A an d s u c h ali e n e l em e nts as th ey h ad assimil ate d c am e to b e

kno wn as B EN I K AN Z 2
.

Ab ou t 1 1 7 1 1 1 7 5 th e y w er e in r eb e lli o n agains t S al ad in
3
.

In 1 2 8 7 we n d th em taking p ar t in th e N bian exp e d i ti o n o f

K al a n 4
.By this tim e th ey wer e vi r tu ally s u p rem e fr o m K s to s o u th
o f Asw an o n b o th si d e s o f th e ri v er an d h aving alli e d th e ms e lv e s , ,

b y m arr i age wi th th e kings o f N b ia we r e in th e p o si ti o n o f b eing ,

re c o gniz e d o n e i th er si d e o f th e fr o n ti er o f Eg y p t as fo r ming an

alm o s t in d e p en d e n t s tate S u cc ee d ing c entu ri es fail ed to ou st th e m

5
.

fr o m th ei r p o si ti o n an d th ey are r ep r es ente d at th e p r es e nt d ay b y
th e K E N fJZ w h o liv e fro m Aswan to K o r o sk o
3
.

In th e thi r teenth fo u r tee nth an d ftee nth c en tu r i e s they w ere a

,

p er p etu al th o r n in th e si d e o f Egyp t b eing gen erally alli e d wi th th e ,

I KR I MA th e b ranch o f KA YS AY LAN t o wh ic h th e B E N I HI LAL als o

,

b el o nge d an d e mpl oying th ems el v es l ar gely in rai ding fr o m Ai dhab

7
,

o n th e o n e si d e t o th e o as e s o n th e o th er .

In 1 3 66 th ey o p enly d e e d th e go ve r nm en t an d actu all y pill age d

th e mili tar y p o s t o f Aswan F o r th is expl o i t th ey p ai d d ear ly an d in
.
,

1 37 8 th e h ead s o f e l ev e n o f th ei r c h i e fs w e r e s e n t t o C ai r o b y th e

A m ir o f Aswan T h ei r r ep r essi o n w as h o w ev er c ar r i ed o u t wi th
.
, ,

to o h eavy a h an d an d in c o ns eq u enc e th ey w er e r e d u c e d to d e sp er a
ti o n an d r ev o l ted en m asse in 1 3 8 5 an d c ap tu r e d Asw an i ts e lf T h ey .

th e n r e s u m e d th ei r c ar e e r o f b r ig an d ag e an d t err o r iz ati o n an d fo r ,

1
f ll wi g
S ee o o n c h ap t e r T h e t er m v
G o e r n o r o f A s an h c h i s s o eti es w wi m m
mi l i g z wl ii m l by
.

u se d i s K an I b n K h ald n 3

s e ad n el D o a s p o s t o n is ad e c e ar

i i m b ig b w
.

d e s cr p t o n o f h im i r o f th e A r a s i n th e n e h o u r h o o d o f A s an :

as a

( I b n K h ald n ed V o l 5 , p 2 8 8 , Bk
ar lg
H is p o s t o n w as an a o o u s to th at o f ii
b ll b gil F g y
. . . .
, .

th e A d u a M an
in un da s
y l livi g x w
.

2
I b n K h ald n ( e d ar V o l 6 , p 5 ) s a s : T h e p eo p e n n e t t o A s an
k w wl z i z wl l
. . . .

ar e no n as t h e A ad K an : t h e r an ce st o r w as K an e l D o a U n e ss th e r e
F imi m i wl zwi k w
.

i s an y p r e -
at te en t o n o f A ad K an , h c h , s o far as I n o t h e re i s n o t ,
g
t h o u h M as d i an d Ib n S e i

o th lm b w y m i
r o t e i n th e t e n t h c e n tu r , i t s ee s ce r ta n

ib
t h at t h e t r f
e d i d i n ac t o n ly k
ta e th e n a m
e of A wl z f g ig
ad K an a te r th e r an t n o f t h e
il z
t t e o f K an wl el D o a ( Tr easu r e of th e S ta te) M as di ( q v i n K h eta t, I I , 5 7 2 ff )

l ly v mi m i m wi
. . . .

co u d h ar d ha e o tt e d t o en t o n th e n a e o th e r se

f ll wi g f ll wi g
.

3 4
S e e o o n c h a p t e r S e e o o n c h ap te r
l P l
. .

5
Ib n Kh ald n , e d d e S an e , p p 9 1 1 ; L an e o o e , H is t p p 2 9 an d 3 08 -

k igl zi l iv iv i
. . . . .

3
S e e B e c e tt T h e s n u ar o f K e n z i s K an A t e r n at e d e r at o n s t h at
v b gg m z i gly m
. .

h a e e e n su e s te d fo r th e t e r K an ar e K e n e s ( th e h e r o p hi c n a e o f an
il
s an d o f t h e r s t cat ar ac t) an d T a K e n z l

( an d o f th e gy i
th e o l d E p t an
na m y
e fo r t h e c o u n t r ( B e c e tt , p k
F P v l bl X
.

7
W sten feld , ; C au ssin d e e r ce a , T a e A .
 O N T HE PENETRATI O N O F T HE S U D AN [AP P .

Havi ng nce settle d in Eg yp t the Berb er intermarried with the A ab s

o r

an d n ati ve Egy ti an s to su ch an e x ten t th at the i r B erb e r origin w as almo st

p
fo rgo tten T he case o f the LUATA wh o n amed themsel ves KAYS h as b ee n
.

al r ead y c i te d an d th at o f t h e HO W A
,
R A will fo ll o w .

I n the fo u rteenth an d fteenth ce ntu ri e s we h ear o f l arge nu mb ers o f

n o m d M E ZA
a TA HO WARA an d Z EN ARA (a s ectio n o f LUATA) b et w een
,

Al e x an d ri a an d Old C airo an d man y s e cti o n s o f LUA TA the tr ib e w h ich

1
, ,

h ad b een i n o ccu p ati o n o f B ar ka at th e time o f Amr s c on qu est 2

are ,

s imil a l y men ti o n e d b y Mak r i i ( 1 36 5 1 44 1 ) i n G iza B ahn asa Man f

3 4
r z , ,

an d U pp e r Eg yp t ge n e rall y an d w i th th em ME ZA TA HOW A RA an d o th ers , ,

.

T h e tw o secti o n s l ast menti o n e d h ad al so settl e d to t he n o r th in B ah i ra

an d G h r b i a p ro v i n ce s an d b etw een Al e x an d r i a an d Akab Ab o u t 1 38 2
5
a a .

a c o l o ny o f HO W A R A w as tran sp l an te d t o G i r ga
p r o vi n ce b y Bar k k the ,

rst of the Circ ssian dynasty n d by assi du ou s cu ltivation they reclaimed

a ,
a

it f o m th e d ese rt T h ese p art ly ar bicize d HO W ARA gen erally in co mp any

r
3
. a ,

w ith th e Z EN ATA w er e l arge l y rep r e sen te d i n th e mi dd l e ages in Al ge ri a

, ,

T r ip o li an d th e Fezz an warri ng intermarryi ng makin g tre aties an d 7

, , ,

qu rrelling with the Arabs b ut mo re than any o ther tribe o f Berber o rigin
a ,

the HO W ARA su ccee d e d in e st bli sh i n g th emse l ve s rml y in th e Nil e v all ey a .

T h ei r s ettlement in G i ga b y B ar k k mar k e d th e b egin n ing o f th i s p ro ce ss

r ,

an d ab o u t th e en d o f th e c e n tu r y as we h av e seen the y r s t in c o mp an y , , ,

with the AW LAD KAN Z attacke d an d pill age d Aswan an d then some years , ,

l ater s ei ed it from the AW LAD KAN z an d p u t it to the swo rd

z .

T h es e HO W ARA m d e U pp er Egyp t th ei r n l h abitatio n P o co ckea a .

,

vi iti g the Nile in 1 737 sp eaks o f Akhmim as u n er a Be b e i ; an d

s n d r r a m r
3
,

No r den who travelled u p the Nile in 1 737 8 s ays :

,

,
3

li l b v h w f S i b gi h h bi i f h A b k w d
A tt e a o e t e to n o u ut e n t e a t at o n s o t e ra s, no n un er

th m fH
e na e o Th y p lik wi l d
avar r a h h id f h N il e o sse s s e se an s on t e ot er s e o t e e

Th y ll h m iv f h k i gd m f M T h y h b ki d f A b
. .

e ca t e n at es o t e n o o ar o c . e ar e t e e st n o ra s

Th y g v d by h h d h y ll g l m p y m h lik h
.

e ar e o er n e a s ec ; an t e ar e a en t e en , re t t uc e t e

Pl do an er s .

B ckh d t
ur l y i th x t
ar ,
y f d th H WA ttl d i vill g
e ar n e ne ce n tu r ,
oun e O RA se e n a es

f m Siut t F hi t th w t b k d t
ro l e o ars K t h t on e es an an o n e ar en a o n e e as .

H g d d th m A b
e re ar e d h yh dp e d ch i th f t th
as ra s , an t e a o se as s u s n ce e o u r een

c y t th l t H el t i f ll h w i th ight th c t y
e n tu r
a e ates . e r a es n u
12
o n e e ee n en u r

h y h d
t e ll d U p p Egyp d th
a c o n tr o th S d
e f th er t an e nor er n u an as ar so u as

M h a d h d
as s an mp ll d th M l k a d hco p t t th m by e e e am s to c e e t es e ar s o e

1
I b K h ld n d d Sl a d
n , V l 6 e5 Q e we gly an e , 1 9
1 1
; e ar o p u atr e m re ro n

M za gh f M z a
. . . . . .
, ,

d
re a s h e na t ro u o ut or e ta
B l Th y bmi d A i 6 4 h y
.

l M
2
I di d

ut e r , p 430 e su tt e to m r n 2 A D n e as s ay t e

i d h i f Kh g ( M k i i K h t t
. . . .

o ccu p e t e o as s o ar a see a r z ,
e a ,
II,
3
Q u atr e md 7 8 er e , I I , 2 01 an 20

20
h b lk f h l i w La
.

4
I B h n a n as a t e u o t e p op u at o n e re u ta .

5 3
Q e l i
u atr e m re , I bid
oc. c t 1 1 , 2 09

Th i i i l b li v d viv v gly i h S h wi A b f
. . .

7
e r str a n s a so e e e to s u r e e r y s tro n n t e a a ra s o

W Af i
es t S Cr ca .6 if ee ar ett e , pp . 1 2 .

3
Q u atre m er e , I I , 2 00 .

3
Tr avel s i n E g y p t a nd N ubi a , I I , 2 4 1
N ubia , Ap p I.

l
. .

11
Ib n K h al d n ( e d d e S an e ) , I , 2 7 3
f il
. .

12
F o r u r th e r d eta s se e art I I I , C h ap P . 8 .
AP R ] BY BERBER TRIBES 1
53
t re at y .pite of sub se qu ent reverses at the h an d s o f the Mamluk s their
In s

p o w er n o t b r o ken n all y till 1 8 1 3 wh en Ib r a

was him P as h a ini cte d u p o n
,

t hem a cr ushi n g d efeat 1 .

T h ese HO WARA are rep r esen ted in the S u d an b y tw o qu ite d is tin ct

g ro u p s n am e l
,
y th e n o mad ,
H AW A W IR o f D o n g o l a an d t h e HO W ARA or ,

GELLABA HOWARA who h ave co lonies in Ko r do fan and D arfur

,
2
.

O f the o th er B erb er tr ib es th er e ar e few er r ep r esen tati ves in t h e S u d an ,

b u t we sh all see th at o n th e Bl u e Nile the re is a tr ib e o f MO GHARB A

w h o ar e o f d i sti n ct B erb er Ar ab an ces try 3

an d th at in n o rth e r n D a
-
rf r ,

a n d farth er we s t th e anci en t B e rb er strai n i s s tr o n gl y marke d If Ib n .

K h ald n is to b e b eli eve d as B arth thin ks h e is it was th e b ranch o f

4
, ,

HO W ARA wh o r etu r n ed westwar d s that gave their name in th e p er verte d

fo rm o f HO GAR to the all p ower fu l T UWARE K tr ib e gen erally kn o w n as
-

A ZKAR the o wn ers o f all the co u n try r o u nd G h at

, .

k
B u r c h ar d t , Ap p I I I , 5 3 1 5 3 3 ; c p Ha
1
to n , p 2 5 7 mil
P
. . . .

2
F o r th e se s ee C h ap t er 8 i n art I I I
m g
.

3
N o t e , to o , t h e Z e n ar a w h o o c c u r a o n th e B e d ay r i a an d th e H aw az m a

P
( q v art I I I ) , an d t h e o ccu rr en ce o f s u ch n a e s as G e e el Z en ati an d K h o r m bl
b l f
. .

N ak h n uk h a ( a B e r e r n am e ) in c e n t r a K o r d o an , n o r th o f B ar a , in th e K h a r an y
l x
.

4
E d d e S an e , V o l I , 2 7 5 , ap B ar th , V o l I , C h
. .
, p
. 2 28 . . . .
 N O TE TO GENE AL O GI CAL TREES I , 2, 3

To illu strate P r t II Ch ap ter 1 th ree gen eal ogical trees a e gi ven T he y

a ,
r
1
.

al so s er v e to s o me e x ten t to illu st ate P ar t I V T h e rs t s h ews th e Kaht a n it e

r .

tr ib e s th e s e c o n d th e I s m ai l itic tr ib es ( n d th e i r c o nn e cti o n w i th t h e

,
a

d es cen d n ts o f K htan ) an d th e th ir d th e Abb asi d an d Om yy ad famili es

a a , a

an d th at o f th e P r o p h et .

T he fo ll o w ing p o ints r e qu i re to b e n o ted with r egar d to th ese trees

1 .T h ey e ( w i th th e e x cep ti o n o f th e i n s et to T r ee 1 ) e n ti ely c o m
ar r

il f o m W ii sten fe ld s R

p e d r
g i t r z u d n g ene log ischen e s e O th e e a r

au th o r i ti es o f c o u rse gi v e m n y o f th e d etail s d i f fer en tly

a .

2 .T ree I is c o mp il e d fr o m T bl es I X X III i n Wu s ten feld T ees a

. r

2 an d 3 ar e c o mp i l e d f o m T abl es A Z in W ste n feld r

.

(T h ro u gh o u t Wsten feld s w o rk gu res re fer to K aht anite t ib es an d

r

l ette s to I sm ailitic tr ib es )
r

.

3 I h av e alte r e d Wu stenfeld s G e rman o rth o grap h y to th at u se d

.

th o u g h o u t t h i s b o o k
r .

4 .A v as t n u mb er o f n am e s gi v e n b y W s te n fe ld w h i c h are e i th e r ,

qu ite u nimp o rtant in th emselves o r whi ch a e i elevant to my su bj ect r rr ,

h av e b een o mi tte d My obj ect h as b ee n to p o vi d e e so n abl y c omp act

. r r a

s k el eto n t ees fo read y re fere n c e s W s te n fel d s w o r k th o u gh fre qu en t l y

r r ,
a ,

qu oted in thi s b o ok is n ot e sily accessib le ,

a .

At th e s ame time m n y app ar e ntly u n imp o r t n t n ames r e i n ser te d

a a a

(still o n Wii sten feld s au th o rity) sin ce th ey b ea su ggesti ve r esembl an ce s

r

t o p ro p er n mes fo u n d amo n g th e Ar ab t ib e s o f th e S u d an
a w h eth e r r

th ere i s actu all y an y c o nn ecti o n o n o t r .

5 .T h e d ates gi v e n ar e g e n e l ly o n l y app o x im ate an d u n

ra l e ss th e r ,

c o n tr a y i s state d
r r efe to th e y e ar in w h ich t h e m an n ame d w as b o r n
,
r .

T h ese d ates (e x c ep tin g th e l te h i sto i c l o ne ) ar e d o p te d fro m Cau ssi n

a r r a s a

d e P er ceval

E ssai V ol

s sur l histoi r e des . I

6 .T h e n ames o f th e ep o n mo u s an ces to r s y of the mo st famo u s t ib es r

ar e s h ewn i n ca i tal s
p N ames o f t r ib e s ar e s h e . w n in i talics .

1
S ee en d o f P f
ar t , a te r p . 1 90 .
1
5 6 T HE PR O GRES S T HROU G H EGY P T 11 2 11 . . .

m er ely acco r d ing to th ei r var i o u s l ead er s an d n o t tr ib e b y tr ib e .

T h er e is no do u b t h o w ever th at the l eader s wo u l d natu r all y b e , ,

fo ll o we d b y mo r e O f th ei r o vVn r e sp ective tr ib e s than o th er s fo r ,

instance Am r an d Zu b ay r b y KURAYS H an d we als o kn o w that

,

,

whe n Am r l ai d o u t a to wn h e app o r ti o ned s ep arate s tr eets an d

qu ar ter s to s ep arate tr ib e s A v ery r em ar kabl e l ack o f info r mati o n

1
.

e xis ts as to th e n am e s o f th e tr ib e s th at c o nqu e r e d Egyp t th o u g h ,

th e r e is an e no r m o u s m ass o f li ter atu r e d ealing wi th this era an d th e ,

expl an ati o n li e s p a t ly in th e h e ter o g e n eo u s n atu r e o f th e fo r c e

2
r .

T w o tr ib e s w h ic h w er e c er tainly re p re s e nte d to a l ar g e d eg r e
were th o s e o f LAKHM an d G UD HAM .

C o nsi d er abl e to l erati o n w as at r s t d ispl ay ed to war d s th e C o p ts ,

to wh o m Am r gu ar ant ee d in r e tu r n fo r th e i r p ay ing th e taxati o n

imp o s e d th ei r r eligi o n th ei r go o d s th ei r ch u r ches an d c r o ss e s

,

, , ,

th e i r l an d s an d water s an d n o d o u b t it w as p art ly in c o ns e q u e nc e

o f th is p o licy an d n o t m er e ly o n acc o u n t o f th e w e akn e ss o f th e

,

R o man gar r is o ns th at Egy p t w as so rapi d ly su b dued 3

,

B e fo r e th e en d o f 64 1 th e who l e co u ntry fro m th e Re d S ea to

B ar ka an d fr o m th e M e d iterr an ean to Aswan had b eco m e a p r o vinc e
o f th e M u slim K h alifate
4
.

I I I In th is s am e y ear o r th e n ex t m en w e r e s e n t u n d e r t h e
5

c o mman d o f Ab du lla ibn S a ad ibn Ab u S arh to in v ad e C h r is tian

3

N bia T h is c o ns titu te s th e r s t M u h amm ad an invasi o n in to th e

.

S u d an D etails o f it are l acking b u t the re su l t w as app ar e ntly no t

7
.
,

1
S ee Yak t , ap B u t m k ig h f d i f l er , p 3 39 , an d th e r e ar s co n ce r n n t e oun at o n o

F bv
. .

o s tat o n p 1 37 a o e

B l f Am f ll wi g b l g d h ib f
. .

2
( M
u t e r s tate s p o st o

r s

o o n e on e to t e tr e o

l h gh Al K i d i y h hi d w ib f G h ak T h i
.

Akk

a t ou f h n sa s t at o n e -
t r ere o t e tr e o s

h l m h I h l h gh h i i i h w
.
,

d o es n o t e p us uc n t e r st p ac e , t ou t s s n o t ce r ta n , t ere er e ,

m w q i
.

Akk f Ad ( a li d h

i O )

t s ee s, t o w u te s e p ar ate s ne as a so n o n an as an as s u c

w ld b f h lf h w h l I k h h w
.
,

f

ou e an a li i
an c e s t o r o a t e o e sm i t c s to c ; t e ot er as so n o

O d h ( Q U
t nd h h f i ) i K hai I h
.

AG , an d l e n ce t e co n u s o n e a a t n te n t e se co n p ac e ,

g d f Akk h i G h ak w i
. . .
,

G h ak w h B

as f Ad a iran so n o t e so n o n n, e t e en e r e a s e ct o n

f B i Akk T bl A hi m lf
. .

o (S
en W
f ld 55 d Kee A ste n e I, ; 11, a e an ay , p

m r se

ly h gh li l f h m h mm d h i h i v m i h w d
. .
, ,

ap p ar e n t t ou t tt e o t e as e su e up t e r ac e e en ts n t e or s

T h G h ak [ B
e i d Af mi d mi (M k i K h t t
o u r an t r e a s

,

eq ar e s tt en an s te n o t

a ri z e a

f i m i d i v y if d v m ki g , ,

II , Th f e so rt o con us o n en t o n e s er r e an p re en t s ou r a n

f llu f v h
use o ym i f d i
e ib wh i h
en t x T mk
e s c an t en t o n s o e n te tr es c ar e e t an t o a e

hi g w w k w h h A b v y mm ly k d v g f i id
.

t n s o r se e no t at t e ra s er co on to o a an t a e o co n c en ce s

o f m l
no m g hi e n c at u r e l im i d i y wi h ib wi h wh m
a on t e r an ce s to r s t o c a ent t t tr es t o

t h y h de l a i ll (
no rea l H mda i i K
co n n e c t o n at a so e a n q v n ay , p
P l Hi i g lT b i(
. . .
,
3
L an e 5 6 q
-
oo e, st pp uot n e a ar I,
P l
. .
, ,
4
L an e
4
-
oo e, p 1

P l
. .

5 M k
5
L i Kh 58

an e -
oo e, p . 1 ; a ri z , e ta t , I I , 1 .

A K 3
hi W f ld O
u r ay s te ; s e e s te n e

Th A b id h w v h v m i wi h th N b i
.
,

e ra s ar e s a d o e er , to a e co e n to co n t act t e an s an

B g l d y B h ( O hi h ) ( B d g kh d ,

e a a r ea at 84
a d B
n as a xy r nc us
se e u e, II, 1 an urc ar t,
y i fd b f l w h
,

5 8) b h
p . 2 ut t e s to r s o ou t u o rt .
II 2 . . v . AND T HE IN VA SI O N OF DON G O LA 1
57
a lto geth er u nsu cc e ssfu l fo r th e Nb ian s p ai d th e tr ib u te (baht) o f ,

S l av e s imp o s e d u p o n th em fo r s o m e y ear s
1
.

I V M eanwh il e in Egy p t Am r w as b u sying h ims e lf wi th p r o bl e ms

o f ad minis tr ati o n h i s g e n e r al p o lic y b eing to acc e p t th e

p r e exis ting
-

R o man s y s te m as a wh o l e an d slightly m o d ify it to su it th e change

o f ci r c u ms tanc e s Am o ng t h e c ar d inal te n e ts o f M u h amm ad an
2
.

p o lic y in th es e ear ly d ay s w as th e p r o h ibi ting o f th e acqu isiti o n o f

l an d b y th e Arabs T h is is an imp or tant p o int an d mu s t h ave l ar gel y
.
,

fec te d th e e mig rati o n ques ti o n T h e i d ea w as th at th ey s h o u l d

af .

r e m ain s o l d i er s an d n o t e ng ag e in ag r ic u l tu r e as s ettl er s
3
,

L ater h o wever th i s r es tr icti o n b ecam e p r actically in o p erativ e

, , .

T h e K h alifa O m ar w h o b eing n o n anci er r egar d e d Egyp t ex ac tl y

,

as M u h amm ad Al i P as h a at a s u bs e q u en t e p o c h r eg ar d e d th e S u d an

,

s o o n b e cam e d iss atis e d with the r evenu e wh ich was s ent him fr o m
Egyp t an d th inking to au gm ent it r s t d ivi d e d th e p r o vinc e in to tw o
, ,

h alv e s gi v ing Am r c o n tro l o f th e D e l ta an d Ab du lla ibn S a ad o f

,

th e l o ng r iv e r ain s tr et c h ru nning th e nc e to th e r s t c atarac t 4

an d ,

l ater app o in te d Ab du lla r u l er o f th e wh o l e an d r ec all e d Am r

.

V In 6 5 1 2 Ab du ll a ibn S a ad as g o v er n o r o f th e wh o l e c o u n tr y


, ,

m ade h is s e c o n d exp e d iti o n agains t N b ia in co ns equ enc e o f th e ,

fr e qu e nt r ai d s m ad e into Egy p t T h e acc ou nt o f th is wh ich is e xtan t .

w e o w to th e d e sc r ip ti o n o f N b i a w r i tte n b etw ee n 9 7 5 an d 9 9 6 A D
e 5
. .

b y Ab d u ll a ibn Ah m ad ibn S e l im (o r S u lay m ) el Asw ani an d p ar tly

p r es e rve d I n extr acts by el M akriz i 3

.

Ab d u ll a p u s h e d as far s o u th as D o ng o l a the c api tal of th e king

d om an d b o mb ar d e d t h e t o wn wi th c atap u l ts an d d e s tr o y e d th e
7
,

chu r ch T h e N b ian s th en s u e d fo r p eace an d th e ter ms gr anted

.
,

t h e m ar e s u ffi ci e n tl y inter e s ting t o b e giv e n in fu ll : 3

I n th e n ame o f G o d etc T h i s is a t r e ty gr anted b y th e am ir Ab d u ll a

, . . . a

i b n S a ad ib n Ab u S ar h t o th e ch i ef o f th e Nu bi an s an d to ll th e p eo p l e

a

o f hi s d o mi n i o n s a tr e ty bi n d i ng o n gr e at an d small am o n g th em fro m
,
a ,

t h e fro n ti er o f Asw a n t o th e fr o n ti er o f Alw Ab du ll a i b n S a ad o r d ai n s

a .

s e cu r ity an d
p e ace b etween th em an d th e Mu s lims th ei r n eighb o u s in ,
r

th e S a i d as wel l s all o th er M u s lims an d th ei r tribu tar i e s Ye p e op l e o f

,
a .

Nubia ye sh all dwell in safety u n d er th e safegu ar d o f G o d an d his ap o stle

, ,

L an e o o e (H i s t p
1 -
P l B u t er , o o n I b n e l Athi r , t h n s th at th el f ll wi g ik
x ii f il
. .

e p e d t o n w as a a u r e

P l l
.

2
L an e o o e , H is t p 1 8
- 3
Bu t er , p 46 1
P l
. . . . .

4
L an e o o e , Hi s t p 2 0
-

ziz F imi lf w m
. . .

5
9 7 5 9 9 6 ar e t h e d ate s o f Al A t e K h a i a fo r ho

b i l l ahi t h e


at
e l A sw a ni w
r o t e hi s or w k
( s e e Qu atr em er e , I I ,
3
S e e M akri z i 1, ; I I vi
, 5 4 9 , 5 8 0 e t seq C p L an e o o e H i s t pp 2 1
23 -
P l
ki g m l by
. . .
, . .

7
B o u r i an t an d as K o l e y d o z o

T h e n s n a e i s t r an s at e d as Kal i d r t h
by B u r c h ar d t k
l by P l
.

3
A s tr an s at e d L an e o o e ( H is t p 2 1 e t -
. .
1 5 8 T HE PRO GRES S THR O U G H E G Y P T II 2 . . v .

Mu hammad the p r op het w hom G o d bless an d save We w ill n o t attack ,

.

y o u n o r w ge w a o n yo u n o m ke i n cu si on s ag in st y o u so l o n g as ye
,
a r ,
r a r a ,

abi d e b y th e te ms s ettl e d b et w e e n u s n d
r u W h e n y e e n te r o u c o u n tr y a o r
y .
,

it s h ll b e b u t s t r v el l ers n o t s s ettl e an d w h e n w e en t e r y o u r c o u n t y

a a a ,
a rs , r

it sh ll b e b u t as t r av el l ers n o t s ett l e s Ye sh all p o tect th o s e Mu slims o r

a r . r

t h ei lli es w h o co me in to yo u r l an d an d t av e l t h e e u ntil th ey qu it i t
r a r r ,
.

Ye sh ll gi v e u s t h e s l v es o f M u s lims w h o s eek r efu ge amo n g y o u an d

a a ,

sen d th em b ck to th e c o u n tr y O f I s l am ; an d li ke w i se t h e M u s lim fu gi ti v e
a

w h o is at w w ith th e Mu slims him ye sh all exp el fr om yo u r co untry to

ar ,

th e r ealm o f I s l am ; y e s h ll n o t e sp o u se h i s c u s e n o r p r e ve n t h is cap t u re
a a .

Ye sh ll p u t n o o b s t cl e in th e w y o f a M u s lim b u t ren d er h im ai d till

a a a ,

h e qu it yo u r te r i to ry Ye sh all take car e o f t he mo s qu e w h i ch th e Mu s lims

r .

h av e b u il t in th e o u tski ts o f yo u c ity n d h i n d er n o n e fr o m p r ayi n g th e re ;

r r ,
a

y e sh all c l ean it an d light it an d h o n o u it Ev e ry ye ye s h al l p y 36 0

1
, ,
r . ar a

h ead o f s l ave s to th e l ead er o f th e M u s lims [i e th e K h alifa] o f th e mi d d le . .

,

c l ass o f s l av es o f y o u r c o u n t ry w i th o u t b o d ily d e fe cts m l e s an d femal e s , ,

a ,

b u t n o o l d m en n o r o ld w omen n o r yo u n g ch il d re n Ye sh all d e li ver th em .

t o th e G o v e r n o r o f As w an N0 M u s lim s h ll b e b o u n d to rep u l s e an e n emy

. a

f om you o to attack him o r hin de him fr om A1wa t o As w an If ye

r r ,
r ,

.

h arb u a Mu s lim s l av e o r kill a M u s lim o r an ally o r attemp t to d estro y

o r , ,

th e mo s qu e wh ich th e M u sl ims h ve b u il t i n th e o u ts ki rt O f y o u r c i ty o r a ,

w ithh o l d any o f the 3 6 0 h e d o f s l aves t hen th is p ro mi se d p e ce n d a ,

a a

se cu r ity w i l l b e w i thd r w n f o m y o u an d w e s h ll r e v ert to h o s tili ty u n til

a r ,
a ,

G o d d eci d e b et w een u s an d He i s t h e b e st o f u mp i es F o r o u r p e fo rm
,
r . r

an ce o f t h ese c o n d iti o n s w e p l e dg e o u r wo r d i n t h e n ame o f G o d nd our , ,

a

co mp act an d faith n d belief i n th e n ame o f His ap o stl e Mu h mm d

,
a ,
a a ,

G o d bl ess an d s av e h im An d fo r y ou r p e fo rm an ce o f the same ye p l e dge

. r

you rselves by all th t ye ho l d mo t s c ed in yo u r r eligio n by the Messiah

a s a r ,

an d b y th e ap s tl e s an d b y all w h m y e e v e e i n y o u r c ree d an d re ligi o n

o o r r .

An d G o d i s w itn es s o f th e se th ings b etw ee n u s an d yo u Wr i tte n b y Am r

.

ib n S hu rahb il in R mad an in t h e ye r a
[May J u ne 6 5 2 A D ] a
, . .

V I T h is t r eaty c o ntinu e d in fo r c e fo r o v e r 6 00 y ear s T h e tr ib u te .

w as p ai d o v er y ear l y t o th e O ffic er in c h ar ge o f th e fr o n ti er p o s t o f
cl K as r ve mil e s s o u th o f Aswan At th e s am e tim e a p r es ent o f
, .

fo r ty sl aves was h an d e d o ver by th e N bians an d a l ar ge gift o f wh eat ,

b ar l ey l e ntils cl o th an d h o r s es b y the Arabs T h e gift o f o ne p arty

, ,
.

w as in th eo r y n o d o u b t th e e q u i v al e nt o f that o f th e o th er b u t u nl ess ,

th e o nl y d e tail e d lis t o f am o u n ts th at s u r viv e s is e n ti r e ly in accu rate

wh ich is o f c o u r s e p o ssibl e th e Arabs w o u l d p ro b abl y in p r actic e

h ave h ad m o r e d ii cu lty in g etting th e i r tr ib u te o f 3 60 sl av e s h ad n o t

th e i r gift t o t h e N b ians exc ee d e d in val u e that o f th e N b ians t o
th em by s o m e th ing v e r y li k e th e am o u nt o f th e tr ib u te
2
.

1
M as
di (I I I 36 5
l i i m wh i h M k i
.
,

an d n o t e i n th ri z
2
Cp Bu t er , p 43 2 , s co n n e ct o n th e t e r s in c a

ll w li h y l ) T h igi
. .

a u d es t o th e b akt ap r op os o f i ts r en e a n t e e ar 1 2 7 6 (s e e at e r e or n

m x g f ll w W h h i d h i ib
.

of t h e cu s to o f e c h an e w as as o o s: en t e N b i an s p a t e r tr u te
 1 60 T HE PR O GRESS THROU G H EGYPT VI I I .

of a w er e fr o m K URAYS H th e s am e nu mb er fr o m
l
to ta o f twe ty tw o n -
1
,

KAYS AY LAN o n e fr o m G UHAYN A tw o fr o m AZD th re e fr o m

2
,
3
, ,

HI MYAR o n e fr o m LAKHM an d o n wh o s t ib is u n ec o r de d
4
,
e e r e r 5
, .

O f th e six ty o n e d i ffere n t g o ver n or s o f Egyp t w h o s er ve d an

-

Abb asi d K h alifa b etw ee n 7 5 0 an d 8 5 6 th e tr ib e to wh ich at l eas t

th i r ty th r ee b e l o ng e d is kn o wn
-
O f t h es e th i r ty th ree as m any as .
-

fteen w er e th ems e lv es m e mb er s o f th e B E N I AB B AS th r ee wer e -

,

B EN I TAMI M ve fr o m AZD two fr o m TAI o n e fr o m LAKHM tw o

3 7 '

, , , ,

f om MUD HH G tw f m B G
r I o r o A ILA
8
tw o f o m HI M YAR and o ne
r ,
9
, ,

app ar en tly an Ar m eni an .

I X I t w o u l d o f c o u r s e b e th o s e o f th e t r ib esm e n w h o s ett l e d in th e
l ar ge towns o r to o k to cu l ti vati o n o f th e r iver b anks w h o ch i ey
interm ar r i ed wi th th e o l d er C o p tic p o p u l ati o n an d r em ain ed in E g yp t :
th e m o r e n o m ad ic tr ib es w o u l d n atu r ally b e mo r e excl u siv e an d ,

inci d en tally l ess e ligibl e in th e m atter o f inter m arr iage an d su ch o f , ,

th em as p e n etrate d in l ater y ear s into th e S u d an w ere pr o b ably s till

as p u r e ly Arab as w h e n th ey e n ter e d Afr ic a .

Half a c e ntu ry after th e d eath o f Am r (72 2 ) o ccu rr e d the rst o f

a l o ng s er i e s o f C o p tic r ev o l ts F ew o f th es e p eo pl e h ad b ee n co n .

ve rte d to Isl am an d by now th er e w er e s o m e o f th em living

in Egyp t .

As a set o ff to th ei r p o w er th e trib e o f KAY S AY LAN w as in du c e d

,

to immig r ate to Egyp t an d s e ttl e r o u n d B alb ays and w e h av e s ee n ,

t h at by ab o u t 7 5 0 A D th ere w er e s o m e 3000 o f th e m in th at l o c ali ty . .

an d th at s o far fro m s tr ength eni ng th e h an d o f th e ru l e r o f Egyp t

, ,

th ey fo r m e d a h o t b e d o f r ev o l t -
.

X O f th e s tate o f th e c ou ntr i es s ou th o fAswan at th is p er i o d w e h ave

li ttl e n ews S u ch as th er e is c o mes to u s fr o m Ch r is ti an s ou r c es
.

an d c o nsis ts o f th e fo ll o wing Ab o u t 7 37 A D th e g o v er n o r o f Egyp t

. .

1
ly B i O
M o st l d h ig i g K h l f
en m m ayy a , r e ate to t e re n n a i a

F hm Ab F a d Babil i h h lf f h igh h
.

2
ll h i

a s, ez r a an a se c t o n s : a t e se n t e r st a o t e e t
y
,

c e n tu r

I l di g
.

3
nc u f h Kh n one o t e az r ag

H d mi T h B i K lb i f
.

O 4
A b hi ne K lb i d s a one e an one a ra e en e ar e a se c t o n o

h K da b
.
, ,

t e u h a r an c

i fM d
.

El H
5
ib Y f (7 urr n A se 24
3
s e ct o n o u r

Tw b l g d h Kh a d ivi i d w h M h ll b
.

7
o e on e to t e uz a s o n an t o to t e u a a
T h B i T m im A d T i L kh d B gl w l d
.

3
e en M dhh i a ll z a a m u g an a i a ere a r e ate to
h
o n e an o t b i gd d er , f K hl a ( W e n f ld es cen
, ,

an t s o
,

a
,

n se e s te n e p
P l Hi
.
,
1
3
El R i d E l K lb i u ay n L an 7 8 e an e -
oo e, st pp 2 2

Salih l L P l Salih l
. . .
.
,
11
S Ab ee 67 68 u 7 Ab pp 2
2 : cp a so an e -
oo e, p 2 u p ace s

h i id h K h lif f M wa di h l
. . . .
,

d

t e nc i ent l G n t f h O
e a ate o ar n e a a t e as t o t e m m ayy a
K h lif a (i asb w 744 d
b eh i li bl T h wh l
et een yi an ut e s u n re
,

a e e o e s to r s

b bly l g ly x gg d Ab Salih i b w d f m h bi g h y
. . .

e a e r ate u s acco un t s o r ro e ro t e o r ap
p ro a ar e

i h K h a l i h m il i f S v
.

of h t e p at r ar c f El A h i A n t e co p at o n o e er u s o s m n ay n ; s e e nc .

F d A b
on s 9 6 fra (E v )
e, 1 3 , p . 1 2 . e tt s .
 X I . AND T HE IN VAS I O N OF DON G O LA 1 61

e xto r ted m o n ey so bl atantl y fr o m th e C o p tic P atr i ar ch o f Al exan dr i a ,

Anb a K h a il th at th e l atter w ent u p c o u ntr y to ask for assis tanc e

-
.
,

T h e king o f Ab y ssi ni a Cyr iacu s was so in d ign an t at th e h u mili ati o n

1
, ,

t hu s inic te d o n h i s spi r i tu al c h i ef th at h e m arc h e d o n Egyp t with

h o rs emen an d th e N bian s [i e . .

A by ssi nians] e nter ed Egyp t th ey p lu n dered an d s l ew an d too k m an y , ,

r i s o n e r s an d l i d waste many i nh abi te d pl ace s in U p p er Egyp t as th ey

a
p ,

marche d towar ds Mis t Now when the ru ler o f Egypt h eard wh at was the .

c au se o f th ei r c o mi n g an d w as to l d as fo ll ows wh en th e p atri ar ch o f
,

Egyp t went u p to ask assistan ce o f the Ch ri stian s i n U pper Egyp t n ews ,

o f thi s r e ach e d th e king o f N bi a an d th e k ing o f Ab yssi n i a an d [ n o th er ] a

kin g su bj ect to the j u r is d ictio n o f th e p atri ar ch o f Egyp t an d [th e rst ,

named] was in dign ant at th e n ews then [the G o vern or o f Egypt] r eleas e d
t he p atr i arch fro m hi s o bligati o n s an d c e ase d to e x to rt mo ney fr o m h i m ,

an d b egge d h i m t o wr i te to th e k i n g o f N b i a an d b i d h im retu r n [to h i s

o wn co u n try] S o th e p atri ar ch wr o te to th e ki n g as h e was r e qu es ted an d

.

th e king r et ur n e d an d n o l o nger acte d as h e h ad d o ne b u t d ep ar te d to

, ,

h is own c ou ntry .

X I In 75 0 A D th e Abb asi d dyn as ty s u ppl an te d th at o f th e O m

. .

m ayy ad s an d M arwan th e l as t ru l e r o f th e d efeate d p ar ty m et his

, , ,

d eath a fu gi tive in Egyp t T h e r s t Abb asi d K h al ifa w as Ab du ll a

.

1
Ab u S lih ca ll C i s yr ac u s K in g of N b ia, b u t h e is vg a u e o n thi s po i nt .
L at e r ( p ki g
sp e a n ap p ar e n t ly o f c o n te m h e sa s
p o r ar y ff i
a a rs (c 1 2 08 y
mb f ki g i N l l
. .

b i a i s t h i rt e e n an d all t h e se r u e t h e an d u n d er t h e

T he nu er o n s n
m y
su p r e ac ig
o f C y r i acu s , t h e G r e at K n m i lb
; an d al l o f t h e ar e p r es ts an d ce e r ate

th e li gy wi
tu r y l g
thin t h e san ct uar , as o n y ig wi killi g
as t h e rewi n th o u t n a m an th
i ki g kill
th e r o w n h an d s ; b u t if a n l g lb li gy
s a m an , h e m ay n o o n er ce e r at e th e tu r
if
But i by i i
w e c o n t n u e w e n d in t h e acc o u n t o f A s s n a (p

All th e
ki g by i lb li gy wi i y
.

n s of A s sini a ar e p r e s ts , an d ce e r at e t h e tu r t h n t h e s an ct u ar , as
l g
on y ig wi
as th e re n l yi g
th o u t s a n wi i
an y m an f l yi g
t h t h e r o wn h an d ; b u t a t e r s a n
a m an th e y l g lb li gy
c an n o o n e r ce e r at e t h e i i by w i
tu r y
; an d th e co n d t o n s h ch th e
ar e b f y v kill
o un d a t er th e ha e v l yb
ed a m a n h ka e a re d
ab k e e n s p o e n o f in thi s oo

m v y i v f i mi
.

I t s e e s th at , as E e tt s s a s , th s p r o e s t h e c o n u s o n i n th e n d o f o u r a u th o r

o f Nu bi wi by i i
a th A ss n a li l

ig by i i
Ab u S a h , a so u n d er th e h e ad n o f A

ss n a

wi v i l m i bv y
.

( h ch , as w e h a e s e e n e ar lie r , h e n c u d e s in th e t er In d a see p 49 , a o e ) s a s

ig by i i xk g
.

T h e K n o f E l M uk u r r a, w h o is an A ss n an an d i s an o r t h o d o in , i s th e
g k g m g ki g
r eat in a o n th e y b
n s o f h i s c o u n tr , x iv ki g m
e c au s e h e h as an e ten s e n do
i l ig i
n c ud n gi y m y
d s tan t r e o n s i n th e n o r th o f th e c o u n tr , an d h as an tr o o p s , an d h e i s
,

f k g
t h e o u rt h o f t h e ki g
in s o f th e e art h , an d n o g g n i
o n e ar t h 1 s s tr o n e n o u h to r e s s t

i l y
hi m ; an d at a ce r ta n p ac e In h i s c o u n t r h e p o ss esse s th e A r k o f N o ah ( p 2 8 6 ,
m v i v lv im lf m f i
.

an d c p p H er e , to o , h e se e s to h a e n o e d h s e i n th e s a e co n u s o n ,
i i giv w l ly by i i v i i
. .

fo r th e d e s c r p t o n en o u d ap p to A s s n a b u t n e e r to N b i a o r t h e d s tr c t

o f M u kur r a T h u s th e r e can b e li l b ik by i i
tt e d o u t , I th n , t h at i t w as th e A s s n an s

w y ibl k y b mi i
.

wh o e r e c hi e r e sp o n s e fo r th e att ac o n E g p t a ou t 7 37 A nor p o nt

ig y m k m
.

t h e th eo r i s Ab u S l ih s r e ar ap r op os o f t h e

s u p p o rt n h o r se en
m ll lik l g gy i v
.

N o w N b i an h o r s es ar e s a ,

e th e ar e s t o f t h e E p t an asse s , b u t h a e
a g w
r e at p o i g f ig
er o f e n d u r n at ue (p b N o o n e w h o h as e en in th e S u d an
l g f il g iz i i b i by i i
.

fo r o n c an a t o r e co n e in thi s d e scr p t o n t h e h a as h (i e A ss n an )
y ig i by i i
. .

p o n , an d i t i s n o t in d e n o u s t o an y o th e r p art o f Afr ca b u t A ss n a At th e
m im l f m w i f ll w x
.

sa e t e i t i s c e ar r o t h e se n t e n c e s h ch o o i n t h e t e t th at th e N b ian s
i by i i
a s s s t e d th e A m i
s s n an s , an d th e gg g
e n t o n o f cam e lm e n at o n c e s u e s ts t h e B e a

trib es .

M . S . I .
1 62 T HE PRO GRES S T HR OU G H EGYPT x1 .

Ab u Abb as el S affah
el T h e S h e dder o f Bl o o d His p o licy w as

.
,

o n e o f r u th l e ss re p r essi o n an d th e e x te r min ati o n by w h o l es al e

m assacr e o f all p o ssibl e r ivals am o ng th e O m m ayyad s an d th e p ar ti

z ans o f the Im am Ali
.

S u ch o f th e B EN I O MMAY YA as esc ap ed fr o m th e sl au ghter e d

t o th e m o re d is tant p ar ts o f th e Isl am i c w o r l d S o m e fou n d a ho me .

in Sp ain s o m e in E g yp t an d s o m e wi th in the b o r d er s o f In d i a
1
, , .

O th er p ar ti e s ar e s ai d t o h a e e d d i re ct to th e S u d an an d i t is v ,

fr o m o ne o f th es e that th e S u d anes e trad i ti o ns d er ive th e Arab el em ent

am o ng t h e F UN G y y
d n as t w h o at th e b e ginn ing o f th e sixtee nth ce n
tu r y
fo u n d e d the kingd o m o f S nn in th G ezir a S tr ipp ed o f
e a r e
2
.

v
o b i o u s in acc u r aci e s an d inc o nsis t e nci e s th e tra d i ti o n r e l ate s th at o n e

S u l aym an ibn Ab d cl M alik ibn M arwan ed b e fo re el S affah to

Abyssini a an d th e nc e to th e S u d an w h ere h e m ar r i e d t h e d au ghter ,

o f a l o c al king T h e c o nger i es o f tr ib e s kn o wn at p re s e nt as th e
.

G A AL I Y YIJN s ai d in c o ntr ad is tincti o n to b e o f
'

are

Abb asi d o r igin Ag ain el M as d i sp eaks o f Ab d u ll a th e so n o f

3

.
,

M arw an th e l as t o f th e O m m ayy ad s as taking temp o rary r efu ge in ,

th e S u d an an d l eaving t by w y B ad (i e Ai ri o r e l Rih ) after

f

i a o a
4
. .
,

l o sing his b r o th er O b ayd u lla an d m any fo ll o we rs Ibn S e lim as

.
,

qu o ted by el M akr iz i als o r efer s to th is e v en t an d th er e is n o

5
,

r e as o n t o d o u b t th at it c o ns ti tu te s a h is to r ic al fac t
3
.

X II
7
In Egy p t an d the n eigh b o u ring c o u ntr i es m eanwh il e a p er i o d , ,

o f wi d esp read r e v o l t n atu rall y fo ll o w e d t h e c h ang e o f d yn as t i e s an d

th e nu m er o u s r e ligi o u s c o ntr o v er si e s t h at h ad ar is e n .

T h e K h aw ar i g s e c t o f p u r i tans c au s e d s er i o u s tr o u bl e an d bl o o d
s h ed in Egyp t in 75 4 an d in B arka in 75 9 in c o mm o n wi th , , ,

r e c alci tr ant O m m a ad s an d B er b e r s an d in Abyssini a in 7 6

yy 5 T he , .

C o p ts r o s e p er i o d icall y d u r ing the s ame p er i o d and th e B EN I KAYS ,

r o u n d B al b a s to o k th e c h anc e o ffe r e d by th e g e n er al c o nfu si o n o f

y
af fai r s t o b r i g an d iz e free l y al o ng th e trad e r o u tes .

1
E g Ab d

el R ah m an ib n Mu aw i a in 7 5 6 A D . . f o u n d e d th e r e an Om m ayy ad
y y
. .

d n as t
X xxx P
.

S e e B A CC I I I , A 2
2
A 1 1 V I I an d L 1 1 1 , D 2 1 , e tc i n art I V
i b P
. .
,

3
K ta e l T an b i h , i n B i bl i o theca G eog r ap h or u m A r a bi cor um , art V I I I ,

w
p 3 3 0 T h e s o n s o f M ar an e n t er e d t h e S u d an vi a A s an w t h th e r a es , wi i f mili
b m i f m
. .

d ep en d e n t s an d A r a ad h e r en t s an d s o e B e n O m m ayy a r o K h o r asan
i i b y wf i i li
.

S o d en t e d o o t : R ed S ea
4
C ro A r

pp 5 4 2 ff B a d a
es

kk j ig ll l v i
. .

n e ar A i , u s t n o r th o f t h e e h t e en th p ar a e T h e ar an t B asa

in
l ly mi i
.

M akr i z i (K heta t, I I , 5 5 3 ) i s c e ar a s p r n t fo r B a a
d

.

5
K heta i , I I , 5 5 3 C p Q u atr em er e , I I , 1 6

mb v lly b f i b y wf w i
. . .

o u n d o n t h e o ld s t e o f B a a
3
s h a e ac tu a C h
To e en
d ro oo t ch
b
ar e d ate d a o u t th e e n d o f th e t e n th ce n tu r y v
an d p r o e t h at e ers o f th e B e n m mb i
l
O m m ay y a se tt e d t h e r e S e e C r o wf
o o t , S om e p 3
P l
. . .

7
L an e o o e , His t p p 3 1 3 4
-
. . .
1 64 T HE PR O G RESS THR OU GH EGYPT X V .

th e w est and D ah l ak and B ada o n th e east sh ou l d p ay to th e K halifa

a y e ar ly trib u te o f a h u n d r e d c am e ls or 00 d in ar s T h e c o n tinu anc e

3 .

o f K an n s r u l e u n d er th e K h al ifa s o v er l o r d s h ip w as d e p e n d en t o n

th is p aym e nt O th er cl au s e s o f th e tr eaty p r ovi d e d in th e inte r e s t s

.

o f M u h amm ad an s u bj e c ts fo r d u e r e sp e c t b e ing p ai d t o th e ir re ligi o n ,

th e p r o t e c ti o n o f th ei r p er s o ns an d p r o p er ty fr ee d o m o f tr ad e an d ,

t r av e l in th e B E GA c o u n tr y assis tanc e in th e r e co v ery o f e scap e d ,

sl ave s o r s tr ay e d animals and an engage m ent to give n o assis tanc e ,

to any en e my o f Isl am T h e B E GA w er e o nl y all o w e d to visi t U pp er .

Egypt u n arm ed an d o n co n di ti o n o f th e i r n ot entering any town o r

vill ge Th ey als o engaged n o t to dam age th e m o squ es er e cted at
a
1
.

Siha an d Hagar o r e ls ewh er e th r o u gh o u t th e B E GA cou ntry an d

2
,

ag r eed th at K an n h ims elf w h o w as to r e c eiv e a fr ee p ar d o n fo r ,

p ast o ffenc es s h o u l d resi d e in E g yp ti an ter r ito ry as a h o s tage fo r the

,

p er fo r mance o f al l th es e p r o visi o ns and th e r ep r es entative o f his

p eo pl e .

In retur n fo r a s tr ic t c o mpli ance wi th th es e ter m s the B E GA w ere

plac e d u n d er the p r o te cti o n o f G o d th e K h alifa and all M u h amm adan , ,

su bj ects .

X V I N o s o o n er h ad th e affai r s o f th e B E GA b e e n th u s s ettl e d th an
i t b e c am e n e c ess ar y t o tak e m easu re s agains t th e p eo pl e o f N bia ,

wh o h ad r efu s e d to p ay t h ei r tr ib u te Acc o r d ing t o Ibn S e lim th e 3

.

Ar abs in r etu r n ad o p te d th e p o licy o f inci ting ag ains t th em th e n eigh

b ou r in g tr ib es th e B E GA n o d ou bt an d o f c u tting O ff th ei r fo o d

su ppli e s Z akar ia ibn B abnas who was king o f N bia at th e tim e

.
, ,

b efo r e d eci d ing o n h is c o u r s e o f acti o n s en t his s o n G eo r ge to app eal

4
,

at B agh d ad G eo r ge was very w ell tr eated an d su ccee de d in o b tain

.

1
I g w
e ibi d f m E g yp i
th e Be i a l g h l hy
er e p roh te ro t an te r r to ry a to et e r u n ess t e
w m ly i g gh i d i g wi h h m d A b T h gi
. .

er e h
ere p ass n t ro u t o r tra n t t e no a ra s e re on

b w lK (h limi f N b i iv mil f m A wa
.

et e en e h asr h t e n o rt er n t o a on t e r er , ve es ro s n,

see M k i l i
a ri z5 ) d l K bba ( oc h b k h dy
c t II , h f 49 an e u n on t e e as t an t ree a s so ut o

A wa i D kk kh d 5 8 ) w b d l g h I h i
, . .
,

s n , o p p o s te B a a, see ur c ar t, p 0 as ar r e a to et er . n t s

i l
.

c o nn e c t o n s e e 8 at e r , p 1 2
kh d (
. .

2
B urc Dh h ar t p y er

d by l M k di g
. .

Q 3
i Kh t t 5 84 5 8 5 A Ab S lih (

ri z

u o te e a e a 11, cc o r n to u q v
f f y w d m d d Th f y
. . .
, ,

pp 68 7 ) h
2
2 0 t e ar r e ar s o o u rt ee n e ar s ere e an e e o u r t ee n e ar s

w ld d f m b 8 33 f wh il Ab Salih k f I b ah m h b h
. .

ou at e ro a out A D or e u s p ea s o r i t e rot er

f h Kh l f M a d m di g h S lim d bl
. .
, ,

o t e a i a Ib m n , as h e an n t e s e ar r e ar s , n e at es t e tr o u e

i h
n t ig f l M i h l
e re n o d d Ma e i 8 F m Ib S l m

u tas rn : t e att e r s u c c e e e m n n 33 ro n e i

s

w ld ib h d b v d f m
.

ac co u n t o n e m h ou c e rt a n o t s u p p o se t e tr u te a ee n o er ue or o re

t h an h y Ab S i lih giv hi
p er ap s a di g
e ar . h hi y fh u a es s acc o u n t ac co r n to t e s to r o t e
d h bi g hy f A ba J i h H k i f m h
c h h
u rc an h h t e p o r ap o n o se p t e at r ar c e ta e s t ro t e

bi g h y f Y ab (i J h ) i h m il i f S v
.
,

f l A h

o r ap o s e. o s ep n t e co p at o n o e er u s o e s m n ay n

(P i M S A J h i d h f m8
.

ar s F d A b 3 .
, 5 nc . on s ra e, 1 9 , pp . 2 0 o sep o cc u p e t e se e ro 31
to 85 (S 0 R d Hi P 77 ee e n au ot , st a tr pp 2
B dg ( P e ki kh d
. . .

M ki i d B
4
i
a r z Fi i e B
o u r an t , rq

; u e II , ra

; urc ar t,
Ab Sali h giv g
.
,

F k
ey r a e y G . u es eo r e .
 X VI I I . AND T HE IN VAS I O N O F D O NG O L A 1 65

ing a l ar ge o r d er u p o n th e tr easu ry o f Egy p t p ayabl e as s o o n as th e

tr i b u te w as h an d e d o ve r Arr ang e m e n ts w ere als o m ad e fo r th e .

tr ib u te in fu t ur e to b e p ai d e v er y th r ee y e ar s b u t th e am o u nt o f th e ,

gifts u su ally p r es ented b y th e M u h ammadans to the N b ians o n the

o cc asi o n w as cu t d o wn an d v ari o u s d em an d s m ad e by Z ak ari a w er e ,

r efu s e d .

With th is G eo rge h ad to b e c o nte nt as well he might b e and

th e tr ib u te was d u ly p ai d .

Hi s fath er it is s ai d fou n ded a c hu rc h in h o no u r o f his s afe

, ,

r e tu r n
1
.

X V I I Still m o r e s er i o u s tr o u bl e b ro ke o u t in 8 5 4 du r ing the ru l e o f

Anb asa th e l as t an d b e s t o f th e Arab g o ver n o r s o f Egyp t fo r th e

, ,

B E GA r e fu s ed to p ay tr ib u te an d r ai ded th e r iverain to wns o f E df

an d Esn a A l ar g e ar my o f Arabs was e ve n tu ally m o biliz e d o n th e
.

Nil e an d m ar ch ed inl an d fr o m K s whil e a small er fo r ce w as s ent ,

with su ppli es by way o f th e Red S ea In th e r es u lt th e B E GA w er e .

c o mpl ete ly r ou te d and th ei r c h i e f Ali B ab a su rr en der ed to the ,

,

Ar ab g e n eral He w as w e ll tr eate d an d in 8 5 5 8 5 6 ac tu ally in d u c e d

.

to visi t th e K h alifa at B agh d ad P eace was th en c o nclu d ed and the .

m atter o f the tr ib u te ar r ange d O n e o f th e ch i ef cl au s es o f th e tr eaty .

l ai d s tr e ss o n th e faciliti es th at w ere to b e give n to the Arabs to wo r k

th e min e s in th e B E GA c o u ntr i e s T h is d o n e Ali B ab a r etu r n e d in

.
,

s afety to his own c o u ntry 2

.

X V I I I A new cl ass n ow b egins to app ear in Eg yp t 3

.

Fro m the time when the Arab s cam e in contact wi th the Tu rks o n the
4

O x u s an d b ro u ght them u n d er th ei r ru l e T u rk i sh s l av es h ad b een highl y ,

pr ized in Mu slim hou seho l d s T heir physical strengt h an d b eauty their .

,

co u rage an d thei r d elity had won the tru st of the great emirs an d
, ,

esp e ci ally o f th e cali h s w h o b eli ev e d th ey c o u l d r e l y m o r e s afe l y u p o n th e

p
d e v o ti o n o f th ese p u r ch ase d foreigne r s th an u p o n th ei r o wn j e al o u s Ar ab s
o r th e P er si an s am o n g w h o m th ey d we l t an d wh o h ad h i th ert o h ad a l arge

s h ar e in th e ad m in istr atio n o f the Empi r e T h e y o u ng T u r ki s h sl av e wh o

'

1
A b u S a h , l o c ci t li
P l P l
. .

2
S e e M akri z i , K h eta t, I I , 5 6 8 , an d L an e o o e , p p 4 1 , 4 2 L an e o o e , w h o

- -

bj mw f g wi
. .

q u o te s I b n M i sk aw ay h o n thi s s u e c t , so e h at c o n u s e s th e B e a th th e
r iv i
e r a n N b i an s k b k
E g h e s p e a s o f Ali B a a as in o f th e S u d an an d o f h is m en

g
bl k wv i l f m i i i
. . .

as ac s I t i s , h o e e r , q u te c e ar r o t h e d e s cr p ti o n o f n c d e n t s t h at t h e
bl wi mi i m l i g m
.

tro u e w as t h th e H a t c ca e o w n n n o ad s o f th e E as t e r n d es ert Acco r d

-

m
.

i n g t o e l M akr i z i ( l oc ci t ) t h e w ar e n d e d 856
i mm
. .

3
T h e M am l k p er o d p r o p er d o es n o t c o e n c e y et I n a se n s e i t m ay b e
i b gi wi l i l i gy i l
.

s a d to t h S a ad n I n 1 1 7 5

e n S a ad n th e cre ato r o f th e E p t an S u t an ate
l ibl
w as a s o r e s p o n s i
e fo r t h e i n tr o d u c t o n o f t h e M a u s ( L an e o o e , Qua r t ml k P l
il lf ml k m i
.

o u n d e r o f th e M a

R ev Ap r b ut th e r e a u E p re w as B ay b ars ,
m
.

w h o c a e t o th e t h r o n e i n 1 2 6 0
P l i i l by P l f m
.

L an e o o e , His t p 5 9 T h e q u o t at o n n c u d e d
-
L an e o o e i s r o -

g
. . .

E T R o e r s , C oi ns of the Taluni dy n a sty ( N um ism O r ien t I V ) , p 2

. . . . . .
1 66 T HE PRO GRES S T HR OU G H EGYPT X VI II .

ser v ed master well u su ally ac qu ir e d his f ee d om an d r ecei ve d valu abl e

his r

cou rt app o intments T h e caliph s wh o wer e o ften un able to app e se th e

.
,
a

t urbu l en t sp i r i ts o f th e n ti v e emirs e x cep t b y gr an ti n g them sp e ci l

a ,
a

pr i vil eges an d te ito ri l righ ts were gr d u ally le d in to the Opp osite erro r
rr a ,
a

o f ali en ati n g th e mo st p o we r fu l o f th e i r su bj e cts an d in gi v i n g al l th e i r ,

c o n d e n ce to th o se fo re ign s l av e s w h o th u s ac qu i r e d th e en ti re c o n tro l o f,

th e i n teri o r o f t h e p al ace T h es e illiterate an d b arb aro u s wh i te s l aves ( o r

.

m am l uks) n o w i n c p o r ate d i n to the s o cie ty o f th e e du c ate d r u l e r s o f a

,
or

great mp i re s o o n b ecame co n ver sant with the law o f th e Ko r an T h ey

e , .

ad o p te d t h e l an gu age an d eligi o n o f th ei r m aste rs T h ey stu d i e d s ci e n c e

r .

an d p o l i tic s ; an d w h e n any o f th em b e came c ap bl e o f u n d er tak in g th e a

mo r e difficu lt tasks o r o f o ccu p ying the mo e eminent p o sts in th e co u rt r ,

th ey w e e eman ci p ate d an d app o in te d t o th e v ari o u s go ve rn men t o ffic e s

r ,

acc o r d i n g to th e tal en ts th e y d i sp l ay e d .

T h u s manu mitte d T u r k s wer e app o i nte d n o t o n l y to th e ch ief o i ces

in the p al ace b u t to the go vern o ship s o f so me o f the most imp o rtant
,
r

p ro vin ces in the Empire .

In th e S u d an th e M am lk s are gen erally kn o wn as th e Ghuaz 1

.

Egyp t had natu rally b een affe cte d by th is r evo l u ti o n an d fr o m ,

ab o u t 8 3 6 th e s u cc essiv e g o v er n o r s h e l d i t in fee fo r T u r ks at

B aghdad .

X I X Till 8 5 6 t h ey w er e Arabs b u t in th at y ear Anb as a was r e call e d

, ,

an d in S e p te mb e r 8 6 8 aft er a s er i e s o f T u r kis h g o v er n o r s h ad r u l ed
, ,

fo r a sp ac e a M am lk s u cc ee d e d in fou n d ing a d y n as ty w h ic h w as
,

to d i r e c t th e affai r s o f Egyp t fo r fty s ev e n y ear s T h is m an

2 -
.
,

Ab u el Abb as Ah m ad ibn T l n w as a r em ar k ably c ap abl e ad

,

minis trato r b u t r u th l ess in his m eth o d s an d wi th th e n ew o r d er o f

, ,

th ings th e Arabs wh o h ad fall e n in to e n ti r e d isfavo u r b e c am e

, ,

e x tr e m e l y d isc o n te nt e d an d b e g an t o e migrate s o u th an d w es t t o t h e

S u dan and the B er b er c o u ntr i es to e scap e the h eavy han d o f the ,

ali e n .

XX Wi thin thre e m o nth s o f his acc essi o n Ibn T l n w as invo lved

in a N b ian exp e d i ti o n I ts l ead er was Ab u Ab d e l R ah m an ibn
3
.

Ab du ll a ibn Ab d el Hami d el Am r i an d his fo r c e c o nsI ste d c h i e y

,

o f RAB I A an d G UHAYN A AS s o o n as affai r s in N b ia h ad b ee n d eal t

.

wi th el Amr i tu r n e d eas twar d s to war d s the min es wh er e since th e

4
,

1
k
C p B u r c h ar d t , N u bi a , p 1 3 8 ; e l T n i s i , V oy o u O ua d ay , p 3 1 9 ; an d e l
k m i k zz
.

XV
. . .

M as di , C h

I I , w ho sp ea s o f

th e N o ad c T u r s , w h o ar e t h e G h u

g l x iv ly wi i w ii
. .

S p r e n e r d e a s e h au s t e t h th s o r d i n h i s e d t o n o f e l M as di ( I

y ly
T h e ar e p r o p e r t h e S e u T u r s T h e o r d G h u lj k k w
i s et zz ym l gi lly
o o ca th e s a e a s m
y i gi i g iz
.

S c th an , an d i t o cc u r s a a n i n G e t e s ,

M assag ete s , "
K r h ,

T u n g h iz
g
( S p r e n er , l o c ci t p p 2 3 8 . T he
. . w l
o r d i s a s o u s e d fo r t h e Ayy bi te K u r d s ;

s ee B o u r i an t ( M akr i z i ) , p p 7 5 an d 1 07

P l
. .

2
L e oo e, H i 6 3
M akr i z i , K h eta t , 1 1 , 5 6 9 , 5 7 5

an -
s t p p 42 , 1

i ml w mly ig vi i f m
. . . .

4
I t i s sa d t h at ca e s er e e p o e d t r an sp o r t n h i s p r o s o n s r o
w
A s an .
1 68 T HE PRO GRES S T HRO U G H EGYPT XX III .

T o the eas t , as far as th e Re d S ea , w ere th e m arau d ing B E GA

an d t h e Ar ab tr ib es w h o h ad s ettl ed am o ng th e m T h e l atter w er e .

y
ch i e RAB f A , M UDR an d var i ou s K ahtanites fro m the Ye me n , an d

nu mb er ed ab o u t 3000 T h ey h ad inter mar r ie d with the B E GA an d all .

alik e o w e d u l tim ate all e gi anc e to th e g r eat s h e ikh Ab u M arw a n Bis h r

( B as h i r ibn M ar wa n ) o f th e RA B I A

.

T h e B E GA th ems e lve s w er e s till p agans exc ep ting th at is th e , , ,

HADAREB a warr io r cl an amo ng them wh o it is s tated c o u l d p u t

, , , ,

into th e el d m en m o u n te d o n c am e ls .

T h e N b ian Ch i e ftains by n o w it is inter es ting t o n o te cl aim e d , , ,

a Himy i t d sc nt j u s t as d id th e r u l er s o f K anem an d B o r nu at
1
ar e e e ,

a l ater d ate T o s o m e e xt e n t th is m ay h av e b ee n a r e s u l t o f in te r
.

marr i age wi th th e Arab tr ib es w ho h ad s ettl ed r ou n d Aswan for ,

e l M as di e sp e ci all y n o te s th at th e p o p u l ati o n o f t hat to wn s till a

gr eat trad ing e mp o r i u m was l ar ge ly mixe d wi th N b ian an d th at

,

n u m ero u s Ar ab famili e s Kahtan ite and I sm ai litic h ad b o u ght l an d s ,

,

fro m the N b ians an d e s tablis h ed th em selves th er e ; b u t the cl aim

2 '

m ay e qu all y h av e r e s te d o n an in t im ate ass o ci ati o n o f l o ng s tan d ing

wi th Abyssinia an d its h alf Ye m e ni te p o p u l ati o n -

.

B eyo nd Al o a it w as r ep o r te d was a gr eat trib e o f bl acks call e d

3
, ,

K u nn a [ K e nn a K inn a T h ey ar e nak e d like th e Zing an d th ei r

l an d p r o du ce s g o l d In th e king d o m o f th es e p e o pl e th e Nil e d ivi d es
. .

XX I V In 9 5 1 a s u cc essfu l rai d w as m ad e by th e N b ians o n th e

o asis o f K h ar g a w h ic h at th is p e r i o d w as u n d er th e d o min ati o n o f

th e L UAT A B e r b er 4
.

Ab o u t ve y ear s l ater th ey attack e d Aswan b u t a p u ni tive

5

Q i l 0 5 3
-o
M S o an o ld C o p t i n 8 7 3 to d I b n Tl n ( s e e l
M as d i , 1 1 , 3 7 2

/

C p Q u atr e m er e , I I , 1 6 ( q u o t n I b n S e i , ap M akr i z i) lm ig
bi l
. .

O n d i t q u e S e lh a, p er e d e s N u e n s , e t M ak o r r y , p r e d e s p e u p e s d u M ak o r r ah ,
t o i e n t n at s d u ife en Ym iv
S u an t d au tr e s N o u b ah e t M ak o r ry to i en t H m i ar i te s

XXX P f m k
.

S e e n o te t o M S

d o r i g in e B A , p ar a C I I I in ar t I V , fo r u rth e r r e ar s

i
. . . ,

o n th s

ib iz b y
.

2
M as d i , 1 1 1 , 4 1 , 5 0 T h e t r e s o f Kahtan , M u dr , N ar , R a i a an d Ku r a s h

m i m k i g wi
.

ar e en t o n ed B u r ckh ar d t ( A p p 1 1 1 , p 5 2 9 ) r e ar s o f t h s p as s a e ( h c h i s
by i b ib ig
. . .

q u o te d M akr i z i i n K h eta t, I I , 5 7 2 ) T h e n o t ce o f t h e s e A r a t r e s i s i n t e r e s t n

b e c au s e i t s h e w
s h o w thi s p ar t o f A r ca c a e to b e p eo p e d th e fi m
an d e p a n s l by m xli
il
w h y w e n d o n t h e N es , i n K o r d o an , D ar u r an d B o r h o , p u r e Ar a an
,

f f g
oo d

bi bl
gi y
.

3
M as d i , I I , 3 8 3 ( C h

H e r e a a n th e o l d C o p t s s to r t o I b n T l n i s

big bi f ll w
.

e n q u o t e d T h e A r a c i s as o o s :
.

M 1
3 5
C
j l l 9 4 3 Q ue i .e l 83 h 1 13 5 )

T h ese K u n n a ar e n o d o u t Ib n S e i s K e r sa b lm
or K e r n in a , fo r wh m o s ee

p 171
. . y
D e M e n ar d an d d e C o u r te i l le r o n t r an s w gly l ate qu

o n no mm e

M as di , I I I , 5 1 ; M akr i z i , K heta t, I I , 6 9 7 , 6 9 8

5
M akr i z i , l oc ci t p 5 7 4 ; Ab u Slih, p 2 6 7
. . . . .
II 2 . . XX VI . AND T HE IN VA S I O N O F D O NG O L A 1 69

e xp e d iti o n was d esp atche d u nd er M u hamm ad ibn Ab d u ll a el Kh azin

w h o c ap tu r e d Ib r im e x e cu te d a n u mb er O f N b i an s an d l e d b ack
, ,

o th er s to E yp t as sl av e s
g .

X X V A g ap n o w fo ll o ws in o u r kn o wl e d g e o f affai r s in N bia But .

t o th e n o r th o f i t imp o rt ant e ve nts w e r e taking pl ac e .

T h e F atimi te s s u pp o rter s o f th e th eo ry th at t h e d ivin e righ t o f

,

s u cc essi o n to th e K h alifat e w as in h er e n t in th e d e sc e n d an ts o f t h e

Imam Ali th e hu sb an d o f th e P r o p h et s d au gh ter F atima h ad co n

,

s o li d ate d th e i r p o w e r in B ar b ar y and wi th t h e d e clin e o f th e I kh shi d s ,

c am e the O bvi ou s chanc e o f r ealizing th e p er sis tent ambi ti o ns wh ich

h ad al r ead y le d th em h alf a c e ntu r y b e fo r e t o invad e Egyp t T h e 1
.

c h anc e w as n o t w as te d In 9 6 9 th e h er etic al F atim ite K h alifa Ab u .

,

T amim M a add el M u iz z wi th an army o f S h i i tes e n ter e d F o s tat

in tr iu mp h an d in th e s am e y ear C ai r o w as fo u n ded
2
,
.

T h e n ew d yn as ty w as p h l e gm atic ally acc e p te d b y th e p eo pl e o f

E g yp t and th e S her ifs o f the Ho ly Pl ac es an d th e ru l er o f n o rther n
,

S y r i a r e c o gniz e d it 3
.

An attemp t was als o m ad e to c o nve rt G eo r g e th e king o f Nb i a , ,

b u t i t w as u nsu cc e ssfu l 4
.

XX V I B etwee n 9 75 an d 9 9 6 A D w as wr itte n Ibn S e lim s acco u nt

5
. .

N b ia M uku rra Al o a th e B e ga an d th e Nil e S u ch info r m a

of

, , , .

t i o n as h e give s u s c o nc er ning e v e n ts th at h app en e d b e fo r e his tim e

h as b ee n al read y qu o ted We m ay n o w s u mm ar iz e w h at h e te lls u s .

o f th e s tate o f af f i s in th e l s t d e c d s o f th e tenth c e ntu ry 3

a r a a e .

In th e extr em e no r th o f N b ia M u h amm ad an s ettl er s fr o m Egyp t

h ad acqu i r e d l an d s an d w er e p rac tic all y in d ep e n d e n t A nu mb e r o f .

t h e N bi ans t o th e s o u th o f th e m b u t n o r th o f th e s e c o n d c atarac t , ,

h ad als o b ee n c o nve rte d .

T h e c h i ef t o wns in th is n o r th er n s e c ti o n w er e Be g r ash o r N eg r ash ,

i e F aras
. .
7
Ib r im and el D err , I t was u n d er th e c o n tr o l o f a
p o wer fu l Oi cial kn o wn as th e L o r d o f th e M ou n tain the r ep r e ,

1
T h e S h i a d o ctr n e h ad

e e n i n t r o d u ce d i n to A r c a i n 8 9 3 b
A du l a l i fi by b l

i
S h i , an d h ad e e n at o n c e ad o p t e d b th e r e at B er e r t r e o f K et a a ro by g b ib m F m
m i ly m g b b ib f m
.

th e it s p r e ad r ap d a on t h e o th e r B er er Ar a tr es w h o or e d th e p o p u -

i fi w
l at o n o f n o r t h A r c a e st o f E gy p t ( L an e o o e , Hist C h I V ) -
P l
P l f i l g ly m
. . .

2
L an e o o e , l oc ci t p p 9 0, 9 8
-
Hi s o r c e c o n s st e d ar e o f K e ta a an d
b ib l i k lv
. . . .

o th e r B e r e r t r es I t a s o c o n t a n e d G ree s , S a s , e tc ( M ak r i z i , l o c ci t I ,
P l
. . . .

3
L an e o o e , l oc ci t p 1 04
-
. . . .

4
I bi d p 1 05 . . .

5
Q u atr em er e , I I , 3
v y l g g y mi il d d i i m y
.

3
Hi s e o r ap h is not er c e ar an d I o t d et a e s c u s s o n o f th e an

poi h n ts t i
at ar se

G if h i i l i
.

A h R p N bi
7
rc . e . u a, 1 9 1 0, r t , p . 1 9 . T he s te s a s o t h at o f t h e an c e n t
P kh
a r as

T hi m f i ly i m i w m
.

3
s se e s a a r c e rt a n e e n d at o n fo r th e Ad a o f so e

x
te ts
1 70 T HE P RO GRES S THR O U G H EGYPT 11 2 . . XX VI .

s en tative o f king o f Nb ia an d it was a p ar t o f his b u sin ess to

th e 1
,

see that n o o n e p ass ed th e b arr i er o f th e s e c o n d c atarac t i e th at , . .

n ear Halfa wi th ou t d u e au th o r iz ati o n His au th o r ity s eems to h ave

, .

e x te n d e d n ear ly as far s o u th as S a fi B ey o n d th e s o u th er n limi t o f .

hi s d o mini o ns m o n e y w as u nkn o wn an d all trad e w as c o n d u c te d by

b ar ter ing sl aves c att l e cam els i r o n an d c o r n fo r the p r o du ct s o f th e
, , ,

no r th T h e m ar isi l angu ag e was sp o ke n as far s o u th as Yastu

.
2
,

a vill ag e lying ab o u t th irt y six mil e s s o u th o f t h e t h i r d c atarac t an d-

s ays Ibn S e lim m ar king th e b o u n dary b etwee n th e p r o vinc es o f

,

M ar is o r N b ia p r o p er an d M uku r r a (M uhur r a p r op er
, ,
B ey o n d
th is p o in t l ay tw o d is tr ic t s kn o wn r e sp e c ti v e l y as B ak n an d S afad
B akl [ S afdikal P) S an d ikal ( P) S afd ab kal ,
T h e l atter ex ten d e d ,

as far s o u th as D o ng o l a an d D o ng o l a w as th e c api tal o f th e w h o l e

,

co u ntry fr o m the Egyp ti an fr o nti er to th e b o r d er s o f Al o a

.

Ibn S elim c o mm e nts o n th e fer tility an d p ro sp er i ty o f th e c ou ntry

o n e i th er si d e o f D o ng o l a .

O f th e o r d inary in h abi tants h e s ay s p r ac tic ally n o th ing b u t h e ,

m en ti o ns an immigrant su b tr ib e o f B E GA c all e d th e Z EN AFE G w h o -

r e tain e d th e i r O w n l angu ag e an d k e p t al o o f fr o m th e N b i an s : the y

l e d a p as to ral life s o m ewh er e b etw ee n th e p r e s e nt si te s o f Ab u
Hammad an d B er b er We s h all see th at far th er n o r th an d eas t o th er
.

ZEN AFE G we r e s u bj ec t to th e HAD ARE B .

T h e ter r i to r y o f D o ng o l a ex te n d e d n o fu r th er s o u th th an e l Abw ab
( Kab u sh ia) wh ic h w as th e n o r th er nm o s t d is tr ict o f th e king d o m
,

of A l oa 5 an d w as r u l e d by a vass al m ek kn o wn b y th e t it l e o f

1
T h at 1 3 , ap p ar e n t , th e n ly
o f M uk u r r a , o f ki g i i gl
h ch d str c t D o n o a w as th e wi
i l
c ap ta Yak t m i
e n t o n s ( s ee A b u S lih , p 2 6 1 , n o te) th at t h eki g n ll
o f N b ia c a e d

lf g
. .

Ki n o f M uku r r a an d N b a ( si c)

hi m se
k i w wi
.

2
S o B o u r i an t B u r c h ar d t n o te s ( p I n d t h s o rd r t te n

f i w gl m
.

Y o n so , B e n so , N o so P
e r h ap s M o s h o , t h e ro n t er t o n o f D on o a, is e an t

mil bi b k b
.

y
.

T he 36 es ar e i n t h e A r a c 3 ar i d B u r c h ar d t s a s a ar i d is 1 2
ml
.

i es
g lly k wi by l m m lf
.

3
M uku r r a i s en er a s p o e n o f in a d er s e n se ( e g Ib n S e i hi s e
g l i gm f lim k
. .

t h r ee p a e s at er ) as s t r e t c h n u c h ar th er n o rt h , an d o n p 5 49 I b n S e sp ea s

F i l i l
.

o f N e g r as h ( ar as ) as c ap t a o f M ar i s an d o n p 5 5 4 as c ap ta o f M u ku r r a M ar i s
i i i i f m
. .

an d N b i a p r o p e r ar e d e n t e d as d s t n ct r o M uku rr a ( p p 5 5 1 , 5 P re
m ly m m im li i
.

s u m ab l y M ar i s w as er e a na e so et es ap p e d t o th at n o r th e r n p o r t o n o f

wi
M uku r r a h c h w as n h a te d i bi b y i i
a d s t n c t t yp e o f E gy i iz i i
p t an e d E th o p an T h e
il lm w k bv i w i i
.

t t e o f I bn S e i o r d M ar s i s C o p t c

s or ( q v a o e ) s u p p o rt s t h s T h e
m m ly l k f m
. . .

an d ean s t h e S o u th , i e th e o st n o r th e r n p art o f N b i a , o o e d at r o th e
i gy
. .

s t an d p o n t o f E ( S e e Ab u S lih , p 2 6 0, an d M akr i z i , K heta t, 1 1 ,

pt
w g k w y x f m k
. .

Am li n e au , o n h at r o u n d s I d o n o t n o , s a s M uku r r a e t en d e d r o K o ro s o

4
i
to th e an c e n t N ap at a ( Ab u S l i h , p 2 6 1 , n ote) : s e e n o t e 5 , blw e o . .

S e e B u r ckh ar d t , p p 4 9 6 , 5 2 3
b y m bly j
. .

o f M u ku r r a w as p r e s u
5
If s o th e s o u t h e r n o u n d ar a u s t n o r th o f
K ab u s hi a, i e thi n a few wi mil i
e s o f th e an c en t M e r o e b l ly i
I t i s n o t a so u te c e r ta n

f m x w i f iy
. . .

ro M akri z i s t e t h e th e r th s act i s state d o n h i s o w n au th o r t o r th at o f I b n

lm
Se i k
B u r c h ar d t as s u e s t h e att e r
. m l .
1 72 T HE PR O GRES S T HROU G H EGYPT XX VI .

e t s en

len d emain matin tou t l encl os est en semen c et la b 1ere a
va . Le

t b u e ; au temp s d e la mo i sso n o n co u p e qu el qu es tige s q u e l o n d p ose

,

d an s u n en d ro it av e c d e l a bire et l o n se re ti r e ; qu an d o n r e vi ent o n

,

tr o u ve l a mo i ss o n faite et mis e en ge rb e s O n fai t d e meme qu an d il .

s agi t d e b attr e l e g ain o u d e l o v ann er Mais si q uel q u u n vo u l an t

r .
,

sar cl er s o n c h amp arr ach e p ar h asar d l o mo in d r e p i i l tr o u v e l e l en d e

, ,

main tout l e ch amp gen s du p ays ttr ibu en t cel a aux gnies ; a

ils cro i ent q u e cert ain es p er so nn es p eu v en t o bliger au mo yen d e c ertaines ,

p i e r res l e s g n i es ales
,
n u ages m eme l eu r o bi ren t .

C o nc er ning the r eligi o n o f th e tr ib e s o f Al o a we are to l d that

La plup ar t reco nn aissent le C r ateu r ; i ls lu i font d es sacri ces so u s l a

forme du s o l eil de la lu ne o u d es astres C ertains d entre eux n a con
,
.

n ai ss ent p as le C r ateu r et ad o r en t l e so l eil et l e feu D au tr es ad orent

.

to u t cc q u e l eu r p l ai t : arb re o n animal 1
.

A d e sc r ip t i o n o f th e no m d B E GA
a an d t h e i c u ntry fo ll o ws
r o
2
.

T h is is to o w e ll k no wn to n eed mu ch qu o tati o n T h e m ain p o ints to .

b e n o tic e d ar e that a m atrilin e ar sys tem s till s u rvive d am o ng the m 3

,

th at th ey w er e by n o w d ivi d e d in to a n u mb er o f i nd e p e n d e n t t r ib e s
an d n o l o ng er ackn o wl e d g e d th e ru l e o f a singl e s u p re m e s h eik h as

in the tim e o f Ab du lla ibn G ah m Am o ng th ei r cu s to ms w as th at o f

.

r e m o ving th e r igh t t es ticl e fr o m th e i r m al e c h il d r en : fe mal e e xcisi o n

was als o p rac tis e d F o r th e r e s t m o s t O f w h at is s ai d o f th e B E GA an d

.
,

th e i r way s migh t we ll h av e b ee n w r i tt e n at th e p r e s e nt d ay o f th ei r
d e sc en d an ts .

T h e HAD AREB d ivisi o n o f th e tr ib e w h o live d o n th e Re d S e a ,

c oas t an d th e Egyp ti an fr o ntier were th e rs t B E GA to b e c o nver te d ,

to Isl am T h e r es t o f th e B E GA w ere s till p rac tic ally al l p agan

.
,

w o r s h ipping d e m o ns an d living u n d er the inu ence o f thei r h o ly

m e n T o th e s e l atter th e B E GA appli e d for gu i d anc e in th e ir v e n tu r e s
.

an d th e h o l y m an w o u l d in a fre nzy o f inspi r ati o n fo r ete ll s u cc e ss

o r fail u re .

XXV I I But to r etu r n to affai r s in th e n o r th T h e Fatimite s r em aine d .

in p o wer in Egy p t fo r s o m e 2 00 y ear s and the ear li er p eri o d o f th ei r

ru l e was o ne o f su mp tu o us magnicenc e ar t an d m ater i al p r o sp eri ty , ,
.

T h e w e s ter n p r o vinc e s h o w ever s o o n b e g an to b r eak away fr o m

, ,

th e i r d e p e n d e nc e : Ab u R ak wa wi th a fo r ce o f K ETAMA an d B EN I

,

K URRA a s ecti o n o f G UD HAM s eiz e d B ark a in 1 005 in the r eign o f

, ,

th e fan atic Hakim After r o u ting th e K h alifa s tr o o ps h e p ro c ee d e d

4
.

t o o ccu py U pp er Egyp t Her e h e w as u ns u cc essfu l and s u ffere d a

.

1
T r an s B o u r i an t ( p 5. C p Q u atr e m er e , I I , 2 5
. . .

2
I bi d p p 5 6 1 5 7 1
i vl m ili y m XXX
. . .

3
F o r t h e an c e n t p r e a en ce o f t h e atr n e ar s s te s e e n o te to p ar a III
i
.

o f th s c h ap t er

P l bv
.

4
L an e o o e , p 1 2 8 C p p 1 49 , a o e
-
. . . . .
11 2 X X V1 1 1
. . . AND T HE IN VA SI O N O F D O N G O LA 1 73

s ever e d efeat In c o ns e qu enc e h e e d to N b ia wh er e th e king th en

.
,

w as R a p h a e l 1
b u t w as c ap tu r e d at th e m o n as ter y o f S t S i nu thiu s in
,

1 006 t ak e n to C ai ro an d imp al e d
2
.
, ,

F r es h r isings ch i ey engin eer e d by th e K ETAMA su p er ven e d

, , ,

an d in 1 02 1 Ha ki m w as mu r d er ed 3
.

Haki m s m ad rul e h ad b e en a r eign o f t erro r : th at o f his su cc ess o r

el Z ah i r w as e qu all y s o .

XXV I I I Fr o m 1 036 to 1 094 el Mu stan sir the gran ds o n o f Hakim , ,

r u l e d Egyp t b u t S y r i a was n o l o ng e r s u bs e rvi e n t an d th e S AN HA

, GA ,

an d K E TA M A B e r b er s to th e we s t O ffer e d n o m o r e th an a n o min al
all e gi anc e : th ey fr e qu e ntly gav e l e ss
4
.

Ab ou t 1 044 th e San h ag i g o v er n o r o f N o r th Afr ic a Mu i z z

, ,

r e n o u nc e d S h i ism an d tw o y ear s l ater p r o cl aim e d hi s in d ep en d e nc e

5
, .

We h av e al r eady s ee n h ow th e B EN I HILAL an d B EN I S ULAYM wi th ,

o th e r p ar t i e s o f Ar abs w er e d isp at c h e d fr o m th e S a i d t o b r ing hi m

,

t o r eas o n h o w th e y l ai d waste hi s c o u ntr y an d h o w th ey t h e n

, ,

am alg am ate d wi th th e B er b er s an d r e m ain e d in p r ac tic ally in d ep e n de n t

p o ss essi o n 3
.

In spi te o f the l o ss of its pro vinc es an d th e e xacti o ns o f its ru l er s

E g ypt app ear s to h ave b een fai r ly tr anqu il an d p r o sp erou s A P er si an .

t r av e ll er h as l eft a r e c o r d o f h i s visi t b e tw ee n 1 046 an d 1 049 an d h as

7

d escr ib e d th e l u x u ry o f th e c api tal T h e c o mp o si ti o n O f el M u stan si r s

.

fo r ces at th is time is w or th n o ting : th er e wer e m o u n te d

KE TAMA B er b er s BATILI S bl acks O r i e ntals

, , ,

[ T u r ks an d P er si ans
] p u r c h as e d sl av e s , B e d aw i s of ,

th e Heg a z ,
bl ack and wh i te sl ave atten dants an d ch amb er l ai ns ]

(u s tad) p al ac e s er vants (ser ayi) an d n egr o swo r d sm e n

, , .

Wi th su ch a h eter o gen eo u s ar my it is n o t s u r p r ising that in 1 062 a

s er i ou s inter n al cr isis ar o s e b et ween th e Tu rks and th e B er b er s o n
th e o n e h an d an d th e bl acks o n th e o th er 3
N ei th er si d e was animated .

by any l o yalty to th e E g yp ti an K h alifate and wh il e o f th e

blacks w er e d r ive n into U pp er Egyp t whe nc e th ey c o ntinu ed fo r ,

s o m e year s to h arr y th e m or e n or th er nly p r o vince s the B erb er s3

,

ig l
A cco r d n to Ab u Sai h ( p 2 6 5 ) R ap h ae n t ro d u ce d n to N b i a a n ew s ty e
1
li i l
i ig g l l f y wi v l m b il
.

o f ar c h t e c tu r e T h e K n s h o u s e [ at D o n o a] i s o t ,

th se e r a d o es u t
bik mbl b il i g i vly i
.

o f r ed r c , an d r e s e u d n s i n AI I r ak ; an d t h s n o e t

es th e w as n t r o
d u ce d by l g
R ap h ae w h o w as K i n o f N b i a in t h e e ar 3 9 2 o f th e Ar a s

y b
l Fi
.

2
S e e Ab u S lih , p p 2 6 2 , 2 6 5 : a so Ab u el d a, A nna l es , I I , 6 1 6 , th e r e q u o te d
P l P l
. .

3
L an e o o e , p 1 3 4
-
L an e o o e , H is t p p 1 3 6 , 1 3 7 -

P l
. . . . .

5 3
L an e o o e , p 1 3 8
-
S ee p 1 46
P l P l
. . . .

7
S ee L an e o o e , p p 1 3 9 1 4 2
- 3
L an e o o e , H is t p p 1 4 5 1 49 -

bvi ly m li ly i ib ig i i
. . . . .

3
It is o ou s o st u n k e th at N b i a p a d an y t r u te d u r n th s p e r o d
b i v
.

A o u t n o w w e h ear o f C h r i sto d u l u s t h e 6 6 th p atr ar ch ( 1 047 1 1 00, s e e E ett s ,

ap Ab u S lih, p
. 1 2 1 ) at A e an d r a r e q u est n
. an d o t a n n lx i o n et ar ig
ass st an ce b i i gm y i
1 74 T HE PR O GRES S T HRO U G H EGYPT 1 1 2 X X V1 1 1
. . .

p r o ceed ed to o ver ru n th e D e lta an d the Tu rks l o o ted eve ryth ing o f ,

valu t at c o u l d b e fo u n d A s eve n y ear s fami ne fo ll o we d an d

e h 1
.

u nh ear d o f atr o ci ti e s w e r e p e r p etrate d Ho wever in 1 074 wi th th e .

, ,

ai d o f Arab an d A r m e ni an tr o o ps fro m S y r i a th e K h al i fa m an ag e d t o

r e s to r e o r d e r s u b du ed th e r eb e lli o u s B er b er s in the D el ta an d r e
,

c o nqu er e d th e c o u ntry as far as Aswan s o that a p er i o d o f twe nty ,

year s o f p r o sp er i ty fo llo we d .

XX I X T h e l atter h alf o f th e e l eventh c entu ry s aw th e s u bj u gati o n o f

S yr i a by th e S elg k Tu r km ans an d th e r s t C r u s ade T h e F atimi te .

p o wer n ow b egan to d e clin e an d i t was su ppl anted in 1 1 7 1 b y th e

S u l tanate o f the Ayyb ite K u d s u n d er S al ad in [ Sal ah el D in ]
r
2
.

XXX T h e h is to r i es o f th e F atimi te p er i o d ar e so c o ncer n e d wi th

fo reign w ar s c o u r t intr i g ues mu r d er s r eb elli o ns an d extravaganc es
, , , ,

o f s u cc e ssiv e g o v er n or s th at th e r e is li ttl e t o b e gl ean e d as t o th e n o m ad

Arabs In th e l ar ge to wns th e p o p u l ati o n mu s t h av e g r ad u ally b e c o m e

.

m o re an d m o r e mixe d wi th T u r kis h an d n egro e l e m ents and a cer tain ,

n u mb er o f th e Arabs j o in e d this hetero g en e ou s m ed l ey an d ado p te d

a s e d en tar y life T h es e o f c o u r s e wo u l d ten d to l o s e ver y qu ickly
.
, ,

all r aci al p u r ity an d e v e n tr ib al d is tinc ti o ns : th e y w er e m er g e d in to

th e Egyp ti ans an d d o n o t c o nc er n u s h er e .

T h e no m ad s o n t h e o th er h an d r e m ain e d p r ac tic ally u n affe c te d

, , .

I t is a s tr iking b u t n o t in th e l eas t s u r p r ising fact th at th e te n d e ncy

, ,

o f eac h s u cc e ssiv e d y n as ty th at r u l e d Egyp t w as inc r easingly to r e g ar d

th e Ar abs th at is th e n o m ad s n o t s o m u c h as fo r ming an in tegr al

, ,

p ar t o f th e s tate as an e l e m en t o f d anger an d u nr est h o ver ing o n th e

b o r d er s o f th e c o u ntry to b e m ade u se o f wh en c o nveni ent b u t n ever
,

e nt i tl e d t o m o r e c o nsi d erati o n th an th ey h ad th e p o w er to e x to r t .

T h e pl ac e th e y o ccu pi e d ; fo r ins tanc e in S al ad in s r eg ard is n o t

inap tly illu s trate d by th e fo ll o wing qu o tati o n fro m M akr iz i : 3

S u ltan [ S l adi n] pro ceede d to Alex and ri a fo r the fo llo wing reaso n
T he a

the r e w as a su rp l u s p o p u l ati o n at Al e x n d r i a an d at th e s ame time mo n ey a

f m ro th e ki gn of N b ia o n acco u n t o f th e e x i act o n s f m wh i h
ro c he fer ed at
s uf

th e v m
h an d s o f t h e G o e r n en t an d o f t h e L u ata (A b u , p

Salih
i y il v
.

I n th e p at r ar c h at e o f C r ( 1 07 8 1 09 2 ( si c) , s e e E e tts , ap Ab u S l ih , p
l i lm ki g bi l lif
. .
3

w e ar e t o d , d e d S o o o n , a n o f N b i a w h o a d c ate d i n o r d e r t o e ad a e

iim
o f as ce t c s an d w as r o u h t t o C a r o an d r e ceb g i
e d th e r e th h o no u r an d iv wi lly na

b i m
u r e d at t h e o n as te r o f e l K h an d a y
in t h e su u r s o f C a r o (Ab u S lih , p p k b b i . 2 7 0,

Th m 1
e o s t s er o u si l f f w
o ss o h d i di
t hiligs re n o te r r o r as t e e s tr u c t o n o r s p e r sa

f h Kh l f i l lib y f b k ( L P l

o t e a i a s p r ce e ss r ar o oo s se e an e -
oo e, p
S l di w h y l d S l i E gy H w v b h h
.

2
a a n as t e b r st m an t o e st e u t an n pt o e er , ot e

ll l h y l d h m lv ly M lik
.

and hi d s so n s an co d d hi
at e r a s w o s u cce e e m st e t e se es on a

h i i g gh lli g h m lv S l i h i b ild i g i i i
on t e r co n a e, h t ou ca n t e se es u tan n t e r u n n s cr pt on

and b i g mm e n co on ly k w h (L no P l Q R A il
n as s u c an e -
oo e, u ar t ev pr
l d f m F h)
. . .
,
3
K i ta b el S e u l k ( d Bl h ) 6 (

e 5 . oc et , pp . 1 0 ,
1 0 t r an s ate ro r en c .
 1 7 6 T HE PR O GRES S T HR OU G H EGYPT .
II 2 . . XXX I .

cu lmin ated in an attack u p o n Aswan T he r s t arm y was s en t u n d er .

c o mm an d o f S h ag aa el D in e l Ba alb eki Th e r eb els e d at i ts

.

appro ac h w er e p u r s u e d by S h ag aa e l D in an d K anz e l D o wl a t h e

, ,

ch i ef o f the h alf N b i an iz e d B EN I KANZ an d am ir o f the Ar abs o f

-

A a sw n an d w er e h eav ily d e feate d

1
.
,

T h e s e c o n d exp e d i ti o n to o k pl ac e d u r ing th e s am e ye ar ( 1 1 72
2

an d w as l e d by S al ad in s e l d er b r o th er T r n S h a Ib r im was
3
h 4
.

tak e n th e C h r isti an chu r c h pill ag e d m any cap tiv e s tak en

,
acc o r d ing ,

to A b u S h
ali t h e bis h o p to r tu r e d a n d 70 0 pigs sl a g t
u h er e d
5
, .

T r an S h ah w e nt n o fu r th er th an Ib r im O n his re tu r n j ou r n ey 3 .

h e g ave Asw an in ef to a c er tain Ibrahi m th e K u r d wh o tu r n e d it

into a r o bb er fo r tre ss wh e nc e h e plu n dered th e Nb ian s Wh en .

T r an S h ah r each e d K s h e w as o ver tak en by a l ette r an d p r e s e n ts

fro m th e king o f Nb ia He tr eated th e envo y wel l an d gave hi m a .

r o b e o f h o n o u r an d t wo arr o ws s aying Tell the Ki ng I have n o o ther

r e ply th an th at He als o s ent to e nqu i r e into th e r es ou r c e s o f N bia
.

an amb ass ad o r w h o w e n t as far as D o ng o l a an d th e n re tu r n e d an d

r e p o rt e d th e c o u n tr y as

a p o o r o n e w h er e s car c e l y anyth i n g is g r o w n e x cep t a li ttl e dur a an d so m e

,

smal l d ate p alm s o n th e fru it o f whic h th e i n h abi tan ts li v e

-
T h e ki n g .

cam e o u t o f hi s p alace n ake d an d mo u nted a ho rse without s ad dle o r

capar isons : h e had wr app ed r ou n d him a r ob e o f silk an d h e had n o t a h air ,

on hi s h e ad I advan ce d towar d s him sai d the amb assad o r an d when

.
,

,

I wou l d h ave sal uted him h e bu r st ou t l aughin g He ap pear ed to u nd er .

s tan d n o w or d o f w h at I s ai d an d h e o r d e r e d o n e o f h is m en to m ar k o n ,

my h an d th e g ur e o f a cr o ss He gave m e ab out fty o tls o f co rn T her e

. . r .

were n o bu il d ings at D o ngo l a ex cep ting the p alace o f the kin g T he r est .

were all hu ts o f straw .

1
So m e i f w giv i h l h
ac c o un t Th m K z
o f th s i ch e as en n t e as t c ap t er . e na e an

e l D wl w o vi d ly h d i y i l
a as e 8 7 Ib B (V l
en t 3 6) a er e t ar t t e : see p 1 n at ta o IV , p 9
k f Ib K z l D i K z l D wl b mi g M h mm d
. . . .

sp e a s o n an e in , e an e o a, as e co n a u a a an

ig f l N a i h gh h N b i w ill C h i i b bl y
. .

i
n t h e re n o e H s r, t ou t e an s er e st r s t an s . e p ro a

f il d
a e liz h K z l D wl w
to r ea e tN bi hi
at lf an c o a as n o t a p ur e an m se
vi g
.

2
S 5e e n o te on p re ous pa e

E 1 M lik l M zz m S h m l D wl T a S hah d F kh
.

3
I

. e. e e u a a a s e o a r n , su r n am e a r

e l Di n
O f I b im hi i Ab Slih y ( h l d f N bi i
.

4
r at I t s t h m e u sa s p n t e an o a s t e

i y f I b i m h id i l l h i h bi
.

c t o r f h L d f h M t e res f e n ce o t e or o t e o un ta n a t e n a tan ts o
whi h c f h ar e o vi f M i i l d wi h i w ll H h i
,

t e p ro n ce o ar i s ; t s en c o s e t n a
,

a ere t er e s a

l g d b i f l h h ly l d d m d f O L d y h P
.

ar e an eau t u c u rc , ne p ann e an na e a te r ur a t e ur e
V i gi M y A b v i hi gh d m whi h i hi gh
, ,

r n h
ar i o e t t er e s a o e, up on c r ses a cr o s s .

I b m i will b m mb d w h i P imi F h L d f h
.

ri t e re e er e as t e an c e n t r s. or t e or o t e

M i
o u n ta n
,

6

s ee p 1 9
,

Salih ( p 6 7) l m i h l g iy f
. .

5
Ab u f 2 a so en t o n s t e cap t ur e o a ar e q u an t t o co tt o n

I b im i w k ld h A d i g Ib K h ld T a
.

at r : K t d as ta en to s an so t er e . cc o r n to n a n , r n
S h ah i lly h i g x
g o t p r act l v f m h xp d i i h b i g v
ca not n e c ep t s a es ro t e e e t on , t er e e n e en

a s h g f
o rt a e o c o rn .

M akr iz i K i tab el S eli i k

3
, , pp . 1 1 1 , 1 12 .
II 2. . XXX II I . AND T HE IN VAS I O N O F D O NG O LA 1 77

XXX I I In 1 1 74 K anz el D o wl a r evo l te d wi th a fo ll o wing o f Arabs

an d bl acks an d invad e d Egyp t in th e F a timi te inter e s t S al ad in s e n t .

h is b r o th er M e lik e l Ad il ag ains t him a b attl e w as fo u g ht n ear T d

, ,

an d th e N b ian s w e r e c o mpl e te ly d e feate d K anz e l D o wl a h ims elf .

w as c ap tu r e d an d p u t to d eath 1
.

Wi th the death o f S al ad in in 1 1 93 th e m ain ce n tre o f p o wer an d

o f in te r e s t m o v e s fr o m E g yp t t o Sy r i a an d th e c o n tinu e d r e c o r d o f
2

w ar s wi th th e C rus ad er s s e l d o m to u ch e s ou r m ain thesis 3

.

XXX I I I We gath er s o m e val u abl e info rm ati o n c o nc er ning Nb ia in

t h e ear l y y e ar s o fth e th i r tee nth c e ntu r y fr o m Ab u S lih th e A rm e ni an

t h o u g h his v al u e is g r eat ly d e c r eas e d by h is o bvi o u s c o nfu si o n b etwee n

A byssi ni a an d N b ia an d by his c re du li ty .

T h e b e s t kn o wn pl ac e n am e s in N b ia w er e s till as in el Mas di s

- -

d ay M ar is Muku r ra D o ngo l a an d Al o a

.
, , , ,

M ar is was the n am e o f th e m o s t n o r th er nly p r o vinc e wh ich ,

s tr etch e d s o u thw ar d s fr o m th e Egyp ti an b o r d er by Aswan to K o r o sko ,

t h at is t o ab o u t 6 0 mil e s n o r th o f Wad i Halfa I ts capi tal w as .

B uj ar as wh ich is a we ll p o p u l ate d ci ty : ther e is the d welling pl ac e

-

o f J au sa r w h o w o re th e tu r b an an d th e tw o h o r ns an d th e g o l d e n
,

b rac el et Th is d escr ip ti o n is extr e m ely intere s ting T he tw o h o r ns

.

.

at o nc e s u gg e s t th e ta i a r tw o h o r n e d ca F king
h
5
o p o f t h e U N G ,
-

an d h is M ang il s ; an d th e g o l d e n b r ac e l e t h as s u r e ly s u r viv e d in

th e n am e o f th e g reat S o war c l D h ahab B rac el et o f G o l d ) famil y

w h o still r e si d e in D o ng o l a an d cl aim to b e BEDAYRI A o f th e D AH

'

MAS HI A s e c ti o n Mu ku rra w as t h e d is tr ic t s tr et c h ing fr o m K o ro sk o

'

s o u thwar d s I t p r o b abl y c o ntaine d s even episc o p al s ees n am e ly

.
,

K o r ti Ib r im E n c aras ( B uj aras ) D o ngo l a S ai T er m u s an d S u enk u r

, ,
3
, , ,

an d c er tainly n u m er o u s m o n as ter i e s an d c h u r c h e s .

Al oa l ay n ear th e j u ncti o n o f th e Nil e s T h e n am e g en er ally r efer s

.

t o th e d is tr ic t o f wh ic h S ob a was t h e c api tal b u t is als o u s e d by , ,

Ab u Sali h fo r ins tanc e fo r S ob a i ts e lf

, ,
.

T h e d esc r ip ti o n giv e n by Ab u Sali h o f th is d is tr ic t wi th i ts g ar

r is o ns an d 00 c h r c h e s o f th e J ac o bi te C h r is ti ans will b e q u o te d
4 u

1
M akri z i K i t
S el uk , p p 1 1 8 , 1 1 9 ; K heta t, I I , 5 7 4 ; B u r c h ar d t , N ub i a ,
el

k
v f ll w
.
, .

p 5 1 8 ; an d I b n K h al d n ( e d ar V o l 5 , p 2 8 9 , Bk I I ) I h a e o o e d M akri z i s

v i vl z ib wl y
. . . . . . .

I b n K h ald n att r u t e s t h e r e o t to K an el D o

er s o n a s an n o an ce at

i l by l i l w b i g ll m
.

c ert a n an d s n e ar A s an e n a o tt e d S a ad n to o n e o f h i s a i r s H e a so
i i iv x i i l
.

d ffe r s as to th e n am e o f t h e e ad er o f th e p u n t e e p e d t o n
P l
.

2
L an e o o e , p 2 1 2 -

m i vl b
. .

3
M akr i z i (K i t el S eluk , p 46 4) en t o n s a r e o t o f Ar a s in th e S a i d in
.

.

1 2
4 0 1
by E v d B l
.

S A b S lih
4
6 A b S l ih

d

ee u pp 2 0 et seq an n o te s e tts an u t er u a s
w kw m d b x (E v )
. . .

or 8 as c o p o se a o ut 1 20 A D : see p e tt s

P I I I b Abd llab S l P I C h XV f w h
. . . .

5
S ee art b su u ee a so ar t ap 1 II , or at m ay e

Him y i ll l
. .
, , ,

a ar te p ar a e S V l b .
3
o an s e .

M 0 5 0 I .
1 78 T HE PRO GRES S T HRO U GH EGYPT XXX I II .

late r wh e n we c o m e to r e co rd the d e stru cti o n o f S ob a by the FUN G

1

3 00 year s afte r Ab u S lih s tim e

.

D o ng o l a w as th e r o yal r e si d enc e I t is a l ar g e city o n th e b anks

.

o f th e bl e ss e d Nil e and i t c o n tains m any c hu r c h e s an d wi d e s tr e ets
2
, .

Tr ad e was all by exch ange an d th e ch i e f m ed i um s eems to hav e

,

b een sl aves wh o w ere h an d e d o ve r to th e Arabs an d Mam l ks in

retu r n fo r cl o th s and s u ch lik e .

A m atr ilin ear sys tem s till h e l d g o o d fo r ,

I t i s s ai d to b e the cu sto m mo n g th e N b ian s w hen a k in g d ies an d

a

le ves a s on an d also n ep hew the so n o f h is sister th at th e l atter reigns

a a , ,

afte his u n cle in ste ad o f th e so n ; b u t if th er e is n o si st er s son th en th e

r ,

ki n g s o wn so n su ccee d s

.

N ep h ews gu re very l argely in the r e co r d s o f th is an d th e

fo ll o wing ce ntury an d we h ave al r ead y s e en h ow the Arabs accep te d
an d u s e d fo r th e i r o w n p u rp o s e s th is sys tem o f s u cc e ssi o n am o ng

th e N bian s 3
.

1
S e e D 7 , I , n o te . Y ak t c a s i t D um ku l a
2
ll

3
y
S e e th e c as e o f th e G u h a n a i n t h e as t c h ap t e r T h e m ili l y m atr n e ar s s te
i bl b b mi k ly
.

w as q u te u n d e r s t an d a e to th e A r a s Ro e rt so n S t h sp e a s o f t h e e ar

iv l v l m i bi b i g ly lly
.

an d u n e r sa p re a en c e o f o t h e r k n s hi p in A r a a as e n on g r ad u a
-

s u p er se d e d by l ki i
p at e r n a n sh p , ik
an d t h n s bg

fml
t h e o l d A ra ro up s o f e a e

ki i w
n sh p igi lly m ib
e re o r na to te tr es

( K i ns h ip a n d M a r r i a e
g , pp 2 7 3 3 an d

i x m ly i ig
.

T h e p r act ce i s e tr e e an c e n t S e e B r e as te d , His t p 8 4 , r e th e O ld K n
g l li i i g l g
. . .

d Om i n E yp t : t h e n atu r a n e o f n h e r tan c e w as th r o u h t h e e d e s t d au h te r
l i
c o s e st t e s o f bl w oo d g
e r e th r o u h th e an d i bid p 1 41 , re

i l ig m m m
. .

t h e M dd e K n d o C o p a r e , t o o , t h e c as e o f T h u t o s e ( T h o thm e s) I o f
ig y y w y iby y y
.

t h e e h t e e n th d n ast an d o f O so r k o n I o f t h e t en t s e co n d ( L -
an ) d n ast in
E gy p t ( B re aste d , H is t p p 2 08 , m y m li m g
T h e s a e s s te g
ap p e d a on th e B e a
k l b by
. .

( M akri z i , K h eta t, I I , 5 6 1 ; B u r c h ar d t , p I t i s a s o r e co r d e d a o u t 1 3 5 3

xi i g m g b i y b
.

Ib n B at ta as e st n a o n th e B er e r p r n c e s o f th e co u n tr r o u n d A s e n ( Ai r ) ;
s e e B ar th , I , 3 3 8 , 3 4 0, 3 4 1 , an d C o o e ly m l
( p 4 0) fo r th e s a e i n G h an a , W a ata an d

li b ib w y m bvi
.

M a T h e B e r er tr e s h e n th e r e ach e d th e se p art s p u r su e d th e s a e o ous

b w y y wi
.

c o u r s e as d i d t h e A ra s h e n t h e e n te r e d N b i a B ar t h s a s , t h r e sp e c t t o
m i y w f m f
.

t h e c u st o th at t h e h e r e d tar p o e r d o e s n o t d e s cen d r o t h e ath er t o t h e s o n ,

i
b u t t o th e s st e r s so n , a c u s t o m w ll k w e nov y vl
n to b e ly m y
er p r e a en t n o t o n in an

p a r t s o f N e g ro l a n d blu t a so i i l
n I n d a a t lbe as t i n M a a a r
i t m ay b e s u p p o se d
v b l g igi lly b y mig l v
, , ,

to h a e e o n ed o r na to t h e B e r e r th e h t a s o h a e ad o p te d
f m
i t ro ib
th o s e t r i bj
e s ( n o w th e r s u mg
e c ts th e I y
h ad ) w h o c o n q u e r e d t h e co u n t r
f m bl k
ro th e ac l
C p a so B ar th , I I , p 2 7 3 ( q u o t e d o n p 9 2 , n o te) W e
i m m m g bb v g i
. . . .

s e e an n s t an ce o f t h e s a e c u sto a on t h e K a a i s h s e en e n e r at o n s ag o

f mily l w l ib
.

K e r adim , w h o w as t h e r s t o f t h e N r ab a t o ru e t h e h o e tr e , w as th e
i b i w
s st e r s s o n an d s u c c e s so r o f K u r an o f t h e Ri b ay kat s e c t o n ,

vi l y hi c h h ad p r e o u s
l
h e d th e S h e ik h s h ip ( se e M ac M i c h ae l , p
m ill v g bl b
.

T h e c u s to i s st P
i n o u e at G e e M i d o ( N E D ar f r ) se e ar t I , C h ap 4 ,
ill z
. . .

I V an d i n t h e h s o f A b u Had i d an d U m D u r r ag an d e l Har a a in n o rth e rn

f i l
K o r d o an F o r n s t an ce , A b u S h e nk o t h e at e m e k

l o f A b u Had i d to d m e i n

f f m gm m g
.

1 9 1 0 t h at h i s at h er w as a Z ag ha wi ro Ka ar an d h i s o th e r th e d au h te r o f

a l l
o ca

m ek ,

m
t h at th e o th e r o f T i b ay n , t h e

m ek

of Um D u r rag , w as th e
g vi
d au h te r o f a p r e o u s m ek b u t hi s ath e r o n f ly yl
o n e o f t h e A s ad ab ( n o n r o a ) -

i
s e c t o n at th e s a m ill e h w ll k w
an d t h at th e e no -
i g l bi
n Ab d e l H ad w h o , th o u h a D o a

f i ,

l z
( D oali b ) o n hi s ath e r s s d e , ru e d th e N b a o f e l Har a a, d i d s o

b y vi rtu e o f

f
t h e ac t t h at h i s m o th er was a N ub a yl k
wi a o f th e ro a s to c .
1 80 T HE PR O GRES S T HR O U G H EGYPT XXX VII .

an d re p eated ly
i d ed Egyp ti an ter r i tory in th e ne ighb ou r ho o d o f
ra

Aswan an d Ai d h ab D a d wis ely e vad e d an e ngage m e n t an d

1
.
,

r e tr eate d s o u th war d s s o th at th e tr o o ps s e n t agains t h im h ad to b e ,

c o nten t wi th cap tu r ing nu mb er s o f N b ian s wh o h ad r emained in

t h ei r vill ag e s an d taking t h em t o Egyp t wh er e th ey w er e p u t t o ,

d eath .

XXX V I I I In 1 2 76 Bayb ar s d isp atched a mu ch l ar ge r ar my co mp o s ed ,

o f r e gu l ar s p ro vinci als an d B e d u ins u n d er th e c o mm an d o f S h ams

, , ,

e l D in e l F arak a ni an d Izz el D in Aib ek el Afr am Th ey wer e als o

.

acc o mp ani e d by S h ek en d a th e s o n O f D a d s sis ter w h o h ad b ee n

2
, ,

t o c o mpl ain t o Bay b ar s agains t h i s u ncl e .

T h e ar mi e s m et s o m ewh er e b etw en Asw n and D er r ( P) an d a

e 3

b attl e w as fou ght in w hich the Nbian s wer e d efeated an d pu t to

4

ig h t .

El Afram th en mar ched r api d ly o n D er r ( P) an d p u t it to th e

swo r d w h il e el F arahani p u s h ed o n b ey o n d th e s eco n d c ataract by
,

l an d an d r iver l o o ting an d sl au ghtering .

Ku m r el D o wl a w h o w as app ar ently the L o r d o f the M ou ntain ,

at th e tim e ten d er e d h is s u bmissi o n an d sw o r e all egi anc e to S h ek e nd a

, .

El Afram th e n p r o ce eded s o u thw ar d s taking l ar ge nu mb ers o f

p r is o n er s i ncl u ding D a d s wife sis te r an d b r o th er : the king him
,

,

s e lf h o wever evaded c ap tu re
,
5
S h ek en d a w as c r o wn e d king o n
, .

1
S ee M akri z i B u r c h ar d t , p 5 1 4 B o u r i an t r te s 6 9 4
K h eta t

II , k 5 86 , an d wi
by ly v J J
. .
, ,

e r r o r fo r b u t c o r r e ct co n e rts t h e d ate t o un e , 1 2 7 5 u n e , 1 2 7 6
P l giv i i ill g
.

L an e o o e ( Hist p 2 7 1 )
-
e s t h e d ate o f t h s affa r as 1 2 7 2 3

I f D a d p a e d
y m v b lli wi g ib
. . .

Ai dh ab , h e th t h e B e a t r

t h e co u n t r r o un d u st h a e e en i n a an ce es

i b w
w h o n t e r p o s e d e t e e n t h e N e an d t h e R e d S e a co as t il
ll i giv
.

2
B o u r ian t c a s h im

S k an d ah ; t h e M S H s t Kal an

es M e s chk e d e t
k giv i
. .

( Q u atr e m er e , I I , 1 1 1 , B u r c h ar d t es S h ek e n d y an d n o te s I n d th s
na m wi
e r tt e n i n my
M S S S h ek en d e , S ek eb d e , T en ek d e , S ek en d e ( ii -RS 3m
.

Ii ) N bi 5 5 8 I b K h ld
: see ( d V l 5 u Bk )a, pp . 1 4, 2 . n a n e . ar . o .
, p .
4 00, . 11

giv M hk i (M
es

f im
ar t as d M i T hki l ( M
n

U ) o ur t es , an

n as

t e

o n ce b bly b y mi i I b Kh l d
-

p ro a l m k M hki sp r n t . n a n

s ac co u n t a so a es

ar t as n

t h l i d f h w f D a d i i l d il d h h f M k i i d
e unc e n s te a o n ep e o : t s e ss et a e t an t at o a r z an

h m i di i will b m i d
,

t e a n sc r e p an c e s e en t o n e .

B 3
kh d K ll Ad d ( 5 ) J l
urc ar t, f

S 69
a et o

. or ee p . 1 ,
no te .

M ki i
4
m h h N bi w m d m l d l h d
a r z

s s tat e en t t at t es e an s er e o un te on ca e s an c ot e

i l g bl k i ( B kh d bl k d k d k ) gg h h y w l g ly
n on ac t u n cs urc ar t, ac e a e su e s ts t at t e er e ar e

N bi i d A b (B i K z )
an z e mi bi iz d B g lli Of h m I
ra s en an P or se -
ar a c e e a a es t e sa e t
will b m mb d h h B i K z w h h d m lg m d wi h h N b i
.

e re e ere t at t e en an o a a a a at e t t e an s ,

w er e igi lly b h f R b h ib wh i h h d m lg m d wi h h
or na a r an c o a i

a, t
,

e tr e c a a a a ate t t e

B g d h m i f Aidh ab i ig i Bl k w A bb i d l
h

e a ; an t e en t o n o s s n can t ac as t e as co o u r ,

w igi lly ig f m i g f l H A bl k b i w
.

o rn o r na as a s h n o o u rn n or e as an ac ro e s o r n at t e

by h gh U E gy d b y h B ab Ab ab d
.

h

p r ese n t d ay t e m en t ro u o ut p p er pt an t e ar r a, a , e tc

i L w d li f h
.
,

n N bi
o I er ha ts u s e ec nes u rt er so u t

y D a d d l Abwab (i K b hi ) b w
. .

5
I b K h ld (l i )
n a n oc . c t sa s e to e e. a s a ut as

iz d by h M k f h d i i d h w hi
. .

se e t e p i e B b wh
o t at s t r ct an sen t a r s o n e r to ay ar s , o t re m
i nto ad g d l f hi un di h
eo n an e t m to e t er e .
11 2. . XXX V 1 11 . AND T HE IN VASI O N O F D O NG O L A 1 81

c o nsi d erati o n o f his s o l emnly e ngaging to p ay th e anci ent baht 1

an d als o t o d e liv er y ear ly th r ee gi r af fe s th re e e l e p h ants ve s h e , ,

l eo p ar d s a hu n dr e d r u ss et cam e ls an d fo u r hu n d r ed h ead o f cattl e

,
2
.

He als o p r o mis ed to h an d o ver t o th e S u l tan all m o ni e s an d c attl e

t h at b e l o nge d to D a d an d to th e N b i an s kill e d o r c ap tu r e d b y th e
e x p e d i ti o n .

By th e s am e treaty N b ia was d ivi d e d into tw o p ar ts an d u n d er ,

t h is d ivisi o n th e c atar ac t d is t r ic t l y ing imm e d i ate ly s o u th o f Asw an

3

b e cam e a ef o f th e S u l tan to wh o s e p er s o n w as p ayabl e th e cu s to m ,

ar y p r o p o rt i o n o f th e d ate s c o tto n an d o th er p r o d u c e S u c h o f th e
4
.
,

p e o pl e as r emaine d C hr is ti an wer e als o to p ay a y ear ly p o ll tax o f

o n e d in a r fo r each ad u l t m al e T h e two a m i r s th en d es tr o y ed th e .

c hu r ch es o f th e Nb ians an d car ri e d Off th e c o ntents Th ey als o

5
.

insis ted o n twenty N b ian ch i efs b eing h an d e d o ver as h o s tage s

,

o n e s u pp o s e s an d th e r e l eas e o f s u c h M u h ammad ans o f Asw a

-
n an d
Ai dh ab as th e N b i an s h ad imp r is o n e d

1
T he b akt i s s p o e n o f as lv k
4 00 s a es an d a gi wi
r affe , o f lv
h ch 3 6 0 s a e s
w lf
e r e fo r t h e K h a i a an d 4 0 fo r t h e li lf l
e u t e n an t o f t h e K h a i a [ i e th e S u tan ] i n

x g b w k g b yl l
. .

e ch an e fo r 1 000 ar d e s o f h e at fo r t h e i n an d 3 00 ar d e s fo r t h e r o a d e e
g at e s

m m
C o p ar e t h e t er s q u o t e d o n p 1 5 8
k ml g
. . .

B u r c h ar d t ( p e s of o o d r ac e
2
ca

k ly b g ly
. .

N b ia

I t i s s p o e n o f as n e ar o n e q u ar t e r o f N b i a , e in
3 ap p ar en t

u s e d i n th e s en se o f M ari s o r N b i a p ro p er
l P l k lv
.

4
S o I in ter p r et t h e c au s e L an e o o e sp ea s o f ( 1 ) t h e -
h akt o f s a e s ,
ib l gi f ggm
.

( 2 ) t h e tr u t e o f e e p h an t s , r a fe s , e t c , an d ( 3 ) o f an e n a e en t t o p ay
lf v
h a th e r e e n u e o f t h e ki g mn do ii
i n ad d t o n imil ly S ar k B u r c h ar d t ( p m
l i ig ly i i i b l l
. .
,

h i s tr an s at o n , r h t d st n g u s h e s e t we e n th e b akt an d th e ann u a p e r so n a
tr ib u te

im l
o f an i
a s , an d co n t n u e s il
an d t h at th e s o b l
o f N o u a sh o u d th en c e

f w
or ar d b e d ivi lf l
d ed i n t o t wo p art s ; o n e h a fo r t h e S u t an , an d t h e o t h e r to b e
i f ilizi g g i g
ap p r o p r ate d to t h e e rt n an d u ar d n y x i g
o f t h e c o u n t r ; e ce p t n i y
th e t e r r t o r
o f t h e c at ar ac t s , w hi ch w as t o b l g i ly
e on en t re l
t o t h e S u tan , o n acco u n t o f i t s
vi i i y
c n t i l b f
t o A sso u an : th s a o n e w as a o u t o n e o u r th o f N o u a b F ar t h er , t h at th e
-

i w ll i m y i l
.

d at e s an d th e co tto n o f th s p ar t , as e as t h e an c e n t c u s to ar d u t e s , sh o u d
l g y l m i i
b e c ar ri e d o ff , an d th at as o n as th e s h o u d r e ain C h r s t an s , th e s h o u d p ay y l
l i
t h e D jez y e , o r ann u a O m D n ar i n cash , fo r e e r v yg w ro n u p p e r so n -

l ff i bly b y l i g bli i
.

B o u ri an t a t er s t h e e e c t c o n s d e r a t r an s at n I l fu t t a q u e l e t er r
i i g
t o r e d e l a N u b i e s e r a t p art a e n d e u x l i l l
p art s , u n e d e st n e au S u t an e t au t r e

v
r s er e p o u r l e n t r e ti e n e t l a g y i i
ar d e d u p a s ; l e d s t r c t d e s c at ar ac te s ,vii o s n im

m i f m i
d at d As s o u an e t o r an t a p e u p r es l e q uar t d e l a N u b i e , s e r a t t o u t e n t e r l a

i
i v i v
p r o p r t d u S ul tan q u i r e c e r a t l e s d at te s , l e co to n e t l e s au t r e s r e d e an ce s q u e
yi i i i m l
p a a t l e d s t r ct d e p u s l e t e p s l e p u s an c e n i bi i
L e s h a t an t s r e s t an t c h r t e n s
f i i i mm l vi y
.

u r e n t s o um s a l a c ap t at o n ; c h aq u e h o e ad u t e d e a t p a e r p ar an n e u n

i g

m
d n ar d ar en t c o p t an t

m iv bl
I t se e s t o m e in c o n ce a e t h at t h e ki g n o f N b ia

l v b x b ib lf v
.

sh ou d h a e e e n e p e c t e d t o p ay ( 1 ) aht an d ( 2 ) t r u t e an d ( 3 ) h a h i s r e e n u es
l
an d a s o ( 4) t o giv y
e up a q u ar t e r o f t h e co u n tr , an d I v gg
e n t u r e to s u e s t th e i n te r

p r e t at i o nff o e r ed I b n K h a ld
. n ( V
V o l p 4 00 e d ar B k I k
I ) s p ea s o f ll an a o tt e d

ib i i gif y bl y ly g l
. . .
, , . .

tr u te an d c e rt a n d e n t e ts p a a e e ar ,
an d t h e s t r o n h o d s
( u j aa h ) n e ar

A was n to h S l
p as s t o t (o w e M B
u t an
Q y H y h i g f h lf .

e sa s not n o a

t h e re v f N bi b i g
en u e o k by E gy
a e n t a en pt
i di i i M k i iv h h S l w
.

5
i

Th er e s no n c at o n n a ri z s n ar r at e t at t e u t an s t r o o p s en t

m h h
ore t an f d y m h h f H lf L P l (Hi
t re e o r our a s

ar c so u t 7 )
o a a an e -
oo e st. p 2 1

y h f gl w k
. .

sa s t ef D w [Do r ts o P] S d D
a er r ,
s an on o a ere t a en .
1 82 T HE PRO GRESS THRO U G H EGYPT XXX X I .

XXXI X O n e p o int in this tr eaty is o f p ar ticu l ar inter es t : the d is trict

l y ing imm ed i ate l y s o u th o f Aswan w as r e co gniz ed as a p er qu isi te o f
t h e S u l tan o f Egyp t T h is w as n o n ew i d ea . K ing Z o s er o f th e th i r d .

d y n as ty c o nve y e d i t to th e G o d K h nu m an d ab ou t s eventee n h u n
1
,

d r e d y ear s l ater R am es e s II I c o n r m ed th e gift fo r all tim e an d m ad e

th e in h abi tan ts an d th e l an d i ts e lf an d i ts p r o d u c e fr ee fr o m taxati o n
by th e cr o wn : its weal th w as to b e enti re l y fo r th e s ervic e o f th e g o d 2
.

T h e exte n t o f th is r e s e rv e d area w as fro m Aswan to T ak o m p s o ,

wh ich l atter w as at l eas t as far s o u th as M u har raka th e cl assical ,

Hi er asyc o m i n os ; an d in th e P to l emaic an d Ro m an p er i o d s i t w as
kno wn as th e D o d ekasch o in o s ( th e e l d O f twe lve
an d

c nsi d ed
o e r a d p en d e ncy o f Egyp t
e
3
Th ere is n o trac e th er e o f .

typic all y M ero i tic o r E th i o pi an s ett l e m e n ts 4

.

I ts p eo pl e w ere l ar g e ly Egyp ti aniz e d an d i t is e vi d e n t th at i t w as

tr ad i ti o n all y r e g ar d e d as an an n ex o f Egyp t r ath er th an an inte g ral
p o r ti o n o f th e d o mini o ns o f th e king o f D o ngo l a I t is n o ticeabl e .
,

t o o t h at i t fo r m e d r o u gh ly sp eaking
, , th e b o u n d ar y o f th e p o p u l ati o n ,

th at wro te in M ero i tic an d c o r r e sp o n d e d app r o xim ate l y to th e D a

r

K an z o th e p re s e nt
f 5
.

Wh e n Ab d u ll a ibn S a ad invad e d the S u d an in 6 5 1 2 an d fo r m u

l ate d ter ms o f p eac e no th ing was s ai d ab o u t this r egi o n to d i ffer e n ti ate

i t fr o m th e r es t o f N b ia b u t as th e Ar abs w e r e n ew c o m er s an d
,
-

s till u nawar e o f th e trad i ti o nal h is to ry o f th e c ou ntr i e s th ey wer e

s u b d u ing this is o nly n atu r al
, .

In th e c o u r s e o f y ear s th ey evi d entl y l ear nt m or e and w e s ee the ,

fr u i ts o f th ei r kn o wl e d ge in the atti tu de ado p te d in 8 3 1 after the

B E GA war : th e o nly terr i to ry in Egyp t o r N bia wh ich w as abs o lu tely
p r oh ibi te d to th e B E GA was th at lying b etween el K as r (n ear Aswan)
an d e l K u b b a n ( n ear Mu h ar rak a) i e th e o l d D o d ek as ch o in o s , . . .

N o w I n 1 2 76 A D w e h ave Bayb ars p r actic ally u s u r ping th at

, . .
,

w h ich h ad o nce b een th e r ight o f th e gr eat g o d Kh nu m I t is n ot o f .

c o u r s e s u gges ted th at h e was awar e o f the fu ll imp o r t o f his acti o n

fro m a h is to r ical p o int o f vi ew ; b u t m er ely th at h e knew a p articu l ar
r e gi o n t o b e t r ad i ti o n ally r e g ar d e d as a sp e ci al r e s e r ve attac h e d by

c er tain ti es to Egyp t an d s eiz ed th e o pp o rtu ni ty to m o n o p o liz e it fo r

h is o wn b en et .

1
B r easte d , A R I , 2 4 . . .

2
I bi d I V , 1 4 6 1 5 0
il
. .

3
I bi d l oc ci t , an d M n e , p 2 3 , an d A b u S l ih , p 2 6 0
g
. . . . . .

r o u p ( N o b ad ae P) A r ch S ur v N ubi a B ull 7 , 1 9 1 1
4
O th e r th an th e X -

l w
. . . . .

5
S e e G r ii th , N u bi a n p 58 S e e a s o C ailli au d , I , 3 9 4 , h e r e Ku b b an
wi l m i b y
. .

( h c h i s c o s e to M uh ar r ak a) i s e n t o n e d in 1 8 2 1 as t h e s o u th er n o un d ar of

th e M ahas s .
1 84 T HE PRO GRESS THROU G H EGY P T II 2 X LI
. . .

T he B EN I HILAL and BEN I K AN Z h ve b e n s uffi ci ently describ e d

a e

l
a r ead y .

T he my was d i v i d ed into two p o r ti o ns o n e o f wh ich fo ll o we d

ar ,

th e w e s t b ank o f th e r iver an d th e o th er th e eas t S harn am u n m ad e .

n o atte mp t to wi th s tan d i ts a d v anc e b u t wro te to G u r ays th e Lord , ,

o f th e M o u n tain G o ver no r o f the isl es o f Mikh ail and the

1
an d

p ro vinc e o f D aw [ D er r o r d er ing h i m to fo ll o w th e p o licy o f

r e tr eating g r ad u all y u n til h e j o in e d fo r c e s wi th h im .

T h e M u h amm ad ans o ver to o k th e N b ian s at D o ng o l a an d d e

feate d th em wi th great sl au ghter S harn am u n e d an d G u rays was .

c ap tu r ed .

S h am am n s n e p h ew w as th e n app o in te d b y th e vic to r s t o the

2

th ro n e o f D o ng o l a an d G u r ays w as r eins tate d as h i s vass al an d o r d er e d

,

t o p ay t r ib u te .

T h is d o n e the Arabs r eti r e d b u t S h am am u n at o nce r eapp eare d

, ,

an d r e c o nqu ere d his king d o m an d ej e c te d his n e p h e w an d G u r ay s .

X LI I In 1 2 8 9 a l ar ger fo r ce acc o mp ani e d b y the two d ep o s e d ,

r u l er s w as s en t fr o m Egyp t D u r ing th e i r advanc e S h am am n s

.
,

n ep h ew d i ed at Aswan an d w as r e pl ace d by a n ep hew o f the o l d

king D a d 3
.

T h e Ar ab ad v anc e w as in th e m ain t h e s am e as o n th e o cc asi o n

o f th e p r e vi o u s exp e d i ti o n b u t G u r ays an d th e AW L A D KAN Z w e n t ,

ah ead o f th e m ain ar my to try an d e ffe c t by p e ac e fu l m eans w h at

th e tr o o ps w o u l d o th e rwis e ac hi e v e b y fo r c e o f ar ms Resis tance .

w as o nl y m et wi th w h e n th e ter r i to r i e s o f G u r ays h ad b ee n l e ft
b eh in d b ut wh en D o ngo l a was r each e d it was fo u n d that S h arn am u n
,

h ad e d to an isl an d ftee n d ays to the s o u th an d wi th in th r ee d ay s

j o u r n ey o f K ab u s hia .

T h e Ar abs l o s t n o tim e in p u rs u i t an d S h am am n d e s er te d by , ,

h is ad h er e n ts r e ti re d to th e c api tal o f Ad o r
,
.

T h e c o u n tr y at o nc e s u bmi tte d p eac eabl y th e n e c e ss ary fo r m ali ti e s ,

we r e ar r ange d at D o ngo l a an d b y 1 2 9 0 th e M u h amm ad ans were ,

b ack in C ai r o wi th th ei r b o o ty I t is alm o s t u nn e c ess ary to s ay that .

S h am am n imm e d i ate ly r eapp ear e d in D o ng o l a an d wi th o u t any ,

F m Ab Slih ( 6 6
1
ro d b v ) w g h h
u h L d f h M p 2 q u o te a o e e at er t at t e or o t e oun

i liv d I b m d h h l h b l g d h vi f M i
.
,

ta n e at ri an t at t e p eo p e t ere e on e to t e p ro n ce o ar s .

S ki g h w v f M k ( 6 ) Ab Salih m i
p ea n o e A i y ll d h
er , o u u rra p 2 2 u en t o n s c t ca e t e
i y f B ka T h i i l g d h d m i y f ll f l d f ll
.
,

c t o au s a s s a ar e an an so e c t u o p eo p e an o a c om

i g m y h h H dw l h L d f h M i
.
,

m o di i d
t e s , an p o sse s s n an c urc es er e e t t e or o t e o un t a n ,

wh y w by G g fZ h i l H i h m y
.

o se e es I
ere p ut out eo r e , son o ac ar as s r ae ere s t e o n as te r

fS i w h i g ld mi
.

o a nt h t e to n t ere s a o ne
P m bly hi i
.

78

2
re s u a s s st e r s s o n ; se e p 1

i d f h w f D a d giv D a d h
. .

f M

Ib
3
K h ld n a n n s te a o n ep e o es t e so n o ar

tas hk b h (l
in

s ro t er

oc .
1 1 2. X L 11
. . AND T HE IN VASI O N O F D O NG O L A 1 85

tr ou bl e
s blish ed h ims elf in h is o ld p o si ti o n He als o p u t to
re e ta -
.

d eath D a d s n ep h ew an d G u r ays an d w r o te to K al a n o ffering to

1
,

p ya th e trib u te th at h ad b ee n ass e ss e d an d to giv e n o tr o u bl e K al an .

,

h aving o th er an d m o re imp o r tant m atte rs to d eal wi th w as in n o ,

p o si ti o n to r efu s e an d the s am e y ear he d i ed ,

.

S h arn am u n w as c o ns e q u ently l eft u n d is tu rb ed fo r a time O n e .

g ather s h o wever th at h e s oo n b egan to give tro u bl e again an d that

2
, , ,

a c ertain l e ss e r m ek c all e d Any als o r ev o l te d Wh eth er a s ep arate .

e xp ed i ti o n w as s e n t agains t eac h o r w h eth er th e s am e o ne d eal t wi th

b o th is n o t cl ear o wing to th e fr agm entary s tate o f the o nly m anu

scr ip t T h e l atter is far m o r e p ro b abl e In any c as e An y e scap e d
. .
,

t wo d ays b e fo r e th e arr ival o f th e tro o ps t o th e s tr o ngh o l d o f th e ,

An ag w h ich w as ver y lik e ly G e b e l el Har az a an d S h am am u n w as

3

, ,

r e pl ac e d by a king c all e d B o u d em m a w h o h ad p r evi o u sly b ee n in ,

p r is o n in Egypt .

T h e l atter o f th e s e tw o ev en ts s eems to h ave o cc u r re d in th e r eign

o f Kal a n s i m m e d i ate s u cc ess o r t h at is b etw ee n 1 2 9 0 an d 1 2 9 3 4

, , ,

an d th e v eteran Izz e l D in e l Afr am th e l ead e r o f th e exp e d i ti o n o f

,

1 2 7 6 w as th e a m i r s e n t to c ar r y o u t th e inv es ti tu re

.
,

Izz e l D in als o p u sh ed s ou thwar d s a d istance o f 33 m ar ch e s

5

b eyo n d D o ngo l a evi d ent ly wi th the intentio n o f m eeting th e m ek o f

,

K ab shia d is tr ic t [ Qu atr em ere s r o i d es P o rt e s w h o w as p r o b ably

Any s o ver l or d Bu t th e m ek fail e d to p u t in an app earanc e an d

.

wr o te l ater to Izz el D in pl ead ing as his excu s e th at h e h ad b ee n

aw ay p u r s u ing Any He als o m e nti o n ed th at th e AN AG co u ntry h ad

.

b een l ately invad ed by s o m e ali en tr ib e b u t th at h epro p o s e d trying ,

e v e r y m e ans t o ej e c t th e in tr ud er s an d th at if h e s u cc ee d e d al l th e ,

c o u ntry o f th e bl acks w o u l d b e su bj e ct to th e S u l tan .

O n h i s r e tu r n fr o m K ab sh ia Izz cl D in r e c e ived th e o ath o f

all egi anc e fr o m B o u d em m a an d th e p r i e s ts at D o ng o l a an d re tu rn e d

t o Egyp t He l e ft b eh in d him a gu ar d o f infant ry fo r the n ew king

.

an d a l ar g e s u ppl y o f c o r n 3

I b n K h ald n , D a d ( l o c
1
.

2
S e e H is t Ka laun , ap Q u atr em re

if l i
. . .

3
S e e M ac M i ch ae l , Tri bes of N a nd C K or d ofa n , p p 8 7 if T h e d fi c u t e s
w wi v ig w
. . . .

of at e r t r an s p o rt h ch p r e e n t e d th e t ro o p s p u rs u n h im s h e th at h e e d
il
n an d r o f m iv v
t h e r e r T h e p r e al e n ce o f o ca t r ad t o n s to t h e e ffe ct th at e l Har a a l l ii z
g l g y k fg
.

w as a s t r o n h o d o f th e An a s u p p o r t th e th eo r th at i t w as t h ere An y t o o r e u e

l
.

S ee H i s t Ka l a un , l oc ci t
4
I z z el D i n , o n h is r et u r n , r e p o r t e d r e s u t s t o El

lik f l w f ll m lik f l
. . .

Me e l A sh r a T h e atte r , h o s e u n a e w as E l M e e l As h r a Sa a h el D i n
lil P l
.

K h a , w as Kal au

n s s o n an d s u c c e s s o r ( L an e oo e, p -

mi g v ll f i ly i w l bi g w
.

5
As s u n h e tr a e ed a r h ar d th s ou d r n hi m to K ab s h i a, h i ch
w as n o r a m lly v
as w e h a e ate s ee n , 1 8 d a s

o u rn e l ly
(i e 3 6 y j y
ar c h es) ro m f m
gl
.
, .

D on o a
f
.

3
T h e H is tor y of Ka l a un c arr ies u s n o u rth er

.
1 86 T HE PRO GRESS T HROU GH EGYPT 11 2 X L111
. . .

X LI I I In 1 299 th e Mam lk s su ffere d a s ever e d efeat at th e h an d s

1

o f th e M o ng o l h o r d e s at Him s an d o ne o f th e after effe c ts o f th i s ,

-

an d o f th e O pp r e ssiv e t ax ati o n n e c e ssi tate d by a d epl ete d w ar ch est -

was th e s e ri o u s B e d u in r evo l t w h ic h b r o k e o u t in U pp e r Egyp t in

1 302 T h e tro u bl e w as q u e ll e d wi th p r o mp ti tu d e and th o ro u g h n ess
. .

F r o m Giza an d Atfih s ou thwar d s th ou s an d s w er e p u t to th e swo r d

an d th ei r p o ss e ssi o ns c o nsc ate d A n o m ad wh er eve r fo u n d w as at .

o nc e ex e cu ted I t is s ai d th at 8 000 o x e n 6 000 s h eep an d g o ats

2
.
, ,

0 00 h o r s es an d c am els fo r m e d th e sp o il
4 , .

X LI V M eanwh il e th e s ettl em e nt o f Nb ia s eems to h ave b een

,

d is tinctly s u cc essfu l fo r in 1 304 1 305 w e h ave th e king Am ai ,

3

b r inging p r es ents to Cai r o and s eek ing aid fr o m th e S u l tan el N asi r

M u hammad ibn K alan an d o b taining it T aktOb a th e G o ver n o r o f , .

K s w as s ent to h e lp Am ai wi th an arm y o f r eg ul ar s an d Arab

au xili ar i e s
4
.

In 1 3 1 1 th e t rib u t w as p i d by K er en b es th e l ast C hr is ti an
e a
5
,

king o f D o ngo l a b ut h e w as evi d ently l ess d o cil e th an his p r edecess o r s

, ,

fo r b o th in 1 3 1 5 an d 1 3 1 6 tro o ps h ad to b e s e nt to D o ng o l a T h e .

s e co n d o f the s e tw o exp ed iti o ns w as acco mp ani ed by Ab d u ll a ibn

S anb u n ep h ew o f D a d and resu l ted in th e cap tu r e o f K erenb es

, ,

an d hi s b r o th e r Ab raa m a n d t h e i r r e m o v a l t o C i
a o r
3
.

Ab du ll a ibn S anb u a M u h amm ad an w as th en m ad e king

.

X L V A n ew fav o u r i te n o w app ear s fo r th e N bian th r o n e K anz el ,

D o wl a th e c h i e f o f th e B EN I KAN Z s ettl e d r o u n d Aswn He attack e d .

Ab du ll a p u t h im to d eath an d m ad e h ims e lf king Wh eth er h e h ad

.
, ,

alli e d h ims e lf by m ar r i ag e wi th th e r oy al h o u s e in th e u s u al m ann e r , ,

o r w h eth er h e h ad n o o th e r rig h t th an mig ht w e d o n o t kn o w ,

1 -
P l
L an e o o e , His t p 3 00
l im m l ibb l
. . .

2
If h e c a e d n o t to b e a n o ad h e w as t o d to p r o n o u n ce th e S h o e th

da hi h, th e h o f hi ch th e E p t an w gy i w l

o u d p r o n o un c e as an a i n an d t h e B e d u i n

as a h ar d g .

3
I b n K h al d n ( e d ar V o l 5 , p 4 2 9 , B k 1 1 ) ca s him
. .

Ay ( Lg l ) an d sa s

. . ll y
k w w l
.

h e d o es n o t n o if h e w as S em am n s su c ce s so r o r h e th er an y o th e r r u e r
i n te rp o se d et b w
e e n th e r e n s o f t h e tw o ig
He d ates h is d e ath i n 1 3 1 6 , b u t i s
b bl y
.

p ro a i n e rro r
P
.

4
E l M akri z i , K i t el S el uk , ap Q u atr em er e ( I I , cp L an e o o l e , p 2 9 9 -

l mk
. . . . .

5
M akr i z i , l o c ci t I b n K h ald n cal s hi m ( loc ci t ) K e r b ay s an d a es

b w ll mi
. . . .

him r o th er as e as s u ccesso r o f A a M akri z i s acco un t i s ad o p te d

fl w g g
i n t h e o l o in p ar a r ap h s
gv b ll li y
.

I b n K h al d n ( l oc ci t ) i e s A d u a N as h H e s a s h e w as o n e o f th e
3

y l f mily ly l gy b v lm
. . .

N b i an r o a a w h o h ad l ate s e tt e d in E p t an d een co n e r t e d to I s a
w f ll w
.
.

e d t o t h e M ek o f

I b n K h ald n s acco u n t o f K e r b ay s

h at o o s i s t h at
el A bw b l
a an d th at th e S u t an r e q u e st e d th e M ek to h an d him o e r an d th at th e v
m li
M ek co p e d K e r en b e s u st h a e e e n s en t to E p t m v b gy b y
w ay o f t h e R e d S e a,
f b ll m g bl
.

vi a Ai d h ab , fo r a t er A d u a s

u r d e r , ac c o r din t o I b n K h ald n , t h e r e e s

e g

bw b ly l gy
. .

s en t to el A a fo r K e r en b es an d o n t h en ear n t t h at h e w as in E p t W h en
l m b m ki g
.

t h e S u t an h ear d o f th e e p i so d e h e sen t K er e n b e s to th e an d h e eca e th ei r n .

1 88 T HE PRO GRES S T HR O U G H EGYPT X LV II .

mu r dere d ki ng s bro ther w as ins tall e d at D aw [ D err ( P)] an d n o t at

D o ng o l a s u gge s ts th at s u cc e ss w as o nly p ar ti al T h e B E N I K ANZ so .

far fro m o ffer ing any r e sis tanc e g ave ever y facili ty to th e tr o o ps ; and ,

s u ch o f th e I KR1 MA as re sis te d were kill ed

.

X L V I I I Wh at h app e ned ev entu ally to th e new king is n ot kn own .

In 1 39 7 8 ther e is r eco r d o f a king c all e d N as r el D in w ho w as

1

o u s te d by o n e o f h i s re l ativ e s an d e d to C ai r o fo r h e lp wh ich th e

G o ver n o r o f Aswan w as to l d to give F ro m his n am e th is king mu s t .

h ave b e en a M u h amm ad an an d fo r all w e k n o w h e m ay h ave b ee n o ne ,

o f th e B E N I KAN Z At t his p e r i o d th e B E N I K AN Z an d o th er Ar abs

.

an d th e HO W A RA an d o th e r B er b er t r ib e s w e re am algam ating r api d ly

wi th the r iver ain N b ian s n o r thw ar d s fr o m D o ng o l a an d Isl am was , ,

su ppl anting C hr is ti anity in a c o r r esp o n d ing rati o .

T h e p o w er o f th e M am l k g o ve r nm e nt s o far u p th e r iver w as
alm o s t n e gligibl e an d th e st ate o f af fai r s u n d er th ei r r u l e in Egyp t
2
,

w as s u c h as t o o ffer e v e ry in d u c e m e nt t o th e n o m ad tr ib es to d ep ar t
t o d is tr ic t s wh ere th e y w e r e n o t s u bj e c ted t o any ali e n p o w er If an .

e xp e d i ti o n w as s e n t t o N bia i t w as e asy fo r th e tr ib e s to give w ay

fo r th e tim e b e ing an d to r e s u m e th ei r o l d s tatu s as s o o n as th e tr o o ps

h ad g o n e .

Th u s th e s ettl em ent o f Nb ia by the Ar abs p ro c ee d ed to all

intents u n d is tu r b e d an d by th e ftee nth ce ntu ry th e raci al ch arac
,

te r is tics o f th e p o p u l ati o n in th e n e ig h b o u r ho o d o f th e r st tw o
catar acts an d p er haps as far s o u th as D o ngo l a had b e co me su b
, ,

s tan ti al ly w h at th e y ar e t o d ay -
.

X LI X In th e eas t w e l ear n fr o m th e t rave ll er Ibn Batta ( 1 302

,

th e S u l tan o f S u akin wh ic h b e l o ng e d to th e B E GA w as a , ,

S h er if wh o s e fath er h ad b een am i r o f M ekka b u t who w as c o n

,

n e cte d o n his m o th er s si d e wi th th e B E G A B e tw een Aidh ab an d

.

S u akin h e r eco r d s an e ncampm ent o f s o m e Arab AW LAD KAHI L

mingl e d wi th th e B E G A an d u n d e r s tan d ing t h e i r

( J A E :

l angu ag e O th er s o f th e s e AW L AD K AH I L an d s o m e G UHAYN A
3
.
,

t o geth er wi th B E GA c o mp o s e d th e S u l tan s mili tary fo r c e

,
P ro b abl y
.

th e AW L AD K AH I L h ere m e n ti o n e d r ep re s e nt th e s am e p e o pl e w h o
app ear as K AW A K ah li o r Awl a d K ah il at th e p re s e n t

H LA (si ng .

d ay an d w h o c o n tain a s e c ti on o f th e AB AB D A 4
.

1
Q u at r em ere , I I , 1 24
b wa im gy
.

A 403 A s ce as e d
fo r a t e to b e u n d er E p t ( M akr i z i , K heta t
2

o ut 1 n

( ap Q u at r e m er e , l o c an d c p L an e o o e , His t p P l
I n th at e ar t h e S a i d
-
y
i f mi i
.

y
. . . .

w as p r e t o a d r e a n e an d i t i s s a d t h at d e at h s o ccu r r e d at K s,
at H o u ( M akr i z i , K heta t , I I ,

at e l S i t , an d .

b t; ( 3 35) LG 3l

3
I b n B at ta ( 1 1 , u .

4
P
S e e ar t I I I , C h ap .
5 .
I I 2 LII
. . . AND T HE IN VA S I O N O F D O NG O LA 1 89

L We h ave s ee n in th e p re c e ding c h ap ter wh at was th e app r oxim ate

d istrib u ti o n ch i e f Ar ab tr ib es in Egyp t wh en el M ak r iz i wr o te
of th e
h is tr eatis e a c e ntu r y l ater th an Ibn Batta He te lls u s th at th e
,
.

gr eater p art o f U pp er Egyp t b e l o ng e d to six tr ib es th e B EN I HI LAL

1
, ,

th e B ELI t h e G U H AY N A t,
h e K UR AY S H t h e L U AT A H
( w a a P) an d
o r
2
, ,

th e B EN I K EL A S .

B esi d es the s e tr ib es m any o f th e AN S AR had s ett l e d th er e an d

nu mb er s o f th e MUZAY NA B E N I D ARA G B EN I KE LB T HA ALI BA an d , , ,

G UZAM ( G u d h am ) 3
.

L I F r o m 1 3 8 2 to Ci r cassi an Mam l ks h e l d Egyp t Th ey

1 5 1 7 th e .

r u l e d e nti r e ly by th e ali e n m er c e n ar i es Ci r cassi ans Tu r ks ai d o f , , ,

Gr eeks an d M o ng o ls an d th e c o u ntry p ass e d th r o u gh an er a o f ,

cru el ty d eb au ch ery co r ru p ti o n an d inj u s tic e wh ich eve n in its o wn

, ,

s to r m y annals w er e u np r ec ed ented D u r ing th is p er i o d r evo l ts of .

n o mad s an d cu l tivator s alike w er e fr e qu en t b u t u nifo r ml y s h o r tlive d 4 , .

LI I In 1 5 04 in th e far s o u th th e F UN G an d Ar abs c o mbin e d t o

, ,

for m a n ativ e S u d an es e kingd o m in th e G ezi r a o f S en nr .

In 1 5 1 7 S el im I S u l tan o f Tu r ke y d efe ated th e Mam lk s an d , , ,

Egyp t fr o m b eing an in d ep en d ent S u ltan ate b ec am e a p r o vinc e o f

, ,

th e O th m an li empi r e

.

But S e lim S c o n tr o l d i d n o t en d at th e r s t c atarac t T h e c o u ntr y

.

s ou th o f i t w as al r ead y p e o pl e d by a r ac e wh o w er e m ore n ear l y akin

t o th ei r n o r th er n th an to th ei r s o u th er n n eig h b o u r s an d h e e xte n d e d ,

his r u l e o ver th e m to th e n eigh b o u r h o o d o f th e th i r d c atar ac t an d

pl ac e d th em u n d er a nu mb er o f K ashifs Th es e K a shifs w er e
5

O fci als o f T u r ki sh o r B o sni an d e sc en t an d h ad u n d er th ei r o r d er s a

nu mb er o f m er c en ar i es m o stly B o sni ans to act as garr is o ns : in fact , , ,

th e s y s te m o f S e lim was alm o st e x ac tl y th e s am e as th at o f P sam

m e ti c h u s I T h e ter m Ghuz z as u s e d in th e S u d an appli e s in

d i ffer en tl y to th e s e B o sni an m er c e n ar i e s an d t o th e M am l ks an d th er e ,

is n o d ou b t th at th ey s ettl e d in N b i a in su i cient nu mb er to m o dify

d is tinc tly th e r aci al typ e in c e rtain o f th e n o r th er n r iv erain d is tr icts 3
.

1
T h e p ast t e n se i s u se d
giv k
.

2
B o u r i an t es L ao u atah , B u rc h ar d t ( p .
5 29) H o w ata . E i th er m ay be
co r r e ct .
3
b y B kh d 5 T h l
M akr i z i K h eta t 1 1

5 47 , a so l t r an s ate d l ur c ar t, p 29 e att e r

k g ib f B i H b
, , , . .

sp ea s o f t h e M u z ay n a as a s tr o n tr e o en ar

P l Hi Ci i ly did
.

S 4
L 3 7
ee M f h
an e -
oo e, st p 2 o st o t ese r cass an s ap p ar en t not

k wh w k A bi wh i h w m l y h l g g f h mm l
. . .

no o to s p e a ra c, c as e re t e an ua e o t e co on p eo p e

(L P l Q
an e R-
A il oo e,
5 ua r t ev pr 1 91 p
B dg
. . .
,
5
S 7 d N d
ee u 8 6 e , I I , 2 01 20 an or en , I 5

2

J AfS J h 4 T h i h bi
, , , .

C 3
p fD t d o b h n, I, 33 e n a t an t s o e r r ar e s u p p o s e to e t e

mb f B i ld i bli h d i N bi b y S l
. . . .

d d
e s cen an t s o a nu er o o s n an so er s , e st a s e n u a u t an
S l
e ym Th y p v d h i f i m l xi h gh f i m yi g wi h

e r e ser e t e r a r co p e on t ou o te n n t er ar r n t
bl k S h f h S h ak i P
.

ac s. ee t III e acc o u n t o t e i ia n ar t .
1 90 T HE PR O GRES S T HROU G H EGYPT II 2 LI I I
. . .

LI I I I t was y ear s b efo r e S el im s co nqu es t o f Egyp t that L eo

a few

Afric an u s trav e ll ed th ro u gh th e n egr o king d o ms o f W e s t Afr ic a an d ,

imm e di ately after it th at h e we nt o n a j ou r n ey u p the Nil e vall ey 1

.

T h e b u lk o f h is w o r k d eals wi th th e h alf arabiciz ed B er b er s living -

b etw ee n th e M edi terr anean an d th e Niger Th es e Ar icani bianchi .

,

as h e c alls th em h e d ivi d e s in to th e ve tr ib e s o f S AN HA
, GA Z E N A TA , ,

HO W ARA MASMIJDA an d G UM ERI ( G HO MARA ) T h ey w er e no m ad s 2

'

, .
,

an d t h e m a j o r i ty o f t h e m sp o k e t h e B e r b er to ng ue
3
b u t m o s t o f th e ,

HO W ARA an d G UM ERI sp o k e Ar abic th ou gh c o rr u p tly , .

B r anch es o f them h ad b y L eo s time b een p u sh ed far th er s o u th

i te th s e d s ts w ic b d vp n t e l an d o f th e n e gr o s

t o i nh ab o e er h h o r er o h 4
,

th o u gh th e m ain p o r ti o n o f th e rac e r e m ain e d in th e n o rth w h e r e th ey

h ad bl e n d e d th e i r s to ck wi th th at o f th e Arabs .

O f N b ia L eo te lls u s ver y li ttl e He s ays that o n th e s ou th i t .

w as b o r d er e d by th e D e s er t o f G o ran i e th e s te pp es o f n o rth er n , . .

K o r d o fn an d as h as b e en m e nti o n ed th at t h e N b i ans w er e m u c h
, , ,

h ar r i e d b o th by th e T I B B U tr ib es wh o in habi te d th is
re gi o n an d by th e d e s er t d w e ll e r s to th e eas t o f th e Nil e
5

O f A sw n e m e ly te lls u s th at th e inh abi tants wer e mingl ed

a h r e
3

wi th the p eo pl e o f N u bi a an d Ethi o pi a B ey o n d it wer e vill ages o f .

bl acks s u bj e ct to th e n o m ad BU GI HA ( B E GA)
.

LI V M ar m o l C aravajal wh o w r o te ab o u t 1 5 2 0 an d pl agi ar iz ed ,

fr ee ly fr o m L eo s tates th at D angal a the capi tal o f N b ia c o ntain ed

,

te n th o u s an d h o u s e s o f m u d an d was a r ic h tr ad ing c e n tr e 7
.

1
He i s an ac c u r at e an d no t o v er credu o u s
-
lwi b f ly ir te r u t u n o rt u n ate one s

f wh h h
o t en n o t su r e k f wh et er e sp e a s o at h lly w wh h h
e ac t u a k sa or et er e sp e a s at

d h d
s e co n d h f ll w
an y mi an e o o s no s s te n t r an s li i g A bi w d i I li
te r at n ra c or s n to t a an
H w l d f m h I li i E gli h b y J h P y i
.
,

e as r st t r an s at e ro t e ta an n to n s 6 Wh o n or n 1 00 er e

f l i h m li i P y m k h i g w by
.

L ieo s at fau t n t e att e r o t r an s t e r at o n or a es t n s o r se c ar e

l d d m l
e s sn e s s an i L r an o a t e rat o n s e o u se s Ib l R kk
n e l M di d l B k ia i e as

an e e r

f ly d d i g i d ly H d i d i T i f l g j i I ly i 5
.
, ,

ree an un s u se e e n u n s , a te r a on s o o u rn n ta n I 5 2.
d B w
.
,

(S ee e Bk ro d n , n o te to V I I an p
hi L f ll w I b l R kik ( P y
. . .

2
I n t s eo o o s n e a q v p C are tt e p p 4 9 , 4 3 3 ,
a or

wi Z h i Z w
. .
. .
,

r tes H
an i F ag , e n et a ,

ao ar . or Ho w ar a L e o r o t e A o ar a .

3 4
L eo , Bk 1 , p 1 5 1 I bid p 1 5 7
P
. . . . . .

5
S e e ar t I , C h ap 2 , X L I , an d L e o , . V o l I I I , Bk
.
, p 8 36 . V . .

3
I bi d p 9 03
ff m k ig w Pi
. . .

7
Vo l 111 , p p 7 1 M arm o l s r e ar

s co n c e r n n th e ar s o f th e r n ce of

g l wi m v l y
. . .

D on o a th t h e n o ad s o f th e B ay d a an d o f th e E ast e r n D e se r t h a e a r ead

b e en P
q u o t e d ( se e ar t I , C h ap 2 , X L I ) . .
 I N T RO D U C T I O N

I N th e chap ter th at fo ll o ws an accou nt is give n o nly o f tho s e Arabic

sp eaki ng tr ib es wh ich ar e th e b est kn o wn in th e S u dan at th e p r es en t
d ay an d in w h ic h th e Ar ab e l e m e n t e i th er p r e p o n d e r ate s o r is at
l eas t s u fci ently s tr o ng to w ar r ant th e p o p u l ar d eni ti o n o f them as
Arabs .

T hu s th er e is n o acco u nt o f th e BI S HARI i N HADE N D O A HALANX A , ,

an d B E N I AM I R o f th e E as ter n D es er ts th e B E GA o f the Mi dd l e

Ag e s w h o ar e p r e d o min an tly Hami tic an d d o n o t h ave Ar abic in

ge ner al u se ; n o r o f the N bian M AHASS an d S UKK OT o f Halfa P r o

vince ; n o r o f th e N UB A o f el Har az a an d K aga ; n o r o f the FUN G

an d HAM AG o f th e So u th e r n G e zi r a w h o s e affi n i ti e s ar e r ath er wi th

,

th e S H I LLU K an d BURIJ N th an wi th th e Ar abs S o m e d escr ip ti o n h as

al r e ad y b e e n give n in P art I o f th e i r g e n e ral e th nic al c h ar ac te r is tics

an d h is to ry an d fr o m th e t ex t an d n o te s c o n tain e d in P ar t I V fu r th e r
,

i te ms o f info r m ati o n m ay b e gl eane d .

O n th e o th e r h an d i t is imp o ssibl e to avo i d d evo ting s o m e sp ac e

,

to th e D AN AG LA an d to th e v ar i o u s b ranc h e s o f th e M AHAS S w h o
,

h ave tak e n u p th e ir ab o d e s o u th o f th e c atar ac t r egi o ns sinc e i t is ,

b ey o n d qu esti o n th at th ey h ave as m u ch Ar ab bl o o d in th eir veins

as fo r ins tanc e th e s e d e n tar y Ar abs o f C e n tr al K o r d o fan ; an d

, ,

fo r th e s am e g e n er al r eas o n a s h o r t n o tic e c o nc e r ning th e AB AB DA

h as b ee n ins er te d an d th e HAW AW I R th o u gh l ar g e ly o f B er b er o r igin

'

, , ,

h ave a s e cti o n to th e ms e l v e s .

S o m e few o f th e n ame s that ar e appli ed in th e nisbas as

th o u g h to d is tinct an d s ep ar at e tr ib e s an d o th er n am e s t h at ar e m o r e
,

o r l e ss famili ar in th e s am e s e ns e to t h e n ativ e s o f th e S u d an will n o t ,

b e fo u n d h ead ing p arag rap h s in thi s c h ap ter b u t a r e fer e nc e to th e ,

in d ex will ge ner ally s h ew th at su ch ar e in fact incl u d ed am o ng th e

su b d ivisi o ns o f a l ar ge r tr ib e o r de al t wi th inci d entally e ls ewh er e .

U n d er th is c ate g o ry in p ar tic u l ar fall th e famil y g r o u ps th e n am e

tr ib e w o u l d b e a misn o m er o f th e M EDAN I I N HAS fIN A B FARADI IN

-
.
, ,

D E LAY KAB an d o th e rs wh o o nly d er ive a s ep ar ate e nti ty fr o m th e

,

fact th at th ei r fo re b ears were w ell k no wn h o ly m en o f th e e igh te enth

-

c entu ry o r p er haps m e re ly m emb er s o f the e nto u rage o f s u ch

, .

In two r esp e cts at l east th e Ar abs o f th e S u dan fo r m a singl e

e n ti ty T h ey ar e al l M u h amm ad ans th o u g h th ei r M u h amm ad anism
.
,

h as b ee n tainte d by th e c u s to ms an d s u p e r s ti ti o ns o f th e var i o u s

1 3 2
1 96 INTRO D U CTI O N
au to ch th o n ou s inh abi tants am o ng wh o m they h ave s ettl e d ; and th ey
sp eak Arabic In fact th e c o ll o qu i al Ar abic o f the S u d an c o ntains
.

m any wo r d s and p h ras es that wo u l d b e inc o mp r eh e nsibl e in Egyp t

o r Sy r i a b u t w h ic h h av e w e ll e s tablis h e d cl assic al au th o r i ty : th is is
-

natu r ally m o st tru e o f th e n o m ad Arabs an d appli e s l ess to the

r iv er ain p o p u l ati o ns T h e w o r d s o f E scay r ac d e L au tu r e r e m ain su b
.

s tan ti ally c o r r e c t :

Leu r l angu e alt r e u m p eu p ar le temp s accru e de qu el qu es mots

,

emp r u n t s au x v o c ab u l ai re s d e s n egr e s e st cep en d an t enc o re l a l angu e d u

,

He dj z p lu s h armo n i eu se plu s c o n ci se p lu s n er gi qu e p lu s grammatical e

a , , , ,

e t p lu s arab e q u e l es j ar go n s p arl e s e n Egyp te et d an s l e G h r b

a .

I t wo u l d h o w ever b e d i ffic u l t to giv e a d etail e d h is tory o f th e

, ,

Ar ab r ac e in th e S u d an in th e fo r m o f a singl e n arr ati v e T o d eal .

wi th it tr ib e by tr ib e is an easi er m eth o d an d th is I will n o w attempt

,

b r i ey to do .

In th e s ec o n d P art m e n ti o n was m ad e o f th e l ar ge s t o r m o s t im
p o r tant o f th o s e w ell kn o wn Ar abi an tr ib e s wh ich s e nt b r anches to
-

th e S u d an an d th e pl an w as ad o p te d o f fo ll o wi ng th e fo r tu ne s o f
,

e ac h in tu r n as a singl e w h o l e w h er e feasibl e o r o th e rwis e as a n u mb e r

, ,

o f s u b d i v isi o ns w h ic h h ad b e c o m e p r ac tic all y in d ep e n d e n t o f o n e

an o th e r d o wn t o th e p o in t o f th e i r e n try in to th e S u d an
, .

In this ch ap ter wh ene ve r o ccasi o n aris e s it will b e m or e co nve ni

, ,

e n t t o r e ve r s e th is p r o c e ss an d taking in tu r n th e b e s t kn o wn S u d an e s e
,
-

Ar ab tr ib e s o f th e p r e s e n t d ay to attemp t to c o nn e c t e ac h o f th e m
,

wi th its r e sp e ctive p arent s to ck .

 T HE G A AL I IN AN D D ANAGL A GR OU P

1 9 8 111 .

M u hammad an Empi r e was fo u n de d by Ab d e l K er im ibn Y am e

in 1 02 0 A H ( 1 6 1 1 A D ) an d
. .
1
. .

Y ame tait d e l a tribu d es Djaliya s [ GA ALI iN th at i s] au Ch end i au

, , ,

no rd d e K h artoum d an s l v al l e du Nil S o n an ctre tai t S leh ib n

,
a . a

Ab d u ll ah ib n Abb as au ss i Y ame et sa famil l e s e d i s i ent ils Ab ssi d es

,
a -
a ,

co mme l e font en co re l es in digen es d e Ch en d i d Ab ou Harr as d O u rfa ,

,

d e N e selm iy a [Me sall amia ( P) ] et les h bitant s d e l a v ill e d e S enn ar a .

Av ant d e v en i r au O u ad ai Y ame s tait arr ete as s ez l o ngtemp s au D arfo u r

'
2
.
,

T h is Ab d el K e r im w as a c o nte mp o rar y o f S u l ayman S o l o ng

th e r s t M u h amm ad an r u l e r o f D ar f r wh o s e d e sc e n d an ts h av e ,

always cl aim e d t o b e d e sc e n d e d fr o m th e B E N I AB B AS th r ou g h a

3
ce r tain I d r is G a al

T he Y ame o r Y am e wh o app ear s as

.

father o f Abd e l K er im is u n d o u b ted ly G am a i

th e singu l ar o f

GA W AM A A : B ar th in d ee d s ays :
4

Wod a the so n o f Ym e b el o nging to th e trib e o f the G mir wh o at

, , ,

th at time w e e s ettl e d i n S h en d y
r emig rate d with hi s co u n try ,

m en i n to th e regi o n s w h ich fte w r d s in h on ou r o f him it is s ai d wer e a r a ,

comp r ise d u n d er th e name o f Wdy

G mi r can h ar d l y m ean o th er than G AW AM A A
i

an d h e r e

.

W h e n in 1 9 1 6 I visi te d Tu r r a in G eb e l M arra the s eat o f the

, , ,

anci e n t F IJ R king d o m an d th e b u r i al pl ac e o f i ts S u l tans sinc e th e

'

tim e o f S u l aym an S o l o ng I fo u n d e s tablis h e d th e re a sm all c o l o ny ,

O f G AW A M A A fuhar a w h o cl aim e d d e sc e n t fr o m an anc es to r I d r is

,

w h o h ad b ee n b r o u gh t by S u l ay man S o l o ng fr o m th e r iver s eve n

generati o ns ag o fo r th e s ake o f r eligi o n Th ey h ad ever since b ee n .

gu ar d i ans o f th e r o yal to mbs an d Imams o f th e l o cal m o squ e .

I I I N o w as r e gar d s th e G AW A B RA BE DAY RI A g r o u p i t is fair I

'
-

, ,

t h ink to say th at th e o nl y d e n o min ati o n u n d er wh ic h th ey c an all b e

,

cl ass e d wi th any accu r acy is th at o f D AN AG LA inh abi tants t hat is , , ,

o f D o ng o l a ; an d i t is d o u b tfu l w h eth er th ey w er e ev e r c all e d G A AL I i N

5

u n til e l S am ark an d i ass e r te d th at th ey w e r e d e sc e n d e d fr o m e l Abb as

an d link e d th e m o n th at sc o r e wi th th e G A ALI I N p r o p e r w h o liv e d

'

fu r th er u pstr eam T h is is n o t to d e ny fo r a m o m ent th at th er e is an

.

e ss e nti al simil ar i ty o f r ac e b e tw e e n th e tw o gr o u ps : i t is q u i te o bvi o u s

th at s u ch e xis ts an d an av er ag e D o ng o l a
, wi migh t p ass fo r an
av e rage G a ali o r vi ce ver sa at an im r pl ac e N r w as el S am ar

, y t e o o , .

1
H e lrn o l t ( H i s t
p 5 8 4 ) i e s h i s d ate as 1 6 3 5 1 6 5 5 gv -

ig l
. . .

2
N ac h t a , V oy a u O ua d a i , p 9 3
bv
. . .

3
S e e , e g H e lm o l t , Hi st p 5 8 5 ; an d p 9 2 , a o e
wv iv i y l f mily f m
. . . . . .

4
V o l 1 1 1 p 5 2 8 H e n o te s , h o e e r , T h e d e r at o n o f t hi s r o a a ro
gi y l g
. . .
,

h
t e A b b as i y i n i s a to e th e r im a n ar
i bi gl wv ll gl
.

5
A l l n h a t an t s o f D o n o a d o n o t , h o e er , c are to b e ca e d D an a a T h e
i g i g m lv f li i
.

Rik ab i a , fo r n st an ce , r e ar d n th e se e s as S h u r a a , re s en t th e ap p c at o n o f
m
th e n a e to th em lv gg i g y m ly
se e s as s u es t n t h e ar e ere N b i an s .
 T HE G A AL I IN AN D D ANAGL A GR O U P

IV . 1 99

k an d i lik ely to ch o o s e fo r i d enticati o n tw o p eo pl e s wh o s e trad i ti o ns

o r p h y sic al c h ar ac te r is tics m u s t c r e ate a s tr o ng p r es u mp ti o n ag ains t

t h e accu r acy o f h i s d i agn o sis El S am arkan di w as by n o m eans a .

fo o l ; an d it is p ar ticu l ar ly n o ticeabl e that th o u gh h e cl ass es all ali ke

as G A ALI i N h e pic tu r e s at th e s am e tim e th e app r o xim ate d e g r ee o f

r aci al cl o s e n e ss o r d is tanc e e xi s ting b e tw ee n th e s e v er al g r o u ps by a

geneal o gical p ar abl e o f su r p r 1 s1 n g acu me n .

Wh il e th e r eal r aison d etr e o f th e tr adi ti o n al i d e nticati o n li e s in

'

th e fac t th at th e Ar ab e l e m e nt s which p er meate in wi d e ly var ying ,

d eg r ee s b o th th e D AN AG LA an d th e G A ALI I N gr ou ps an d e sp e ci ally
'

th e famili e s o f th e s h e ikh s as d is tinc t fr o m th e r ank an d le ar e su b ,

s tan tial ly th e s am e at r o o t i t is als o tr ue th at th e n o n Ar ab s u bstratu m

,
-

o n th e r iv e r fr o m D o ng o l a to K h ar t o u m is t o s o m e e xte nt h o m o

g en e o u s an d th o u gh n o t d i r e c tl y ad mi tte d to th e ar gu me nt l e n d s to
, ,

i t a s tr e ng th an d c o l ou r th at w o u l d o th e rwis e b e l ar g e ly l acking 1
.

I V In th e r s t c h ap te r s o m e m e nti o n w as m ad e o f th e B ARAB RA an d

D AN AG LA an d o f th e mig r ato r y ac tivi ti e s wh ic h the s e N b i an s to cks

d i r e cte d s o u th w ar d s in th e y e ar s wh ich fo ll o we d th e d o wnfall o f th e
C hr is ti an king d o m o f D o ngo l a ab o u t th e b e ginning o f th e fou r te enth
centu r y I t was state d th at m any o f th em s ettl e d in s o u ther n
2
.

K o r d o fan an d th at t o th is fac t m ay b e attr ib u te d th e lingu is tic

ai n iti e s b e tw ee n th e p o p u l ati o n o f th e n o r th e r n h ills o f D a r N b a

an d th e p eo pl e o f D o ng o l a T h e s e ai n i ti es d o n o t ex te n d b ey o n d
3
.

t h e n o r th e r nly g ro u p o f h ills b u t c an h ar d l y b e s u f ci e n t ly e xpl ain e d

,

by th e m er cantil e p r o clivi ti es o f m o re r ece nt ge ner ati o ns o f B ARAB RA

D AN A GLA 4
.

S u ch p eo pl e s spru ng fr o m th e bl en d o f th e two e l e me nts

of th e , ,

N b i an an d Ar ab as migr ate d farth er a e l d to th e s o uth an d w es t

, ,

for ins tanc e th e G AW AM A A an d th e BE DAY RIA o f K o r d o fan h ave by

,

n o w b e c o me in evi tably d i f fer e nti ate d fr o m th e n or th er n r i v er ain

sto ck since they have inc o r p o r ate d o r b e c o me thems e l v es m er ge d
,

in qu i te dis tinct ne gr o i d r aces In th is m ann er the D UB AB h av e b e .

c o me to all inte nts an d p u r p o s e s NIJB A like th o s e o f G eb e l D ai er '

th e G AW A M A A ar e h alf K UN GARA o f D ar f r an d th e G HO D I AT a

1
lm
T h e au to c h th o n o u s e e e n t a o n t h e D an a a i s adm tte d i n D 1 , C L I m g gl i X X .

2
l i i P
S e e a so n tr o d u c t o n t o art IV as to t h e n ux o f A r a e e en t s n to N b i a i b lm i
b
a o u t th s t i im
e

i
.

Q v L ep s u s , N ub Gr am m p lxx vn , an d P allm e , p 1 1 6
3

i m g
. .

X
. . . . .

o d e rn
4
S ee S e li g m an , } ou r n R A n thr I ns t V o l L I I I , 1 9 1 3 A s r e ar d s t h s
lm gl f vi ml i l
. . . . . .

s e tt e e n t o f D an a a i n s o u th er n K o r d o a n th e e d en ce i s a p e : s ee in p ar t cu ar
P allm e , p p 1 1 7 , 1 6 0, 1 7 1 lig l b gm
S e m an a so ase s h i s ar u e n t to so e e ten t u p o nm x
i i m i gl w i m
. .

ad e i n Th e Tr i bes of N or th er n

ce rt a n s p e c c ent o n s o f D an a a h ch I
a nd C en tr a l K or d ofa n , an d h e

ht h a e ad e mig v m m
o r e o f t hi s ne li if
h e h ad n o ti c e d
v
t h at ib
ar i o u s t r es s u c h as D oali b , B e d ay ri a an d G aw ab r a , ho w m i
I sp ec e d as
big l
e n l g
se tt e d i n ar e n um b f
e r s i n K o r d o an , ar e all p r o p er ly
D an a a gl .
 T HE G A ALI IN AN D D AN AGL A GR O U P

2 00 111 1 I V
. . .

mixture o f FUN G HAMAC NB A an d Arab All ho we ve r regard

, , .
, ,

the ms e lve s as in a ce r tain s e ns e G A AL I fN

.
, ,

But the n am e o f G A ALI IN as u s e d at p r e s e nt in c o mm o n p arl anc e

is m o re o ften limi te d to the l ar ge gr o u p which co ntains th e S A ADAB

,

N I FI AB K I T I AB an d o th er s e c ti o ns th e g r o u p allu d ed to in this


,

ch ap ter as the G A ALI i N p r o p er an d th o u gh i ts exact sc o p e vari es

th e wi d e r u se o f th e te rm is u nc o mm o n an d prac tic ally c o nne d to

geneal o gical di s cu ssi o n .

V L e t u s th e n d eal in o r de r r s tly wi th the tri b es wh ic h th o u g h

'

, ,

cl aiming a G a ali o r igin have fo r m any gene r ati o ns b ee n pl ainly dis

ti ng ui s h ab le fro m th e G A ALI fN pr o p e r as w e ll as fr o m th e o th e r t rib e s

h e l d p o p u l ar ly an d vag u e ly to b e l o ng to th e s ame g r o u p as th em
s e lve s and s e co n d ly wi th the G A AL I I N p r o p er
,
'

Fro m th e m anu scrip ts i t wo u l d app ear th at the fo ll o wing ar e th e

b ette r kn o wn tr ib es and s u b tr ib es tradi ti o n ally r e ck o ned G A ALI I N '

in the wi des t s ens e o f th e ter m 1

B EDAYRIA
I . S HUW AYHAT
TERAYP IA
RUB ATAB
AW AD1 A

MAGI D fA, MAI D iA

or

KU RTAN
HAK I MAB
G AwAB RA
G I MA A

G AwAMA A

M AN AS RA
3 .
DUB AB
M EKAB DA 2

P Ap L iA
MAN SIJ RAB
'

SAN D iD AB
G AM i A

S HAi xi A
FADLAB
M I RAFAB

S ERAYHAB

1
M an l k w m d bf l
y o f th e ess no n or o re ou t u secti o ns are o mi tt e d i m T he r na es

m d il i g hm b f di x g l gi l
.

and so e eta s c o n ce r n n t e c an e oun n th e t e ts o r en e a o ca t re e s

f h MS S A g d i m y

o t e f h o t e ro u p ; an n an c as e s , in th e acco u n t o f h G l ii
t e a a n

whi h f ll w T h b k li ki g v i ib h li giv d
.
,

c o o s. e r ac e ts n n ar o u s tr es in t e st h er e en e n o te a

m f
e as u r e o
2
i di g h i b
co n n ect o n ac c o r n to t e

n s as.

S ee sub G h o d iat .
 T HE GA ALI IN AN D D AN AGL A GR O U P

2 02 I H 1 VI
. . .

emigr ate to th e s ou th w es t an d j o in th e i r kin in K o r d o fan o r pu s h

-

fu r th e r w es t into D ar f r 1
.

Ab o u t th e mi d d l e o f th e eigh tee n th c e ntu ry a c er tain B al l o n e ,

o f th e Ch i e ftains o f th e B E D AY RIA in K o r d o fa n m o ve d no r thwar d s ,

fr o m Ab u Har az c o nqu er e d K aga S u r r u g o n th e D ar f r b o r der an d

, ,

m ad e his h e ad qu ar ter s G e b e l Bis h ar a Taib o r K ab Bal l He
.

w as h o w e v er o u s te d th e nc e b y th e inv ad ing MUS AB A AT fr o m D ar f r

, ,

an d w as c o mp e ll e d to t ak e r e fu g e wi th th e r e mn ant s o f hi s fo lk at

K ag a S od er i an d K at l Her e th e BEDAY RI A g r adu ally b e c am e m e r g e d

'

in th e o l der p o pu l ati o n .

V I I T h e B EDAYRI A in K o r d o fan n o w d i v i d e th e ms e lve s into tw o

'

m ain gr ou ps and a nu mb er o f s u b d i v isi o ns as fo ll ows : ,

A . D AHMAS H IA 1 AW LAD HI LAYB

.

ENA
2
2 Z .RA

3 AYAD GA

.

4 AW LAD MUHAMM AD
.

5 S H U W
. A H AT Y
6 RfAS H.
2

! K A D U M A

AW LAD AL I
O
O

O
!
AW LAD S H I HAD A
AW LAD HI LAL
HUS AYN AT 4

B AW LAD NA AM fA AW LAD HAMDULLA

. 1

2 AW LAD MATI A
.
5
Y
3 AW L AD ME LKI
.

A A f

4 Y N N A

5 A W L AD M US A

VIIIIn ad di ti o n to th e BE DAY RI A w h o p r e s er ve th ei r n am e as su ch
'

in D o ngo l a K o r d o fan an d e ls ewhe r e th ere ar e o th e r s fo r wh o m a

, ,

B e d ay ri anc es tr y is c o mm o nl y all e g e d T h e m o s t n u m e r o u s o f the s e .

ar e th e AS I RRA w h o fo r m a l ar g e s e c ti o n o f th e HAW A ZM A an d w h o ,

ar e als o r ep r e s e n te d in D ar f r an d W ada i 3
.

I X T h e B E DAY RI A o f D o ng o l a ar e o f c o u r s e e n ti r e ly s e d e ntary

1
b g w
F o r i n stan c e , at e l Hash a a i n t h e Z a h a a co u n tr ( N D arf r ) th e r e i s a y
m ll l y b l vill g
.

s a co o n o f th e Ri as h r an c h , s e tt e d i n a es

igi lly b w i bv
.

2
O r na B er e rs T h e Z e n ar a er e a s e c t o n o f L u ata S ee p 1 5 2 , a o e
m g l
. . . .

O t h er Z en a t a ar e a o n t h e Haw az m a ( q v ate r )
will f m F F
. . .

3
It b e s e e n ro th e t r e e s t h at A b u e l R i sh ath e r o f th e e ath er

i i i lly b
th e r an ce s to r , i s t r ad t o n a a r o th er o f B e d ay r an d S h u a b wy
b y m i g ly i
.

4
B e d ay r i a ar r a e o n , i
e th e r an ce s tr e s s w as a B e d ay r i a

m m i by k big
. . .

T h e n a e is en t o n ed B u r c h ar d t as e n th at o f o n e o f
ib
th e tr f
es o f K o r d o an

b i F
.

3
S ee C ar o n , 1 1 , 9 1 an d N ach tig al , V oy a u O ua d az , p 7 1 T h e s te o f e l ash e r
'

lf i v i ly b l g
. . .

i t se i s sa d to h a e an c en t e o n e d t o th e A s i r r a .
I II 1 X I . . . T HE G A AL I IN AN D D ANAGL A

G RO U P 2 03

T h o s e in K o r do fan h ave inter marr i e d so fr ee l y wi th th ei r neigh b o u r s ,

th e p ar tly c o gn ate G AW A M A A an d th e HAW AZ M A an d ab o v e all wi th

,

th e N UB A th at th e y h av e li tt l e r aci al in d ivi du ali ty r e m aining to the m

, .

T h ey r e s e mbl e th e N b a far m o r e th an the D o ngo l awi an d i t is fr o m ,

th e fo r m er th at th e jeunesse dor ee o f th e B E DAY RI A h av e ad o p te d th e

' '

fas h i o n o f we aring th ei r h ai r in s eve r al thick s au s age lik e r o lls l ai d -

l o ngwis e b ack fr o m th e fo r eh ead an d falling at th e b ack n ear ly to th e

s h o u l d er s 1
.

Th ey h ave m any Vill ages n ear to th e s o u th an d wes t o f e l O b e i d

an d th e s e ag ain h av e s e n t o u t nu m er o u s sc atte r e d c o l o ni e s in to

n o r ther n an d w e ster n K o r do fan In the r ains th e cattl e o wning .

-

BEDAYRI A th o s e to th e s o u th an d e as t th at is l e ad a n o m ad ic e xis te nc e
'

, ,

in c o mp any wi th the HAW AZMA B AKK ARA .

X T h e T E RAYFI A ar e cl o s e c o nn e cti o ns an d n eigh b o u r s o f th e

'

N bian BE D AYRI A K o r ti an d Am b u kOl w e r e th ei r anci e nt c e n tr e s

'

an d a nu mb e r r e m ain th e r e ab o u ts at th e p r e s e n t d ay M any TE RAYF IA .

h o we ve r h ave mig r ate d e ls e wh e r e an d th e m aj o r i ty o f th e s e ar e ,

s ettl ed in K o r d o fan Th ey p r o b abl y acco mp ani e d th e ear li es t BE

.

D AYRI A e mig r an ts b u t ins te ad o f r e m aining wi th th e m th e y t o o k u p

'

t h e i r ab o d e wi th th e G AW AM A A g ro u p an d at th e p r e s e n t d ay fo r m

o n e o f i ts l ar g e r s u b d i v isi o ns an d h ave b e c o m e assi mil ate d t o th e

s e mi ne gr o i d typ e T h e TERAYF I A w h o wer e d r ive n fr o m D o ng o l a

-
2
.
'

at a l ate r d ate vic tims o f S H A I KIA agg r e ssi v e n e ss in th e e ig h tee n th

ce ntu r y m o s tly w e nt to D ar f r an d to o k to tr ading at K o bb e an d

,

el Fa sh e r e tc T h ey are s till r ep r e s en te d am o ng th e G ella ba
3
.
,

D AN AGLA at e l F as h e r O th e r s s ett l e d at K err i n e ar th e S h ab lu k a

.

c ataract 4
.

( b) T H E G HO D IAT

X I live s ou th o f e l O b ei d o n th e v ery fr inge o f th e

T h e G HO D I AT 5

N b a c o u n tr y an d th e c o nn e cti o n b etw ee n th e m an d th e r e s t o f th e
,

so c all e d G A ALI IN g r o u p th o u g h app ar e n t fr o m al l th e G a ali

-

nis bas is s o mewh at th eo re tical

, .

In tr ad iti o n th ey ar e ve ry cl o s ely c o nne cte d wi th th e anci e nt

tr ib e s o f th e K U N AN an d th e KU sAS wh o ar e n o w e x tinc t in th e S u d an .

T h e fo r m er ar e s ai d to h ave live d at R er a in K ass al a P r o vinc e an d t o

h av e b e e n ex ti r p ate d by th e S HUKRI A

v
T h e Haw az m a h a e ad o p t e d t h e s a e c u sto
1
m m i
b u t n o t t o q u t e t h e s a e e t en t m x
b ivi i
.

2
F o r th e s u d m a a Te r ay fi a s e e sub G a w am a a

s o n s o f t h e G aw a -

m ll g lly l
.

3
G e ll a ba ar e s a tr ad e r s , e n e r a

p e d ar s
i ll
.

N ch o s , p 1 9
lm iv lly ll
. .

T he M S S a

Ko diat an d Ka
5
S i ng G h ad aw i . o st u n er sa sp e

wi f i b w mm li
. .

d a , b u t t h e c o n u s o n e t e e n 5 an d i s so co o n t h at n o r e an c e c an b e

l
p ac e d o n t h e c o r r e c tn e ss o f t h at s p e n lli g a .
 T HE G A AL I IN AN D D ANAGL A GR O U P

2 04

T h e o nly r e c o r d o f th e KvsAS is , I th ink , in a p ass age o f B u rck

h ar dt Sp e aking o f th e HO W ARA o f U pp e r Egypt in M am l k d ays h e
.

s ays 1

On ib e o f Kasz as ( g l ? ) [i e KUsAs] who p eopl e

th e so u th , t h e t r a a . .

th e co u ntry o n t h e w est b an k s fro m T h eb e s to n ear Es n e an d to wh o m ,

b elo ng the in h abitants o f Gou rn e O m ent an d Reh eyg at ( ll cel eb rate d ,

r , a

fo th ei r b o l d p l u n d e ri n g enterp r is es) w er e th eir d etermi n ed enemi es ;

r

al th o u gh b o th th es e an d th e Ho w ar a r ep o r t th at th ev h av e t h e s ame o igi n r

fr om B arb ary .

B o th tr ib e s h ave l eft thei r n ame s in s o me o f the small h ills e as t

o f th e Bl u e Nil e n ear Ab u D e layk Wi th th e G HOD I AT K UN AN an d .
,

K U S AS th e nisbas c o mm o nly incl u de th e BATAH i N wh o s e anci e nt
2

h o m e was am o ng th e s e s ame h ills .

X I I O n th e o th e r h an d th e G HO D I AT ar e u niv er s ally all o we d to b e

l ar ge ly F UN G by r ace
3
.

T h ey are als o o bvi o u sly as mu ch n egr o i d as Arab T h e infere nce .

th e n t o b e d rawn w o u l d s ee m to b e th at c e r tain m e mb e r s o f th e gr o u p
w h ich als o fo r m e d th e s u bs tratu m o f the tr ib e s o f th e
p r es e nt s e ttl e d at s o me ear ly p e r i o d in the Vicini ty o f Ab u D e layk ;
an d th at c e r t ain o f th e m t o o k an a c tiv e p ar t in th e Ar ab F u ng m o ve -

me nt at the b e ginning o f the sixtee nth ce ntu ry an d in co nne cti o n ,

wi th that m o veme nt p e netr ate d we s twar d s into K o r d o fan an d s ettle d

th e r e am o ng th e N UB A an d in te r m arr i e d wi th th e m O r as an al ter .
,

n ative i t is p o ssibl e that the G HO D I AT m ay h ave fo rm ed a p art o f th e

,

raci al wave th at o we d into K o r d o fn fr o m D o ngo l a two ce ntu r i e s

b e fo r e the fo u n dati o n o f S ennar an d h av e s u bs equ ently acqui r e d the
FU N G c o nne cti o n in K o rd o fan i ts e lf .

X I I I T hei r tradi ti o ns r el ate th at th ey to o k u p thei r ab o de at rst

n ear G eb e l Ku r b ag an d Melbis an d afte r a time d ro ve th e N b a
fr o m thei r s tr o ngh o l d o n G eb e l K o r d o fan an d u su r p e d th eir p o si ti o n .

T h e BED AY RI A G AW AM A A g r o u p ar e s ai d to h ave s u bmi tte d to

'
-

th e ir o ve r l o r d s h ip T h e s to ry as P allm e h e ar d i t in 1 8 38 is as fo ll o ws :
4
.

T h e ab o r igin e s ar e n egr o es f om Nu bi wh o e v e n at t h e p r ese n t time

r a, , ,

in h abit many p a ts o f K o r d ofan T h e w o r d K o r d o fan itself is o f Nu bi n

r . a

d er iv ti o n T h r e e t ib es s u b s eq u en tl y immigrated : t h e H d ej t el G i o m m e
a . r a a , ,

an d B e d e r i e T h e p er i o d o f th is immigr ati o n h o w e ver c n n o t b e d e ni tel y

5
.
, ,
a

d etermi n e d T h ese th r e e n o mad i c t r ib es d i str ib u te d themse l v es o v er th e

.

co untry r o u n d b o ut Mo u nt Ko rd o f n o ccup ied th emsel ves with cattl e

a a ,

b r eeding an d e ach t ib e h ad its sh eikh o r m gistrate ; b u t fro m th ese

,
r ,
a

1
N u bi a , p 5 3 2 C p t h e e n e a o c a tr e e s o f t h e A
2
g l gi l
g ro u p

i F g
.

X y
. . .

3
D 1 , C C I s a s Ham ag n ste ad o f u n
ii ik
.

4
S o tr ad t o n C p P allm e , p p 1 1 1 2 , r o u t an d e th e r c P P
m igi l m l ib m
. . . .

th e
5
T h e n a es ap p e ar so i n t h e o r n a G er an a so T h e t r es . e an t ar e

G h o di at , th e G aw am a a an d th e B e d ay r i a

.
 T HE G A AL I IN AN D D ANAGL A GR OU P

2 06 1 11 1 11 1 11
. .

live th er e in th ei r vill age s to th e p r e s ent time am o ng a m e d l ey o f

e qu all y d e b as e d B E DAYRi A MU S AB A A T OM AM T U MB AB
l
T B I RKE D , , , ,

an d D UB AB .

X IV Am o ng th e su b d i v isi o ns of th e G HO D I AT ar e th e fo ll o wing
NAFAR EL MARAD B URUH
O M AR I DAY RAT

SAFE I
K U UK

S A iD

M E xAB D A (p ro p erly BEDAYRiA)
AB U K HADRA S ERAR i R
SALAMAT (an o ffsh o o t B S of th e AKK ARA AL AM AT)

T h e MEKAB DA i t is w o r th n o ting app e ar in th e , nisba s as a ,

G a ali trib e cl o s e ly c o gnate to the M AN AS RA Th o s e wh o ar e am o ng

.

th e G H O D I AT ar e r e g ar d e d l o c all y as BE D AY Ri A af li ate d fo r s e v er al
ge n er ati o ns to th e G HO D I AT .

( )
c T H E B A TAHIN 2

X V T h e BATAHiN o f th e p r e s e nt d ay ar e a n o m ad ic trib e wi th h ead /

qu ar ter s at Ab u D elayk h alfway b etwee n K h ar to u m an d th e Atb ar a, ,

an d t o a l e ss d e g r e e at A lw a

n T he m o r e s o u th er nl m emb er s o f th e . y
tr ib e , b u t fo r a few sc atte r e d in d ivi d u als s e tt l e d n e ar W ad M e d ani
M an ak il
cer tain o f th e AB AD LA s e cti o n in Ru faa dis tr ict
l

an d e ,
are ,

an d th e m o s t n or th e r nl y th e B U T UGA B w h o h av e l ate l y spli t aw ay ,

fr o m th e m ain tr ib e an d live in K h ar to u m N o r th d is tr ict .

E as twar d s th ey d o n o t exten d b ey o n d th e b o u n dari e s o f the Bl u e

Nil e P r o vince exce p t in th e s eas o n o f th e r ains whe n th ey r o am th e

c o mm o n gr azing g ro u n d o f th e B u tan a an d w es tw ar d s the i r r ights ,

e n d ftee n mil e s o r m o r e fr o m th e r ive r .

X V I U n til ab o u t h alf a c e ntu r y ag o th e m aj o r i ty o f th e tr ib e l e ss ,

p o wer fu l th e n th an n o w an d living r o u n d Alwan wer e de p e n de nt

,

fo r w ate r u p o n th e hafi r s u ntil th es e d r i e d u p in th e e ar ly sp r ing

,

an d th e n u p o n th e r i v er B u t fo r a l o ng tim e th e r e h ad b e e n als o a
.

few o f th e m at Ab u D el ayk an d i t s ee ms th at th e s e we r e p o p u l ar ly ,

r e g ar de d as h aving anci e nt r ig h ts in th at vicini ty if n o t as ab o r igin als

3
, .

Ho wever th e S HU KRI A u n d e r th e gr e at Ab u Sin famil y h ad m ade

th e ms e lv e s s u p r e m e in F UN G d ays b etwee n th e Bl u e Nil e an d th e

Atb ara an d m aintain e d th e i r s u p r e m acy th r o u g h o u t the T u r kis h
p er i o d T h e BATAHI N w ere a n egligibl e facto r u n der thes e c o n di ti o ns ;
.
'

an d in add i ti o n th e D e l ayka b d e sc e n d ants o f a c e rtain K ah li feki

4
, , ,

1
Qv P
I , C h ap 4 ar t S i ng B at han i 2 '

i y w w ll k
. . . . . .

3
C p D 3 , N o 7 4 I t i s s a d th e o n e d o n e e th e r e B u r c h ar d t ( p 3 4 5 )
m i m g b i i i b
. . . . .

en t o n s B at ahi n a o n th e A r a s o f S h e n d d s tr ct i n 1 8 1 4 , an d n o d o u t h e
f
r e e r s to t h e a es f mili w
h o se h e ad q u ar te r s e r e at Ab u D e l ay k w
i P
.

Q v i n C h ap 5 ( a ) o f th s art
4
. . . .
I II 1
. . X VII . T HE G A AL I IN AN D D ANAGL A

GR O U P 2 07

s u r name d Ab u D el ayk h ad o b taine d a h o l d o n th e p articu l ar si te

,

n o w kn o wn by hi s n am e an d a l ar g e p ar t o f th e W ad i Hawad S o me .

y ear s b e fo r e th e M ah d ia S h eikh Ab d el B ak i Ab d e l K adi r th e

,

gr an d fathe r o f the p r e s e nt o nzda o f th e BAT AH I N s u ccee de d in '

o p e ning w e lls at A lw a n T o m am a U m S i d ayr a an d K ad m an d

, ,

th e r e by th e u ni ty an d p r o sp er i ty o f th e tr ib e w er e c o nsi d e r ably

ad v anc e d
1
.

At Ab u D e layk th er e mu s t h ave b ee n w e lls fr o m ve r y e ar ly tim e s ,

fo r w ater is p r o cu r abl e in th e s o n e ar th e s u r fac e th at a

m id i

c an b e u s e d b u t i t w as o nly as a r e s u l t o f t h e u p h eav als

sa hi a

an d vicissi tu d e s o f th e M ahd i a t h at th e BATA HI N fo u n d th e ms e l v e s

'

s ufci e ntly s tro ng to ass e r t th ei r anci e nt cl aims in th e face o f th e

S HUKRI A an d D ELAY K AB an d to m ake Ab u D e layk th ei r tr ib al h ead
'

qu ar ter s o p e n nu m er o u s we l ls ther e an d cu l tivate m o s t o f th e su r

, ,

r o u n d ing
2
wa dis
'

X V I I In th e D e rvis h d ays m any o f th e BATAHI N w ere s en t no r th by '

th e K h alifa to D o ng o l a an d B er b e r an d p eris h e d th er e T h o s e r e m ain .

ing n ear Ab u D elayk fell into his displ easu re an d i t is s till r e m e mb er e d ,

h o w h e p u t six ty s e v e n o f th e m to d eath wi th th e u tm o s t b ru tali ty in

-

o n e d ay at O m d u r m an
3
.

Th ey n o w o wn fai r l y l ar ge h er d s o f c ame ls cattl e s heep an d g o ats , , ,

an d c u l tiv ate a r ain c r o p in th e nu m er o u s s h all o w wa dis o f th e i r

Th ey ar e ty pic al n o mad s in p hysical app earance li th e 4

, ,

s all o w r e d in c o mpl e xi o n fu r tive ey ed an d in ch ar acter imp ati e nt

-

,
-

o f c o n tro l q u arr e ls o m e lik e th e S HAI X I A h u m o r o u s an d m o r e d ar ing

'

, , ,

th an th e u s u al T h ey ar e als o inc orr igibl e an d u nbl u s h ing th i e v e s ;

.

et th e i r th e fts ar e n o t o f th e m e an h o u s e b r eak ing o r d e r b ut

y
-

a s u r viv al fr o m th e h appy in te r t rib al l o o ting d ays T hey p r o fe ss

5 -
.

1
M rs P e th e r ci k (C k
8 4) s p e a s o f s o e ve h u n d r e d r o o d o f
en tr Afr i ca , 11, m b
m l wi i y g by w g b k
.

h er i n M ar c h , 1 8 6 2 ,

ca e s th t h e r oun s een at er i n o n t h e e as t an

i il
o f t h e W h te N e n e ar G e e A u a an d b l li e on n t o th e b l gi g
B at ac h e e n
l ly f vill g l w ll
.

a e o f m u d h o u s e s c o se t o th e

2
T he O m d a h as at e o u n d ed a e s,

an e n t r e i ly n e w d e p ar tu r e fo r th e B at ahi n T h e o s t p er m m
an en t t p e o f h o u s e i n y
m g w i ly m i v ly b
.

u se a on th o s e w h o e r e n o t e n t re no ad c h ad p re i o u s ee n a tu k l o f

s tr a w w
of hi c h th e a w ll l
w as p ast er e d th z i bl

( d un ) an d wi e g
T he lim
tu r e mix
lk w ig lik w w
.

adh e r es t o t h e c o r n s ta s an d t h e
-
o o d en u p r h t s a e , an d i n d o s ar e c u t
g
th r o u h i t T h s ty p e o f u d n i b il i g
is no t ound est o f t h e N e f w il
I n s d e t h e r h u ts i i
v l g yli lj igg i
. .

t h e B atahi n h a e o n e o r tw o ar e s u ay b as , c n d r i ca ar s fo r s t o r n ra n ,

b
a o u t t hr ee an d a h a lf f
e et in h e ig
h t T h e r ar s ba ta

ar e ij
ad e r o a com f m m
p o un d
l g bl k l b i by
.

of s ei a l k ad a b ) an d e ath er an d r a s T h e c o o u r i s o ta n ed

g um ac

m ig b ig f mi g i wi m
.

as h n an d u rn n c o r n an d or n i t n t o a p ast e h ch i s u sed in an u

fac t u r in g t h e T he ac bl k
co n o e r ate i s a o u t an e gl m b ig
h th o f an n c h t hi c i k
v li
an d o e r e s a r o un d g or w k
o f r ag

l i X
.

3
S at n , C h III

x w m l v bl bi
. .

4
I e ce p t , o f co u r s e , t h o s e in ho s a e o o d is o v o u s -

i mm y g i l
.

5
W thi n th e e o r o f th e p r e s en t e n er at o n a B at o u th c o u d n o t h o p e y
to g biain a r d e unt il v
h e h ad p ro e d h is p r o e ss w by st e a n a ca e T h s re nd s li g m l i mi .
 2 08 T HE GA AL I IN AND D ANAGL A

GR O U P 11 1 1 . . X VI I .

b e G A AL I I N by o r igin , cl aim which is c o mm o nly d e ni e d them

'

to a

wi th a l au gh an d a sn eer by the S HUKRI A MESALLAM i A and o the r

tr ib e s wh o live near e s t to th e m an d c o ns e qu entl y h ave c au s e to th ro w

th e b r o ad e s t asp e r si o ns u p o n th eir anc e s try As a m atter o f fac t i t .

w o u l d s ee m fr o m the nisbas that th ey ar e o n e o f the o l dest o ff

s h o o ts o f th at e ar l y gr o u p o f Ar ab immigr ants to wh o s e d escen dants

th e n am e G A AL I IN is appli e d T h e y ar e c e r tainly l e ss n o tic e ably co n

.

t am i n ate d wi th n eg r o bl o o d th an any o th er G A AL I I N an d in al l
'

pro b abili ty r ep r es ent m or e cl o s e ly th e o r iginal s to ck .

Th ei r ow n tr adi ti o ns re l ate in effe ct th at th ei r n am e is d e rive d

fr o m th at o f the B ATAH (L o wl an d e r K URAY S H) wh o inhabi te d the -

neigh b o u rh o o d o f M ekk a in th e Pr o p h et s d ay b u t a var i ant pu t

1

fo rw ar d by th e cynical is th at th ei r ance s to r w as fo u n d ab an d o ned

( m

ab t h in s o me w a di b at

X V I I I T h e su b d i v isi o ns o f the BATAH I N ar e as fo ll o ws '

A .

AS HAMA 2
1 . S AHB AB ( ) a N I NAB
(b) B ELALAB
[(c) O ther s
2 . HI DAYB AB S H ERAHAB
Ar Aw 1A
'

G UD UM AB
S o wAD iB
ARKAS H A B ELALAB
3
B
3 .

UM

IS A
4 . ALAM AS

BURUK
S HULU KHAB 4
5 . D I FAY LAB KOD ELAB
RAS H I D AB
NURAB 5

BA AB i S H (sing BA AB US HAW I )

.

ASAP A13
6
FARA AB G
O ther s

one of B u rt o n s B ed u n o f t h e He g az a o n

i ho th e n a e h a r a m i ( thi e m gw m m
f
w as s t ill bl
h o n o u r a e , an d o f th e s a n o n c e q u o te d o f th e C r o yi g
I n d an s T r u st to w i
i
t h e r h o n o u r an d y o u ar e s a e , t o t h e r h o n e s t an d t h e f i
s te a th e h a r o ff o ur y y will l i y
h ead ( B u rt o n , P i lg ri m ag e , I I , 1 01 ,
1
S e e n o t e to A 1 1 , X I I T h e ath e r o f t h e

om d a f
o f th e B atahi n assu r e d m e

i f m my li l P
.

o f K h a d i b n W a id , th e

t h at th e r an c e s to r s o r e d a p ar t o f th e ar r o p h et s

lie u te n an t , wi iv
h c h n ad e d t h e e as ter n S u d an an d co n e r t e d t h e Am a i

v g
2
y
T h e co n n e c t th e w o r d w i th
/ W
u t o c o e t [s c th e o o d s o f o th ers] ,
co

v . . g
i e. to l oot .

y m k f iv
.

3
T he ro o t th e say , e an s t o sp r o u t t h i c an d as t , i . e. to t h r e.
4
F m
ro i . e . i ii
n c s ons in th e ch e e k .

5
d e s c en d an t s o f e l N r
Le T h e r e i s n o co nn e c t o n i ly b w
ap p ar e n t et e en

i bb i
. .

th e se an d th e N r ab s e ct o n s o f K a a i s h o r S h uk r a
v m lv mm ly k
.

3
T h e se h a e att ach ed t h e se es t o t h e S h uk r i a , an d ar e co on r ec o ned

a p ar t o f th at t r i e b .
 T HE G A AL I fN AN D D ANAGL A GR O U P

210 111 .

FADL in Ze r nakh an d K eb sh an d U m Bel d is tr icts Since then the se 1

.

h ave b ee n j o in e d y e ar ly b y o th e r s o f th e i r kin u ntil at th e pre s e nt

d ay th e r e ar e few o f th e m l e ft in D ar f r .

XX T h e su b d ivisi o ns o f the B EN I FADL o f K o r do fan ar e

ADA G E RAY W AT U xB AB 3
2
B RMA

HO MRAN M UHAMM AD IA D EB AGHNA

Z UAi DA AM I RfA

MUX URN A
Th o se o f th e M AN AS RA are as fo ll o ws
HI S AM IA (a) T I BAY xAT
(b) AB U AM 1 R

HAMMAD IA ( a ) AB U S I N AB O

(b) ABU HI MAYY I R

G I MAYL i A ( ) SHAB UL
a
4

(b) U M S o wAR
M ERAS HIS H (a ) U M Az oz A

( b) G EB AR iN

XX I T h e RUB AT AB ps tr eam o f th e MAN AS i R as far as the fth

ar e u

catar act an d the i r c o u ntry c o r r esp o n d s r o u gh l y to the Insp e cto rate

o f Ab u Hamm ad T h e AwADiA s e c ti o n w h ic h app ear s in th e nis

5
.
,

ba s u n d er th e h e ad ing o f RUB AT AB is fr o m al l b u t th e g e n eal o gic al ,

p o int o f Vi ew qu i te d is tinct T hey ar e l ar ge ly n o m ad ic an d graze

,
3
.
7
,

o v e r B e r b e r P r o vi nc e wi th v ar i o u s s u b tr ib e s o f th e G A AL I fN p r o p e r

.

T h e cl o s e n e ss o f th e c o nn e c ti o n b e tw ee n th e RUB AT AB an d the

1
Nu mb ers of b o th ar e a sol s c at t e r e d l wh
e se e re , e g
. . n e ar to th e SE . of

el N ah d
y wi b
.

2
T h e se d en an y c o n n e c ti o n t h t h e Had ar m a o r Had ar b a o r H ad ar e of
i l xi
t h e R e d S e a c o ast , b u t th e c o n n e ct o n m ay n o n e t h e e ss e s t
l im m w m lm
.

to b e t h e s a e as t h e Y a ak b b o f S e n n ar , ho
3
T h ese c a w e sh a l ee t

as a b b w
r an c h o f S h aiki a T h e r o o t o f o th m w
o r d s i s o f c o u r s e th e s a e , b ut h eth e r
m ly i F
.

Ben a d l o r S h ai ki a I c an n o t s ay

t h e Y a ak b ab ar e o r e p ro p er T h e r e ar e
i iF l iv
.

s a d t o b e n o w n o o t h er B e n ad o n th e r er

i m l i b
.

4
T h s n a e a so o cc u r s as t h at o f a s e c t o n o f Hab b an i a an d o f a r an d u se d
by m
th e Ha ar G h ar ay s i a
i ig m will f
.

5
An n t e r e st n ac c o un t o f t h e C u sto s o f t h e R u b at ab b e o un d i n
f m
N o 2 o f S u da n N o tes a nd R ecor d s ( 1 9 1 8 ) ro J wf
th e p e n o f M r s W C ro o o t
i l m k i l i i l ly
. . . .

C u t o f Ho

T h e s e n c u d e r e ar s o n t h e r G e n e r a T r a t s , th e r m en an d

i
th e r

m m i i g P limi i
C u s to s an d C e r e o n e s ( M ar r a e r eig i n ar e s , W e d d n s , D u t e s o f

a m an an d h is P mi g
ar e n t s i n l aw , N a
-
il
-
n v g
o f t h e c h d an d s h a i n o f th e h e ad , e t c ,

ib l k i m i i F l gv li b y
.

T r a M ar s , C r c u c s o n an d u n er a s ) T h e ac co u n t i e n w as s u p p e d
ik i w l ly lm lly m
.

a R u b at ab i s h e h , b u t , as i s p o n t e d o u t , i t o u d ap p a o st e q u a to o st
ib
o f th e t r il b k
es o n N e m b
an s i n K h ar to u gl P v
, B er er o r D on o a r o in ce s , an d c o u s e

q u e n ly m y
t t o an i i wi
o th er d s t r ct s v mig
h t h e r t h e se h a e e r at e d

i k m m
.

p 2 3 8 ) s p e a s o f th e far
3
L e p s us as o re

i bl i b i g lg l
.

co n s d era e t h an th e A b ab d e F o r t h e r s u se c t o n s se e s h ee t 3 o f e n e a o i ca
ill i g
.

tree u s t r at n M S AB C

i lb w ll k w i
. .

T h e r c am e r an d i s a e no n o n e : i t co n s s ts o f a K i la da an d an
'
7

a m ud

ig i
o n th e r k l big bv ig gl
h t s d e o f t h e n ec , t h e att er e n a o e an d at r h t an e s
f m
to th e o r er
.
III 1 . . XX I II . T HE G A ALI IN AN D D ANAGL A

G RO U P 21 1

G A ALI I N pro p e r is symb o liz e d in th e nisbas by th e s tate me nt that

'

th e m o th er o f G h anim , anc e s to r o f th e l atte r , was a d au g h te r o f

Ru b t 1

XX I INo w cu r i ou sly e n o u gh , th o u gh th e nisbas d o n o t link th e

,

RUB AT AB an d th e M AN AS I R as cl o s e ly to g e th e r as o n e mig h t e xp e c t ,

th e l atte r an d th e DU B AB app e ar as d e sc e n d e d fr o m b r o th e r s in spi te

o f th e fact th at all o f th e DUB A B live in th e imm e d i ate Vicini ty o f

G eb e l D ai e r in s o u ther n K o r d o fan an d b e l o ng to the s ame N UB A

typ e slig ht ly ar abiciz e d wh ic h is fo u n d am o ng al l th e n o r th e rn h ills
, ,

of D a r N b a .

F o r th e fact th at th e S AKARAN G o r kings o f T ek ali an d th e r o yal

2

famili es o f D arf r an d W adai ar e cr e di te d wi th a G a ali ance s try

3

ra nk syco p hancy is p ar tly r e sp o nsibl e b u t i t can h ard ly h ave cau s e d ,

th e incl u si o n as G A ALI i N o f th e D UB A B o r th e e qu ally n e gr o i d T O M A

M
an d T U M B A B w h o ar e ne ig h b o u r s o f th e l atte r T h e app e aranc e o f .

th e s e in th e is in fact ad d i ti o n al evi d e nce o f th at e ar ly

nisbas

m o vem e n t fr o m the rive r o f N b ian Arabs o f th e typ e ge ner ally ,

incl u d ed u n der the vagu e ge neal o gical ter m into the

p arts o f K o r d o fan imme di ate ly n o r th o f th e N UB A h ills an d th e fu si o n ,

o f th e s e wi th t h e N UB A an d o th e r s w h ic h h as p r o d u c e d th e p r e s e n t

d ay tr ib e s o f K o r d o fan BE D AYRI A G AW AM A A e tc an d acc o u n t s

'

, , .
,

fo r th e ling uis tic simil ar i ti e s b e twee n th e B ARAB RA an d th e N UB A .

XX I I I T h e M I RAFAB wer e the o r iginal o wner s o f B e r b er B u r ck

'

h ar d t s ays o f th e m : A fre e b o r n M eyr e fab n e ve r m ar r i e s a sl av e

4
,

wh eth er Abyssini an o r bl ack b u t always an Ar ab gi r l o f his o w n o r

s o me n eigh b o u r ing Th ey ar e c are fu l in m aintaining th e .

p u r i ty o f thei r r ace He d e sc r ib e s th e m as a tall s tr o ng p eo pl e o f.

d ar k r e d b r o wn c o mpl exi o n wi th o v al fac e s traigh t n o s e an d d i s

-

, , ,

ti n ctive ly Arab rath e r t h an N e g r o i d in app e ar anc e O f th ei r c h arac .

te r s h e fo r m e d th e l o w e s t o pini o n :

Cheating th ievin g an d the bl ackest ing r t1tu d e are foun d in almo st

, ,
a ,
.

e v ery m n s th e p u su it o f g i n th ey k n o w n o b o u n d s fo r

a r a ,

getting every d ivine an d hu man h v e n e v er m et w i th so b ad a a

p e o p l e e x cep ting p erh p s th o s e o f S u akin

,
a .

N o ne th e l ess they w er e o f a ver y m er ry face ti o u s te mp e r con ,

1
S g BA
ee , e V N t t th t A 8 i t d
E
( LG li p d ig
I o e, oo , a

s co un e a

a a e r ee

bj G li h gh h f R b at m g hi h w
. .
, ,
.

an d its su e ct a a a t ou t e o cc u rr e n c e o u a on s an ce s to r s s e s

h b l g i ly h R b atab A imil li f g m li d A 5
,

e e on s s tr c t to t e u s ar ne o ar u e n t ap p e to
mm ly
.

h h M kab d d G li

d e n o te s t at t e e a ar e co on co u n t e a a in
T hi mi i mm i D g lawi l m
.

2
si te r n at o n -
a ng s co on n on o p ac e n a -
es

g l gi l A g
.

S 3
d ee6 d pp 92 f h an 1 9 an Cp en ea o ca tr ee s o t e rou p

l M if b d
.
.
, .

N bi 4
u 6
a, 7 pp Th 2 1 0, 2 1 1 21 21 22 1 2 24 , 2 30 e p eo p e yr a an

b ( R b tab ) A li ab ll m i d
.
, , , , .

d M b b ( M k ab i ab )

th R b
e a o ta u an ac a ra u r ar e a en t o n e

b f B kh d im B
, , ,

e o re urc ar t s t e, on r u c e s m ap .

1
4 2
212 T HE G A AL I IN AND D ANAGL A

GR O U P XX III .

j king l au gh ing and singing Th ey wer e p artly shep h er d s

ti nu al ly o , , .
,

an d p art ly c u l tivato r s .

T hey had a M eh o f th ei r o wn no min ate d by th e FUN G o fS enn r

, ,

an d w ere s ai d t o b e abl e to p u t 1 000 fr ee m e n an d 5 00 sl av e s int o th e

el d .

S i r C Wils o n r e p o rte d th at th ey w e re
. s o me time s cl asse d as
J a alin b u t the J a alin r e p u d iate
, s eems a qu esti o n wheth er
th ey ar e n o t o f Bij a o rigin
1

( e) T H E HAK I M AH
XX I V T h e HAK I MAB wh o ar e c o mm o nly gr ou p e d in th e nisbas ,

wi th th e G AWAB RA ar e a sm all tr ib e w h o are n ever th e l ess r egar ded ,

as m u c h m o r e d is tinctiv e l y G A ALI I N in th e limi ted s ens e o f th e '

te r m th an th e G AW AB RA
2
.
,

T he i r h er e d i tary m eks r u l e d Ar k o Isl an d an d fo r l o ng we r e

th e p ar am o u nt p r inc e s o f th e s u r r o u n d ing c o u ntry 3

.

T h e g er m fr o m w h ich th e HAK I M A B ar e sp ru ng w as p r o b ably an

immigrant Ar ab family wh o o b tai n e d the o ve r l o r d sh ip o f the o l de r

inh abi tants in like m anner as d i d the RAB i A in the eas t an d the

AW LAD K AN Z r o u n d Aswan 4
.

( f) T H E G AW AB RA5

X XV m o s t n o r th er nly r iverain tr ib e in th e
T h e G AW AB RA ar e th e
S u d an to wh o m the n am e Ar ab can b e appli e d wi th any r eal le giti macy .

Th ei r head qu arter s ar e at B adin Isl an d near the fr o nti er b etwe en ,

D o ng o l a P r o v inc e an d M ahass d is tric t an d th ey e xte n d fro m th e ,

c atar acts o f Hann ak to T ayti incl u ding in th ei r ter r i to r i e s th e isl an d s ,

of Ar ko an d M akassir 3
.

B u r ckh ar d t r e l ate s th at afte r the p r o mu lgati o n o f th e M o h am 7

m e d an cr eed pre su m ably th e all u si o n is to the th i r teenth o r fo u r

te e nth c e n tu ry B RA an d th e G HARB I A a b r anc h o f th e

'

th e G AW A
,

Z EN ATA B er b e r s to o k p o ss essi o n o f the co u ntr y b etwe en th e r s t an d

,

s eco n d c atar acts an d in time o b taine d s om e m e asu r e o f asce n dancy

o v e r t h e KA N UZ an d o th e r tr ib e s w h o h ad p r e c e d e d th e m .

In th e reign o f S e lim I very s o o n th at is afte r th e fo u n dati o n in , , ,

th e s o u th o f th e F UN G king d o m th e G HARB IA h avin g fall e n o u t wi th , ,

th e G AW AB RA an d s u ffe r e d h e avil y s e nt an e mb ass y t o th e S u l tan ,

an d o b tain e d fr o m h i m a fo r c e o f B o sni an au xili ar i e s T h e s e ej e c te d .

1
Q v p 1 9 A s m ll a i
sec t o n s t ill liv wi h es t the g ro u p o f B i s h r i i n w h o i h bi
n a t
b P vi
. . . .

B er er ro nce .
2
E g th e MS A 1 is c o u n te d a G li
a a pe di g r ee an d i ts su bj G a ah
e ct a

kim h w bl g
. . .

t h e o c c u r r en c e o f Ha as hi s an ce s to r s e s th at he e on s to t h e Hakim ab
i h ll 7
.

3
N c o s, p
4
S ee p p 1 49 an d 1 50
G ab i f G abi
. . . .

5
Si ng r i e d esc en dan t o r.

N i h ll
. .
.
,
3
c 6 o s, p . .
7
N ubi a , p p . 1 33 , 1 34 .
 T HE GA AL I IN AND D ANAGL A GR OU P

214 II I 1 X X V 1
. . .

st ill th ey un animo u sly an d with something like sco rn asser t that they are
, ,

n o Ar ab s n d h av e n o d e s cen t fr o m su ch a r ace Bu t w h en ce th ey co me 1
,
a .
,

o r to w h t r ace th ey ar e alli e d as th e y th ems e l v e s e qu all y d eny a Nu bi an

a ,

d es cen t th ei sm ll ki n gs w h o h av e th ei r p ed igr ees t th ei r ngers co u l d

,
r a ,
a ,

n o t o r w o u l d n o t t e ll u s mu c h as w e tr i e d t o g e t o u t o f th em th ei r
, , ,

gen e l o g y T hey rmly maintain th at th ey h ve b een from mo st distant

a . a ,

t imes t h e ch il d en o f th e s o il an d h v e e ve r b een th e w arr i o r s o f th ei r

,
r ,
a

r ace O n e mu st n o t p u t any co n d en ce as o th er t r av e ll e s h v e d o n e i n
.
,
r a ,

w h at t h ey h av e l ea n t f o m t h ei r p r i ests w h o ar e sai d to sse rt th e c o nt rary ;

r r ,
a

t h o u gh w e h av e n o t h ear d i t f om th em fo r mo st f o f Ar b
r ,
o a

p i o u s f th er s l s o fan cy l th o u gh t h ey m ay b e o f a to tall y
a a ,
a

d ifferen t o igi n th at th ey ar e abl e b y me n o f Arabi an d es cen t t o cl im

r , ,
a s ,
a

a k i n d o f r e l ati o n s h ip w i t h th e P r o p h et Here starts u p th e i n te r estin g .

h i sto r i cal qu esti on ar e th ese S ch aig ie s w h o p e r h p s r e l ly d o o w e th e i r

, ,
a a

r e s en t n ame t o some Arabi an s ai n t a a t o f t h e emig r te d w a r i o r c as te r a r

p p ,

o f Egyp t o r t h e d e scen d an ts o f th o s e d i s c o n t e n te d w arr i o rs w h o w e e

,
r

h o sp itabl y r ece iv e d b y th e k i ngs o f Eth i op i a ? T h ei r c ou n try th ei r p ro x ,

im ity t o o l d M ero e wh i ch th ey p er h ap s p ro tecte d again st th e b arb aro u s

'

s o u th an d t h ei
,
o w n w a li k e sp i r i t ag ee w it h th i s t rad i ti o n ; as d o es al s o
r r ,
r

t h e fact th at amo ngst th em h as n e v er e x i ste d any co mmo n su p e r i o c h i e f

,
r ,

b u t al l h av e e v e r li v e d f ee u n d e r th ei r m o lu ks ; th e p r esen t ru l in g f mili es
r a

are p e h p s t h e o l d Egyp ti an l e ad er rac e

r a wh o h o l d i n g th e Eth i o p i an -

, ,

k in gs as th ei r o n ly l o r d s b ec am e o n th e o v e r th o w o f th at ki ngd o m in d e
, ,
r ,

e n d en t p r i n ces as t h e M ce d o n i an ge n eral s did O n th e d e ath o f Al e x an d e r

a
p ,

t h e G reat T h ei h ai r t o o i s t h i n n e d o r ke p t cu t s h o r t to th e h e ad as
. r , ,

c l ean li n e ss s o n ec e ssary i n Egy p t m ay h av e d eman d e d ; an d su c h a cu sto m

, ,

i s co n trar y t o Arab h bits an d th o s e o f Nu b i nd B ab r l so al tho ugh

a ,
a a ar a a ,

t h ey h av e i n c o mmo n w i th th o s e r ace s i n ci si o n s o n t h e ch eek s as mar k s

, ,

o f c ast e ; am o n g th e S ch aig ie s t h ese ar e h o r iz o n tal

2
.

1
m
T h e s a e i s n o t tr u e o f t h e p r e s e n t d ay
f i l m ki g mw
.

2
T h e ac a ar n s o f th e S h a i ki a at o n ce co n n e c t th e i th
i i
an d d sso c ate th e

mf m ro

m
t h e G a al ii n T h e t e r

m km ush el l a kh G a a l i (

ar e d

ll l v i l
.

shu l u hh d e n o te s t h e u s e o f thr e e p ar a e

th t h e o f th e G a al i i n ) e r t ca

l
s as h e s o n b k
o th c h e e s

ll l
M ushe lla kh S h a i h i d e n o tes t h e u s e o f th r e e p ar a e

iz l l b k f b
.

h o r o n t a s as h e s o n o th c h e e s T h e se tw o ac e r an d s ( an d p e r h ap s t h e H -

by l m k lv ly wi
.

u s ed th e S u t an o f D ar f r t o ar h i s s a e s ) ar e t h e o n o nes h c h ar e
un iv lly k w
er sa g g b
n o n t h r o u h o u t t h e S u d an , th o u h li o th th e G a a

an d t h e S h ai ki

b i ly
r an d s ar e n o t e n t r e m mb
co n n e d to e ib e r s o f th o s e t r es

igi i m l ig f b
.

T h e o r n o f th s c u sto o f s as h n t h e ac e i s o sc u r e B u r to n
ibi g l y m f mili m l il
.

t h e p e o p e o f M e cca , s a s :

II , 233 , d es c r n In o st a es a e ch d r e n ,

w f y y k y v i m
h e n o rt d a s o l d , a r e t a e n to t h e K a ab ah , p r a e d o e r , an d car r e d h o e ,

w b b w wi
h e r e t h e ar e r d r a s z ll l g w
th a r a o r t h r e e p ar a e y i as h e s d o n the esh p o rt o n
k f m
o f e ac h c h e e , ro x i gl
t h e e te r o r an y lm e s o f th e e e s a o s t t o th e co r n e r s o f t h e

m o u th y ll m
T h e s e M as ha li , as th e ar e c a e d , m ay b e o f i iz o d e r n d ate : t h e c t e n s

l m k w i m ig
.

d e c ar e t h at t h e c u sto w as u n n o n t o th e r an c e s to r s I am t e p te d t o as s n
ig i y ib g igi m ill
.

t o i t a h h an t q ui t , an d c an n o t b u t at t r u t e a p a an o r n to a c u s to st

v ili g i i i i lm
p r e a n , d e s p te all t h e n te r d c t o n s o f t h e O e a

bv ll
.

I n a n o t e o n t h e a o e B u rt o n ad d s : T h e ac t i s c a e d t as h r i t , o r
i iz l m
T h e c t e n s t o d m e t h at t h e c u s to f m iy
ar o se r o vi g l
t h e n e c e s s t o f p r e s e r n c hi d r e n
f m ki
ro th e i gP i
d n ap p n v m k ly i y
e r s an s , an d t h at i t i s p r e s e r e d as a ar o f t h e Ho C t
wi i i li igi mm x ly f b
.

B u t i ts d e d ffu s o n d e n o te s an e ar e r o r n Moha e d e p r e ss o r ad h i s

f ll w m k ki wi b ym k mm
.

th e s n th s car s T h ese o n t o th e

o o e r s to ar e au t ar s ar e c o
.
I II 1 . . XX VI I . T HE G A AL I IN AN D D ANAGL A

GR O U P
"

21 5

T he cu s to m m e nti o ned by C ai lliau d migh t als o b e cited in su p 1

p or t of Wer ne s th eo ry Sp eaking o f an exp e di ti o n to th e negr o

.

c o u ntry in th e s ou th o f th e G ez ira h e s ays ,

L es C h ykys v ai ent fait u n m n ne qu in g u r an t u n h omme et cen s

a a a ,

rep r se nte r u n d e s l eu r s : c e st u n e c o u tu me t bli e p ar mi eu x d en te rrer u n

a ,

ar eil m nn e qu i n au li e u a e st x l e ter me d e l eu rs gran d e s exp editi o n s

p .

T h e gi ant s tatu e s h e wn by th e P h ar ao h s to m ar k th e limi ts o f th e i r

i nr up ti o n s are O bvi o u sly th e p r o to typ e s o f th e s e m anikins .

Bu t th e g ap is t o o b r o ad to b e b r i d ge d wi th s u ch facili ty : to all o w
an Egyp ti an o r igin fo r th e S HA I X I A is an attr activ e s u gg e s ti o n wi th
' '

p o ints o f s o me sp e ci ou sne ss b u t I sh o u l d p re fer to h az ar d a th eo ry ,

th at th e S HAI K I A ar e p ar t l y d e sc e n d e d fr o m th e B o sni an Alb ani an

an d T u r kis h m e r c e n ar i e s w h o sinc e th e c o nq u e s t o f S e lim I ( 1 5 1 7 A D ) . .

h ave d o n e g arr is o n du ty an d fo r m e d s ettl e m e nts in N b i a j u st as

C ar i an m er ce n ar i e s di d in th e d ays o f P s am m etichu s I an d to s ay ,

th at th e o bvi o u s r e s e mbl anc e o f ty p e b e twe e n th e m an d th e T u r k is h

i rr e gu l ar s w h o l o r d e d i t o ver th e S u dan till 1 8 8 2 w as in p ar t a cau s e
an d in p ar t an e f fe c t o f th e in ter m ar r i ag e th at t o o k pl ac e b e twee n
2
t h e tw o .

XXV I I T h e S HAI X I A c o u ntry co nsis ts o f th e r ich p o rti o n o f the

'

Nil e vall ey wh ich li e s b etwee n G e b e l D ayk a in s ou th er n D o ngo l a

an d th e u ps tr e am e n d o f th e fo u r th c atarac t Wi th in the s e limi ts
3

in o ld d ay s ru l ed fo u r o f th e i r s u b o r d inate m eks at Mer ow i

4
, ,

Hann ak K ag eb i an d Am r i r e sp e cti v e ly U ntil th e l atter p ar t o f th e

.
,

s eve ntee nth ce ntu ry th ey we r e like th e r e s t o f th e Ar abs su bj e ct to , ,

t h e Ab du l labi

M ang il o f K er r i b u t ab o u t 1 6 90 th ey wer e e n

'

n at io n s gi in h W th e r ef h R d S Th B
o n s to t b h fU E gye e st o t e e ea e ar a ar a o p p er pt
i f wi h x ly lik h
.

ad o rn th e r ac e s t C W ll d
s c ar s e 8 ac t e t e p e s te I, 3 9
Th f l f M kk m b di f
.
.
,

h G l ii d h h

h e ac t t at t e a a n an t e p eo p e o e a use t e sa e r an s o

c o u r se i i ly d wi h h
n t m at e l im f h f m b B i Abb d
co n n e cte t t e c a o t e or er to e en

s , an

migh igh m t at i
r st s h g iq i y f h
t s ee m i A bi
to p o n t to t e r e at e r an t u t o t e cu s to n ra a

th i
an h S d n t b e u h anh ; i m f h M kk
u t o n e c an n o t ass um e t at t e an c e n t cu s to o t e e an s

h d a Af i
n o t an igi i h i F
r can o r N ig i i n H n t d e r st n s t an ce or a e r an n s t an ce s e e a r va r

87 R b S mi h h i k ib l m ki g igi ll y
.

Af S di r tu es , I , h o e r t so n t t n s t es e tr a ar n s m ay o r na

h v b mm k
. .

a e een to te if ) ar s pp 21 4
P f S ligm R A I X 6 6 8) hi k i lm
. .

r o e s so r (f e 3 an o ur n . LIII , 1 9 1 pp 4

t n s t a o st

i h h m [ i h S d ] i d iv d f m im ig A b
. . . .
,

c e r ta n t at t e c u sto s c n t e u an s er e ro m r an t ra s,

i wid ly d H mi i m O bvi ly h w v h
. .

an d i s n o t an an c e n t e sp r e a a t c cu s to ous o e er , t e

m H mi i d iv d igi lly f m M kk F ,
.

c u s to b m ay d e n on -
a t c an y et not er e or na ro e a or

i m d f m f h k m ki g C wf C
.

f h R b b

c e r ta n o e rn or s o c ee ar n see ro o ot, us to m s o t e u a ta

d J
,

p . 1 31 ,
an 76 au s s e n , p .
3 .

1
8 111 , 3
S i C W il T h mili y l i h i w f ll w d b y m
.

2
C p ( r so n p e t ar r e at o n s p as o o e a ore

i im h T rk k S h h wiv d h d h B hi
. . .

nt f
at e o n e , or t e ll
u s to o ag i e e s , an t e so n s a en ter e t e as

B z uk d g i iv i l i [ f S h ak ]
a Th an a a n e r era n p o p u at o n s c. o i ia
d ly d i d h gh l i wi h h T k d A lb i B h i
.

sa e t er o r at e t ro u c o se n t e r co u r s e t t e ur an an an as

h E gy i vi i
B az k i s n t e C L pt an s e r ce
3
p ep s u s p
h i i l i B kh d d ( N bi
. . .

M wi w
4
er o as t e r cap t a n urc ar t s

ay v . u a, p .
 T HE G A AL I IN AND D ANAGL A GR O U P

21 6 I II 1 X X V 1 1
. . .

co u r ag e d b y the d isse nsi o ns wh ich had ar is e n b e twe en th e ABDULLAB

an d th e F U N G an d th e m u tiny o f th e tr o o ps t o m ak e a b id for in d e
1
, ,

p e n d e n c e T h.e i r l e ad e r in th e r e v o l t was O th m a n w ad Hamm ad

2

an d th e d e cisive ac ti o n w as fo u gh t o pp o si te D u lg a Isl an d .

He nce fo r th the S HAIX I A w e r e u n d er n o o th e r r ul e than th at o f

'

th e i r o w n m ek ; b u t th e i r acc e ss to p o we r m e r e ly inc r e as e d th eir

tu r b u l e nce an d affo r d e d wi d e r sc o p e for th e i r p r e d ato ry h abi t s .

P o nce t in 1 6 99 fo u n d th at i t w as n o l o nge r s afe fo r c ar avans to fo l

, ,

l o w th e r ive r b e y o n d K o r ti o wing to th e b r ig an d age o f th e S HAi xi A an d ,

th at th e d e s e r t r o u te ac r o ss th e B ay d a h ad p er fo r c e t o b e fo ll o w e d 3
.

D u r ing th e e igh tee nth c e ntu ry th e S HAi xI A e xte n d e d th e i r s y s te m

'

o f te r r o r iz ati o n o v e r D o ng o l a p r o v inc e an d th e d is tr ic t s o f M ah ass

an d S u kk ot th e r e by c au sing m any o f th e o l d e r in h abi tant s t o

4
,

migr ate to th e we st 5
.

T h ey s ee m to h ave m et wi th li ttl e o pp o si ti o n an d to h ave simply

p reye d wi th o u t d iscr iminati o n u p o n th e l ess war lik e tr ib es wh o s e
l an d s we r e su fci e ntly r ich to e xci te thei r cu pi d i ty .

Th ey als o exp an de d into K o r d o fan fo r in 1 78 4 1 78 5 w e n d ,

u n n o mb r e ass e z c o nsid er ab le d e s o l d at s d e d i ff r e n ts p ay s t e ls u
q e ,

D o ng o lie n s C h y dji en s K ab ab y ch Ar ab e s Rz ayg t
, , in th e ar my , ,

wi th wh ich S u l tan Has him attemp te d to invade D arf r 3

.

B u r ckhar d t d escr ib e s them in 1 8 1 3 as a p er fe ctly in dep e nde nt

p eo pl e h aving gr eat w e al th in co r n an d c attl e .

T h ey ar e r en o w n e d fo r t h ei r h o spi tali ty ; an d th e p erso n o f th ei r g uest ,

o r c o mp an i o n i s ,
all sp e ak Ar abi c e x cl u s i v e l y n d m any o f ,
a

th em w i te o r r e d it T h ei r l e r n e d m en ar e h el d in g e at r e sp e ct b y th em ;
r a . a r

t h ey h av e s ch o o l s w h er e i n all th e s ci en ce s are tau gh t w h ich fo rm th e

,

c ou r se o f M o h mme d an stu dy math ematics an d astro n omy e x cep te d

a ,
7
.

At the s am e tim e B u r ckh ar d t d esc r ib e s th ei r c ar ee r o f c o nqu e s t

an d r ap acity In D o ngo l a h e s ay s 3
.
, ,

T h e A ab s S h eygy
r s in ce th ey h av e b e en i n p o ssessi o n o f a s h are o f
a,

th e r e v en u e tak e f o m t h e g o u n d i ig te d by e ch w hee l fo u r M h o u r ys 3 1
,
r r rr a a ,

o f D h o u rr tw o o r th r e e s h eep an d a lin en go w n w o rt h tw o d o ll ars T h e

a, , .

native kings take th e s ame .

Qv i n M S S D 3 , 1 5 3 , an d D 7 , LI I X
w m v i il
. . . .

For ho an d ar o u s d e t a s se e D 3 , 2 3 6 an d n o t e t h e r eto

P k
.

3
o n cet , p 1 5 , an d c p D 3 , 2 3 6 no te 4
B u r c h ar d t , N u bi a , p 4 3
w m yy i m bb
. . . . .

[ th e e r c h an ts o f K o e i n D ar f r]
5
B ro n e , p 24 1 For an e ar s t h e r

iv i gl b il
.

n at e c o un tr e s D o n o a , M ah ass an d all t h e o r d e r s o f t h e N e as far as S en n aar

b v i bl vi g l gv m
e e n t h e s c e n e o f d e as t at o n an d o o d sh e d , h a n n o s e tt e d o ern en t ,

b i g i lly b y i
b ut e n co nt n u a l ivi i
to r n by i
n t e rn a d s o n s , an d h ar asse d t h e n r o ad s o f t h e
ib b bi gi b w iv
S h ai ki an d o th e r tr e s o f A r a s , w h o i n h a t th e r e o n e t e e n t h e r er an d t h e

R ed S ea .
3
E l T n is i , V oy a u D a rfour , p 6 7 . . .

7
N u bi a , p 7 0 3
I bid p 6 6 3
Le s a hi a

l b b l k
. . . . . . .

13
A m ho ury e q u a s a o u t 8 u sh e s ( Bu r c h ar d t , l oc .
 T HE GA ALI IN AN D D ANAGL A GR O U P

21 8 101 17 1 1 .

T h e S HAI K i A ne d fo r m any p as t mis dee d s by the her o ic

n o w ato

d e fe nc e th ey m ade o f th ei r c o u n try .

T h ey h d liv ed th e comp ani o ns o f th ei r h o r s es w ith th e l an ce in th e i r

a ,

h an d : th ey we e t o res ign th e f rme t o str ang ers an d exch an ge th e l tter

r o r ,
a

fo r h arro w s n d p r u nin g k n iv es ; an d w er e t o d r i v e an o x r o u n d a s k i e
a a ,

i n ste d o f ch asin g an en emy c o s th e d esert T hey h d many Nu bian s

a a r s . a

s ettl e d in t h e c o u n t ry wh m th ey o blige d t o , ll th e l b ou r s o f cu l ti v ati n g

o a a

t h e gr o u n d an d w h o m th ey t e te d as gr e tly th ei r i n fe r i o rs T h ey w e re
,
r a a .

n o w c all e d u p o n t o p er for m t h e se l ab o u rs w h i c h th ey h d b e en b r o u gh t ,
a

u p t o co n si d e s s er v il e an d w ere t o e x p e ct n
r a b etter tre tmen t th an th at
,
o a

w h ich they h ad b een ccu stomed to e x erci se ; they w e e to f ll at o n ce to

a r a

s l ve ry
a n o t fr o m lib e rty me e l y b u t f
,
m tyran ny ; n d again b esid es r ,
ro a ,

th ei r p ej u d i ce s ag ain st w h ite m en gen e r all y t h ey h d p rti cu l ar r e ligi o u s

r ,
a a

o n e s ag ai n st t h e O sm n lie s t o w h o m i n c o mmo n w ith th e C h i sti an s t h e y

a , ,
r ,

ap p li e d th e t er m D o g
1
.

Ho weve r th ey wer e c o mpl ete ly d e fe ate d at K o r ti an d again at

G eb e l D ayk a an d th ey the i r w o me n an d th ei r ch il dr e n we r e su b, ,

d o u n h ear d o i b r u tali ti e s at th e h an d s o f th e T u r ks
2
je c t e t -
.

M ek S ib ay r su bmi tte d an d s o me m o nth s l ater S h a s fo ll o we d ,

s u i t Bu t war like an d r e s tl e ss as e ve r th e S HAI KIA wer e n o t c o nte nt

.

to live as m e r e an d a n u mb e r o f th e m u n d e r th e c o m

F el lahi n
'

, ,

m an d o f S h a s e nliste d as i r r e gu l ar s in th e Tu r kis h ar m y an d aeco m

,

i d i i s c amp aign ag ains t th e F UN G in th e G e zi ra W h n 3

p a n e t o n t e .

Ism ail P ash a r etu r ne d in 1 8 2 2 th e AD LAN AB we r e grante d th e l an d s

AB D U LLAB w h o h ad r e v o l te d r o u n d Halfay a ; an d o th e r s

o f th e

AD LAN AB S O W ARAB an d KA D EN KAB s e ttl e d o n e i th e r si d e o f th e

-

S h ab l k a .

Th r ou gh o ut th e Tu rkish r eg im e th e S HAixiA c o ntinu e d to b e

fai th fu l alli es o f the T u r ks an d in every exp e d iti o n th at w as mad e ,

ag ains t r e c alci tr an t tr ib e s th e y wi th th e M O GHA RB A fo r m e d th e b u lk , ,

o f th e i rr e gu l ar t r o o ps e mpl o y e d T h e y w e r e simil ar ly u s e d fo r tax .

c o lle cting an d the i r ru th l e s s m eth o d s ear n e d th e m an u ne nvi abl e

,

n o to r i e t y 4
.

E v e n in the D e r vish d ays th ey r e m aine d fai h fu l to th e Tu r ks

t 5
,

b u t th e i d e n tity o f inter e s t s an d simil ar i ty o f m e th o d s exis ting b e

.

twee n th e tw o an d th e h atr e d wh ic h th e S HAI K I A h ad e ar n e d fo r

th e ms e lve s m ad e any o th e r c o u r s e d i f cu l t fo r th e m Afte r th e fall .

o f K h ar to u m th e g e n e r al amn e s ty t o n ativ e s g r an te d by th e M ahd i

w as e sp e ci ally fr am e d to e xcl u d e th e S HAIK I A ; an d Sl atin te ll s th e

1
W ad d ig n t o n an d H an b y ur p 99
ig b y
. .
,

C ai l li au d , I I , 3 2 et seq , an d W ad d
2
. n to n an d H an u r , l o c ci t
y
. .

3
C ailli au d , I I , 1 8 2 4
Cp Cun , p 1 84
y i li v d S w kd
. . . .

5
I t w as t h e , fo r n st an ce , w h o r e e e en n ar i n 1 8 8 2 h en i t w as att ac e

by Ab u R of .
III 1. . XX X I . T HE G A AL I IN AND D AN AGL A

GR O U P 21 9
tal e o f a qu e sti o n aske d in O m du rm an
1
Wh at ar e the ch eap est

ar ticl e s an d th e gr eate s t d r u g in th e m ar k e t ? Th e answer w as

T h e y e ll o w ski nn e d Egyp ti an th e S HAI K I A an d th e d o g

-
, .

XX V I I I At th e p r e se nt tru e to ty p e m an y o f th em ar e to b e fo u n d
, ,

e nlis te d in c am e l c o r ps m o u nte d infantr y o r p o lice m aintaini ng

-

, , ,

th e i r r e p u tati o n as g o o d gh ter s b u t tr u cu l e n t n eig h b o u r s M any .

o th e r s are to b e fo u n d in th e t o wns e ngag e d in tr ad e As a tr ib e th ey .

ar e to o d isin te g r ate d to h av e any c o nsi d e r abl e p o w e r b u t th e y o w n ,

b r oad l an d s in D o ngo l a B er b er an d K h ar to u m P r o vince s th ey ar e

, ,

s till num er o u s thr o u gh o u t the S u d an an d ar e inu enti al wh e th er , ,

fo r g o o d o r evil by V i r tu e o f th e i r s u p er i o r in d ivi du ali ty

, .

XX I X T h e su b d ivisi o ns o f the S HAi K I A ar e as fo ll ow s : 2

A . KAD EN KAB 1 . HAN N AKAB (a ) MAHM UD AB

lg Ki iE
I B
C hiey in D o ng o l a
z
an d B e rb er
S E
( d) H RAYS HAB P rovm ces
(e) HASAN AB
(f) S H LLA I
3
E L L

2 .
SALAHAB . C h i ey in D o n go l a an d B erb er P r o vi c
n es

3 ASS OM AB
. . Chiey i n K h art o u m P r o in c e v
4 AD AN A ME
$23w i l?
4
L 3 }
Ch 1 ey I n
l
K h art o u m P ro
(c) AWLAD ALI

V 1 n ee
( )
d MAN O WW ARAB

HAM DAB
T ULB UN AB
G URU MAB
ZUMAMAB
KURUS AB
Chiey in D o ng o l a
MARz UxAB
P r o v i n ce
S HREN KAB
G H ERARAB

IS AYAB
FAR AGAB 5

F ARAGULLAB , or KARAK I RA 5

RI GHAY MAB . Ch iey i n D o n go l a an d K h ar t o u m

P r o v i n c es
K OD AB . C h icy in K h artou m P r o v i n ce
1
lx
S atin , C h
f ll wi g li y m il f m i ll
. .

2
T he o o n st i s c hi e co p e d r o N c h o s , pp 4 6
51
m ig
. .

3
I e

M e n o f th e C atar act
e an n

C at ar act A se c tio n o f
i lly m m g i
. .

th e s a e n am e o c c u r s a o n

p r ac t c a t h e G aw am a a w h o ap p e ar to c o n ta n
v l f mil
se e r a a i e s o f S h ai ki a o r n igi
k m i big m w fl ib
.

4
B u r c h ar d t S h aiki a t r e

e n t o n s t h e A d l n ab as e n th e o st p o er u

i n 1 8 1 3 (N ubi a , p y
T h e ar e s a d t o b e K e n u i or z b y igi ix
n ( s e e Ap p en d to A B C )
l m i wi F g
.

an d a s o t o b e co n n e c t e d o n t h e ( se e D 5

o t h er s s d e th th e un
5
i il
S a d t o b e c h d r e n o f K ad e n a a s a e k by l v w m
o an .
 T HE GA AL I IN AN D D AN AGL A GRO U P

2 20 1 1 1 1 11 11 1 11
. . .

B . U M SAL I M YA AX I IB AB
1
'

BAD I AB
KALAS H i M 1 Chi y i c n D on go l a P r o v i n ce
GADAB J
C NA A . F AB G HAs i NAB
hiey in D o ngo l a P r o vince
DAY FULLAB
D . S HELL UFAB M UHAMMADAB
AL I AB

Ch iey in D o ngo l a P r o vi n ce

BAD I AB
E HAwAS HAB MAGANAB
C h icy in D o n go l a P r o v in ce
.

AKRAB AB

F
1
013 13 2

52332?s 7
C hiey in B e b e r P r o v i n ce
r

G . S o wARAB 3 1 . KA FUN KA l C hie y in B erb er Pr o v in ce an d th e

2 Z ULAY TAB

Bayu d a
J
.

3 . Z ARAGN A
4 . MI S HI N D IL . I n D o n go l a an d B erb er Pr o vinces an d

th e B ay d a
5 .
HAMD ULLAB . I n D on go l a B e r b e r
,
an d K h art o u m
P ro vi n ces
6 . T AMALAY K . I n D o ngo l a B erb er P r o vi n ces
an d

Ai DAB 4
7 In D o n go l a an d K h artoum P r o v inces
.

AN AYN AB

8 .

H MARIS AB . 1 . AL I TAB
'

. In B erb er an d D o ngo l a Pr o vin ces

J K URAYS HAB AB A

J
5
. I . D ID

2 .
SALHAB I n D o n go l a an d B erb er Pr o vinces
l3 . ABU NAB i
K .

AMI RAB . I n D o n go l a P ro vi n ce
L . BAY UDAB

1 . AG i B AB

2 .
KOTAT IA In D on go l a Pr ovin ce
l3 . AM AN AB
M MARS AB . 1 .
HAS AN AB I n D o ngo l a P r o vince
2 . RAHMAB
1
f m f m l y ly
A a ous a i o f ho m en iF l
S e e D 3 , 2 5 4 , e t c T h e B en ad an d M an asr a

f l m i F l b y igi
. .

o f K o r d o an c ai th e Y a ak b b to b e B e n ad n ( see n o t e o n p

or

m m i g z i wi
.

th
2
S o e o f th e se ar e n o ad c an d r a e t h e r sh ee p i n th e B ay d a d e s e r t
th e Has an i a b b m k w
I t i s n o d o u t a r an ch o f th e wl t h at ar e no n as A ad On an d

f m i f w m i
.

O th e r On i a ar e n o ad c o n

n ow or a se c t o n o f th e K ab b i s h u rt h e r e st

b lg yf f yb w
.

ank een t h e On i a

t h e e as t F o r t h e e e n d ar e ud in t h e te e n th c e n tu r et

b
.

an d t h e Has an a see D 5 ( c)

l ly m mb m v g f m
.

3
T h ese a so are p art no ad i c , an d a n u er o f t h e h a e o n e to o r a

i g l vi
se ct o n o f th e H aw aw i r i n D o n o a p r o n ce
m b bly i w i
.

4
S o e Ai d b are p r o a n c o r p o r at e d i n th e A ai d a sec t o n o f K ab b i s h

m f m m w m ig
t h e tw o n a e s ar e b u t d iffe r e n t o r s o f t h e sa e o rd , e an n

d esce n d an t s o f

.

l i gl
Ai d T h e Ai d ab a so ap p e ar as a sect o n o f t h e B e d ay r i a o f D o n o a (s ee n o te
on p
A l l f m d f m Ab D d
.

5
p u ra or e ro u .
 T HE G A ALI fN AND D ANAGL A GR O U P

2 22 11 1 1 11 11 11 .

To th e b e l o nge d Zu b ayr P asha Rahm a the fam ou s sl ave

NA AMAB

,

d e al e r an d c o nqu e r o r o f th e B ahr e l G h az l an d D r f r .

In th e F UN G p er i o d the who l e G AMU i A G E MA AB G I M I AB gr o u p

-

-

,

as we ll as th e Z E N A RKHA w h o ar e o f qu i te d i ffe r e nt s to ck w er e su b
, ,

j c et to the nahas o f th e M ek o f th e G AM IJ iA an d he again w as

'

,

n o min ally r esp o nsibl e fo r th e t rib u te to the Ab du llbi M ang il o f '

el Halfya .

T he S URURAB se cti o n h o weve r ,

we r e p ar ti ally d etach ed fr o m the
,

r e s t o f th e G AM U i A an d e nj o y e d a s u f ci e nt m eas u re o f favo u r itism

fr o m th e F UN G king to fr ee the m fr o m all practical co ntro l by t he

G AM IJ i A M ek T h e h e ad qu ar te rs o f th e l atter were n e ar J e l
'

. .

Hi n ayk s o u th o f O m du rm an
,
1
.

T h e s u b d ivisi o ns o f the G AM IJ i A p r o p e r ar e as fo ll o ws
NAiLAB 2

HI RAY z AB
NASI RAB
F I T i HAB 3
T AKARi R
AWLAD I DR i S

MUKDAB f NI P i AB

"

AW LAD HAM I D 4
S A AD AB 7

NO ALAB F MATAB fR
S HAf B G HO MARAB 8
SAN D IDAB 5
HAMAYDAN IA
MAN SIJ RA13 5 KARAG I G

K HAS HUM AB I ZE RxAB

RAS HAD AB ARAP wAB

M uw B D AN I AB
HAGAB M UHAM MADAB

I sAw i A6 BE GA 9

1
w
B ro n e in 1 7 9 3 en t o n s th em i G im rn o y m
h e r e a o u ts ( p b '

f mily l gi l g
.

2
T he a o f th e p r e se n t

M eh S e e e n e a o ca t r e e i n A BC
v lm k g y
. .

3
T h e F i ti h b h a e a o s t c e ase d t o b e r e c o n e d G am i a t h o u h th e ar e s o

s t r i ct ly ki g
sp e a n T h e r ch e sh e k h sti if c a s hi se ia

M eh
ill ll m lf
l l
. .

4
T h e p eo p e o f A s l an g I s an d
m ly
.

I t m ay b e n o te d t h at t h e se ap p e ar in th e ni sba s

as G a al i i n an d ere

g
c o n at e t o th e G am i a : th e h a e n o w d e n te y v at t ac h e d t h e se i ly
e s to th e atte r m lv l
tr ib e.
3
So m e o f th e s e ha v ji
e o n ed th e K ab b i s h an d b m e co e a r eco g iz dn e i f
se c t o n o

t h at t r ib e
i b igh m m
.

7
T h er e li
ar e s e ct o n s o f
G a a in e ar n t e sa e na e.
3
P ibly
o ss d wi h h B b b
co n n e cte t t e er e r su -
tr ib h G h
e, t e om r a.

d mi d ly mig f m d e ser t

3
Th e s e are a G i b tt e n o t tru e am a ut e r an t s ro th e e as te r n
y v y m ll mm i y livi g h f Omd m
.

T he ar e a er s a co un t n so u t o ur an .
 T HE G A AL I IN AN D D AN A

G LA GR O U P 2 23

In app e ar ance the G AMIJ I A ar e d ar ke r an d m o r e ne gr o i d th an th e

'

av e r age S u d an e s e Ar ab Th ey the mse lve s attr ib u te the fact to the .

e n o r m o u s n u mb er o f sl ave s th e y o wn e d p r i or t o th e D e rvis h d ay s

a n d th e misc e g e n ati o n th at r e s u l te d T h at th e G AM U I A o wn e d m an y
'

sl av es is an e s tablis h e d fact an d n o d o u b t as they allege mu ch o f , , ,

t h e th i e ving fo r w h ich as a tr ib e th e y ar e s o n o to ri o u s is du e to th e
s l ave famili e s w h o m th e y incl u de b u t all an d s u n d ry are u nifo r mly ,

d ar k an d s e mi n e g r o i d an d i t is p r o b abl e th at th e fac t is d u e as mu ch
-

t o anci e n t inte r m ar r i ag e b e twee n fr e e ab o r igin als o f N UB A s to ck an d

-

Arab immig rants as to th e p ar ticu l ar c au se assign e d .

XXX I T HE GAW AMA A T he hi s to r y o f the G AW AMA A in so far as

.

,

t h ey ar e Ar abs is simil ar t o th at o f th e BE D AYRI A b u t th ey ar e e ve n

'

, ,

l ess h o m o ge ne o u s than the l atter an d th e fact th at take n as a wh o l e ,

t h ey ar e d ar k e r in c o l o u r an d m o r e d eb as e d in m ann er s s u gg e s t s
1

t h at th e o r igin al Ar ab nu cl eu s o f th e tr ib e w as sm all an d th at in c o n ,

s e q u e nc e i t b e c am e m o r e m e r g e d in th e n e gro T h er e is n o tr ib e o f .

G AW AM A A in D o ng o l a b u t sinc e th e M ek o f th e M AHASS in B u rck

,

h ar d t s tim e w as o f th e famil y o f Dj am a ( A P i e
2
G m a i
C
T . .
,

an d th e pl u r a l o f G am a i is G aw m a a an d the ch i e f s e cti o n o f
,

G AW AM A A is sp e 01 cally kn o wn as AW L AD G AM A I i t is p o ssibl e th at

-

t h e G AW AM A A ar e r e l ate d t o th e M AHASS
3
.

T h e n e g r o e l e m e nt in th e G AW AM A A w ou l d app e ar to b e l ar g e ly

D ar f r i an We h av e s e e n e ar li er in th is c h ap te r th at th er e is e vi d e nce
.

t h at o n e o f th e G AW AM A A ear ly in th e s e v e n te e nth c e ntu r y w as

r e sp o nsibl e fo r th e fo u n d ati o n o f th e r o y al h o u s e o f W ad ai i an d th at ,

a c o l o n y o f G AW A M A A h as b ee n s ett l e d at Tu r r a in G e b e l M arr a fro m

m u ch th e s am e d ate As t o th e nu mb er s o f th e m in D r f r fr o m th e
.

s e v e ntee nth ce ntu r y u ntil th e nin etee nth th er e is n o info r mati o n b u t ,

a t th e tim e o f th e T u r kis h c o nqu e s t ( 1 8 74) th e y w er e o n e o f th e c h i e f

t r ib e s b e twee n e l F as h e r an d th e K o r d o fan b o r d er an d at th e p r e s e n t ,

d ay th o u gh few r e m ain i n th o s e p ar ts th e G AW AMA A ar e r e p re

-

, ,

s e nte d b y th e D AROK a soi di san t Arab tr ib e o f G a ali e xtr acti o n wh o

-

, ,

u s e d to liv e r o u n d K e b k e b i a in th e w e s t an d h ave l ate l y m o v e d to

S h o wai at th e easter n fo ot o f G e b e l M arra an d by the AW LAD ,

M AN A .

Cu ny go e s s o far as to say th at th e Djo am a s e d is e nt d esce n d ants

4

1
Wr ii gt n as I am of Ar a s b an d not pr im ily ar of th e o ld er S u d an e s e s to c k s I
u se th e b p h r ase

m o re de ase d

as th e e q u iv l a en t o f l e ss Ar a b .

N bi
2
64 u a, p
m i m ll b i Hi l l m wlad m i
. .

Ib3
K h ld r an c h of B en A

ed Ga a

n a n en t o n s a s a a
t na

wh w im f Kabi fi
,

o f e re or a t e am irs o s i n N o rth A r ca, b u t th e r e i s
hi g b y d h m m wi t h th e G aw am a a o f t h e

not n e on t e na e to co n n ect th e S u d an .

( S ee Ib n K h al d n , e d . ar . Vol 6 , p . . 1 6 6 , Bk III )
P
. .

4
. 1 77 .
2 24 T HE GA AL I IN AND D ANAGLA

GR O U P I II 1
. . XXX 1 .

d es m o ntagne s du K ou djara et issu s d e M esaab aat and th ou gh 1

,
2
,

this was an o ver s tate m e nt a c o mp ar is o n o f tw o qu o tati o ns fr o m , ,

Prou t and el T ni si re sp e cti ve ly illu strate the D rf r co nne cti o n o f ,

t he GAW AMA A

.

1 P r ou t 3
.

Am o n g th e G ow am eh (o ne o f the o l d r aces) is fo u n d a still mo r e sin gu l ar

r actic e Wi th t h em n o gi r l h as th e r ight to mar r y u ntil s h e s h all h av e
p .

p resente d t o h er b r oth er a chil d as his b ondman T he father o f this chil d .

s h e c h o o s es wh en an d w h er e s h e will . .

As a m atter o f fact Pr o u t is n ot e nti r e ly accu r ate : th e ch il d u s e d

to g o to th e girl s m ate rnal u ncl e an d th e p h ras e tails c n: ( sh e

. a

h as assis te d h er m o th er s b r o th e r ) is s till o cc asi o n ally u s ed as a

pl eas ant eu p he mism .

2 El T nisi
.
4
.

P lu si eu r s ll es d evi enn ent ainsi en ceintes ; en cel a il n y a mi h onte ui

d sh o nn eu r meme s il y a en in ceste L e s enfants g ar g o n s o u lles n s

.
, , ,

d e ces r el ati o n s son t m is su r le co mpte d u n o n cl e m tern el L a lle q u i

a .

e n p r o vi en t e st m ar i ee pl u s t ar d p ar c et o n cl e q u i p ro te al o rs d u d o u ai r e

q ue a
p e y
l p o u x .

T h e c o nne c ti on o f the GAW AMA A wi th D r f r is als o e vi de nce d

by th e fact that in K o r d o fan an d D arfr alike m any o f th e m ar e b e

li eve d to h ave th e p o w er o f transm o gr ifying the ms e lves into b eas ts
of p r ey i m o s t co mm o nly ascr ib e d by n ative o pini o n to the F UR
, a tr a t
t rib e s I t w as me n ti o n e d in an e ar li er ch ap ter th at in D zi r f r th e s e
.

G AW AM A A w h o tu r n th e ms e lve s into h y ae n as ar e kn o wn as

AW LAD M AN A T h e D ar f r s tr ain to o m u s t h ave b ee n c o nsi d er ably

.
, ,

reinfo r ced in the e igh teenth and e ar ly ninetee nth ce ntu r i e s when th e
MUSAB A AT an d K UN GARA in tu rn d o minate d no r ther n and c entr al

K o r d o fan 5
.

D u r ing th e e ar li er y e ar s o f th eir r e si d e nc e in K o r d o fan th e

G AW AMA A we r e u n d e r th e G HO D I AT b u t as th ey incre as e d in

,

nu mb ers and co ll e cte d m o r e and mo r e scattere d u ni ts into thei r

1
I e t h e K u n g atr a r an c h o f t h e F r

b
i g P
. . .

I e t h e M u s ab a at s e ct o n o f K u n ar a 3

2
ro ut , p 34
ki g ly
. . . . .

4
V oy a u D arfour , p 2 1 3 H e i s s p e a n o f th e F r ap p ar e n t , b u t h e d o e s
l iff i v y f lly b
. . .

n o t as a r u e d e r e n t ate er c are u e t ween t h e F r an d th e i n h ab i tan ts o f

f ibl f l
.

D ar fr I t i s th er e o r e p o ss e th at h e re e r s to G aw am a a s e tt e d i n D arf r It
m li ly w v F b m
. .

k e , h o e er , th at th e G aw m a a an d th e r o th u s e d t h e c u sto

is ore an d

b
th at fo r mm i
o th it h ad a co y k o n o r gi n C un s p e a s o f th e c u st o , in r at h er di ffer m
m x ig z l l f
.

e n t t er s , as e i s t n ch e l a p u p ar t d e s p eu p ad e s d u K o r d o an T h e u se o f
i l w gly i
.

t h e p ar t cu ar p h r as e an at K h al ah a ( r o n p r n t e d o n p 1 5 9 , ar i atk al h u m -

lik P
.

fo r an at K h alh um ) h e attac h e s , r o ut , t o t h e G aw a b ut i t

e m aa (
l l x m g mi y
w as a so u s e d t o a e ss e te n t a o n t h e D r Ha d ( C u n , p p 1 5 8 , 1 5 9 , 1 7 3 ,
l y i bi f bl g v l ib
. .

5
C p Ho ro d , p 1 7 6 T h e n h a t an ts o f K o r d o an e o n t o s e er a t r e s
m m ll i
. . . .

T he o st n u e r o u s , c a e d G li nja r ah [i e K un g r a] , c o n s st s o f adh er e n ts o f
.

l F l ll
.

S u tan ad ; th e s e co n d i s c a e d M e ser b t [ i e M u sab a t] . . .

 2 26 T HE GA ALI IN AN D D ANAGL A GR O U P

I II 1 xxx11
. . .

U DUS A ALAYIA

10 . 20 .

(a) U M BARAK HERAYHfR 21 MARAZ IK, o r AWLAD

. MARz Ux
(b) HAMMADo w 22

O THMAN I IN
.

1 1 .
HI ADB A 2 3 RA HA
.
HIL
(a) AW LAD AL wAN

2 4 AW LA
. D K
AS I M
(b) S HADW AN IA 25 M I KAYL
(c) U M T I LAY G 26 ARUK

.

(d) HAYD OB I 27
1 2. AWLAD MAGA 28 . S HE RAF iA
1 3 S I HAYL
. 29 S HE RAK
1 4 HI LAYGA T UT U
.
30 .

ARADA

GAM i

15 .
3 1

16 K IDI L .
32 . N I M RAIA
17 U M D ODA .
33 . AWLAD NUR
18 U M WAD i D .
34 . U M ADAM
1
9 A W L AD S I.RAYR 35. AW LAD AB U G I N

C . E L S E RAY HAT
1 D E X A S H MA
. AWLAD U M K OT
2 AW LAD M US A
. ME RAK IB
C
. AB U G I N D IA KAD OB S I
ABU S UNN UD B AS H i M
1
P -
A

U
I
AB U G HULMAN NAS E L AHMAR
G KURA AN G ED AD fN

AW LAD G I M AY A

GAB RfN i N
GAMAA RAMADAN I

9 BA L U LI i
. N AW LAD HAB fLA
1 0 HAB AY S IA U M I sMAfL

.

1 1 AW LAD FARA. G AWLAD A UB

G
1 2. BAKKARI RU AAF

1
3 . E1 .
HURR U M K I LM AN
14 . EL SHAYKH AW LAD AB U S I N
5 KELAL fM
1 . S URUR
1 6 AW LAD L I AM
. G ALwAN
2

17 HAM DAN IA . AB U HO WA
18 AWLAD AwAL I

.

1
9 S HI B L AW I IN
.

2 0 B US AT .

D . AW LAD M UR 3 G
1 U M KE LAYB
.

2 U M BARAKAT
.

3 U M D HI AB
.

m l l
B a ash i
1
m j kl
i s th e p u r a o f B a as h o , a ac a

m m m g
.

2
T h e s a e n a e o cc u r s a o n th e T er ay fi a
wl g w bj
.

3
T h e A ad M u r ( an d th e G am ri a) e r e o n ce su e ct to th e S e ray h t o r th e

wl m i y liv
A ad G a a T h e

mi
e n o rt h o f B ar a o n th e co n n e s o f D r Ha d I t i s n o te
w y b i f m f im l ly
. .

o r th t h at o f th e ve su se c t o n s o u r ar e n a e d a t er an a s , e tc : Ke a
w lv F i m m ll
.

y
i s a p u p p , D h i b ar e

o es ,

ar s i s a ar e :

N u g r a i s a s a w ar
m
d ru i g b ib f ml b mi ig
T hi s n am n o f s u tr es a ter an i a s , e t c , i s n o d o u t o f to te
. . sti c o r in
 T HE G A ALI IN AND D AN AGL A GRO U P

III 1 X X X II
. . . 2 27

E . E L GAMRIA
1 AW LAD MALI K
.
7 ABD E L IBAR
.

G
2 . B IDAY 8 AB U HALIMA
.

3 A W. L AD AB U T I MAM 9 AW L
. AD S UK

4 E B.A

A Y 10 . MUMIN
5 AWLAD HAS AN
. 1 1 . KERAF IT
6 AD LAN

.

F . E L GHAN AYM iA 1

1 AWLAD S AL I H
.

2 .

ISA
3 . UM SHI KIL
G . E L P ADAYL fA
BA fGAB 8 T AW
4
1 . .I B R I

2 AW LAD T UR I E RA x (
i A i P )
5
.
9 B . r B E R GH T H
1 0 MAGAYLI S A
3 F ATAHAW I
4
. . B

4

.AB i D i A 1 1 HAL IMAB
.

5 . MAHMUD I 4
12 I ZAYRI KAB
.

6 T UN UW I
.
4
1 3

.
4
G
A AKI , o r AGAGI K
'

7 B E.D L Aw 1 4

II . E L GI MA fA

E L G A AP I RIA

A .

AW LAD AD I RI DAYS AB

1 .

2 . U M RAHMAN Z URxAB
3 N.AL fA AWLAD RAHUDA
4 B O TRAN IA
. MERRI
I

5 H.AwA M D A HAS HI M
6 AWLAD KADI M
. D ANAK S I
HAYS I N NA
G E RARAB KO TAKI T
'

8 .

9 . MAS IKHAB MUPT AH

10 . S HI KAYT B IS HR
1 1 . S H I B AYL iA AW LAD HAS HI
12 . NUKARiA HANTUS H1 4

B . E L G EMAM LA
1 AWLAD MATLUT
.
(d) AW LAD MUHAMMAD
(a) AW LAD RAHAYMA (e) T I MSAH
(b) MUSA (f ) SUB AY H
(c) ADAM (g ) AWLAD ABD E L HAM iD

an d is co m m
i n th e S u d an : c p
on B a ashi a on t h e S er ay h t o n p 2 2 6

m m g
g b ib m iv ly
. . .

Am o n t h e N b a o f n o rth ern K o r d o f n w e n d su tr e s n a e d r e s p e ct e
f l
a t e r c att e , r at s , s h e e p , w
o o d an d h o r s es : see M ac M i c h ael , p 9 7 Cp ,
i b b
. . .

t o o , th e c as e o f ce rt a n F r s u tr i es ( p
v b bj m
.

1
T h ese h a e een in tu r n s u e ct t o th e F a d ay li a an d th e Te r ayfi a T h e n a e
l mb
.

d e n o t es a s

D a Hami d b ib l
.

2 3
C p r su tr es . S ee ate r , p 23 1
igl l lf m
. . .

4
Th e se ar e s n u ar , n o t p u ra or s.
5
S h im r ( P)p s, or e as .

1 2
5
228 T HE G A AL I IN AND D ANAGL A

GR O U P III 1
. . XXX II .

2 AW LAD EL FEKI EL ATRAS H

.
5 . AWLAD AB U SHARR
(a) AWLAD AB DULLA

6 . B I S HARA
(b) E L MU LUK 7 EL HoSH
(c) GAf iA 8 . HAN D

(d) HELAw N 9
(e) AWLAD SHAKH I IO . RI KAB

( f ) AD HUNA 1 I

A ANF
3

A.B I 12 . D US HA YN A B

4 S HA ALIBI

.

AWLAD B i KA
T UAYM AT 3 AN A1< AR

1 . .
,

(a) FATAHA 4 AW LAD S HA N

. Y
(b) AB U AS HAY A

5 T
. UR

(c) ATfTU1 LA 6 U M K UD I

. .

( )
d AW L AD M AN N A 7 AWL AD MAS AK H
.

2 . GH Y
UB A S HAB 8 U M S HENAB
.

XXX I I I T h e wo r d GAW AM A A b e ing m er ely a pl u ral fo r me d

fr o m G am a i it s ee ms p r o b abl e that the r s t m enti o ne d o f all the

ab o v e s e c ti o ns r e p r e s e n t s th e t ru e n u cl eu s o f th e tr ib e I ts s h e ik h is .

co mm o nly c o nsi der ed th e the o re tical h ead o f th e trib e the h o l der o f ,

th e
T here cu r r e nce o f u nc o mm o n trib al n am e s is a u s e fu l gu i de if
u s e d wi th d iscre ti o n an d fr o m th is s o u r c e w e o b tain s e ver al cl u e s as
,

t o th e tr ib e s fr o m wh ic h th e s u bs e c ti o ns o f th e G AWAM A A we r e

d rawn .

Am o ng th e HO M RAN w e n o te MAS HAIKHA an d BE LUH : th e l atter

ar e p o ssibly c o nn e c te d wi th th e B E LU o f th e e as t th e fo r m e r ar e ak in ,

t o th e M ES ALLAM i A Am o ng th e T E RAY F i A wh o as a w h o l e ar e cl o s e l y
.
,

c o nne cte d wi th the BE DAYRi A are AW LAD S HAI K (i e S HAIKIA ,

'

. .

S HELLAL I i N (in th e fo r m a s e c ti o n o f S HA

S HE LLALIL

i xi A) an d
MARAZI X (a var i ant o f MARZ UKAB als o a s e cti o n o f S HAIKIA)

'

.
,

Am o ng th e S E RAYHAT ar e K U RA AN S H I B LAW I fN (wh o ar e p r e

,

s u m ab ly c o nn e c te d wi th th e S HIE LA o f the nisbas ) an d BA A

S HI M ; an d th e S E RAY HA T tak e n as a w h o l e ar e p r o p er l y a s e p arate

'

, ,

u ni t in th e G A AL I I N c o ng e r i e s an d cl o s e ly c o nn e cte d wi th th e M IRA
'

FA B an d MAN A S i R o n th e r i v e r T h ey ar e s ai d to h av e e nte r e d K o r d o fan

o nly six g e n e r ati o ns ag o .

Am o ng th e G HAN AYM I A w e n d ME RAM RA i e D AR HAM I D and

'

.
, .
,

M AGID i A .

Am o ng G A AFI Ri A ar e G ERARAB , p e r h aps B EN I GERAR ; an d

th e

am o ng th e G E M AM LA ar e D US HA N AB , o f wh o m o th er s Y ar e wi th th e

G E MA AB

.

T h e T UAYM AT , i t is s ai d , ar e KAwAHLA .
2 30 T HE GA AL I fN AND D ANAGL A

GR O U P 111 1
. . XXXV .

their h e rd s an d b r o k e u p th e trib e S o m e w ere s ent to O m du rm an

.

an d o th e rs s e ttl e d in S e nn ar P r ovince l
.

At th e reo ccu p ati o n s u ch G I MA A as s u rvive d retur ned to th e we st

b ank o f th e Wh ite Nil e an d n ow , in spite o f all , they ar e pro b ably

as nu m e ro u s as th e y
wer e b e fo r e th e M ah d ia .

S o m e o f th e ABB AY SAB b r anch o wn came ls an d h ave attach ed

themse lves to th e KAW AHLA T h e r est ar e cattl e and sh eep o wner s

. .

Th ey are s ub d ivi de d as fo ll o ws : 2

MAN ATA BoL 3 MUHAMMAD

NasR
WAL AD HAMMAD
HAS AN
B . AS HAYS H

1 . AB B

2 . G AHAKA

S I AGH

(j ) U M D AN IJ D
A1 AL MUHAMMAD

3 . MESADAB
4 D AR AWAE
.

5 RO WAS HDA
.

6 HULU
. F
7 Ti N A
.

T he m o st p ower fu l an d nu m e r o u s of s s e cti o ns are the BoL

th e e
M UHAMMAD and th e B OL NAsR and it ,
is s ai d th e fo rmer is nearly
twice th e siz e o f th e l atter .

T h e AS HAYS H are n o t ve ry nu me r o u s b ut are m o r e h o m o ge neo u s

.

1
l i
S at n , C h ap s X I an d X V I
lli g ly yw
. .

2
T h e sp e n o f th e se n am e s m ay n ot in al l c ase s be en t ir e accu r ate : th e e re

b
o tain e d at seco n d h an d .

3
w
T h e o r d b ol (dg e) p r o p e r

ly m e an s i
ur ne . It is evi d ly
en t u s e d as th e

vl
e q u i a en t o f

see d .
I I I 1 X X X VI I
. . . T HE G A AL I fN AN D D AN A

G LA GR O U P 231

( 1) T HE MAG I D TA AN D K U RT AN

XXX V I T he M AGI D fA M AI D I A ar e an almo st e xtinct tr ib e an d

1
or ,

th e K URTAN so far as I kn o w e nti r e ly s o T h e fo r me r ar e s ai d t o

, ,
.

h ave o ccu pi e d th e h ills near K agm ar in K o r d o fan ab ou t th e cl o s e o f

th e s e ve ntee nth c e ntu r y an d to h ave b ee n d rive n th e nc e e astwar d s
z
,

by th e immigr ating ZAGHAW A .

T h ere app ear als o to b e r e mnants o f the m am o ng th e NfIBA o f

G eb e l Ab u Tu b r b e twee n K agm ar an d the rive r an d C ailli au d
,
s
,

m enti o ns th e m in 1 8 2 1 o n the west b ank o f th e Wh i te Nil e ab o ve

K h ar to u m 4
.

F r o m M S D 3 it s eems th er e was als o o n e sm all co l o ny o f th e m

.

at l e ast o n th e Bl u e Nil e
5
.

F o r th e r e s t th e MAGI D I A o nly s ee m to s u rvive as a b r anch o f th e

G AWAMA G HAN AYM fA

A -
.

( k) T HE G A A L I fN

PRO PE R
XXX V II W e c o m e to p eo pl e th at is p rop er
'

th e th e

n ow G A ALI I N , , ,

wh o ar e c all e d G A ALI I N an d n o th ing e ls e at th e p r e s e nt

'
.

Th eir r iverain ar is b etween th e m ou th of the Atb ara and the

S h ab l ka c atar ac t .

An ex amin ati o n o f th e nisbas s h ews th at th ey ar e d is tinct ly

j u ni o r m e mb er s o f th e gr eat G a ali fraterni ty in th e s e ns e th at all
,

t h e e p o n y m o u s anc e s to r s o f th e i r s u bs e c ti o ns live d wi th in th e l as t
twe lve ge ner ati o ns o r l e ss o r wi th in say 400 y e ar s o f th e p r e s e nt
, , ,

d ay
. N o w a p er i o d o f 400 y e ar s b r ings u s b ack app r oxim ate ly to th e
tim e o f e l S am arkan di th e great p r o vi d e r o f g e n eal o g i e s i e to th e
, , . .

d ate o f th e great Ar ab F UN G m o ve m e nt w h ich r e su l te d in th e fo rm a

-

ti o n o f th e king d o m o f S e nn ar .

I t s eems th at at th e b e ginni ng o f th e six tee n th c e ntu ry c e r tain

C h i e ftains c alling th e ms e lve s p u r e Ar abs h o w e v er fr ee ly th e i r fo r e ,

b e ar s h ad interm arri ed wi th th e N b i ans were s ettle d o n the Nil e ,

wi th th ei r famili e s n o r th o f th e S h ablka an d h ad e s tablishe d for ,

th e ms e lve s a p o si ti o n o f au th o r ity an d o ver l o r d s h ip as th e RAB f A

,

an d G U HAY N A h ad d o n e s o m e c e n tu r i e s b e fo r e in th e n o r th e as t an d -

th at th e s e Ch i e ftains we r e n am e d Ar m an an d Ab u K h ams i n s o ns o f
"
,

1
S e e n o t e to D 3 , 6 0 .
2
S e e M ac M i c h ae l , p 1 09 . .

3
I bi d p 1 01 C ailli au d , I I I , 9 4 5
S e e M S D 3 , 1 08 , 2 00 an d 2 04
g l mk liv ig
. . . . . .

6
A I , A 2 , A 6 an d A 1 0 a e S er r ar , t h e en e r a an c e s t o r , e e h t e en o r
n in etee n g i
e n e r at o n s ag o m i v w
B e t e en hi m an d Ar an n t e r e n e ve

en e r at o n s g i
m g ym
.

( s e e tr e e s t o B A an d A I 1 ) i e A r an s so n s an d r an d so n s , w h o ar e th e e p o n

ou s

m ib liv w lv g i l
. .

an c es to r s o f o s t o f t h e G a ali i n t r e s p r o p er ed t e e e n e r at o n s ag o , o r e s s

i l ig fi w i m bv
.

S e e i n p ar t c u ar A 1 0, t h e p e d r e e o f th e G r an d M u t , h c h c o n r s t h e a o e
i g w m i
.

O r p e r h ap s i t w as t h e r s o n s o r r an d s o n s w h o p o r ar e s o f e l
7
e r e co n t e

l v gm i
S am arkan di I t i s u s e e ss t o b e o er d o m i at c , b u t a c o -
p ar so n o f th e A

MS S
gg g i b m w by l
. .

e s ts th at t h e Ar an e r e ad d e d a at e r h an d

su en e r at o n s s u s e q u e n t t o .
2 32 T HE GA AL I fN AND D ANAGL A

GR OU P 1 11 1 xxx 1 1
. . v .

Dab ibn
G h an im El S am arkan di incl u de d th em in his g enea
l
.

l o gical treatise as de sce n de d fr o m th e B EN I AB B AS , and n ot o nly their

o w n c hil d re n an d app ar e nt l y
th e s e w er e nu m er o u s b u t p r o b abl y
all th e ir
d e p e n d an ts in su bs e qu e nt age s cl aim e d a like o r igin .

XXX V III
Ab o u t th e cl o s e o f th e six tee n th c e ntu ry th e G A AL I fN
2

p r o p er w er e u n der S a ad ibn D ab us , the e p o nym ou s ance sto r o f th e

S A ADAB s e c ti o n , w o pp

h a e ar t h n s

s in e i bas as gr an ds o n o r gr eat
gr an d s o n o f Ad l an the s o n o f Ar m an ; and it is fr o m this p eri o d th at

th e r e al h is tory o f the G A ALI I N b e gins '

C ailli au d give s a c h r o n o l o g y o f th e p r inc e s o f S he n d i b e gin

4

ning wi th S ad ab D ab b ou s an d e n ding wi th Nimr th e M ek wh o

,

mu r dere d Ism ail P ash a in 1 8 2 2 b u t if any r e li ance is to b e pl ace d

,

o n th e nisbas all o wing pl e ntifu l in acc u r aci e s

o f d etail th is

ch r o no l o gy is h o p e l essly inco rr e ct in its ear li e r stage s F o r instance .

,

A 1 1 give s th e r e l ati o ns h ips as fo ll ows

G h an i m

Ad an l

Ab d el M a ab d

Ab d el Sa a lm
l I
K an b al aw i

S a ad I d ri s

Su ly
a m an el Adh a b
an d AB C ( tr ee 2 ) as fo ll o ws :

A d an l

Ab d cl Ma a
b ud

Ab d

el Sa alm el As f
ar S a ad Ab u D ab s

E l K an b al w i

1
b
T hi s D u a i n th e M S S h as a r o th er Dia T h e n a e D i a i b n G h an b b m b im
y yl m il l bl
. .

o cc u r s i n t h e Ab u Z a d c c e o f r o an ce s as th at o f o n e o f t h e B e n i H a n o t a es

( se e B u rto n , L and of M i di an , I I , 2 3 3 , an d Ib n K h a d u n , e d ar V o l 6 , p p 1 4 an d l
vi i m m i i
. . . .

1 6) b ut t h er e i s n o e d e n c e th at t h s i s o r e t h an a e re c o n c d e n c e

I iv i by ig g ly y b
.

e at t h s d at e as r o u h e ar s (i e a o u t
2
ar r acc e p t n c o rr e ct t h e 2 3 5

l y i by v l i
. .

2 2 8 s o ar e ar s) sa d C ail l i au d ( I I I , 1 06 ) to h a e e ap se d i n 1 8 2 1 s n c e t h e
i
acc e ss o n o f S a ad e l D ab s

will
It m i g f ly
b e s e e n t h at th is c o p u t at o n a r e es ai r
l ly wi m l y g m
.

th t h at ad e a re ad o n o th e r ro u n d s fo r t h e d at e o f Ar an

c o se .

3
S e e tr ees to A 1 an A C 2
1 d B .
4
L o c ci t . .
2 34 T HE G A AL I IN AN D D ANAGLA

GR O U P 1 11 1
. . XXXV III .

fam ily o n this acc ou nt was d e scrib ed by B u r ckh ar dt as o f th e s am e 1

t rib e as th e ABDU LLAB an d o n th e o th er w e kn o w fr o m Bru c e


, ,

th at in his d ay b efo r e th e r evo lt o f M u h ammad wad Nimr that is

,

S hen di was r u l e d by a wo m an th e sis ter o f Wad Ag ib (the Ab du 11abi ,

m a ng i l ) an d m o th e r o f I d r is w ad e l F ah l w h o in 1 77 2 w as th e

,

h eir app ar e n t to th e sh eikh shi p

-
2
.

In all p r o b abi li ty th e S A AD AB in th ei r e ar li er s tage s w ere u n der

th e AB D ULL A B s u z e r ainty ; an d th at th e r ul e o f th e S A AD AB m ay h av e

b ee n n o min al r ath er th an effe ctive is su gges te d by B u r ckh ar dt s

re mar k c o ncer ning s o me vill age s b etw ee n D amer an d S hen d i in

3

1 814
T he y i nh bite d b y th e Arab s M ekab er b wh o w e re fo merly tribu
ar e a a ,
r

t ary to th e chi efs o f S h en dy b u t w h o h v e l o n g s i n ce as se rte d t h e i r free

,
a

d o m an d n ow liv e p artly u p o n th e p r o d u ce o f th ei r e l d s an d p rt ly b y
, ,
a

r o bb e ry ; th ey are at w ar w i th al l th ei r ne igh b o u r s an d h av i ng ac qu i r e d a ,

r e p u t ti o n fo r su p e r i o r v al o u r ar e mu ch d read e d b y t h em
4
a ,

L ate r it app ear s th e N I F I AB the NAF A AB an d the KARAKIS A

,
5
,

e n te r tain e d d e signs o f s eizing th e h ead s h ip fr o m th e AW LA D N I MR ,

b u t an agr eem e nt was n ally re ach e d wh e re by th e l atte r and the

N AFA AB to o k th e e as t b ank an d th e rem ain d e r o b tain ed th e w est

b ank o f the r iver an d c all e d th ems e lve s th e S A AD AB p r o p er

.

In B u r ckh ar dt s d ay th e G A AL I I N we r e s till a n o madi c rath e r

'

th an a s e d e n tar y t rib e
T hey had cu l tivati o n o n th e river b u t th eir
.

s u b trib es ro am ed u p the Atb ara an d o ver th e B utana "

.

T h e tru e Djaal ei n B e d o u i n s s ays th e t rav ell er w h o co me fro m t h e

, ,

e aste r n d es er t ar e mu c h fai r er ski n n e d th an th e i n h abi t an ts o f th e b an k s

-

o f th e w as mu ch stru ck w ith th e p hysi ogn omy o f many o f t h e se

Djaaleins w h o h ad e x actl y th e co u ntenan ce an d e x p r essi o n o f fe atu r es o f
,

t h e B ed o u i n s o f e as tern Ar abi a s
.

XXX I X At p r e s e nt the G A AL I fN are ver y wi d e ly dis trib u te d as

sm all tr ader s an d c o l o nists and e mpl o y es th ou gh the nu cl eu s o f ,

th e t rib e r e m ain c u l tivato r s an d h e r d sm e n b e twe e n th e S h abl ka an d

th e Atb ar a 9
.

T hey s u ffered en o rm o u s l o ss es in the D ervis h d ays : th ou s an d s

1
N abi a p 2 68
m ili y m ill f
. .

P
,
2
N ote th e atr n e ar s ste st in o r ce 3
272
z y b
. . .

1
H e h a ar d s th at p e r h ap s th e ar e th e M e g ab e r i S tr a o of

k
.

S ee A 1 1 , U N 6
B u r c h ar d t , p 2 7 9
k k
. . .

7
Bu r c h a r d t , p 6
2 5
3
B u r c h ar d t , p 2 9 6
ik b m m F w l y i ll
. . . .

9
S h e h I r ah i M uham ad e r ah o f th e e a th N ifi ab s e ct o n ca s hi m

se lf k
S h e i h o f all th e G a alii n an d i s acc ep t e d i n t h eo r a cer t a n n um er o f y by i b
ib
t h e tr l m ly b
e , b ut hi s c ai vis o n as e d o n e e n t s d at n ro th e D e r i s h d a s an d i gf m v y
i lly gl gibl
i s p r ac t c a ne i e

S u ch o f th e G a al ii n as ar e n o t s ett e d o u ts d e th e r o w n l i i
ik l l ib i
.

dar u n d e r th e s h e h s o f th e o ca t r e s , o r as n d ep en d en t tr ad er s , e t c ar e

i v i l
u n d e r t h e r r es p e cti e s e ct o n a

om d as .
 T HE GA AL I IN AN D D ANAGL A GRO U P

III 1 X L
. . . 2 35

fe ll in p ar ticu l ar at T o ski and T okar and wh o l e vill age s o f the m

,
1
,

p e ris he d o f hu nger in the t erribl e famine o f 1 8 8 9 Wh at was l eft o f

2
.

th e i r p o w e r as a tr ib al u nit was e n de d in 1 8 9 7 w h e n o n the appro ach , ,

o f th e B r i tis h fo r c e s th ey pr oj e c te d a r ising ag ainst th e D e r vis h e s

, .

T h e am z r M ah mud l earnt o f th eir inte nti o n attack e d an d s ack e d

th ei r h ead q u arte rs at M ete mm a an d sl e w o ve r 2 000 o f th e m 3

.

In so far as th e G a aliin remain cu l tivato rs and h er dsm e n in their

own an d h av e n o t t ak e n to tr ade in th e t o wns th ey p re s e r ve ,

m u ch the s ame degree o f tr ib al o rganizati o n as d o thei r neigh b ou rs

th e BAI A HI N S HUKRIA etc T h e s e c ti o ns (NAFA AB AL I AB etc ) whi c h
' '

.
, , , , .

graz e th ei r her ds an d s ow thei r cr o ps in th e d ry w ate rc ou rs e s o f th e

anci e nt Isl an d o f M e r o e ar e eac h in d e p e n d e nt o f th e o th e r wi th n o

singl e head shei kh T he famili e s w h o cu l tivate the Nil e b ank s live

-
.

th e o r d in ar y life o f th e s e d e ntary vill age r an d s e n d s u ch o cks as

they p o ss ess eastw ard s in char ge o f thei r s emi n o m ad ic kinsfo lk -
.

In ad d i ti o n howeve r to th es e G A ALI IN and the to wn dwe lli ng

, ,

-

c o mmu ni ty the re are nu merou s is o l ate d co l o ni e s o f G A AL I IN s ettl e d

at in te rvals al o ng th e Bl u e an d W h ite Nil e s as far s o u th as Ke a

d r e f
an d K a wa an d o the rs th ou gh fewer in the inl an d p r ovince s Thes e
, , , .

ar e all s e de n tar y an d u nimp o r tan t , .

X L T o s u m u p o n e m ay s ay th at th e w o r d G A AL I IN is u s e d in

,

tw o s e ns e s : in th e rs t an d wi d e s t s e ns e it de n o te s all th e l o o s e ly
c o nne cte d gr ou p of trib e s o n the r iver an d inl an d D anagl a an d o ther s , ,

w h o cl aim an Abb asi d de sc e nt : in the s e c o n d i t is limi te d to the

river ain p e o ple wh o se ance sto r w as Dab ibn G h anim an d wh o s e

chi ef h abi tat h as b ee n b e tween the m o u th o f the Atb ara an d the
S h ablk a c ataract since the b e ginni ng o f th e sixtee nth c e ntu ry if ,

n o t fo r l o ng e r .

In so far as th e GA ALI IN co nge ri es can b e regar de d as a singl e

wh o l e i ts h o m o ge nei ty c o nsists in the c o mm o n B er b er ine o r N ubi an

s train that exis ts in a ve ry var ying pro p o rti o n in all its c o mp o ne nt
p arts .

T here is als o a str o ng infu si o n o f Arab bl oo d m o re p ar ticu l ar ly

in the GA ALI IN pr o per b ut th e e r ro r into which th e n ative g ene alo

gists have wilfu lly slipp e d co nsis ts in igno ring the N ubi an e l e me nt
an d n ding th e c o mm o n r ac e fac to r o f th e G A AL I IN in th e tri b e o f

K URAY S H T h e facts b eing as th ey are i t is imp o ssibl e to sp ecify any

.
,

p articu l ar trib e o f Arabi a as b eing th at to w h ic h the Ar ab e l em ent in

th e c o mp o si ti o n o f th e G A AL I IN g r o u p c an b e attr ib u te d in an y

e xcl u siv e s e ns e .

1
l
S atin , C h X V I 2
S l i at n , Ch X III
g
. . . .

3
A ng lo Eg yp t S ud a n ,
-
. 1, 4 5 ; B ud e, 1 1 , 27 1 .
2 36 T HE G A ALI IN AND D ANAGL A GR O U P

III 1 X L
. . .

We h ave s ee n th at nu mb er s o f KURAY S H e ntere d the S u d an at

var i o u s time s b u t K URAY S H w er e o nly o n e trib e amo ng sco re s o f
,

o th e rs and th e c o mpreh e nsive cl aim o f th e G A ALI I N to b e l o ng t o

'

o n e sp e ci al b r anc h o f K URAY S H th e B E N I ABB AS w o u l d b e d ifcu l t

,

in d eed to su bstanti ate B eing th ems el v es in s o me d o u b t as to the

.

facts of th e m atter th ey h ad the l ess h esi tati o n in m aking a b o l d

t h r o w fo r d is tinc ti o n
.
2 38 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P
G u h ani was no t o f the trib e o f GU HAYNA at all and he nce o ne is 1
,

te mp te d at rs t t o s ay th at th e trib e s cl aiming d e sc e nt fr o m h im ar e
u nlik e ly t o b e G U HAY N A T h e c o ncl u si o n w o u l d b e fals e h o w e v e r
.
,

fo r th e cl aim to b e G UHAYN A pre c e d e d th e cl aim to b e th e c h il dr e n o f

Ab d u ll a e l G u h ani an d w as b as e d o n r athe r s u r e r fo u n d ati o ns T h e

d r agging in o f Ab du ll a el G u h ani w as m er e ly th e ill ad vis e d exp e di e n t

-

o f a l ate r g e n e r ati o n .

I I B e fo re d ealing wi th th e trib e s t h at c o mp o s e th e G UHAYN A g r o u p

i t is as we ll to r e c all s ev er al fac ts : th at th e t rue G UHAYN A o f Ar abi a
h ave o ccu pi e d th e n eigh b o u r h oo d o f Y anb u fo r at l east 1 3 00 y ear s ;

th at th e r e h as b e e n immig rat i o n o f v arying v o l u m e fr o m th is p ar t o f

th e He g az at e v e r y p er i o d k n o wn to h is to r y ; th at m any G U HAYN A
to o k p ar t in th e invasi o n o f Egyp t ; th at a l ar g e fo r c e o f th e m in t h e
ninth c e ntur y inv ade d the E as ter n D es er t in c o mp any wi th the
RAB I A ; th at b y th e mi dd l e o f the thi r teenth ce ntu ry th ey were s ai d

to h av e co nqu ere d th e c ou ntr i e s inh ab ite d by the N ubi ans an d to

b e s e ttl e d b etw ee n Asw an N ubi a an d Ab y ssini a ; an d th at an o th e r ,

l arg e b o dy o f th e m at the b eginning o f the fteenth centu ry was still

in U pp er Egyp t 2
.

Ther e is therefo re n o r eas o n to d o u bt th at by th e F UN G p er i o d

t h e r e w as a v ery l ar g e n u mb e r o f G U HAYN A fty two tr ib es s ay

-

o n th e Bl u e Nil e n e ar S ob a an d e ve n m o re in t h e
3
th e nisbas
,

w es t an d th at th e g r eat m aj o r i ty o f the tr ib e s which cl aim to b e o r

,

ar e all eg e d t o b e d e sc en d e d fr o m Ab d u ll a e l G u h ani ar e u l tim ate ly

c o nne cted wi th th e G UHAY N A .

T h e fo ll o wing are th e c h i e f o f th e s e at th e p re s e nt d ay 4 '

RUFAA (i n clu d ing K AW AS MA AB DULLAB etc )

,

, .

L AHAwrfN
AwAM RA, K HAW ALD A,

et c .

S HUKRIA
D AR HAM I D
Z AYAD I A

B EN I G E RAR
T he FEz ARA
BAZA A

S HE N AB LA
MA ALI A

1
S ee n o te t BA
o V L III , f l
fo r ul d e ta il s.

P m b i ldd i f
,
2
S ee art I , C h ap s 2 an d 3 T he te r no d ou t nc u e a p ro p o rt on o

igh b i g ib m w h w j i d h y by h f
. .

ne our n tr es en o er e o ne to t e G uh a n a tfw e o r tu n e s o ar

and mm i y f im
co un t o a s B A XX
2
C III
M y h G h y ib f l i mi d T h y b
. .
,
4
an ot er u a na tr es o e ss m p o r t an ce ar e o tte e c an e

f d by f ib
.

o un h f BA O
r e er e n c e to t e tr e es o e g n e o r t o trw es , e gh M ha b
t e og r a,

i lddb h y G h y m b
. . .
, , . .

ar e nc u e ec au se t e ap p e ar as u a n a in t e h i b
n s as dan see to e

l d h
r e at e f h g i pi f h f
to t e r e st o t at r o up n s te o t e ac t h h y d
t at t e ll h m lv
o n o t ca t e se es

G uh a y na .
I II 2 1 11
. . . T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 2 39

MESALLAMIA
T h e BAKKARA tr ib es
MAHAMI D MAHRIA etc '

,
.

K ABAB i S H (cert ain secti o n s o n ly)

M O GHARB A
HAMAR
T h e KAB AB i S H , th e HAM AR , th e B AKK ARA , th e M AHAM I D g r o u p
'

F E ZARA g r o u p o f th e ab o v e are all in K o r d o fan o r we st o f

an d th e

i t ; th e r e m ain d er are n ear ly al l in th e G e zir a o r e as t o f i t .

( a) T H E R U A A G R O U F
T HE G U HAYN A

R O E R T HE P , P P ,

L AHAW I IN T H E A B D U L L AB AN D T H E I N KE RR I AB

,

III T HE R U A A F
. T he RU F A A , d e sce n d ants o f R afa i , th at is ,

ge ner ally app e ar in th e nisbas Y

am o ng th e G U HA N A gr o u p an d

are s ai d to h av e s oj o u r n e d am o ng th e B E GA an d in Abyssini a b e fo r e

m o ving do wn to th e vall ey o f th e Nile Th is tr ad iti o n is c orr o b o rative

1
.

o f th e s tate m e n t q u o te d by Qu atr e m er e th at in 68 0 A H ( 1 2 8 1 A D )
2
. . . .

a b att l e w as fo u g h t b e tw ee n th e G U HAYN A an d th e RU F AA in th e

d e s er t o f Ai d h ab T h e tw o tr ib e s m e nti o ne d h av e b ee n cl o s e n eig h
.

b ou r s fo r m any ge ner ati o ns n o t o nly in Afr ica b u t als o in Arabi a : ,

B u r ckhar d t wr i ting in 1 8 1 4 s ay s :
,
3
,

Whil e I was at S h en dy an Arabi an c ame fr o m S o u akin w h o w s o f th e ,

a

t ib e o f Ref ay ( ib ) w h i ch i s r el ated t o th e gr e t t r ib e o f Djeh ey n e

r
J a ,
a

n e ar Y e mb o ; h e t o l d m e th at h e h ad h e d th at t h er e wer e ar

d es cen d ants o f h i s o w n t r ib e o f Refaay settl e d t o th e s o u th o f S enn aar ,

an d th at h e i n ten d e d to v i sit th ey h ad al w ay s m n ife ste d k i n d a

n e ss t o th ei r re l ati v e s i n th e He dj az e sp e c i all y t o su ch as h ad u n d er take n ,

t h e j o u r n ey fo th e p u r p o s e o f s l u ti n g t h em
r a .

T h e RUFAA o f th e S u dan th ems e lve s n o w cl aim to b e dis tinct

fr o m the GUHAY N A in o r igin th ou gh ad mi tting that mu ch in te r ,

m arr i age h as b ee n taking pl ace fo r centu r i es an d p er fu nct o r ily cl ai m ,

d e sc e nt fr o m a lin e o f S ayyi d s T hi s h o we ve r m ay p artly b e d u e to

.

th e fact th at th e ARAK 11 N m any o f wh o m ar e h o ly m en claim to b e
'

, ,

AS HRAF an d th e RU F AA are pl ac e d in th e d il e mma o f h avi ng e i th er

,

t o r e p u d i ate th e cl aim o f th e ARAK I I N t o b e AS H RAF o r d e ny th e fac t

'

th at th e ARAK I IN ar e a b r anc h o f th e RU FAA T h ey h av e c h o s e n th e

.

o bvi o u s c o u r s e o f s ay ing th at th e RU F AA ar e al l AS HRAF T h e fac t o f

4
.

th e m atter is th at soi ais ant AS HRA F h ave inter m arri e d wi th th em ;

b u t g e n er all y sp e ak ing th ey ar e a c o mp o si te t r ib e c o n taining m or e

, ,

S A
1
xxxv A V D 6 xxxv
ee 2, 1 1 L III ,
,

i g MS
,

b 67
.
,
2
V ol II , p 1 72 , q uot n Ar a 2, p 42 1
l
. . . . .

N ubia , p 3 2 3

at e r sub A r ak ii n
3 4
. . S ee .
2 40 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P I I I 2 1 11
. . .

of th e G UHAYN A e l ement th an any o th er Whe n I aske d o n e o f 1

.

th eir c hi e f m e n Ag ab Ab u Gin wh e th er th e R UF AA we r e G UHAY N A

, ,

o r AS HRA F h is r epl y was I t is s ai d we ar e As hraf bu t G o d kn ows : ,

if w e are n o t As h raf we ar e c er tainly GUHAYNA

.

M akr iz i c alls th e RUFAA a b ranc h o f the B EN I HILAL an d i t will

2
,

b e n o tic e d th at o n e s e cti o n o f the m in th e S u dan is c all e d th e HILALI A .

I t is p o ssibl e th e re fo r e th at th e l e g e n d o f Ab u Z ay d cl Hil ali c r o ssing

t h e Bl u e Nil e n ear th e si te o f th e vill age o f Ru faa is c o nn e c te d wi th

t h e s o u th e rn m o v e m e n t o f th e R U FAA fr o m t h e E as ter n D e s er t to

th e Bl u e Nil e .

I V In th e F UN G d ays th e RU F AA we re alm o s t e nt i r e ly n o m ad ic an d

the ir h ead qu ar ter s we re S e nn ar Ar b ag i an d el T al h a T h e vill age o f , , .

Ru faa after which a d is tr ict is now n ame d w as n o t fo u n de d u ntil

, ,

th e n o r th er n h alf o f th e t r ib e h ad b e gu n to r e linquis h th e p u r e ly
p asto ral life .

At p re s e n t th e h abi tat o f th e R UF A A is al o ng th e Bl u e Nil e fr o m

i ts e mb o u chu r e to s ou th o f Sing a T h ey fall in to tw o m ain g r ou ps . .

O f th e s e th e n o rth e rn g r o u p ar e s e ttl e d in v ill ag e s in th e Bl u e Nil e

P r o vince : h er e in a singl e vill age o n e s o metimes n ds a m ed l ey o f
RUF AA M AHAS S G A ALI I N D AN AGLA an d o th ers : in o th er vill age s

, ,
'

th e w h o l e p o p u l ati o n is c o mp o s e d o f a singl e s e c ti o n o f RU FAA

.

T h ey an d th e M AHAS S ar e g enerally regar de d as th e ance stral tr ib al

o wn er s o f th e r iv erain l an d in th e n o rt h er n d is tr ict s o f th e Bl u e Nil e

Pro vince an d the cl aim o f th e RUFAA at l eas t is p r o b ably we ll fo u n de d

,

,

fo r i t mu s t b e r e m e mb er e d th at th o u gh th e AB DULLAB w h o s e e p o ny

m ou s ance st o r fou r c e ntu r i es ag o h e lp e d O m ar a D unk as to fo u n d

th e king d o m o f S e nn ar h av e sinc e th at tim e b ee n an e nti r e ly in d e

,

p e n de nt trib e they wer e p r o p er ly RUFAA o f th e K AW AS MA se cti o n

,

,

an d th e i r sp h e r e ex te n d e d fr o m n o rt h o f th e j u ncti o n o f th e Nil e s

s outh war d s to Arb ag i .

V T h e s o u th er n b r an c h o f th e RUFAA is m o r e n o m ad ic th an s e de n

tary and is o ften r eferr e d to by o ther t rib es simply as the G UHAYNA

or G u h ay na cl Ol fe ckle ss Gu h ay n a ) Th ese are d i v i de d into
3
.

RUFAA EL S HARK (E aster n RUFAA) o r N AS AB U G I N an d RUFAA

, ,

EL HU O I ( R u faa o f th e G e zi r a i e W e s te r n RU F AA) o r N A

S AB U RoF ,
. .
, .

T he se al ter native n ame s Ab u Gin s fo lk an d Ab u Rof s fo lk ,

,

are giv e n th e m b e c au s e fo r m any g e n er ati o ns th ey h av e b e e n r u l e d

1
il
S ir C k f h m (l i ) b h f G h y
W so n s p e a s o t e oc . c t . as a r an c o u a na
i S l ym w h m i d h B i Hilal i
. .

2
Q Th B
u atr e m er e , 1 1 , 2 01 e en u a o acco p an e t e en n

i g mig i l i ll d R fa ( Q
.
,

i d

the r r e at r at o n e a s o c o n ta n e a s ec t o n c a e u a u at r e m re , I I ,

v b y G h y l Ol l h i fok ol i f kl G h y
,
3
Th e p ro er sa s u a na e c as ra z e. ec es s u a n a,

f h m ll Th y i l ly x i bl
, ,
.

t en o t e a d b at one m an e are s up p o s e to e p ar t cu ar e c ta e,

ibl d h y
.

i rr e sp ons e an as t .
 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 1 1 1 2 v1 . . .

M o st of th e KAW AS MA p r op er ar e n ow west of S ennar an d on th e

D i n d er 1
.

B ARAK I IN
.

'

1 FE RAGI I N .

T h e ARAK I IN n o w c l aim to b e o f S h er i d es ce nt th ro u gh a s eries o f

2

y
h o l m en , bi o gr ap h i es o f h om w ill b e fo u n d in th e M S D w
T he , . y
v
cu l t i at e i n t h e s o u th o f th e Blu e Nil e P ro i n ce , i n S en n ar an d i n e l M a at u

k v
d i str ict , an d a h al o o f s an ctit still su r r o u n d s th em T h eir h ead u art ers are y . q
at Ab u Har a z .

T h e smal l su b tr ib e o f F E RAG I I N li e wi th th e GAM IJ IA so u th o f O m d u r

'

v '

m an . I n F UN G d a s t h e we r e u n d er th e

nabas

y y
o f S h ei k h Hammad

e l N 1 1 e l Ar aki , an d th e

co nsi d er th emsel es ARAK 1 IN o n b oth si des

y v .

C .

I S AYL AT
1 . WI DI AB
2 . S I N H YRAB
A 3

3 .
HASAN AB
4 . MA AL IA

5 . G AB RAB
T h ere is a gro u p of vill g a es o n the e as t b an k o f th e Blu e Nile call e d

I say 1at By . m an y th e

I S AYLAT ar e h el d to be a s e ct o n o f i th e HAMM ADA .

D . N OLAB
E . co l o ny o f th ese is s i d to h ave lived at K alk l near
Z E N AFLA . A a o

el K amlin b efo e th e co ming o f the MAHAS S Bu t I h ave al so hear d

r .

th em s p o ke n o f as G H Uz z i e M aml uk o r B o sn i an sto ck n d n o t , . . a

RUFAA at l l
a .

P . HAGAGAB
G . BE S HAKI RA T h e re is a . vill g a e on e ith er si de o f the ri ver in el K amlin
i i
d str ct ca e d a ter th e ll f m .

H . S H IB AYLAT
J HALAW HN

T hese i y in Ru fa d istrict an d S ennar an d are a l a ge an d

ar e c h e a ,
r

tu rb u l en t se cti o n mu ch f k i i d d en I n a li st o f Arab tr ib es in E gyp t

,
e r .
,

e ast o f th e Nil e S ir G Wil ki n so n i n cl u d e s Allo w en w h o ar e p ro b abl y

.
, ,

a b ran ch o f t h e s me p eo p l e b etw een Egyp t an d Petraea an d n o rth o f

a ,

Sin i ( S ee Mode m Egyp t a nd Thebes I I

a .
, ,

K . F E RAHAB
L MA AD I D
.
'

. In Ru f a a i i
d str ct an d S enn ar .

M F ARAp N .

N FARAGAB
. . A few liv e i n K w a d s t r i ict o n th e Wh ite Nil e .

1
v l
S e e r a o th e r s o f t h e R u a a s e c t o n s en e o ar e o te n a so f n c u d e d as i giv b l w f l i l
f lf ib
Kaw sm a : in act , h a t h e tr e i s p o p u ar s o co n s d er e d : t h e r e aso n i s th at t h e l ly i y
w e r e fo r o n l g
u n d e r t h e A d u a c hi e ta n s h p b ll b f i i
lf
.

2
C p M S C 9 , b u t fo r t h e r e a acts s e e D 1 , C I
i
. . .

3
C o r r u p t e d n to S i r h ay n ab
P b bly wi b m F iw bi g y
.

1
co n n e c t ed t h t h e I r ah i

ib n A b f1 d i e l ar a d h o se o r ap h
ro a

i s nu mb ered 1 3 5 in D 3 .
 VI . T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 2 43

Ch i ey in el M a atuk an d K awa d i str ic ts

O .
TO WAL ,
or TO WALI IN . .

T he y ar e s a id to be a b r an ch o f the HAMMADA .

P . SHABARKA
As regar d s thi s s ecti o n i t i s i nterestin g to n o te th at S HAB ARKA al so o ccu r
i n th e n o rt h ern hi ll s o f K o r d o fan wh er e th ey ar e c all ed S HAB ERKO an d 1
,

ar e s i d t o h av e immigr te d fro m th e Bl u e Nil e in an ci e n t d ay s an d t o h av e

a a

s p r ead e v en fu r th er we st w ar ds into D a r fur T h ey are al so sai d at el Har az a .

, ,

t o b e co nn ecte d w ith th e TOW AL s e cti o n o f KAB A B i S H As th e TO WA L al so .

app e ar i n th e li s t o f RUFAA tr ib es an d th e i r n ame an d th at o f th e S HA

,

BA RKA were gi ven m e o n e afte r th e o th er i t i s a fai r p r e su mp ti o n th at so me ,

o f th e RUFAA p ass e d i n to K o r d o fa n an d mi x e d s o me w i th t h e NUB A o f

,

e l Har a z a an d some w ith th e n omad s n orth west o f them while o thers -

re ach e d D a r fur .

T h at th ere w er e al s o c ases o f mo v ement i n th e O pp o si te d i r ecti o n i s

e v i d en c e d b y th e e x i sten ce o f tw o v ill ge s o n th e Nil e c all e d e l Nub a

a ,

o n e n e ar cl K a mlin and o n e no rth o f K h ar toum b o th o f w hich are s ai d to ,

h av e b e en fo rme d b y c o l o n i e s f o m el Har a a I n th e c as e o f th e fo rmer r z .

vill age it is sai d seven NUBA fr om K or d ofan wer e all otte d l and there b y
th e FUN G n d th ei r d au gh t er s w e r e mar ri e d b y Arab s
a .

Q HI LAL IA
.

R . T h i s su b tr ib e w as all b u t wip e d o u t b y th e fam i n e o f

as r e co v e r e d an d l arg e n u mb e r s n o w li v e r o u n d
2
1 88
9 b u t i t h ,

S enn ar an d in Mes ll amia d istrict with sc tter e d vill ages in th e a ,

a

G e ira and o n the White Nile

z .

S BEN I HAS AN
.
3

1 WAD BALULA .

ATAM LA Ab u ROf s o wn famil y

2 . . .

3 WAD AB U S IRWAL
.

etc .

T h ei r h abi tat is so u th o f el M an kil an d b et w een Singa an d Ro sayr es .

T . BEN I HUSAYN T h ey live with th e 3

. BEN I HASAN an d west o f them
to th e Wh ite Nil e .

U . HAM MADA 3

RA HAHLA
G HU z z
RI B AY AT

T h e se ar e th e N as Ab u G in p r o p er I n FUN d a s th ei r ch i e f h ad . G y
th e r an k o f

M a ng il an d th e right o f weari n g th e tw o h o rn ed tak i a

-
.

y
I n 1 8 8 9 the an d th e AIALI IN su ffer e d e u ally4 T h ei r h abitat i s o n th e

q .

Rah ad an d the D in der T h e c ap ital o f th e Ab u G in w as at D eb erki

. .

V .

U LATI I N 3 S emi n o mad i c T he
'

.
-
. y h v Vill g in th
a e a es e ea st an d the
west o f th e ez ira G .

W . Z AMAL I A
' 3

1 KAMAT IR3
1
S e e M ac M i ch ae l , p 97
2
l X
S ati n , C h III
i l ly m P vi
. . . .

3
T h e s e s e ct o n s ar e c o se co nn e c te d Al o s t all ar e in S e n n ar r o n ce , i n
ig b ig l i
.

th e n e h o u r h o o d o f S n a. S at n , l oc ci t
2 44 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 111 2 VI . . .

T h e KAMAT IR , o r AWLAD KAM TUR , h a e n o w all b u t d i ed o u t as a

v
r esu l t o f c o n stan t w ar far e ith th e FUN in th e eigh teenth centu r T h ei r w G y .

c h i ef, wh o w as u s u all kn o n b th e tr ib al n ame o f K am t r h ad th ey w y .

r igh t o f e ar in g th e w
tak i a 1
Hi s d omains str etch e d fro m K ar k oj to .

Ro sayr es .

RAz f
X . T hese , lik e th e ARAK1 1N , c l aim d es cent fr om AS HRA T h e
.
'

F . y
ar e th e o nl y
s e cti o n o f RU AA (if RU AA th e

b e) wh o li e n o rt h o f th e F F y v
j
u n cti o n o f the Nil es .

VII T HE GUHA YNA P ROP E R No w al th o u gh th e ter m GU HA N A . Y

is appli e d v ag u e ly by o th e r tr ib es to all the RUFAA , an d m o r e esp eci

ally s t h o e o f th e s o u th , th e RUFAA E L S HARK an d RUFAA EL HUO I

,

t h er e is li v ing n ear th e s e a g r o u p o f sm all tr ib e s t o w h o m th e ter m is

m o re e sp e ci ally applicabl e an d to wh o m the RUF AA thems elve s apply

t he ter m G U HAY N A : th e s e ar e t h e MA AS H I RA t h e G EN AN A th e

, ,

RUK A B fN
2
th e G A AF IRA an d th e RO W AS HDA
, Th ey are l ar ge ly

.

n o madic in h abi t A few o f them ar e s ettle d in village s b u t m o s t

.
,

gr az e wi th the RUFAA EL S HARK r o u n d K al a a Ar ang e l I d ayd an d

,

S ii ki T h e y ar e n o t nu m e ro u s an d th e y ar e n o w s u bj e c t to th e S HU
.

K RIA o f K ass al a P r o vinc e .

V I I I T HE LA HAW I IN
3
Th e s e are re l ate d to th e RUFAA gr o u p an d .

ar e p r ac tic ally all n o m ad s O n e p o r ti o n o f th e m h ave fo r m an y .

ge ne r ati o ns liv e d o n th e e ast b ank o f th e W h i te Nile b etween e l K aw a

an d G eb el ay n an d inl an d
4
T h e s e are o ften sp o ke n o f as Nas Wad .

el L ab ayh T h e o th e r p o r ti o n is m o r e give n t o c am e l b r e e d ing
.
-

an d h as i ts g r azing g r o u n d s far th e r e as t in th e n e ig h b o u rh o o d o f
-

el F a sher o n th e Atb ar a T h e s e l atter wer e for s eve r al ge ner atio ns .

attac h e d t o th e KAB A B i S H an d liv e d in n o r th e r n K o r d o fan an d w e r e

kn o wn as th e G U HAY N A s e c ti o n ; b u t th ey q u ar r e ll e d wi th th e na g ir

o f t h e K AB A B i S H in 1 9 1 0 an d m o v e d e as tw ar d s o ve r th e Nil e T h e y .

ar e n o w u n d er th e S H UK RI A T h ei r w e ll kn o wn c am e l b r an d is a
'
-
.

o n th e l e ft si d e o f th e n o s e wi th a o n th e l e ft

tubd a
si d e o f the n e ck 5
.

1
J k ac so n ,p 91 . no te . Fo r M u ha mm ad K am t r se e MS . D 7, p assi m .

2
Cp R ik ab fa
m wi i iv f m g
. .

3
T h e n a e L aba i s s a d to b e d e r e d r o th e l ahw i a o r r e at b ag i n
wi h c h t h e n o ad s c ar r m
r a n , g u m , e tc yg i
T h e r o o t i s th e s a e as th at o f ha

m li
b k l b liv i i
.

( ar b r e) an d o cc u r s a so i n t h e n am e o f t h e L uh ayw at Ara s w h o
-
e in S n a

m g
a on th e tr es o f T ih ib
T h e s e L uhayw at are s a d to b e a s u d s o n o f th e i b ivi i
b i i m i i
.

M e s a i d r an ch o f t h e B e n A ti a an d an c e n t c o p an o n s o f th e B en Ukb a

m l i
.

( S ee N a u B e y , His t T h e r e i s a so , to t h e n o r th e as t , a s e c t o n

p -

z ll k
. .

O f A n a a c a e d L ah w i n ( B u r c h ar d t , I , 4 an d
4
C ailli au d ( I I I , 9 4) n otes th e o n th em e st an o f t h e W h te N e a o e w b k i il b v
K h ar to u m
in 1 8 2 1 H e c a s th e

ll m
E l l ah o u y e h s
m i by g y
. .

5
L ah awwy is en t o n e d D o u h t ( A r a bi a D es I , 1 2 5 ) an d Z w e m e r
m b ib bi im b
.

( p 2 7 9 ) as t h e n a e o f an A r a tr e i n Ar a a at th e p r esen t t e T h e r an d o f
. .

t h ese i s RY .
2 46 T HE G U HAYNA GR OU P III 2 1 x . . .

1 .
!
b ll G
A du a em

a ( )
a (d . 1 554

1 5 6 2)
I
2 .
!
S h ik h A b I
e gi , cl f
K a ut a , o r e l M an g il ak ( b)
( d 1.6 04
1 61 1
)

E l Am i Ar adi b ( d ) 4 . am (f ) ( d . 1 7 47 )
( d 6 8 9 1 71 5) l

1 .

El A a g y 1 (g

6 .

A i
g
b ( h) ( d . 1 77 9 )

O m ar (j )
10 .

i
A b d i l la 1 1 1 0)
7 an d 9 8 B d i ( k) (d 1 79 9)
m mi
. . .

!
M uh a m ad e l A n I (i ) ( ac c 1 7 8 4) .

(d . 1 7 9 0)

l
Na i !
A i
l
gb
I I .
s (m )
r

( ac c . 1 799)
ll"
1 3 . Om ar

1 2. E 1 Am i n I I ( n)

( a) S e e D 7, v an d X V C aill i au d r o n c a s him A gi w gly ll

b
xx
. .

( b) D 7, V an d H e i s C ailli au d s M n g alek c l K b y r

xx mm m m m i
. .

T h e Ha ad e l S a

( c) D 7, i h an d h i s so n O th an en t o n e d in

li m v b i w
.

C ail l i au d s s t an d in D 3 s e e to h a e o ta n e d th e p o e r
a t e r t h s m an f i .

(J ) D 7 , LI I X
w gly ll
.

( e) V
D 7 , L I I I C ai ll iau d ( I I I , 9 6 )
. ron c a s hi m so n o f Ag ay l

.

(f ) D 7 , L III V .
(g ) S e e D 7 , L I I I V .

(k) D 7, L I XXV .
( i) D 7, L I I an d n o t e , an d XXV cm .

( i) C aill i au d , l o c ci t ( k) D 7 , LJQ IX I X an d xc
XXXV
. . .

( l) D 7, C I I I an d cxxvm
XXXV
.

(m ) D 7 , CX L an d C L I .

( n) C ai lli au d , l oc ci t
m ly l
. .

(p ) V D 3 , L I I I He o n ru e d tw o
. o n th s .

N ow Ab du ll a G e ma a an d his s u cce ss o r s w ere m o r e th an c hi e fs

o f th e AI3DU LLA B : th ey w ere s e t in au th o r i ty o ve r al l th e tr ib e s o f

Arabs in th e vall ey o f th e Nil e exc e p ting th o s e in th e n eigh b o u r h o o d ,

o f S e nn a r i ts el f wh ere th e M ek maintai ne d s o me

N b a

to k ee p th e Ar ab in s u bj e cti o n 1
wi th th e aid o f th es e the M ek

u s e d to l evy th e tax u p o n the Arabs as they we nt d o wn o u t o f th e ,

limi ts o f th e r ains into the s an dy c ou ntri es b el o w Atb ar a to p r o te ct

,

th e i r c attl e fr o m th e y
2
.

B ru ce d escr ib e s Wad Ag b s p o si i o n b ou t 1 770 as fo ll o ws

i t a
3

T hi s p r in ce w as n ev erth el ess b u t th e S hekh o f all th e Ar ab s to w ho m ,

t h ey p ai d a t ribu te t o en abl e h i m t o m i nt ai n h i s d i g n i ty an d a su fci en t a

1
B r uce , Bk V I I , C h 7
m i y m b y ly
. . .

2
I bi d C h 8 B r u ce co p u t e d th at th s s st e u se d t o c o s t t h e Ar a s ear

lf i b
. . .

ha t h e r s u s t an ce .
3
I bid C h 9 . . .
II I 2 x
. . . T HE G U HAYNA GR OU P 2 47

s tr e ngth to keep up o r der an d i nforce hi s dec ees in p ubli c matters As fo r r .

oec o n o m i cal o n es each trib e w as u n d er th e go v e rnm en t o f i ts o w n S h e k h

, ,

o ld m en fath e r s o f famili es in e ch cl an
,
a .

T h e re si d e n ce o f th i s Ar ab at G e r r i a t o wn in t h e v e r y ,

limit o f the tro p ical rain s imme diately u p o n th e ferry wh i ch leads acr ss
,
o

t h e Nil e to t h e d e se rt o f B h i o u d a an d t h e r o ad to D o n go l a an d Egy p t
'

a , ,

j o ining the g eat desert of Selima T his w as a v ery w ell ch osen situatio n
r .
,

i t b ei n g a to ll gate as it w ere t o catch al l th e Ar ab s th at h ad o ck s w h o

-

, ,

living w ithin th e r ai n s in th e co u ntry whi ch w as ll o f f t e rth wer e a a a ,

e v ery y e ar ab o u t th e mo n th o f M ay o blige d b y th e y to p as s as i t w e r e
, , ,

in r e v i ew t o tak e u p thei r ab o d e in th e s an d y d e s ert w ith o u t th e tr o p i cal

,

Ar ab ch i ef w ith a l arge army o f ligh t u ni n cu mb ere d h o rse

s to o d in the w ay o f th ei r r etu r n to th ei r p astu r e s till th ey h ad p ai d t h e

u tte r mo st fart hin g o f tr ib u te i n cl u d i n g arr e ar s if th ere w er e an y ,

S u ch .

w as th e state an d go v ernm en t o f th e w h o l e o f t h i s v st c o u n try fr o m th e a

fro ntiers o f Eg ypt to th o se o f Ab yssini a at th e b eginni ng o f the 1 6 th

centu ry .

Cl ear ly th e Ar abs h ad n o e nvi abl e l o t Bruce m ay again b e .

q u o te d 1

T h e Ar ab s w h o fed th ei r o ck s ne r t h e fro n ti ers o f th e tw o c o u ntr i es a ,

were o ften p lu n d e e d by th e ki ngs o f Abyssin ia making d escents i nto the

r

Atb ara ; b u t t h is w as n e v e r re ck o n ed a v i o l ati o n o f p eac e b etween the t w o

s o v e r e ign s O n th e c o nt ry as th e mo ti v e o f th e Ar ab s fo comi ng sou th
. ra r

i n to the fro ntiers o f Ab yssin ia w as t o k eep th emsel ves in d ep en dent an d

o u t o f th e r e ach o f S en aa w h en the king o f Abyssinia fell u p on them
r,

t h e r e h e w as u n d ers to o d t o d o t h at m o n r ch s er v ice b y d r i v i n g t h em d own a ,

farther w ithin his r each .

T h e atti tu d e o f th e ru l er s o f Ab y ssi ni a an d S e nn ar to ward s th e

A rabs w as in fact ex actly th at o f th e M am lk s in E g yp t in th e Mi d d l e

Age s an d o f th e S u l tans o f D ar fti r in r e c e n t tim e s .

By the tim e o f th e T u rki s h c o nqu e s t o f th e S u dan th e AB DULLAB

h ad b ee n in d e p e n d e nt o f th e king d o m o f S e nn ar fo r s o m e fty y ear s ,

b u t th e n or th er n d is tric ts o f th ei r c o u ntr y fo r th e w h o l e o f th at
p e r i o d h ad b een a p r ey to the m arau d ing S HAIKIA In n ame h o w z
.
,

e v e r th ey s till r u l e d th e c o u n tr y as far s o u th as th e j u nc ti o n o f t he
,

D in d er an d th e Bl u e Nil e 3
.

X T HE I NHE R RIAB C o nn e cte d by rac e wi th th e AB DU LLAB are t h e

.

I N KERRI AB o f B er b er P r o v inc e .

A MS in th e p o ss e ssi o n o f o n e o f th e m (b u t n o t incl u d e d in th e
.

fo ll owing c o ll e cti o n ) gi v es Ab d u ll a G em aa wh o m by th e w ay th e
4

, ,

1
V o l I V , B k IV , p 4 2
C ail li au d , 1 1 , 1 9 5
gb
. . . . .

I bi d p p 1 9 8 an d 2 2 0 th e r e i s o f co u r s e W ad A i
3
L o d ag ui b
bi y ki ly F by lf ivil
. . . .

4
An A r a c c o p w as n d s en t m e Mr C C B a o u r o f t h e S u d an C
v y i f m i f m
. . .

S e r i ce T h e au t h o r o f t h e M S sa s I co p e d i t r o an o th e r w h o c o p e d i t r o

w ik m mm b g yf m
. .

i ts o n e r S h e h O ar i b n M uh a

ad , w h o r o u h t a co p ro

th e no bl
e S a yi d s y
ro a i t i s n e ar
. P b bl y
all a a e ly f k .
2 48 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P X .

au th o r p r e fer s to c all a S ayyi d d esce nd ed o n his fath er s si de ,

fro m th e Im am Ali ni ne s o ns n ame ly D ayuma S hen da I dri s

1 2
, , ,

I nkayr S u bb a Ab 11 d a Ad rak g S h aw ar Antar an d Ag 1 b th e

, , , , ,

M an g i lak O f th e s e it is s ai d Ag 1 b was th e yo u nges t an d th e o nl y

.
, ,

s o n o f h i s m o th e r a d au g h te r o f S h er if Hamm ad Ab u D e n a
3
na T he, .

m o th e r o f th e o th er s it is tho u gh t was a gi r l give n to him [ Ab du ll a] , ,

b y th e king o f th e FUN G at th e time o f the ad vance o f th e Arabs to

c o nqu er the S u d an .

F r o m I dr is I nkayr wer e d esce n d e d th e I nker ri ab fr o m Ab 11 da

4
,
'

th e K AN C A B fr o m S h awar th e DUKALAB an d fr o m D ay m a th e
, ,

K ALI S AR , th e ARAI A , th e HAM AYDAB S HAW ARAE , th e HAM M ADAB

'

,
th e ,

th e Z URRUK, th e MATAYRI KAB ,

an d th e S HEN D I AB F r o m Agib , 5
.

s ays th e manu s cr ip t wer e ,

d e sc e n d e d th e M I S AM I R , th e A I B AR , th e

G '

S H E M AM I M , th e O T HAM N A , th e AE I D AB , th e ARAYB AB HAM

an d th e
M AD AB , n am e s o bvi o u sl y fo r me d fr o m th o e o f s fam o u s h is to r ic al
AB D U LL AE

AP P E ND I X ON T HE U S E O F T HE TE RM M AN GI L

X I T he t er m
b e o f HAM AG o r igi n : is sa id u n certai n to its d er i v ati o n is .

T he o f M a ng il c ar r i e d
r an k ith it th e r ight to ear th e takia whi ch

w w ,

y
w as w o r n al so b th e M ek s o f S enn ar (s ee D 7 CC I no te) T h i s tak i a

X .

m ay b e d esc r ib e d as a c l o s e ttin g h at ith tw o stu ffed ap s o r W i ngs -

w
r e s emblin g h o r n s Wer n e d es cr ib es it (p an d sa s t h e M ek o f
. . y
F az o g hli , th e S heikh o f t h e BE N I AM 1R , th e S h eik h o f th e AB D ULLAB , an d

t h e M ek o f th e G A ALI IN

e r e en titl e d to e ar i t T o t h e se m ay b e add e dw w .

th e S h e i kh o f the HAMMAD A an d t h e S h ei k h o f th e KAM AT I R o f K has h m

e l B ahr d i s tr ict (q v ab o e sub RU AA) T h e G HO D I A

T o f K o r d o fa
. . v
n s ay F .

y
the i r ch i e f in o l d en d a s al s o b o r e th e ti tl e an d ar e co rr o b o r ate d b o th e r s y .

v y
I ha e m se lf seen M ek a b ak o f Rash ad , a NUB A hill s ou th o f T ekali Zy
j
mu ch s u b ect in the ei ghteenth centu r to FUN i n u en ces , wear ing a y G

taki a

ackso n (p
. J
9 5 ) th u s d es cr ib es the i n estitu r e o f an Ab d u llab i


. v
M a ng i l : T h e n e l app o inte d S heikh r st recei e d a T agi a, which

wy v
c o n s i s te d o f tw o h o r n s l le d ith c o tto n ; this he p u t u p o n his head b efo re w
tak in g hi s s e at o n th e th r o n e c all e d K u ku r ; h e w as th en ad d r esse d w i th

y
t he ti t l e o f Mek an d s alu te d : m ay o u r re ign b e p r o sp e r o u s ! T h e S u ltan

,

w
th en k iss e d h i s h an d , an d , after i shin g him su ccess , o r d ere d the s tate
Th 1
h ll w h e au t h m h id Ab d ll w R f
or a d o s t at o n t e ot er s s

e

u a as a u a 1 , an p re
te nd hi k h
s g l gi h v b l d y b y h i i hi ki g h w
to t n t at en e a o st s a e ee n e as tr a t s n to t n n e as

R fa i b y

a u r ace

di g m f h w f S h di O h
.

H 2
h
e n ce , h h acco r n to t e au t or, t e na e o t e to n o en n t e

S h di di w d m i g h w mb
.

oth h erd h F an S i
t F e r s ay en or en s a r or e an n t e o

m d i K ga d y b ,

l l m ki d w m ,
,

and h i w
t at t as s o na e n un ra a s e c au s e a an n e n t to o r c a e

f miro t
Vid I d x
.

3
b Ab D e n e su u en na

m I k iab i m lik ly b d iv d f m K i
.

4
Th e na e n e rr s o re e to e er e ro e rr

m ll f mili d v Th i
.

5
All h t h S d
e s e ar e s a a e s s c at te re o er t e u an . e r st ve s e c t o n s
m i d d ddf mD
e nt o n e w b y R fa m h h x by
as e sce n e ro ay m a e re a u

ia ot er, t e ne t a

F w i
ung h x b y A w d (i G l i )
a, t e ne t an

a ia . e . a a

a .
2 50 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P X III .

M any o f th e K HAW ALDA ar e in the s o u th wi th the r e s t o f th e .

me mb er s o f th e LAHAW I IN KAW AS MA gr ou p an d o ther s ar e fur th e r

-

n o r th in th e n eigh b o u r h o o d o f Wad M e d ani .

T h e AW AMRA ar e in th e n o r ther n G e zi ra an d h ave a few s e ttl e

me nts o n the b ank s o f th e Bl u e an d Whi te Nil e s ab o ve K h ar tou m .

T h e AM ARN A th e l eas t nu m er o u s o f th e th ree h ave vill ag e s n ear

, ,

G eb e l M oya .

T h e F ADN IA ar e p ar tly n o m adic an d p ar tly s e d e n tary T he n o m ad ic .

branch gr az e in the valley o f th e Hawad an d all o ver th e n o r th er n

p art of th e Isl an d o f M e r o e T hei r neigh b o u r s ar e th e G A ALI I N
1
.

p r o p er th e KAWAHLA an d th e ALI AB Th ey inclu d e HALATW A

,
2 '

.
,

AHAYM E RAB N AEAF I A HELAY W AB an d o th er s e cti o n s

.
, ,

T h e s e de ntary divi si o n o f th e F AD N I A c u l tivate o n th e r iver b anks

'

in B er b er P r o vince an d cl aim to b e AS HRAF 3

.

( d ) T HE S HU K R IA A N D T HE D U BAS I IN
T HE S HU K RIA F r o m th e ge n er ali ty o f nisbas it w ou l d

X IV .

s ee m th at th e S HUKRIA b el o ng p r o p er ly to th e GU HA N A gr o u p , Y
al th o u g h th e y
h av e p r ete nsi o ns to b e K URA S H 4
Y .

I t is imp o ssibl e to s ay at w h at p er i o d th e i r anc es to r s r s t c am e to

th e ter r i to r i e s n o w o cc u pi e d by th e tr ib e in th e Bl u e Nil e an d K ass al a
P r o vince s F or s o me c e ntu r i e s th e S HUKRI A wer e o f n o p ar ticu l ar
.

imp o r tance , th ou gh we h ear vagu e r u m o u r s o f gh ts wi th th e anci e nt

inhabi tants o f G e b e l K ayli fo r th e p o ss essi o n o f w e lls th er e , an d acts
5

o f d e anc e to th e F UN G an d HAM AG o f th e G e zi r a
3
.

T h e fo u n d ati o ns o f th e e mine nce to w hi ch th ey attain e d in th e

1
C l o se i to t h e r u n s o f
B as a i s t h e to o f th e mb
feki B fad n i , a e no n w ll k w
-

s an c tu ary ( S C wf ee ro o o t i n A r ch S ur v N ubi a , X IX , p 1 3 , an d c p D

T h Al ab i l d i ll
. . . . .

n c u e s e c t o n s c a e d Y e z i d , I d i r g a an d K im ay l ab
2
e i
i lly l y
.

3
S ee A 2 , A 1 1 , an d e s p e c a D 6 B A c as se s t h e F ad n fa as G u h a n a
l XXV
. .

I I I , an d n o te s t h e re t o ,
4
S e e C 5 ( a ) an d ( b) S e e a so D 7 , X 1 an d A B C ,
f mw will i b k
.

ro hi c h i t ap p e ar th at t h e r e m ay b e a c o n n ec t o n e tw e e n t h e S h u r i a an d

bi ib
t h e A r a an t r b
e o f Y as hk u r , a y ylr an c h o f Ka s A

an
ii y li f lk k g
.

5
I n t h e se t r ad t o n s t h e Ka ar e s p o e n o f as A n a

o

f ll wi g l by y w
.

a M e s all am i :
3
T h e o o n an e c d o t e w as t o d m e In th e d a s h en t h e
k w l i g i f m
S h u ri a e r e u n d e r t h e H am ag , t h e atte r i n th e r h au h t n e s s b ad e th e o r e r n o t ~

f l
to o u th e B u tan a b y l vi g i

ea m l f bi
n ill
t h e r s h e c a e s a t er -
k
rth s s a ) i n it b u t to t a e

th em wy a a w mi
an d t h ro th e iv k
n to t h e r er f by
T h e S h u r i a h ad p e r o r ce to o e , b u t
y i by ki g y
.

on e o u th d ar e d to d s o e an d t h e H am ag n T o r un g a p ut hi m t o d e ath A e ar
l iv y mm b m
.

at e r , o n t h e an n e r s ar , Ha ad , t h e r o th e r o f t h e u r d e r e d m an , ap p e ar e d
bf m
e o r e T o r u n g a i n ar m
o u r an d d e v g w li
an d e d h i s r e e n e T o r u n g a i n
er o r t h e ar r a e ce r e o n h e r e an d n o w to c e e r ate
r ath r e p e d ,

P f m m ig m y l b m y m i g wi i
.

ar r a e th t h s
f ll w wif
e o

s k mm
e h e r e c o n e d Ha g ad , t h at i s , as wif k
o o d as d e ad an d hi s e ta en

l m y
as o o t T h e ce r e on f m l y b
w as th e n p er o r e d ( i n th e ad s a s e n ce o f co u rs e ) , an d

m y l y mm mm l w wi bl w
.

T o ru n g a ad e r e ad to s a Ha ad ; b u t Ha ad s e T o rung a th o n e o

mm m i lw w l my
,

an d Ha

h o e H am ag ar

ad s s ix co p an o n s s e th e .
 X IV . T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 25 1

nin etee nth ce ntu ry w er e l ai d b y th e fam o u s Ab u Sin famil y I ts .

anc e s to r w as N a il so n o f th e S h aa el D in wad cl Tu aym wh o s e

, ,

t o mb wi th th at o f hi s w ife B ay a i bint e l M ek
k is s till to b e s ee n at
1
, ,

th e s o u th eas t fo o t o f G e b e l K ayli o n th e e d ge o f th e B u tan a ; an d

-
,

fr o m N ail an d h is b r o th er el N r are de sce n de d m o st o f th e S HUKRI A

'

s e cti o ns o f the p r es ent d ay .

N ail live d ni ne ge ner ati o ns ag o th at is p r o b ably e ar ly in th e , , ,

s eve nteenth ce ntu r y an d th e tabl e o f his m al e desce n dants o r s u ch

, ,

o f th e m as ar e kn o wn is as fo ll o ws ,

K e ri m

tg
n
4,
0 8 53 2:

EL m
T

m u o . 0
E
,
c
C
EJ , o

W W W 7
H am m ad
4
M uha mm ad

A li el H ad d

i
A b c u ll a 5 ( f o u r o t h er
I )
( th r e e so n s ) ( th r e e so n s ) ( f
o u r so n s ) ( si x son s )
so ns

1
Hi s so n s , as s h e w bvn a o e , ar e in no e x ac t o r d e r

X
.

2
S ee D 7 C CIII
m i gi b w
.

3
T h e n a e d e n o t e s a h ar d r d e r H ar d e ll u u se d to u d e t h e t r i e h en
gi g i i i gfb l i w b
.

c h an n t h e r p as tu r e , r d n a u o u s d s tan c e s t o n d o u t h er e w as t h e e s t
g zi g w
ra n an d h er e t h e r a n at e r l ay i w
o st p e n t u m l if lly
-

k l
.

4
H e ad o f th e S h u r i a o f K as sa a
k l il P vi
.

5
H e ad o f th e S h u r i a i n t h e B u e N e r o n ce .

T he e ar li e st th es e ab ou t wh o m we h ave any info r m ati o n is

of

Ab u Ali , wh o ab o u t 1 77 s kill e d in a r e v o l t o f th e S HUKRIA

9 w a

ag ains t th e FUN G
2
.

1
ig m
Acco r d n t o so e ac co u n t s th e M ek w as a M ek of S e n n ar , i e i t w as a
F g i wh m S h w b g b l yli ig
. .

r o u h t t o G e e Ka A cco r d n

un pr n c ess o D in a el
e d d e d an d
d m h m li ly g g
.

to h an o t er an uc o re ke acc o u n t s h e w a s a d au h t e r o f t h e ( p a an

M k f K yli S h i
e o id a e s sa to h a e v liv
e d o n t h e t o p o f th e hi an d h er p e o p e at th e ll l
f f i Th g v m i i i ig
.

oot o t e ra es e n t o n e d co n s s t o f an n n e r an d an o u t e r r n o f s to n e s ,

h f m big b h iz b i g m m ly
.

t e or er e n a o ut t e s e o f t h e co r p s e an d th e o u te r e n ad e ere to

p v re h d w hi g
en t t e oo s as n a a th e n n er wy i
xxv
.

S D 7
2
ee ,
L .
252 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P xrv .

His Awad
K e r i m Ab u Sin s u cc ee de d h i m an d m u s t h ave

son el

b ee n the chi ef o f th e t rib e at th e time wh e n th ey , in alli ance with

th e AB DU LLA B , s a ck e d Ar b ag i in 1 7 8 4 He was ki ll e d in the w ar o f
1
.

1 8 02 agains t the BAT AHIN 2

.

Bu t th e g r e ate s t o f all th e S HU KRI A s h eikh s was th e g ran d o l d

'

Ar ab p atri ar ch Ah m ad Bey ibn Aw ad e l K e r im o f wh o m S i r S amu e l

B aker h as l e ft s o vivi d a p o r tr ai t D uring the e ar ly y ear s o f his 3

.

S h e ikh ship th e tr ib e w as at m o r tal fe u d b o th wi th th e BATA

'

HI N an d
wi th the G A AL I IN and AHAM DA eas t an d s ou th o f S h e n di an d like
"
, ,

th e r e s t o f th e n o m ad s at d agge r s d rawn wi th th e FUN G g o v er nm e n t

,
5
.

Bu t wh e n th e Tu r ks c o nqu er e d th e S u d an th ey fo u n d i t n e c e ss ar y
t o o b tain th e s u pp o r t o f th e in u e nti al s h eikh s an d Ahm ad Bey ,

b e came o ne o f th ei r m o s t tru s te d alli e s In r etu r n wi de p r ivilege s .

,

wer e gr ante d an d du r ing th e l atter p ar t o f th e Tu rkish r eg im e th e

,
'

S HUKRI A wer e l o r d s o f th e B u tana an d h el d a ge ner al o ver l o r d sh ip

o v e r all th e n o m ad s o f th e Bl u e Nil e th e G e zi r a an d th e Atb ar a , ,

an d t i th e s w e r e p ai d t o th e Ab u Sin family o n th e c r o ps o f n e arl y

{

e ve r y wa di in th e anci e n t Isl an d o f M e r oe
'

T h e S HUKRI A atte mp te d t o k e e p al o o f fr o m th e M ahd i in th e

7

e ar ly D er vis h d ays an d th e i r p o w e r d iminis h e d in c o ns e qu e nc e T h e n .

c ame th e famine o f 1 8 8 9 an d alm o s t anni h il ate d th e tr ib e N ow 3

.
,

th o u g h th e y ar e ag ain a l ar g e an d weal th y c am e l o wning t r ib e th e y c an -

n o l o ng e r cl aim an y p o si ti o n o f p r e emin e nc e -
.

P ar t o f th e m ar e n o w in K ass al a p r o vince an d th e m aj o r i ty ar e
3
,

b etween th e Bl u e Nil e an d th e Atb ara T he h ead o f the Ab u Sin .

famil y Ab du ll a ibn Awad e l K er im s till r e si des at Ru faa an d e nj o ys

,

,

th e e s te e m an d r e sp e c t o f all as d i d h i s g ran d fath e r Ahm ad Bey b u t , ,

h i s anci e n t au th o r i ty is a th ing o f th e p as t Hi s b r o th e r Hamm ad .

r u l e s th e S HU KRI A o f K ass al a
'

T h e m ain su b d ivi s i o ns o f th e S HU KRI A are as fo ll o ws

NAILAB D es cen d ants o f N2111 w ad S haa el D in T h ey i n cl u d e the Ab u

.

.

S in famil y .

NURAB D es cen de d fr om el Nii r b o ther o f S ha a el D In Mo st o f

.
'

,
r
'
.

t hem ar e in K s s l a P r o v i n ce b u t th ere i s a b ran ch n e ar a a ,

Ab u D e l ay k .

1
S ee D 7 , xc 2
S e e D 7 , CLI
X k
. .

3
S e e n o te to D 7 , C C C , an d B a e r , p p 7 5 an d 1 1 1
k
. .

4
B u r c h ar d t , p 34 6 , an d C ailli au d , I I I , 1 08
. .

5
I bid p p 3 1 6 an d 4 00
k f mily l il
. . .

3
C p B a e r , p 7 5 T h e h e ad o f t h e a h e d th e t t e S h ei k h el M a sha i kh

l wv m il l by f
. . . .

M an s e d P ar k y n s ( 1 1 , 4 05 ) ad d s , h o e e r , th at t h e sa e t t e w as h e d th e c hi e s

o f t h e A b u G i n an d th e Ab u Rof a es f mili
il
.

7
C p S i r C W so n , l o c ci t
l i X
. . . .

3
S at n , C h III

ki k w
.

y
.

3
I n T u r s h d a s Ke d ar ef u s e d to b e n o n as S ak A bu S i n

.
2 54 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P xv .

B r u ce 1 pl aces th em in M az aga d istrict near th e j u ncti o n o f th e

th e S etit an d th e Atb ar a an d sp eaks o f th e D o b en ah th e m o s t p o we r
, ,

fu l o f all th e S h ang all a wh o h ave a sp e ci e s o f s u p r em acy o r c o mm an d

, , ,

o v e r al l th e re s t o f th e n ati o ns : h e s ee s in th e m th e d e sc e n d an t s

Ag ain h e c alls

e l e p h an to p h ag i
2
D o b en ah

o f P to le m aeu s s a .

ge ner al n am e fo r th e tr ib e s w h o s h ar e d wi th th e B as a o f th e

Atb ara th e p e ni ns u l a fo r m e d by th at r iver an d t h e

M ar eb (th e K ash ) He r e calls th e attack m ad e u p o n th e m by

3 4
.

Y asu s I o f Abyssini a ( 1 68 0 1 704) an d c o nclu d es : T hu s e n d e d th e

5

c amp aign o f th e y e t n o twi th s tan d ing the sm allp o x , ,

wh ich in s o m e pl aces exte rmin ate d wh o l e tr ib es th e D o b e n ah h ave

, , ,

n o t l o s t an inch o f te r r i to r y b u t s ee m r ath er t o b e g aining u p o n ,

Si re .O n th e o th er h an d r e l ating th e exp e d i ti o n o f Y asu s I I in ,

1 7 3 6 in to th e te rr i to r i e s o f th e F UN G B r u c e s ays : T h e K ing in

,

ve d ay s m ar c hing fr o m Gi d ar a c am e to a s tati o n o f th e D avei n a , ,

wh ich is a tr ib e o f s h e p h er d s by mu ch th e s tro nge s t o f any in ,

Atb ara T h e s e D ave in a wh o m B ru c e s ee ms t o h ave for g o tte n to

.
,

c o nn e ct wi th the D o b en ah al th o u gh h e h ims e lf in differ e nt pl ac es ,
7

t e lls u s o f each th at i t in h abi te d M az ag a d is tr ic t ar e c e r tainly the ,

Du b ai n a o r Du b an ia o f th e p r e s e nt d ay an d mu s t s u r e ly r e p re s ent ,

a m o r e ar abiciz e d b r anc h o f th e S h ang all a s ettl ed r ath er

3
D u b e na
farther we s t th an th e i r kinsfo lk 3
.

W e r n e in 1 8 40 sp eaks o f th e DUB AIN A as a ve ry l ar ge tr ib e in the

n eigh b o u r h o o d o f Ke dar ef an d K all ab at s e c o n d to nei the r the ,

1 0
B e ni Ame r no r Hadd en d a
-
.

B ake r m et th e m an d thei r s heikh Ad l an wad S a i d in 1 86 1 wi th

th e S HU KRi A o n th e At b ar a r o u n d T om at T h ey w e r e th e n s till a .

c o nsi d e rabl e tr ib e o wning m any cattl e an d s h eep an d at enmi ty W i th ,

t h e G A AL I i N r e fu g e e s o f M eh Ni m r s family w h o w e r e s e ttl e d o n th e

,

Abyssini an b o r d er
In his m ap B ak er s h ews th em as o ccu p ying all
.

1
V o l I V , Bk IV , p 3 0 ; an d V o l 1 1 1 , p 4 ; an d
. . . . . m ap D u b en o
2
V o l 1 1 1 , C h IV , p 47 2
wv k b
. . . .

3
I n V o l V I , p 2 44 , h o e e r , B r u ce s p e a s o f T h e Raas a, or Do ena S h an
g ll
. .

a a.
5
4
V o l 1 1 1 , Ch N , p 47 2
. . I bid p 4 7 9
. . . . .

3
V o l IV , Bk W , p 1 1 9 7
I bid as q u o te d , an d B k V I , C h I , p 44
i by i i
. . . .

y y
. . . . .

3
B r u ce s e d to r ( V o l I I I , I n tr o d p 4 ) s a s : T o th e n o r t h o f A ss n a th e

g ll mix wi b j l
. . .

[th e S h an a a] ar e ed t h A r a s , t h e B e a , an d t h e B e l o w [ i e t h e B e a] ; i n
wi y ll
. .

h c h q u ar ter th e ar e c a e d D u b e n a
l l
.

3
M an s e d P ark yn s (m ap to V o l I , an d cp V o l I I , p 404) p ace s th e D ave in a
b b w b imm i ly f
. . . .

Ar a s et e e n th e R ah ad an d t h e At ar a , e d ate s o u th o f t h e tee n th
ll
p ar al e .

1
W e rn e , p 1 8 7
k k
. .

11
B a er , p p 1 3 6 , 2 7 9 , 447 C p M P ar k y n s ( 1 1 , w h o sp e a s o f Ab u J in ,
g if ik mm
. . . .

r e at c h e o f t h e D ave i n as As Ab u G in w as h e ad sh e h o f th e Ha ad a w e -

m w v l i ib
.

u st s u p p o s e t h e Dub ai n a e r e u n d e r th e o er o r d s h p o f th at tr e .
 X VI .
2
T HE G U HAYNA G RO U P 255

th e c ou ntry b etwee n th e Rahad an d th e Atb ara to th e s ou th of th e

S HU KRi A .

p re s e nt h abi tat o f the DUB AN IA is mu ch wh at i t was in the

T he
tim e o f B r u ce an d B ak e r T h er e ar e s o m e o f th e m b etw ee n Ke dar e f
.

a n d K all ab at ; b u t m o s t o f the t rib e was e x tirp at e d by th e D e rvis h e s .

T h e su rvivo r s are s e d e ntar y an d p oo r A few ar e at K e d ar e f wi th th e .

S HUKRiA an d a few s u rvive in th e vill ag e s th at b o r d e r o n th e Bl u e

,

Nil e .

T HE F E Z ARA G RO U P
X VI Th e te r m is
l o nger h ear d in th e S u d an b u t to
F EZARA n ow n o ,

th e trav e ll er s o f th e e ig h te e n th an d nin e tee n th c e ntu r i e s an d p er h aps ,

e v e n u n til th e M ahai a it w as th e u s u al d e n o min ati o n o f the l ar ge st

gr o u p o f cam e l o wning n o m ad s o f K o r d o fan and D arfur T h es e ar e

-
1
.

n o w m u c h m o r e d is tinc tly d ivi d e d an d e ach tr ib e is kn o wn by i ts

o w n n am e .

B efo r e e mb ar king o n d etails o f the s e trib es we m ay r e m ar k it as

cu r i o u s th at th e P EZARA wh o e migrate d fr o m Arabi a to Egyp t we r e
an I sm aili ti c tr ib e a b ranc h o f K AY S AY LA N wh e r e as th e G U HAYN A

, , ,

fr o m who m th e F EZARA gr ou p o f th e S u dan cl ai m d e sce nt wer e ,

K ah t anite s an d th er e fo r e v e ry d is tan tly r e l ate d in d ee d to th e FEZARA

o f Ar abi a T h e app ar e n t an o m aly is
. h o we v er expl ain e d to s o m e , ,

e xte n t b y th e fac t th at th e F E ZA RA an d th e G U HAY N A h av e alw ay s

b ee n n eigh b o u r s I n the Heg az an d p r o b ably fo r that r eas o n to o k ,

p ar t in th e s ame trib al migrati o ns an d interm arr i e d wi th o n e an o the r

2
.

Ag ain s o m e c o nfu si o n migh t n atu rally ar is e b etwee n th e tw o g r ou ps

,

o f P EZA RA an d G U HAY N A o wing t o th e fac t th at w h il e a s e c ti o n o f

G UHAYN A h app en ed to b e n ame d KA YS an d to h av e o n e su bs e cti o n

c all e d G HATAF AN an d ano the r in wh ich the n ame s D hu b in and Ab s

o cc u r at a c o mp arativ e ly e ar ly d ate th e F E Z ARA w er e th e l ar g e s t ,

s e cti o n o f th e B EN I D HUB I AN w h o again wi th the BEN 1 AB S fo r me d , ,

,

th e tw o m ain b r anch e s o f th e g r e at G HATAF A N s u btrib e o f K AY S

AY LAN Bu t al th o u gh th is simil ar ity o f n o m e ncl atu re m ay h av e
3 '

b ee n due to n o m o re th an c o inci de nce it is m o r e p r o b abl e th at i t ,

b eto ke ns the cl o s e intimacy o f the two t rib e s and thei r inte rr el ati o n
by m arri age .

L e t u s tak e th e var i o u s FEZARA tr ib e s o f th e S u d an in tu r n

1
k
E l T ani s i s m ap , e g , s p e a s o f c a e o n n n o ad s c a e d F ez ar a c o m ml wig m
-
ll

ii g m i m
. .

th e M aha i d , t h e M e g an i n , th e B e n i G e r ar t h e B e n

pr s n O r an an d t h e
M e s si r i a Z a r r uk B ru ce s m ap p ace s B en i F ai s ar a,

.

l
C u b b ab e e sh , an d B en i
G e r r i n th e B ay d a .

2
P
S e e art I I , C h ap s I an d 2
P bv
. .

3
S e e W ii s ten fel d , I an d H an d T r e e 1 in ar t I I , a o e . .
2 56 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 1 1 1 2 xv11
. . .

(f ) D AR HAM I D

X V I I U ntil th e l atter p ar t o f the Tu r kis h p er i o d this tr ib e was

alm o s t e n tir e ly n o m ad ic an d t o a c e rtain d e gr e e it is s o s till F or .

s everal g ener ati o ns p ast a p o rti o n o f i t h as b ee n wi th the K AB AB i S H

o f D o ng o l a an d a y e t l ar g er s e c ti o n wi th th e w e s ter n KAW A HLA wh o ,

u n til th e M ahdi a wer e inc o r p o rate d as a su b tr ib e wi th the KAB A

B I S H o f K o r d o fan B oth o f th ese ou tlying D AR HAM ID gr o u ps r em ain

'

e n ti r e ly n o m adi c
l
.

T h e r emain d e r o f th e trib e h as b u il t m any vill age s o f s tr aw

tukls

in th e we ll w o o de d fe r til e and u n du l ating d is tr ict whi ch
-

m ar ch es to th e n o r th wi th th e high r ou gh c ou nt ry o f th e KAB AB iS H , ,

an d m any o f th e m re si d e the re al l th e y e ar r o u n d cu l tivating dukhn

K har if a l ar ge p r o

o r grazing acc or d ing t o th e s eas o n ; b u t in the

p o r ti o n o f the tr ib e take th eir c oar se w o o lle n te nts and m ove s o me

d is tanc e n or th war d s an d w es tw ar d s lik e th e t ru e n o m ad s u ntil th e
rainwater h as d ri e d u p an d th ey h ave to r etu rn to the vill age s in an d '

ar o u n d th e T h e n o m ad ic c h arac ter o f th e tr ib e m ad e i t
e asy in th e l as t c e ntu r y fo r v ari o u s D AN AGLA an d o th er s to acqu i r e

p o ss essi o n o f m any o f th e b asins o f th e K hay r an wh ich ar e cu l ti

vab le by f an d T h e D AR HAM I D h av ing n o in ter e s t

shad u

in o r kn owl e d ge o f ar tici al irr igati o n o nly u se d the wel ls in th e

K hay r an for w ater ing th eir o cks an d we re c o n te nt to l et o th er s

gro w vegetabl es In add i ti o n th e D AN AG LA w er e sp eci al pr o teg es o f

.

th e T u r ks an d always s u r e o f s u pp o rt if any attemp t was m ad e to

o u st th e m .

I t is h ar d to s ay at wh at p er i o d th e D AR HAM I D t o o k u p t h eir
ab o d e in c e ntral K o r d o f n I t m ay h av e b ee n i n th e rs t h alf o f th e
.

sixteenth ce ntu ry o r i t m ay h ave b ee n ear li er at the time o f the

, ,

great s ou th er n m o ve ment o f th e GUHAYN A tr ib es th r o u gh D o ngo l a .

T h eir ance s to r Hm id cl K hu ayn live d accor d ing to the i r
,

nisbas , fr o m e l e ve n to th i r tee n ge ner ati o ns ag o He an d his

.

bro th er Hammad it is sai d came fro m Egyp t an d p u s he d th r ou gh

, ,

to D ar f r an d th e i r d e sc e n d ant s to o k u p th e i r ab o d e p ar tly in D r f r
,

an d p ar tl y in K o r d o fn .

X V I I I T h e m ain d ivisi o ns o f th e tr ib e ar e th e FE RAHN A th e HAB A ,

MERAMRA NAW AHI A , th e AR I FfA , th e AW LAD AKO I , th e

B i N , th e , th e
ME GAN IN an d the G I LAY DAT ; an d th e p ar e ntage attr ib u te d to s o me
o f th e s e by trad i ti o n th r o ws s o m e ligh t o n th e e ar l co nne cti o ns o f y
th e tr ib e T h e m o th e r o f th e r s t tw o is s ai d to h ave b e e n fro m
. eb e l G
1
T h e co mm o n es t c a mlb
e -
r an ds D ar Ham i d K aw hl a
o f th e ar e th e s a m e as

th o se o f c ert ain o f th e M eg an i n b r an c h o f D ar Ha d mi .
25 8 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P X IX .

K o r d o fn h e ZAGHAWA an d s ettl e d th e m at K agmar

c o ncili ate d th e ,

e nsl av e d th e K U RA A N an d pl ac e d h ims e lf u n d er th e p r o te c ti o n o f

th e F UN G A g e n er al c o nc e ntr ati o n o f th e D AR HAM I D in K o r d o fan

.

fo ll o we d an d d u r ing th e p e r i o d o f F UN G ascen d ancy in th at p r o vince

,

th e tr ib e s ee ms t o h av e p ai d th e m tr ib u te .

T h e naha s r e m ain e d wi th th e AW LAD AKO I fo r th r ee g e n er ati o ns

after Ab d e l Ham ay d an d th e n p ass e d into th e p o ss e ssi o n o f th e

,

HAB AB I N wh o h ad b e c o m e th e r ich e s t an d m o s t p o we r fu l s e cti o n o f

th e tr ib e an d w h o s e s h e ik h U m B e d a w ad S i m wi w as th ei r l ead ing
,

war ri o r .

F r o m U m B e d a th e naha s d esce n d ed to his s o ns T u m sh an d

Ab d e l S al am an d his g ran d s o n S i m wi G i r ayg ir

1 2
.

I t is o n acc o u nt o f th e c h i e ftains h ip h aving b ee n in th e h an d s o f

th e HAB AB I N th r o u g h o u t th e T u r k is h p er i o d th at tr ave ll e r s n o t u n
'

c o mm o nl y sp o k e o f th e HAB AB I N wh e n th ey inte n d e d to d en o te '

th e wh o l e o f D AR HAM I D 3
.

XX At th e p r es ent d ay each o f th e s ecti o ns h as i ts o w n s h ei kh an d

th er e is n o singl e h e ad o f th e tr ib e wi th a naha s T h e m o s t n o m ad ic

.

o f th e s e s e c ti o ns b e c au s e th e r ic h e s t in h e r d s is th e ME GA NiN th e 4
, , ,

b u lk o f wh o m ar e o n th e w e s ter n co nn e s o f D AR HAM I D an d r o am
alm o s t as far n o r th w e s t in th e r ains as d o th e K AB A B i S H an d K AW A
-
H LA .

I t is o nl y l ate ly th at th e y h av e b e gu n t o cl e ar p ar ts o f th e i r c o u n try
fo r c u l tivati o n an d to fo r m vill ag e s an d t o tap th ei r fo r e s ts fo r g u m .

G r azing th ei r c attl e an d s h e e p an d r ai d ing th o s e o f th ei r n eigh b o u r s

h ad l o ng b ee n th e i r o nl y o ccu p ati o ns .

T h ey h ave n o w b e c o m e e nti r e ly s ep ar ate fr o m th e r e s t o f the

trib e 5
an d ar e s till m o r e o r l e ss u n r e g e n e r ate
,
.

A s e cti o n o f th e ME GAN I N live s ap ar t r o u n d e l Has h ab a in eas ter n

'

K o r d o fn an d is c o mpl ete ly cu t o ff fr o m th e r e s t o f th e tr ib e T h ey .

we r e r st n oticed by B aro n J W vo n M u1 er b e we en 847 an d 1 8 49

1 t 1
3
. . .

1
Qv C un y p 1 54
ig
. . . .
,
2
S l at i n s G r e er
y (p p
.

3
E g M P ar k y n s an d C u n 1 54,
xm l fh h fl d i
. . . .

4
S i ng M ag n u n i ( i e

A cu r o u s e a p e o t e c eer u an

wh l l b y ib f d i y i k m ( A d w L g Th
. . .

o e s a e ac c e p t an c e a tr e o a e p r e c ato r n c na e s ee n re an ,
e

S f h T
e cr et o Ch ) t e o tem VI

Th y m i d by l T i i l g ib i h i h d d yi g
. .
,

5
e ar e en t o n e c ii n s as a ar e tr e r c n er s an pa n

tr ib Da f
ute to (V D f H i l d
r h m
ur d h M ham d oy ag e o u a r o ur p e nc u es t e an t e a i
h B i Om a iG m fh M m
.
, ,

h B d Z k d h

t e en r n, t e en tr an
er a so e o t e e s si r i a u rr u un er t e te r

( P a b y mi i N h ig l

F ez ra l i er 7 )
ra sp r n t ; see oc c t p ac t a p 1

ll d h m i W d ai d l f mill d y ( 78) k
. . . .

a u es to t M h id
e C n a as e a a e es a am

s

un p sp ea s

f h m ib d y h y h M ali h K b ab h h B i
. .

o t e as a s ep ar at e tr e an sa s t e t e a a, t e a is t e en

m K d fa H w v
, ,

G er d h Z d
r, an U l B h it h e ay ia, e e t at m c a r n n o rt e r n or o n o e er ,

w h i 6 h i h ik h b gh v h i w ib
.

h M

h f

en n 1 90 t e r s e ou t a na as or t e eg n in , e en s o n tr e

re g d d hi i
ar e d w ld ll w i b b
s act o n a s p r e sum p tu o u s an ou not a o t to e e at e n .

3
S e e j o ur n R G S . . . . Vol . XX ,
1 85 1 .
111 2
. . XX II . T HE G U HAYN A GR O U P 2 59

fo ll owi ng ar e the m in s c i ns o f th e ME GAN I N

'
1
a e t o

AYAD I A AWLAD G I M i A


A . 1

G I MA A

2

3 . AMA I G

HAMAYD I A G

B . 1 T A ULA
.

2 RA WAT. Y
etc .

NAs T I B O
AWLAD MADI
AWLAD RUM IA

HAYADI RA
G HAD I ANAT
AW LAD SAI D

AW LAD FADALA AB U RIS HAYD

MARKUK
J . M EsAiD 2

No p ar ticu l ar cam e l b ran d is d is tinctive o f th e wh o l e tr ib e E ach .

s e cti o n u s e s its ow n an d th e s u bs ecti o ns add each its o w n var i ati o n

,
3
.

X X I T h e F E RA HN A ar e th e s u b tr ib e o f D AR HAM I D r ic h e s t in s h ee p
an d in l an d b u t th ey ar e n ear ly all s e d e ntar y an d ar e r e g ar d e d as
,

nouveaux r i ches T h ey h ave take n advantage o f the fact th at m any

.

o f th e b e s t K hay r a n fall wi th in th e i r b o u n d ar i e s t o cu l tivate th e m

by artici al m eans O r m ayb e ther e is s o me tr uth in th e s to ry o f

.
, ,

th ei r Egyp ti an co nne cti o n and fo r that r eas o n th e cu l tivabl e b asins

o r igin ally fe ll to th e m .

T h ei r su b d ivisi o ns ar e as fo ll o ws
E L S HE RAM A
E L TURS HA 4

E L AKARIB
EL HU B S HA G
N
AW LAD HI MA Z
E L KE RI M I A

XX I I T e HAB B I N
A MERAMRA ar e fter th e M E GAN I N

h 5
an d th e , a , th e

1
So m e o f th e s m ll a e r su b d ivi i s o n s o f th e s e ar e o mi d b h y b f d i
tte ut t e can e o un n
my p 1 29
,

y ll b y igi T h m i m ly
. .

2
T he M e s a i d s ay th e ar e n o t M e g ni n at a or n e na e s er e

l l mm ib l ll i T h b k w
.

o f M as l i d an d n o t u n c o
'

a p u ra o n as a t r a ap p e at o n e es t no n

l A bi d G ia
.

M e sai d
ar e t h o se s e tt e d o n th e ra an c o as t n e ar M w l u d h
ay a an n an t ere

a b o u t s : t h e se a r e a b r an ch o f th e Hu w ay t t ( se e B u r to n , L a n d of M i dia n ,
I, 87
S e e M ac M i c h ae l , C a m el
3
p 27
m li gy i i k
. .

T h e n a e Tu r s h an o cc u r s i n Kl ip p e l s s t o f E p t an B e d o u n s : h e s p e a s
4

o f th e T u r s h an as d o r i g in e er er e

S i r C W so n ( p 4 )

b b
ent o n s T ar s h an

il m i
m g mi m i b l m g
. . .

a on th e s e no ad c A r a s n o rt h o f A sw a
~
in T u r s h an o cc u r s a so a on

wl
.

th e A ad Ako i
f wi b
.

5
P allm e an d W e rn e c o n u s e th e H ab b i n t h th e H ab b an i a ( B akkara) e t we e n

w m g
h o , t h o u h th e s n u ar o f o th n a e s i s igl

b
H ab b n i , th e r e i s n o tr ad t o n a m ii l
c o nn e cti o n at al l .

1 7
-
2
2 60 T HE G U HAYNA ,
GR O U P 111 2 . . XX II .

m o st n o mad ic s e cti o ns o f D AR HAM I D B o th h ave nu me r o u s v ill age s .

,

we s t an d e as t o f th e FERAHN A r esp ective ly b u t n eith er ow n of ,

th e K hay r a n

T he su b d i v isi o ns o f the HAB AB I N

'

ar e as fo ll o ws :
NAs EL S HE I KH 1
( AW LAD HAMID
AW LAD AN I s SELMAN
AW AN A

EL FAs
SAKI RAN

NAs HAM IR
Z GHAW
A A FELLATA
AW LAD M ILAYT
U M SA ADUN NU GHURA

AB U AM AR KARKO

AW LAD WAsi K AW LAD MUHAMMAD

E L K I RAN D AI R
AW LAD B I LAL

Tho s e of th e ME RAM RA are as fo ll o ws

A . S AMN IA NAs HADHLUL
4

1 -

5 MA A A
2
F
0
9
N UsAR 2

P SELLAM-

u AWi
LA D H ATI M

G NAs B I HAYL
! GEZAY I

l

o
O AB U T I N AYT I M
( 9 D o wAS HN A
.

B MEsAB iH
. I T URKU
C D AR EL BA AG
.

1 . GH UB S HAN
NAs AB U AL I

2 .

3 . K uRU M US i A 3

XX I I I T h e NAW AHI A h ave b etw ee n thirty an d fo r ty vill age s no r th

of Ba ra an d o th e r s far th e r e as t n e ar U m D am : th e y als o o wn o n e o r

tw o o f t h e K hay r a n Thei r s u b di v isi o ns ar e as fo ll ow s

A . AWLAD MUHAMMAD 1 AWLAD A A E

.

GY
2 RUS HDANA
.

3 AW.L AD S A

AD

4 KAN AP ID
.

5 AW.L AD K E R AY M

1
T he d i i iv b d f h i h li g i i
st n ct e ran G b o Kh h m lt s t e ru n s e ct o n s a a a

a as e

Ke lb
( do g m h h b k i

s out h l fon tf h il ( M M i h l
e u tt o c . e . to t e e t o t e ta ac c ae ,

2
Bo t hna m g i i lm id i l f m
e s o c cu r a g h N hi
a n n a o st en t ca or am o n t e aw a

h ig l giv m i d i vi i g h
.

3
N ac t a h K es t e f h F
u ru u s a as a s ep ar ate s on o t e ez ra, to et er

wi h
t th e Z d
ay d v i ia D Hami d
an ib ( H l l ar o us O h r tr es s ee e m o t, p t er

wi h h Z d
.

K u r um i
u s a ar e th d t e ay ia at t e p r ese n t ay .
2 62 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P XX VI .

XXV I T h e G I LAY DAT tho u gh cl ass e d as D AR HAM I D ar e r egar de d

ask anc e by th e r e s t o f th e t r ib e I t app ear s th at th ey r ep r e s e nt a .

bl e nd o f s o m e o f th e ear li e st Ar ab immigrants to K o r d o fn wi th th e
au t o c h th o n o u s n e g r o i d s Rii p p ell P allm e P ark yn s an d o th er s cl ass
.
, ,

th e m wi th th e G H O D I AT an d G AW AM A A

.

T h ei r p r e s ent h abitat is r o u n d G eb el U m S hi dera (i e S h ag er a) . .

o n th e s o u th w e s t limi ts o f D a -
r Ha mi d M any G I LAY DAT were in .

D ar fur b etwee n el F sh er an d th e HAM AR c o u ntry in Tu rkish d ays

,
1
, ,

b u t S inc e th e d evastati o n o f th e M a hdi a th er e h ave b ee n n o m o r e

th an a few o f th e i r vill ag e s l e ft th er e an d n ear ly al l th at s u rviv e d ,

settl e d in K or d o fan .

T h eir su b divisi o ns ar e as fo ll o ws
RUDAN A
NAsi RAT
AKAS H IA

AW LAD E RB IJ D

(g ) T HE Z AYAD IA
XXV I I T h e ZAY ADIA als o app ear fr o m th e nisbas to b e r el ated
'

cl o s e ly to th e FE ZARA gr o u p .

T hey ar e fr e qu e ntl y m e nti o n e d by tr avell er s in th e ninetee nth

4

c e ntu ry as o n e o f th e p r incip al tr ib e s o f th e n or th er n ste pp e s ge ne r ,

all y i n c o nn e c ti o n wi th fo r ay s o n c ar av ans o r gh t s wi th th e
K AB AB i S H B EN I G ERAR an d HAM AR o n th e W ad i e l M e lik an d e ve n
, ,

as far eas t as th e D e bb a E l Har z a r o u t e

5 -
.

In 1 8 8 3 th e ZAYAD I A o f D ar fur w er e ass ess e d fo r tr ib u te at

E 2
.
5 00 a n d t h o s e o f K o r d o fan at 55
E o nly 3
; b u t t h e t r ib e w as .

all b u t wip e d o u t in th e M ahdi a an d n ow that it h as r e c o v e r e d

,

s o me small m easu r e o f p r o sp e r i ty th e p r o p or ti o n in wh ich it is d is

tr ib u t e d as b etw ee n D ztr fi i r an d K or d o f n h as b ee n r e v er s e d o n
'

acc ou nt o f th e p er s e c u ti o n to wh ic h i t w as su bj e c te d by th e S u l tan

Ali D inar A nu mb er o f th e AW LAD G AB I R an d AW LAD MUFAD DAL

.

s e cti o ns still r emain r o u n d e l M ellit an d e l S ay ah n o rth o f cl FAsh er , ,

b u t b etw ee n 1 9 04 an d 1 9 1 3 n e ar l y all th e AW LAD G ERB IJ A e d fo r

'

r e fu g e t o K o r d o f n
T h ey ar e n ow s ettl e d at U m G Oz ayn o n th e
.

s ou th w es ter n c o nne s o f D r Hm id an d su ch o f th e m as h ave

-

any w e al th in h er d s r e m aining sp e n d th e khar if in t h e n o rth

1
k
B ur c h ar d t a so l m i m
e n t o n s th e i n D ai rfi i r i n 1 8 1 4 (N ubi a , p

XV
.

2
S e e n o te t o B A , L I I
w m ly m i il l
.

3
T h e se ere o st no ad c u n t th e as t d e cad e
k
.

4
E g B u r c h ar d t , p 4 8 1
y
.

w
. . .

5
S e e C un , p 9 4 3
S e e S te art
mig w m by f m Da f
. . .

7
T he e r an ts o f 1 9 1 3 e r e ac co p an ie d a fe w G il ay d t ro r ur .
1 11 2
. . XX V II . T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 263

we st of K o r d o fan wi th th e r i n o mad c o u sins of th e D AR HAM I D an d

th e S HE N AB L A .

T h e su b d i v isi ns
o of th e ZAY AD I A
'

ar e as fo ll o ws
NAS HASAN
1
AWLAD GERB U A
ADRAO
S HOK
S HERR I
AB U HAMM AM

AI AL S ULA M Y
I sAW IA 2

NAs EL T OM
NAFA iA

N As K I RTUB
U M D ERAW A
AW LAD FARI s

I MAYR1A
M I SAM i R
G E TARN A

3
K URUM U S I A

B . AW LAD MUFADDAL AW LAD

C . AW LAD GA B IR AI AL

SAB T EL

NUR
RI KAY A
AB U M I S H I M '

AW LAD T AT UN
AB U MA ALI
HAM M UD
G URARAT
ZY A D

BERB US H , or BERAE i S H
NAs U M G EMA A

T h e ZAY AD IA h av e no d is tinctive tr ib al b r an d c o mm o n t o all 4

.

1
G e r b ti a je r b o a T h e n a e
z
m
G e r ab i a ( B A , C I I ) ap p e ars t o b e

XV a p l l
ura
f m f m P
.

or ed ro G e r b u a : c p n o te in art I I I , C h ap 5 , p ar a

V
wi bb wi
. . . .

2
O th e r s ar e th t h e K a a i sh an d th th e G am ti i a

3
C p sub M e r m r a ( a o e )
. bv
m i b
.

4
S ee M acM i c h ael , C a m el B r ands , p 3 5 fo r s o e o f t h e r r an d s
.
, .
2 64 T HE G U HAYNA GRO U P 111 2
. . XX VI I I .

( h) T H E B E N I G ERAR
XXV I I I At o ne time fr o m th e mi d d l e o f th e e igh tee nth to the
,

mi dd l e of th e ni n eteenth c e ntu ry th e B EN I GE RAR an d th e HAMAR ,

w er e th e ch i e f antago nists o f th e K AB AB i S H in th e grazing gr ou n d s

o f n o r th e r n K o r d o f n an d n o r th e r n D r f r fr o m th e W a d i el M e lik
to K ag m r an d u s e d t o rai d th e c ar av an r o ad s ru nning fr o m D e bb a
,

t o e l Har z a an d o v e r th e B ay d a d e s e r t an d d o wn th e b anks o f th e
Whi te Nil e 1
.

T h e n am e F e z ra s ee ms t o h av e b e e n m or e o fte n appli e d to
th e m th an t o any o f th e o th er n o m ad s an d i t is n o t u nlik e ly th at th ey
h av e s o m e r eal c o nn e cti o n wi th th e F EZARA w h o w er e in U pp e r
E g yp t in th e fteenth c e ntu ry 2
.

As th e BEN 1 G E RAR we r e g rad u all y o u ste d by th e o th e r n o m ad s ,

b y th e K AB AB i S H in p ar ticu l ar fr o m K ag m r an d th e n o r th er n stepp e s
,

o f K o r d o f n th ey t e n d e d t o m o v e far th e r s o u th an d t o tak e t o c u l ti

v ati o n near th e Wh ite Nil e r o u n d el Bu szita and farth er inl and near
, /

K ad m fi l in c e ntral K o r d o fan wh il e th ey s ent th ei r h er d s to g raz e ,

r o u n d e l Ti us an d t o th e e as t o f K h o r si .

At p r e s e nt th ey h av e nu m er o u s v ill age s in th e W h i te Nil e P r o

vinc e an d a few r ou n d K ad m i i l T h e n o madic p or ti o n o f th e tr ib e
,
'

r e m ains in K o r d o f n an d acc o mp ani e s th e K AW A HLA in th e rainy

s eas o n N o B EN I GE RAR ar e l e ft n o w in D ar fur
. .

T h e m ain d ivisi o ns o f th e tr ib e ar e as fo ll o ws :
A . MAHAB IB D . AWLAD HA LA Y
B AWL AD RAB I L NA S MUS A

{
. A
EL AHA ME R Y 2 B ILAYLAT
.

EL S HA I B A
E . AB U HAGUL
KH ALA A F F . AWLAD BARAKAT
C . G UB ARAT 3

NAS AB U A

1 .

2 . G UAYD
3 S I N UT
.

4 U M S I MAYRA
.

5 N AS SALI M
.

6 AW LAD. I UT G
T H E B AZ A A

( 7)
XX I X T h e BAZA A ar e r e p u te d to b e very cl o s e l y r e l ate d to the B E N I

GE RAR b u t th e co nne cti o n b etwee n the tw o tr ib e s app ear s p u r e l y

,

ad ve nti ti o u s .

1
S e e B r u ce , V o l V I , C h X ; B ro w ne (p C un y (p 43) an d M an s ld
e

XX
. . . .

Park y n s (R G S
P
. . .
,
2
S e e ar t I I , Ch ap 1
m f ly m g
. .

3
T h e s am e n a e o cc u r s r eq u e n t , e g
. . a on th e B akkAr a an d th e Z ay ai d i a .
266 T HE G U HAYNA GR OU P 111 2
. . XXX ;

th e s am e c ou ntry as th e KAW AHLA an d D AR HAM I D in K o r d o fn b u t ,

th ey h av e in add i ti o n nu m e r o u s s ettl e m e nt s n e ar th e W h i te Nil e .

Acc o r d ing t o th e nisbas th e y ar e cl o s e ly r e l ate d t o th e D AR

HAM ID gr o u p I t is s ai d th at th ey s ever e d th ei r c o nne cti o n wi th

.

th e s e in th e e ig h te e nth c e ntu ry an d s o m e t o o k u p th ei r ab o d e n ear

S h att an d Z erayka west o f th e W hi te Nil e an d o th er s j o ine d th e
1
, ,

K AB AB i S H c o ng e r i e s i n th e n o r th .

A few S HEN AB LA als o j o in e d th e HAM AR an d are kn o wn as th e

G I KHAY S AT T h e s e ar e a r ic h c am e l o wni ng s ecti o n o f n o m ad s an d
.
-

ar e t o b e fo u n d fr o m e l O day a t o F Og a an d U rn B e l an d in th e r ains ,

far th e r no r th .

T h e m ain b ranc h th at wh ic h j o in e d th e K AB AB i S H r e m ain e d

, ,

wi th th at tr ib e u ntil th e M ahdi a an d th en b r o k e aw ay to g eth er

with th e KAW AHLA an d h ave since b ee n in d ep e n d e nt , .

T h e s u b tr ib e s o f th e S HEN AB LA ar e as fo l l o ws
A . U M BRAYS H G . AW LAD HAW AL 4

AM I RA NAs ME RRA I
{

l
L 1 .

NAs MA AK

2 . G A ABA z .

U M AB DULLA H H

5
B . . AM D I A
1 OAR A . G J . SUB AYHAT
N As G UMA A AW LAD AM I RA


2 . 1 .

l
3 N As U M G AD E L K E Ri M
. 2 K HAM i SAB
.

C . AW LAD NAsi R 3 N AE A.

AB

1 NAs MUKAB IL .
4 KUW I AE.

2 NAs N UKM US HA
.
5 N AS U
. M LAO T A
D AW LAD D AN I K ABU I MAYR

. .

E . NAs HADAD NAGAG IR

NAs S ALLAs T AI B AT
{
L

2 . NAs F E NAY HA NAs WAD ZY A N

F . AwAM RA
2
L . AW LAD HAS HUN
I AW LAD . FADI L Z O W RAE I NAs NA i M
.

2 NAs . WAD ABD ULLA

2 ABU RU D D I
.

3 N As . WAD EL NUR 3 ME NAN .

4 SHU W AY HAT 4 NAs G HARAY RA

3
. .

T h e b r an d u s e d b y alm o st e v er y s e cti o n o f S HE N AB LA o n th ei r
c amels is th e I t var i e s in fo r m b u t is always pl ac e d o n

1
I n The T r i bes of N o r ther n a nd C en tr a l K or d ofa n ( p 2 06 ) I S p o e o f s o e o f

m k
jiig ll m m ll m
.

th ese as o n n t h e M e s a a i a T h e r e ar e so e S h en b l a in th e M e s a a ia
i i z k i m m f m wl
.

d s tr c t i n th e G e i r a , b u t t h e s e t o o t h e r n a e , i t s e e s , r o S h an b l a ad

i
M e d an ( q v i n D 7 , 7 9 , 8 0 an d T h e s e S h en b l a ( t h e o r d i s th e p u r a o f w l l
igl ll g l lly
. .

S h an b l , an d h as a S n u ar S h an b al i , o r S h am b al i ) ar e a e ed o c a to
v m i wi
h a e s o e co n n ec t o n th t h e Hadar e o f th e Re d S e a c o as t , b u t e b
d en ce o f t h s vi i
wi l k g
i s o t h e r s e ac i n
f
.

2
C p sub Ru a a 3

C p sub B e d ay r i a
bb
. . . .

4
C p su b K a a i s h
i
. .

5
O n ce a sect o n o f A b u I m ay r

.
111 2
. . XXX I . T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 2 67

th e l e ft l eg r ou nd th e u pp er j o int . T he fo ll o wing ar e i ts c o mm o nest

fo r ms 1

( I) T H E M A AL I A A N D T HE M A AKLA

XXX I T HE MA ALIA T h e MA ALI A ar e r e l ate d to th e D r Hm i d

.

gr ou p b u t h av e l o ng b ee n e nti r ely in dep en de nt o f it an d at b es t

, ,

wer e r ath er alli e s attr acted b y c ou sinship th an b r eth ren wh o s ec e de d

fr o m a famil y l eagu e .

T h e tr ib e is d ivi d e d b etw ee n D rf r an d K o r d o fn At th e cl o s e .

o f th e T u r ki s h e p o c h th e M A A L I A o f D r f r c am e l o wn er s in t he

-

n o r th an d c attl e o wner s in th e s ou th wer e ass ess e d fo r tr ib u te at

-

E 1 45 0 as c o mp ar e d wi th E 1 49 ch ar g e d against th e b ranch in
. .

K o r d of n 1 T h e te n d e ncy h ad l o ng b ee n fo r th e l atter t o d e c amp

.

we stwar d s t o evade th e o pp r essi o n o f th e Tu r ks Bu t after th e dis .

app e ar anc e o f th e Tu r k is h r e im e an d th e s u bs e qu e n t c ru sh ing o f

'

g
th e D er vish r ev o l t a lik e m o tiv e l e d t o a s teady inl tr ati o n o f M A ALI A

fr o m D rfii r into K o r d o fan .

By 1 9 1 6 th er e wer e n o MA ALI A at all in n or th er n D rf r an d

o nly a fe w r o u n d th e i r o ld h ead qu ar t er s at S h akk a in th e s o u th e as t -

o r li v ing as r e fu g ee s am o ng th e i r p o w e r fu l n eig h b o u r s th e R I ZAY K A T .

Bu t wi th th e fall o f Ali D i n r in M ay 1 9 1 6 b eg an y et an o th er r etu r n

, ,

m o v em e nt fr o m K o r d o fn to D r f r an d th o u gh th e M A ALI A ar e

s till far m o r e nu mer ou s in th e fo r m er th ey ar e anxi ou s t o r e c o l o niz e

t h e i r anci e nt d o m ains in D r f r an d will p r o b ably b e for e l o ng b e , ,

fai r l y e ve nl y d istr ib u te d b etw ee n th e tw o p r o vince s In K o r d o fan .

th e i r ch i e f c o l o ny is r o u n d G e b e l Gl e i t ( Klay t) s o u th o f th e M E GAN I N
'

an d w e s t o f th e o th er D A R HA M I D b u t th e r e ar e m an y o th er s s e tt l e d
in e l N ahfi d el O d aya U m Ru ab a D illing an d el O b ei d d istr icts
,
3
, ,
.

Al l th e s e ar e p ar tly s e d e ntary b u t p r im ar il y n o m ad ic In th e r ains .

th e y s e n d th ei r h er d s n or th w e s twar d s : in th e s u mm er m o s t s tay in
t h e i r vill ag e s b u t th e r ich er fo lk s u th w ar d s in th e w ak e o f th e
, g o o

B AKKARA fo r th e s ak e o f th e gr azing .

1
A i il b d i
s m i d by h
ar B h i r an , v z . s u se t e es r sect on of

An az
. a of

Ar a bi (D gh A bi D
a ou 5 d 3 Zw ty , ra a es I, 1 2 an 31 em e r , p
S w
. .

2
te ar t

I w ld b h f wh m B kh d h d livi g b w b id
.

ee n e l O
3
t ou e t ese o o ur c ar t ear as n et e an d

th e S h ill k y (N bi
u co u n t r u a, p .
2 68 T HE G U HAYNA G RO U P 11 1 2
. . XXX I .

Th e d ivisi o ns o f t h e tr i b e in K o r d o fn ar e as fo ll ows :
A . U M HAM MAD 1
B . U M E L HATAS HA
I . M UKRAYM ( U M KE RAYM) 1 K HAwAB
. i R
2

(a) AX ARIB A (a) U M P E LAH

(b) NAS FARAG ( )
b G U A Y L

(c) U M E GAYLI (c) AW LAD RI S HDAT

H H

( )
d ARB I A ( )
d ID A Y B A

(e) D AR EL K HAD I M (e) KHAwAB i R EL HUMR

(f ) A W LA D U M G I MA A (f ) G ENAB LA
(g ) KHAYARA
(h) ATAALLA (a) AB U K U SAYE R

(j ) U M HAM DA e tc .

(It ) S URURIA

(l) RIS HAYD AT

XXX I I T HE MA AK LA T h e MA AKLA a small er an d far mo re s e de n

.
,

tar y tr ib e ar e c o u nte d b y th e M A ALI A as s u bj e c t t o th e m ; b u t th e

,

tw o tr ib e s ar e r aci ally d is tinc t an d in K o r d o f n th e M A A

K LA are ,

n o w in d ep e n d e n t E v e n in D rfu r wh er e th eir nu mb er s ar e alm o s t

.

n egligibl e th ey ar e attemp ting t o b ec o me s o

, .

T h e MA AKLA in K o r d ofn ar e s u b d ivi d e d as fo ll o ws :

S AMA i N

D O WRA
AB AD IA
'

T ARUM
AMAM IR NAS S E LLAM
SHBALA AWL AD D AH IR
U M SE LMAN S H ILAYM AT
B I LAL B IS HARiA
NAS LAZ I M
A1 AL S HANB UL
AWL AD HAS AB UL LA B I SHARA
D AR WALI D 3
G
KA AB I L

S HE RAK 3
AW LAD G I MA A

RI B AYDAT 3
AB U HAMM AD
NA AS NA U M ZAYAD A
3

KE LARA AB D E L HAB IB
'
3

KE NAK I L

ALO WN A
4

( AW LA D H RAYz
A 4
LG HARAYR

E ach of th e aic all y cl ass e d as ei th er

b o ve s e cti o ns is th e or et

S AM AI N o r

B I S H ARI A an d th er e is an
o m da o f th e S AMA I N g r o u p
'

o f e ac h gr o u p

o f t h e B I S HA

an d an
'

om da RIA B u t th e orn d a .

h as m any s u bj e ct s fr o m am o ng th e o th er an d n o ex act d ivi d ing lin e

c an b e d r awn .

1
T he Ma a a ou d li w l i l
n c ud e a on m g
th e se t h e M a ak a , w h o ar e l not r ea lly
M a l ia at al l

yw
.

2
T h e r e ar e n o n e o f th e se i n K o r d o fn At t h e e n d o f th e T ur k i a th e e re

m w f l ib l i
.

o n e o f th e e s i n D r fi i r ( s e e S at n , p assi m )
'

o st p o e r u tr

l ly
.

3
C o se co n n e c te d
4
I n D r fi i r
'

. .
2 70 T HE G U HAYNA GRO U P 1 11 2 . . XXX IV .

( n) T HE M E S ALL AM IA
XXX I V Th is tr ib e cl aims to b e u nc o nne cte d wi th the GA ALI I N o r '

GUHAYN A g r o u p an d to b e d esce n de d fro m Ab u B u kr e l S adik ,

th e r s t K h alifa o f Isl am He nc e th ey lik e th e MAS HAI KHA c all

'

.
, ,

th e ms e lv e s Buk ria .

F r o m th e nisbas h o we v er it wo u l d s eem th at th ey ar e o f

, ,

kind r e d o r igin to th e D AR HAM I D an d o th er GU HAYN A .

T h ey live in th e G ezi r a wh ere th ey h ave gi v e n th ei r n am e t o a

,

d istr ic t an d o n e i the r si d e o f th e Wh i te Nil e an d o n th e eas t si d e

, ,

o f th e l o w er r e ac h e s o f th e Bl u e Nil e .

T h e M E S ALLAM I A in th e G ezi ra an d o n th e W hi te Nil e are

'

s e d e ntary .

Am o ng th e i r s u b d i v isi o ns h e r eab ou ts ar e th e AN AFL A an d

WAS HKAB b o th o n th e w es t b ank o f th e Wh i te Nil e an d o n th e

, , ,

e as t b ank ,
S I B AY KAB WAN AY S AB M E GHAY RAB HAB AK I RA e tc
, , , , .

T h o s e east o f th e Bl u e Nil e n o w h ave a few vi ll age s n o tably U m ,

an d c u l ti v ate in th e H asib an d o th er b u t t h ey

D u b b n 1
,
wa dis ,

ar e c hi e y n o m ad ic in th ei r h abi t s an d u n til ab o u t th e mi dd l e o f th e
,

ni n ete e nth c e ntu r y w e r e e nti r e l y so T h ei r r ange h o wever is n o t.

, ,

great an d d o e s n o t exte n d b ey o n d th e we ste r n fr inge o f th e Bu tna .

Th ey graz e th ei r h e r d s an d dig hafi rs an d cu l tivate s o me mil e s

inl an d fr o m t h e r iver b u t h av e ne v er acqu i r e d p r o p ri etary r ights to

,

th e r iv e r b ank s o f th e Bl u e Nil e as h av e the RU F AA an d th e

immigr ant M AHASS .

T h eir m ain weal th is in s h ee p an d g o ats b u t they h ave a fai r

nu mb er o f c attl e an d c ame ls als o T h e l atter th ey b r an d wi th a .

h ashasha (h o e ) on th e n eck , th u s:

Th is n o madic p o r ti o n of th e M ES ALLAM I A is su b divi de d

'

as

fo ll o ws

1
Um Du bb b il
an i s u t c h e i y
of m ud I t w as o u n d e d s e en t f
e ar s ag o v yy by
i f ik mm
.

t h e h e ad o f t h e I b r h i m b s ec t o n , ath e r o f S h e h e l E b ay d M u ha ad B ad r

l w ll w vi l i lf i
.

T h e atte r w as a e k n o n D e r s h e ad e r an d Kad o f t h e K h a i a : h e d e d i n
-

1 9 1 5 U m D u b b n p o ss es se s t w o im i g
p os n ku bba s

co n t a n n th e r e a ns of iig mi
m mb f ily
.

e e r s o f th e am .
 C HAP T E R 3

The Guhay na Group ( co ntin u ed )

( )
1 T HE B AKKARA
I wo r d B AKKARA m eans no m o r e than c attle me n an d i t
T he ,

is p r imar il y appli e d to the l ar ge g rou p o f cl o se ly c o gnate n o madic

o r s e mi n o m ad ic A r ab t r ib e s in h abi ting th e r ic h b e l t o f c o u ntry
-

wh ich m ay b e r o u gh l y de scr ib e d as l ying s o u th o f th e th i r tee nth

p arall e l o f l ati tu de an d s tr etch ing fr o m th e Wh i te Nil e to L ake Ch ad 1
.

G ener ally sp eaking th e typical BAKKARA at thei r b e st are a dark

li th e p e o pl e with cl e ar l y cu t h an d s o m e featu r e s h awk eye d wi th ,
-

sp ar s e b ear d s til te d fo rwar d an d m o u stach e s car efu lly c o mb e d to

b r is tl e T h e y o u ng bl o o d s r o ll th ei r h ai r in tr e ss e s b ack fr o m th e
2
.

fo r e h ead b u t wi th mi d d le ag e th e h abi t is discar de d T h ey c ar r y a

,
3
.

ver y l o ng sh afte d an d fu ll bl ade d sp ear T h e wo m e n an d y o u ng gi r ls

-
.

r i d e o n b u lls an d w e ar g r e at l u mps o f amb e r r o u n d th e i r n e cks an d

4

b o ss es o f silv er acr o ss th e fo r eh ead Th ei r h ai r is b r ou ght s traigh t .

fo r war d in b r ai d s o n th e cr o wn o f th e h ead an d r o lle d b ack into a

fr inge ac r o ss th e fo r ehead L ar ge ear rings an d n o s e r ings ar e als o .
-

wo r n T hey e vinc e li ttl e shyne ss an d d o n o t affect th e exagger ate d

.

m o desty an d s e cr etiv ene ss whi ch h as sp r e ad fr o m Egyp t al o ng th e

b ank s o f th e Nil e O n th e c o ntrary th e gi r ls th o u gh never exc ee ding
.
, ,

th e b o u n d s o f d e c e ncy an d wear ing a r ah ad o r a l o ng ap o f cl o th , ,

b e fo r e an d b ehin d h abi tu ally displ ay b r eas ts an d thigh s to all th e ,

wo r l d 5
.

Am o ng th e m e n i t is very fr e q u e nt to n o te a c ast o f fac e th at wi th

1
m B kk i m i
T he t er li d i l gi im ly v i
a h
ra s so et m e s ap p e q u te e t at e to ar o u s o t er

l w i g ib f K d fa
, ,

c att e o -
h h K
n n h H tr h B d
e s su c as t e en n a, t e as an i a , t e e ay r i a o or o n,

th M li
e b a h

b l gi g i d iff g
a , e tc ut t ly i ll ye se , e on n to q u t e er en t r o u p s , ar e o n o ccas o n a

k f B kk d h wi h i l f h i l Th m
.

sp o en o as a r a , an t at t s p ec a r e e r en ce to t e r cat t e e te r
wh g l lw y k m h
.

B kk
a i h S d ra d in t e i u an , en u s e n a en era s en s e , s a a s t a e n to e an t e

trib d l wi h i hi h
es ea t h B kk p t ll n t s c ap t e r t e a ra ar exce en ce

A m ll mb f h b d d m h i w gi g d h k
.

2
s a co h or t e e ar an o u s tac e s o rn an n ro un t e n ec

B w ki g f h M i y h y mb h i h i
.

3
( 66 A ro ) ne p 4 pp 11 S p ea n o t e e ss r i a sa s t e co t e r a r

b k wi i d f h f m i il b h i d g d
. .
,

i i

ac t st f t , an ast en t n t e or o a sco rp on s ta e n : a oo

i i
,

d e s cr pt on

A f hi mm l mb L f mm K mb im
.

4
ash K o n co o n a so t o t e an e u es e es an e ou a en t

b l mb mm iv l m d mb
.

e au co u p a l
r e co e p ar u r e et , s u an t e u r s r e ss o u r ce s es o r c eaux a re

d o nt m l
se llico l m i g (C b
p o se n t eur s co er s so n t p us ou o ns ro s ar on, I, 39 ,
C m D h m Cl i i f h Sh w A b f
o p ar e d O d en d a ap p e r to n an u n ey s esc r pt on o t e a ia ra s o

mi g m k h i b ll ( N
,

B o r n u co n i to ar et o n t e r u s ar r a t ve , p
g d m d f lif P ll ix h h p
.

f h B kk
5
F or a oo ac c o u n t o t e a ra o e o e see a rn e s S t c a ter .
2 72 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 1 11 3 1 . . .

i ts h ig h p r o tru ding fo r eh ead wi d e m ou th an d weak chin at o nce

,

su gge sts th e FELLATA an d it is an e s tab lish e d fact th at l ar g e nu mb er s

,

o f th at r ac e h av e b e c o m e inc o r p orat e d wi th th e B AKK A RA tr ib e s sinc e

th ey r s t s ett l e d in C e ntr al Afr ic a T h is is o f c o u r s e m or e e sp e ci all y

.

t ru e o f th e S ALAM AT an d HAY M AD th e m o s t w e s ter nly B AKKARA w h o

, ,

live amo ng a p o p u l ati o n th at is l ar ge ly F E LLATA an d wh o app ear to

1

inclu de s e cti o ns o f th at p eo pl e ; b u t i t als o appli es to the m o re

2

e as ter nly B AKKA RA as w e s h all s ee in d ealing wi th th e HAW A ZM A .

I I As a wh o l e th e B AKKARA ar e wi th th e p o ssibl e exc e p ti o n o f th e

,

S HAIKIA th e m o st w ar lik e Arabs in th e S u d an : th ey ar e als o th e m o st

,

inveterate S l ave trad er s an d r ai d er s an d li v ing as th ey d o o n th e ,

n or th er n c o nne s o f th e n egr o c o u ntry th ey h av e in du lg e d th ei r p r e

d ato r y p r o p e nsi ti e s a d li bi tum fo r so l o ng as th ey h ave n o t b ee n
r ep r e ss e d by th e r m h an d o f th e G o v e r nm e n t .

T h e s am e q u ali ti e s th at h ave m ad e th e m b o l d g h ter s an d h u nte r s

h ave at all tim e s sinc e th ei r s ettl e m e nt in Afr ic a b r o u g h t th e m into
c o llisi o n wi th th e r u l er s o f th e m or e s ede ntary p eo pl e wh o inh abi t
th e z o n e imm e d i ate ly n or th o f th e m wi th th e S u l tans an d M eks th at, ,

is o f B or nu Wadi D rf r an d K o r do fn
, , , .

In th e dry s eas o n o f th e y ear th e BAKKARA m o v e wi th all th eir

c attl e t o th e r iv er s o f th e s ou th an d th er e h u nt the e l ep h ant an d r ai d
th e n eg r o e s b u t wh e n th e r ains r e n d e r th e s o u th er n B AKKARA c o u ntr y
,

a sw amp o f c o tto n s o il infe s te d by th e y th ey m o v e n o r th w ar d s t o

-

t h e cl ean p as tu re s o f th e h ig h er g r o u n d an d c u l tivate o r g raz e th e i r

h er d s I t is th e n th at th ey h av e b e e n ap t t o b e c o m e inv o lve d in
.

q u arr els with th e s e de ntary p eo pl e o f the S u l tanates .

T hey h av e n o t h owever b ee n invar i ably su cc essfu l exc ep t in s o

, , ,

far as a p er e nni al e vasi o n o f th e fu ll tr ib u te d e m an d e d m ay b e

c o u nte d su ccess an d in c o ns eq u ence th ey h av e at d i ffer e nt p er i o d s
,

migr ate d eastwar d s o r westwar d s al o ng th e line o f l east r e sistance

an d v ar i o u s s e c ti o ns h av e b ee n transpl an te d fr o m pl ac e t o pl ac e an d

fr o m tr ib e to tr ib e u ntil it is imp o ssibl e to say h ow th ey wer e o r iginally

gr ou p e d In th e acc o u nt wh ich fo ll o ws I h av e take n as th e u ni ts th e
.

t r ib e s as th e y app ear at p r e s e nt an d sp e ci e d th e v ar i o u s s e c ti o ns
su bj ect to e ac h b u t it will b e at o nce o bvi ou s fr o m a c o mp ar is o n o f
,

th e lis ts o f th e s e s e c t i o ns an d fr o m a s tu d y o f th e p as t h is to r y o f th e
B AKKARA th at no r eal r aci al d ivi ding lin e can b e d rawn b etween any
o n e tr ib e o f th e m an d any o th er .

In K o r do fan wh er e if o n e o mi t the b r i ef o rg y o f the M ahdi a

, ,

,

th e r e h as b ee n a s ettl e d G o v er nm e nt fo r n ear ly a c e ntu ry th e ,

1
C ar b o u , 11 , 51
v li by C
.

Afr iq ue centr a l e fr a npaise q u o te d ar b o u , I I , 60

2
S ee C he a er , , p .
32 1 ,
.
2 74 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 111 3 IV
. . .

m ay h ave h app e ne d Wh e n the Ar abs e nter e d the c entral state s

.
1

th e y c am e n o d ou b t wi th th e i r c am e ls an d s h ee p : c att l e th ey p r e su m
ably h ad n o n e o r b u t few As th ey w o u l d h ave b ee n a nu is anc e t o
, .

t h e s e d e ntary p o p u l ati o n c u l t ivating th e c e ntral b e l t an d w o u l d h ave

h ad th e ms e lv e s n o s e c u r i ty fo r th ei r h er d s th ey n at ur ally g r avi tate d , ,

s o me to th e m o r e b ar r e n sp ac e s o f th e no r th an d s o me to th e fo r e sts ,

an d b o gs o f th e s o u th T h e c am e l o f c o u r s e c ann o t e xis t in th e s o u th
.

b e cau s e o f th e t s ets e y an d th e p o is o no u s g ullum cr eep er an d

,

su ch Ar abs as we nt th er e i m i tate d th e ind ige n o u s p o p u l ati o n and

t o o k to c att l e rear ing T h is is m er e ly su gg este d as o ne way in which
2 -
.

th e t r ib e s m ay h av e b ee n d i v i d e d b u t th er e is no r eas o n t o su pp o s e ,

th at o th e r c au s es wh ic h ar e r e ad ily im agin abl e did n o t als o o p er ate t o

th e s am e e n d T h e s o u th er n g r o u p inter m arr i e d wi th th e o l d e r n eg ro
.

inh abi tant s an d b ecam e d arker in c o mpl exi o n : th e n o r th er n gr o u p

mixe d in th e west t o s o m e exte nt wi th th e T I B B U tr ib e s b u t r e main
v er y mu ch lighter .

V An in te r e s ting p o int m ay n o w b e d isc u ss e d D id th e B AKKARA .

r e ac h th e i r p r e s e nt h abi tat b y w ay o f th e Nil e o r did th ey c o m e d u e

s o u th o r s o u th e as t to th e Ch ad r egi o n an d B o r nu an d W adi fr o m
-

N or th Afr ic a an d th e nc e sp r ead eastwar d s to th e Nil e ?

,

T h e fact th at Ab du ll a cl G u h ani is g e n erally r e g ar d e d by th e m

s e lves as th ei r ance stor an d th e fact th at th ey c o nsi d er th e F EZARA ,

gr ou p as th ei r c o u sins ar e o b v i o u sl y ar g u me nts in favo u r o f th e

3
,

fo r mer vi ew : so als o is th e evi d e nc e o f th e S u d an es e nisbas wh ic h
,

m ak e n o su ggesti o n o f a s o u th easter nl y migr ati o n O n th e o th er -

.

trad i ti o n mig h t simpl y h av e b ee n

h an d th e Ab d u ll a el G u h ani

,

app r o p r i ate d fr o m immig rant s fr o m th e N il e an d s o m e o f th e BAK ,

KA RA d o s tate th at th e i r anc e s to r s c am e d i r e c t fr o m T u nis o r F ezz an

wi th th e i r c amels to th e c o u ntr i es we st o f D atrf r and in giving

4

th ei r g e n eal o gy o r h is to r y o th er s s ay o f s o m e p ar tic u l ar fo r eb e ar :
5

I t w as h e wh o b r o u g ht th e t r ib e fr o m B o r ku [i e Wadi : s e to

. . . .

K or d ofn] an d th e s e fo r eb ear s are as a r u l e s ai d t o h ave liv e d fr o m

, , ,

ve to nin e g e n e rat i o ns ag o an d t o b e th e s o ns o f th e e p o nym o u s

a nc e s to r s o f t h e v ar i o u s s e c ti o ns .

Bu t t h ou gh th er e is n o r o o m fo r d o u b ting th at c o nsi d erabl e

1
T he y see m to ha v e e st a bli hs e d th e m lv b y se es p e ace fl
u p e n e t r at i on r at h e r

t h an by f f m
o r ce o ar s

ld h i igi lly b gh b ll
.

2
Th H e aw z m a, e g to m e t e r an c e s t o r s o r na ou t a u an d a

w f m F ll i ilg im
. .
,

co ro a e t p r

g l gi l d f hi
.

3
S ee h
en e a o h ca t r e e s at t e en o t s c ap t er .

4
E M Mi h l
g see 6 ac c ae pp 1 4 1 5 1

I h v v m i B kka ig v wi w
.
. .
, , .

5
a e ne er se e n a an u s cr pt a ra p ed ree, b ut h a e r t te n do n

se v lf m li f m i d
era ro o rav l n or at o n an s een se er a o th e r s s o m il d N
co p e o tw o e e r v
g i v y h d g i id m k bl
.

a ree n e b er f r e s p e ct , ut t e e ree o co n c en ce is re ar a e .
 V . T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 2 75

nu mb er s o f Ar abs di d p u sh s o u th war d s fro m Tu ni s Algi er s an d

M o r o cc o to C e ntral Africa in th e c entu ri e s fo ll o wing th e Hillian
i nvas i o n o f N o r t h Afr ic a an d th o u g h o ne m a d mi h at th e p r e
1
y a t t ,

val e nc e o f the Ab u Z ay d el Hil ali trad iti o n am o ng th e B AKKARA is a

littl e su gge stive we h ave th e d enite stateme nt o f Ibn K hal dii n th at
,
'

in th e r st h alf of th e fou r tee nth c e ntu ry th e G UHAY N A swar me d over

Nubi a an d r api dly p u s e f rth er ae l d fo ll o wing th e r ainfall
h d a
2
,

an d m o d er n exp er t o pi ni o n h as h e avily p r ep o n d erate d in fav o u r o f

th e vi e w th at th e B AKKA RA c am e fr o m th e e as t F o r ins tanc e B ar th .

,

s ays o f th e S HOA ( S h awia) th e n am e given l o call y to th e s e mi

3

s e de ntary B AKKARA Ar abs o f B o r nu Bakirm i an d C h ad an d p ar ,

ti cu l ar ly t o th e S ALAM AT :

O f th e migr ti o n o f th es e Arab s fro m the e ast ther e c an n o t b e th e

a

l east d o ub t T h ey h ave advan ce d gradu ally thro ugh the e stern p ar t o f

. a

d i al ect is qu ite d iffe r en t fro m th e M agh eb i w h il e i n r ,

many resp ects it still p reser ves th e p u ity an d e lo qu en ce o f the l angu age o f r

S h II w a e d iv i d e d i nto many d is ti n ct f mili es o r c l n s n d

ar a a ,
a

al to g e th e r m y fo r m in B or n u a p o p u l ati o n o f fr o m
a to so u l s .

He add s th at th ey app ear t o h ave immig r ate d gr adu ally fr o m th e

e as t fr o m v e r y e ar ly tim e s al th o u g h at p r e s e n t w e h ave n o d i r e c t

,

h is to r ic al p r o o fs o f th e p r e s e nc e o f th e s e Ar abs in B o r n u b e fo r e th e
tim e o f E d r is Alaw m a ( 57
1 1 an d h e m e n ti o ns th e sys te ms

o f bl o o d m o n ey ( dhz a
-
which b y th e w ay m aintains am o ng all

th e n o m ad Arabs o f th e S u d an ) an d i nb u lati o n o f fe mal e s as c o n

n ecti ng th e S AL A M AT S H O A wi th th e e as t Simil ar ly M Gar b o u wh o
-
4
. .
,

di vi d e s th e S HO A into two g r ou ps o n e fr o m th e n o r th an d th e o th er , ,

th e Gu h ayna gr o u p fr o m th e e ast als o r e marks th at th e u se o f5
, ,

th e w o r d Nub a fo r all in dige n ou s n o n Ar ab Mu h ammadans

-

l en d s weight to th e cu rr e nt trad i ti o n o f an ear ly s oj o u r n in wh at

is n ow th e Angl o Egy p ti an S u dan In th e s ame way th e h abi t
3 -
.

in u se am o ng th e w ester n Arabs o f de n o ting th e KAN EM B U as

Ham ag 7
p o ints as cl ear ly to a c o nne cti o n wi th th e T r ib e s o f

1
Q i
v n ar t I I PT h e A r a s o f B o r n u B a h r a n d C h b
ad d s t r c t
c hi e y s e i mi i i mi
y ll w w
. . .
,

se d e n t ar B akk r a ar e c a e d S h o a , o r S h a i a ( B ar t h , S h i I w a an d S hi a )

by i ig
th e n d en o u s tr es ib
bv
.

2
S e e p 1 39 , a o e
XXX
. .

4
3
V ol 1 1 , Ch
. I I , p p 3 5 5 3 5 6
. V o l 1 1 1 , C h L I I , p 46 5
. . . . . .

3 3
V o l I I , p p 4 , 8 , 9 , 2 0, 2 8 , 4 8 C ar b o u , 1 1 , 4 7
ly w xi ib ll
. . . .

7
I bid 1 , 3 6 C ar b o u i s ap p ar en t u n a are o f t h e e st e n c e o f a t r e ca ed

f f il xli m
. .

Ham ag i n th e e as te r n S u d an an d t h e re o r e a s to e p a n th e t er S o , to o
ig l y i
.
,

L e s H am m e dj s s o n t l e s d e r n e r s au t o

N ac h t a ( V oy a u O ua da i , p 7 4) s a s
'

m f mill l m ig
. .

c h t o n e s d u K an e I l s so n t d e l a a

e d e s B o u l al a s a so , i t s e e s , in n o r an c e
vi mvm f m
.

o f t h e H am ag o f S e n n r T h er e i s n o e d e n ce o f a H am ag o e en t ro e as t

w im m b bl y m
.

to e s t o r vi ce ver s a at an y t e an d th e t e r H am ag w as p r o a no ore t h an

an A r a b im i
p o rt at o n , u s e d t o d en o te an y u n c ed p eo p e An e ac t S iviliz
ar l x ly imil
w
.

u se o f t h e o r d o cc u r s i n M S C 3 II . .

1 8 2
2 76 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 111 3 . . v .

Gu h ayn a in th e sixtee nth c entury h ad r each ed a total o f

wh o
fty two trib e s in th e l an d o f S ob a o n th e Bl u e Nil e u n d er th e ru l e
-

1
o f th e F u n g th o u g h m o s t o f th e m w er e in th e w est
.
,

T h e m ain GUHAYN A gro u p h aving c o me fr o m th e e ast as

c amel o wner s an d sh ep h er d s in th e fo u r teenth an d fo ll o wing cen

-

tu r i es app ear t o h av e s tr aig h tway p u sh e d as far we s twar d s as B o r nu ,

b u t h ow l o ng e l aps e d b efo r e b r anc h e s o f th e m m o ve d far th e r s o u th

an d b e c am e B AKKA RA w e d o n o t kn o w .

In K o r d o fn th es e l atter gr o u ps h ad b ee n anticip ate d by th e

G a ali gr o u p fr o m D o ng o l a wh o h ad settl e d r ou n d el R ah ad an d

,

el Bi r k a an d inter m arr i e d wi th th e N UB A an d i t m ay b e th at th e ,

G UHAYN A Arabs rst b ec ame c attle b r eed er s in th e c ou ntri es west -

o f K o r d o fztn Bu t at a l ate r d ate ve t o e ig h t g en erati o ns ag o th er e

.
, ,

w as a r etu r n m o v e m e nt e astwar d s c au s e d by adv er s e p o li tic al c o n

diti o n s in th e we st an d v ar i o u s B AKKARA g r o u ps mig r ate d to j oin
,

t h ei r k i n in s ou th er n K o r d o f n .

T h e B AKKARA o f th e w est h ow ever h av e b ee n j o ine d by arabiciz e d

, ,

B er b er s fr o m N o rth Africa an d it m ay have b een th e p r e se nce o f

,

th e s e l atte r th at h as give n r is e t o th e d o u b tfu l t radi ti o n t h at th e

BAKKARA c ame no t fr o m th e Nil e b u t fr o m Tu nis At all e vents it .

was p r e su m ably th e d iffi c u l ty o f e mb o d y ing in to th ei r tr ad i ti o ns b o th

th e Ab u Z ay d el Hi l li (Tu nis ) c o nn e c ti o n an d als o th e r e al fac t o f
th e i r o r iginal mig r ati o n fr o m th e Nil e t h at g ave bi r th t o th e ap ocry

p h al G r eat T r ek o f Ab u Z ay d fr o m the east o ver th e Blu e an d
Wh ite Nil e s an d K o r d o fan 2
.

V I L et u s n o w tak e th e B AKKARA tr ib e s s ep arate ly fr o m east to ,

we s t .

( a) B E N I S E L IM

O f th e B EN I S ELI M Wh i te Nil e th e nisbas can tell u s

'

of th e
n o th ing o f any inte r e st Th ei r c ou ntry at p r es e nt exte n d s ne ar ly as
.

far s o u th as K ak a an d th u s li e s n o r th o f th at o f th e S HI LLUK and th e

3
,

D I N KA an d s ou th o f th at o f th e AHAM DA b ut i t is p r o b ably o nly ,

wi th in th e l ast two c e ntu ri e s th at th ey h av e b ee n abl e to d o minate

th e r i v e r b ank s at th e e xp e ns e o f th e tw o fo r m e r t rib e s .

In th e r ains th e y dr ive s th e m n o r th war d s o r eastwar d s o ver ,

th e r i v e r 4
.

They mix l arg el y wi th th e D IN KA an d n ot b eing cu l tivator s th em ,

s elve s r e ly u p o n t e m a
h n d t h e S H ILL U K fo r th e i r g rain s u pply
5
.

T h ou gh BAKKARA th ey h av e tak e n n o d ou b t since the ir m o ve

, ,

m e nt t o th e r i v er to b r eedi ng m o r e sh eep th an cattl e

, .

1
S ee p 39
. 1 .
2
S e e M ac M ic h ae l , C h ap . II .

4 5
3
A ng l o E g S ud a n ,
-
. 1, 1 30 . I bid 1 , 6 4. . I bi d . 1, 1 96 .
2 78 T HE GU HAYNA GR O U P 1 11 3 V I I
. . .

tr e e s wh ich alm o st always gr o u p th e s e two tr ib es an d th e T A AI S HA

,
'

t o g eth e r .

N achtigal gives s o me acc o u nt o f th e AW LAD HAMAY D o fWadai an d 1

B o r nu Th ey w ere all ege d to b e cl o s e l y c o nnecte d wi th th e B ULALA

. .

Qu n d cette tribu v en ant d e l E st migra au S o u dan u n e fr acti o n

a ,

, ,

d emeu r a au K o d o fan u ne au O u ad i u n e se x u B h r cl G h az al
2
r ,
a ,
a a a - -

u n e en n au B gu i rmi e t au Fi tr i a C est cette de n ie e fr action q ui fu t le .

r r

n o y u du g n d tat q u i r u n i t u n j o u l es t er ri to i es d es K o u ka s d u

a ra r r ,

Fit i et du K n em C ette f actio n d es O u l ad H med d even u e tout a fait

r a . r a ,

S d en t ai r e s tai t lli e au x R o u ka s et en avai t ad op t le l angage (T r li si)

,

a

a ,

cc q u i n em p ch ait l a l an gu e arab e d tr e rest e ext m em e n t r p an d u e

r .

I t s e e ms th e n th at th e su bstr atu m o f th e AW L AD HAM AYD o f

, ,

K o r d o f n is in p ar t B AKKARA akin to th at o f th e T A AI S HA an d HAB

'

BA N I A an d in p ar t N UB A o f th e T ek ali typ e T h ei r Ar ab anc e s to r s

.
,

m ay h av e s ettl e d r o u n d T ek ali at th e tim e o f t h e g r eat G U HAY N A

m o ve m e nt an d th ey h av e b ee n r einfo r c e d by o th er s o f th ei r kin wh o
,

h av e r etu r n e d fr o m th e we ster n c o u ntr i e s wh i th er th ey h ad g o ne at

th e tim e th at th e K or d o f n s e tt l e m e n t r s t o ccu rr e d As in th e c as e .

o f th e r u ling famil y at T ek ali th e s e AW L AD HAM AY D m ay h ave ab

3
,

S or b e d a slig h t e l e m e nt o f th e D o n g o l wi suffi ci e nt at l eas t to m ak e

th e m aspi r e t o a G a ali p e d ig r ee an d th ey c e r tainl y in te r m ar r i e d

wi th o r inclu d e d into th ei r p art i cu l ar g r o u p var i o u s famili e s o f

, ,

o th e r B AKKA RA .

T h e T u r kish p er i o d p r o vi d e s n o m o r e th an tr ad i ti o ns of g razing
d isp u te s an d d e s u l to r y g h ting b et we e n th e AW LAD HAMAY D th e
HAB B AN fA an d th e HALAFA s e c ti o n o f th e HAW AZMA T h e eve ntu al .

r e su l t w as u nfav o u r abl e t o th e r s t n am e d tr ib e an d by th e d ate o f -

th e o u tb r e ak o f th e D e r vish re v o l t th e y h ad l o s t m any o f th ei r g h ting

m e n an d a l ar g e p r o p o r ti o n o f th ei r h e r d s T h ey atte mp te d t o r e sis t .

th e M ah d i at r s t b u t w er e e asily c ru s h e d an d wh at w as l e ft o f th e ,

t r ib e j o ine d th e D e rvi s h e s .

I t w as n o t u n til th e r e o cc u p ati o n o f th e S u d an th at th e sc atter e d

r e mn ant s o f th e t r ib e r e tu r n e d t o th ei r anci e nt h au nts an d w er e abl e

t o r e fo r m .

( c) HA B BAN IA

VIII li v e b etwee n el R ah ad an d Sherk ayl a ar e

T h e HABB AN i A w h o
a b ranc h o f th e D a l r fi i r tr ib e o f th e s am e n am e an d immig rate d fr o m
' '

K al ak a wh ic h is s till th e h ead q u ar ter s o f th e m ain tr ib e s o m e fo u r

, ,

o r ve g e ne r ati o ns ag o .

1
Ou ld
a H am e d o u Ou ld a Ho m eid , d an s c e r t ain es re gi on s ( V oy . ou

O ua d a i , p
gl E gyp i
.

2
N o t th e B ahr e l G h az l o f th e An o -
t an S u d an o f c o u r se .

S ee M S

3
A7 . .
I II 3 V I I I
. . . T HE GU HAYNA GR O U P 2 79

B o th in K o r dofn and D rfti r th ey h av e nu mer o u s v ill age s an d '

ar e l e ss n o m adic th an th e averag e tr ib e o f B AKKA RA In th e tr ib al .

th ey ar e always c o nn e c te d cl o s e ly wi th th e T A Ai S HA

nisbas
1
T he .

K o r d o f n s ec ti o n p r e v i o u sly t o th e M ahdia w e r e g e n erally at l o gg er

,

h ead s e i th er wi th th e G AW AMA A th e G I M A A th e HAW AZMA an d th e

, ,

AW LAD HAM AY D o r wi th th e p eo pl e o f T ek ali , .

In 1 8 76 th eir nu mb er s wer e ass e ss ed at ab o u t 8 000 : in 1 8 8 1

2
,

wh e n th e tr ib u te was r eass e ss e d E 2 1 5 wer e d e man d e d fr o m th e , .

K o r d o n b r anc h as ag ains t 13 2 640 fr o m th o s e in D arf r

f 3
but .
,

immigr ati o n in r e c ent y ear s p ar ticu l ar ly by th e RI AFA s e cti o n h as , ,

te n d e d to e q u alis e th e nu mb e r s o f th e tw o b r anc h e s .

T h e m ain tr ib e in D r fi i r b o r d er o n th e R I ZAY KAT to th e east th e

'

T A AI S HA to th e w e s t th e MAS ALAT t o th e n o r th an d th e D I N KA t o
'

th e s o u th T h e i r c o u ntr y r e s e mbl e s D ar Hu m r an d D ar Riz ay k at I n

.

gen er al b u t exte n ding far th e r s o u th s u ffer s m o r e fr o m y an d is

, , .

m o r e mar sh y T h ey cu l ti v ate l e ss c o r n th an th e B AKKARA living east

.

o f t h e m an d r e l y l ar g e l y o n wil d r ic e an d

dhifr a anni cu m
(P
I sa chne) El e p h ant h u nting is mu c h in v o gu e am o ng th e m
. .

As a r ib e th ey ar e d ivi d e d into TARA an d S OT b u t th e su b tr ib e s

t 4
,

o f th e l atte r s ee m t o b e kn o wn c o ll e c t i v e l y as EL Z i ADAT T h er e is n o .

p ar ticu l ar lin e o f cl e avag e b etween th e D ai rf r an d K o r d ofn p orti o ns

o f th e tr ib e an d m o s t if n o t all o f th e fo ll o wing s e c ti o ns ar e c o mm o n
, ,

t o b o th .

A . T ARA
S HEBB A f(a ) AW LAD Ai D
5
1 .

(a ) AWL AD HAMAYD (b) ZAID

( )
b NOALA ()c A B U A M I R

(c) HAWAILA (d) GARGAR

(d) M IRAYRAT e) E L D E RA

( B IN

(e) HI LAYLAT (f ) AW LAD BE LLO

(f ) S ELM AN i A (g ) E L KAMARS A
(g ) AW LAD SA UD A A

h
( ) W L D R I HA Y MA
S HAYB UN (j ) AWLAD IDRI s o r U M I DRi s

2 .
,

AW LAD D EL OTA ( )
k E L K I GA M A

U M AHAB (1) E L MAHADA

6

AW LAD MA AP A (( ) H

L m E L A D AY LI

1
C p C ar b on , II , 5 I 54, wh H ab b n i a an d T a
ere th e ai s h a ar e s im l l f
i ar y r e er r e d

b i gb
b ib f m
.

t o as e n o t h su tr es o He at (i e Hay m d )
S w
. . .

2
P rOU t 3
te ar t

ly ymb l h ot wh i B h m f ml
.

T h td i e ra s p r o p er a c a ,
t e s a p . ot o cc u r as n a es o ca e

b d Th f m i h d
r an s . d l d h k f ml h l i
e or er s s ap e an p ace on t e n ec o a ca e ,
t e att e r s

a l g
on di l li b d d h
p e r p en f m h b kb d w w d c u ar ne r an e on t e q u ar t e r s , ro t e ac on e o n ar s,

li k h gi g wh i ( S M M i h l C l
e a an n Th p ee ac c ae am e gs 1 1 3, 1 1 4, e

m bly d b k h im wh h H b b w ml w
.
.
,

t en t tn i a
a er e c a e o n er s
te r s p r e s um a at e ac to t e e e a -
.

C m i h

o h f h T
p ar e t e case o t e a a s a

w lv m ll i ll i g i K d fa ll b l g i h
.

Th 5
e se t e h e s a s e ct o n s , a o ccu r r n n or o n , a e on e t e r to t e

S h bb e h Sh b b h
a or t S p 83e ay un r an c es.
3
ee n o t e o n .
2 80 T HE G U HAYNA GRO U P 111 3 V III
. . .

RIAFA
(a) AWL AD AB U A AD

Y
b
( ) E L FE RAY GAT
(c) AW LAD AB U NI AD G
SA ADAN

(e) NAS K E LB I
(f ) M A

E L E S I D

SHAB UL 1

(a) K E NAT , or KEN A AT Y (a) AW LAD U M SUN TA

(b) AWLAD B O RKO W I
AB U ALI

{ (b) SA ADAN

(d) E L B E DARI N
'

(d ) HAWAZ M A

IX T h e HAW AZM A p erh aps m o r e mix e d wi th p u r el y extr ane ou s

ar e

e l e m e nt s th an an y o t h e r B AKKA RA tr ib e as th e wr i ter s knew 3

nisba ,
-

an d th is is d u e to t h e fac t t h at d u r ing t h e g r e ate r p ar t o f th e y ear th e y

live am o ng th e vill age s o f BEDAY RI A an d o th er s e mi Arab p eo pl e s in '

-

th e c o u ntr y l y ing imm e d i ate ly n o r th o f t h e N UB A h ills O f th e t h r e e .

m ain di v isi o ns o f th e tr ib e o ne the HALARA is littl e m o re th an a , ,

l eagu e o f famili e s o f T AKARI R fr o m the we st G ELLAB A HOW ARA

4 5
'

an d Z N A RA fr o m th e n o r th G AW AM A A an d N IJ B A w h o in th e d ay s

3
'

E , ,

o f th e F UN G d e si r e d t o p as tu r e t h e i r c att l e u n d e r th e p r o te c ti o n an d

th e n am e o f t h e HAW AZM A T h e l ar g e an d o nc e p o we r fu l AS I RRA .

s ec ti o n ar e in K o r d o fn r eck o n e d to b e BE DAYRI A '

Th ere w o u l d s ee m to b e s o m e c o nn ecti o n b etwee n the tr u e

o r igin al HAW A Z M A an d t h e B E N I HARB o f th e Heg z w h o ar e n e ig h ,

b ou r s o f th e GU HAY N A an d th e su pp o siti o n m ay in th at c as e appl y

e q u all y t o m o s t o f t h e B AKK A RA As e vi d e nc e o f th is c o nne c ti o n th e .

fo ll o wing p ass ag e fr o m B u rto n s P ilg r im ag e m ay b e ci te d : 7

T h e B enu Harb i s n o w th e r u ling c l n in the Ho ly L n d I t i s d i v i d e d a a .

by gene l ogists in to two g eat b o di es rst the B nu S lim and seco n d ly

a r , ,
a a , , ,

i m
A s e c t o n o f t h e s am e n a e o cc u r s a o n t h e M an si r , an d th e e st n o n
1
m g b k w
b m bb l ll
.

r an d o f t h e Ha ar G h ar ay s i a an d o f t h e To w l K a a i s h i s a so c a e d th e

s ha bi d

m ll i b f bl g i
.

2
T h e s e tw o s a s e c t o n s , o th in K o r d o an , e o n e th e r to t h e R i afa o r th e
S h ab l
i l X XV
.

3
C p i n p art c u ar D 1 C X I
i y l lli wi
. .

H e n ce t h e r n am e T h e s e a e d th e a an ce

4
th an o ath ( i e
.
hal afi i . .

F or i ly hp r ecm m i A bi R b
se t e sa S mi h e c u s to n ra a see o e r t so n t p 45
M y vill g
. .
,
5
f F ll i
an d T k i a d i
es o h B e at a an a r r ar e sc atte r e n t e e d ay r i a -

Haw z m a
y h f l O b id
c o u n tr sout o e e

ib igi lly d wi h h N h Af i b
.

3
B h ot tr es ar e or na co nn e c te t t e o rt r c an B er er s . T he
Z enw b h f h L a F h H w
ra er e a r an c P II o t e u ta or t e o r a s ee ar t Ch A 1 pp
wh h H i l m
. .
.
, ,
7
d 8 d
I I , 1 2 0 ; an cp II, 2 an I , 23 1 er e t e o w az m ar e a so en t i o n e d

bl i f H b M d D gh y l
.
, ,

as a tu r u e n t s e ct o n o ar n e ar e in a ou t II , 1 35) a so

m i H i i f d f
.

ent o n s

z m ,
Han an c e n t en y o as e te ym .
282 T HE G U HAYN A GR O U P IX .

w hy i t is that th e B AKKARA in ge neral an d th e HAW AZMA in p ar ticu l ar , ,

p r es er ve n o r e c o r d o r traditi o n o f c o nnecti o n with th e B EN I HARB .

X T h e p r es e nt divisi o ns o f th e HAW AZMA all o f wh o m ar e in ,

K o r d o fan ar e as fo ll o ws I t will b e n o tic e d th at th er e ar e n o n e o f

, .

th o s e c o inci d e nc e s o f n o m e ncl atu r e b etwe e n th e m an d th e B AKK ARA

li v ing far th er we s t wh ich w o u l d S h o w th at o v er l apping an d inte r
p e n etr ati o n h ad o ccu rr e d am o ng th e tw o p ar ti e s S u ch el e me nts in .

t h e HAW AZ M A as ar e n o t o r igin al h av e b ee n abs or b e d by th e m in

eas ter n an d s o u th er n K o r d o f n .

A .

AB D EL

ALI
1 . D AR G AW AD D AR BAKH OT I
D AR S HALAN G O
2 . AW LAD GH AB US H D AR AT HAB '

AW LAD BA AS H 6 M 1

D AR D EBL
E L MA AN AT

AW L AD G AM AA

3 . D AR BAYT I AW LAD AB U AD AM
E L K U RA AN

( 4 D AR NA AY L I

.

B . HALAFA
D AR AL I

1 .

2 D AR AI D
. F
3 E L AS.I RRA U M W AD AA GZ
AW LAD OM E R G
E L ZURRUK
AW LAD ME S HE RI
SE RRAR
(f ) MA ADA

AW LAD G HO N AYM (a ) D AR I GA
I(b) AW LAD T ADU
(0) ( D AR T AN AL G
5 E L T OGiA .

C . Ro w o wo A
1 D AR AM AI . G

(a) E L TO W AL 2
E L KU sAR 2

AW LAD NUB A 3
(a) AW LAD RAHMA
[(b)
2 .

D AR I LAL B
h e) E L F UKARA
3 . D ELAM I A

(a) AW LAD T A N A Y
S ULAYMAN I A

U M MA G I N D A
D AR A UL

G
L EL MUM I N I N

1
Ba

ash m z z j kl
a ac a
2
T owl

= lo n g ; K
'

u setr = sh o r t
b id h v b m
. .

3
Nu a is sa to a e e e n so n o f S an i n so n o f K as h a a.
 T HE G U HAYN A GR O U P 283

AL I s e cti o n lik e th e R I ZAYKAT MESS I Ri A an d HUM R

T h e AB D

EL , , ,

ge ner ally cl aim to b e d e scen de d fr o m At i a an d say th ey ar e th e tr u e '

o r igin al HAW AZ M A T h is m ay w e ll b e s o : a d is tinc ti o n is c o mm o nl y

.

d rawn as th e tr ee s S h o w b etwee n th e d e sc e n d an ts o f G u nay d th r ou gh

, ,

At1 a o n th e o ne h an d an d th r o u gh Haym d o n th e o th er th e
'
1
,

T A AI S HA th e HAB B AN I A an d th e BEN 1 HELB A falling int o th e l atte r

' '

gr ou p an d the HUMR R I ZAY KAT ME S S I RI A an d HAWAZ MA into th e , ,

' '

fo r me r ; b u t th e AB D EL ALI o f c o u r s e c o ntain many ali e n e l e me nts

,

eg . .E L KU RA A

N lik e e very o th e r su b tr ib e o f BAKKARA

,

.

O f th e HALAF A w e h ave al r e ad y sp o k e n .

Th e RO W O W GA ar e all e g e d by th e o th e r HAW AZMA fo r th e m o st

p ar t n o t t o b e l o ng to th e trib e at all by de sce nt that is b u t to b e in , ,

p art B EN I S E LI M an d in p ar t KEN ANA an d to h ave c o m e at s o me

'

d is tant p e r i o d fr o m th e e as t an d j o in e d th e AB D EL AL 1 T h ey

.

p r o b abl y c o ntain m o r e N UB A bl o o d th an m o s t o f the o th er s e cti o ns .

N o t o nly is o n e o f th e i r main d ivisi o ns c all e d AW LAD N UB A b u t

th e i r n am e s ar e su gg e s ti v e : fo r ins tanc e th e h ead s h eik h o f th e ,

RO W O W GA D zuI d e l M m ti n g ave th e fo ll o wing p e d ig r ee in 1 9 1 3

' '
, ,

t o a G o v e r nm e nt Insp e c to r 2

El L i eu

Ha mid Ab u K i tr

D zui d

M m M o hann a

T aww ar i in

So mi D aud

K ar o ng o , Koko bvi o u s names

N b a

K akid ri an d ar e o , an d

cl Li eu is c e rt ainly n ot Ar abic .

We o b tain a d istinct in dic ati o n o f th e app r o xim ate d ate at wh ic h

th e HAW A ZM A r s t br o k e aw ay fr o m th e p ar e nt s te m by e x ami ning

th e p e d igr e e s o f th e p r e s e nt g e n e r at i o n T h e nam e s o f th e ep o nym o u s .

anc e s to r s o f th e m ain s e c ti o ns ar e q u o te d as th o s e o f s o ns g r an d s o ns ,

o r g r eat gr an d s o ns o f th e o r igin al Hazim an d ar e ge nerall y r e

-

me mb er e d by all th ou gh th e e xact r e l ati o nsh ip o f e ach to o th er is

,

n o t ; b u t i t is eac h m an s o w n b u sin e ss t o kn o w h o w h e is c o nn e cte d

1
M
C ar b o u ( I I , 5 1 7 4) S p e a s o f t h e Hay m d H e at k
as t h e o st p o rt an t m im m
ivi i f m giv i b ib f ll wi g
.

d s o n o f B akk r a d e s c e n d e d r o G u n ay d H e e s th e r s u t r e s as o o n

m m
.

O u l d H e e d [ Ham ay d O u ld A e r , N o um o u rr a , Dje r ar h a , S e lrn an iy ,

T a ac h a, N e djm iy e t H abb an i y , an d ad d s

Aux H e at s e r att ac h en t e n c o r e m
lm i
l e s Dja d n , l e s S a a at , q u i co n st tu e n t u n e d e s t r u s ar a e s l e s p u s n o r e u se s ib b l mb
d e l Afr i q u e C e n t r a e et l es K h o u a

l
zm
w
.

2
C ap t A L H ad o . . . .
2 84 T HE G U HAYNA GR OU P x .

wi th th is fam i ly o f traditi o nal anc e sto r s T o tak e the cas e o f fou r .

p o m i ne nt HAW AZMA : o n e in hi s p e digr ee gives eight ge nerati o ns

r
1

as inte r p o sing b et wee n h ims e lf an d D e l am th e e p o nym ou s an

c esto r o f th e D ELAM I A o n e giv e s six an d o n e v ar i e s b etw e e n s e ve n

'

an d e ig h t S o am o ng th e AW LAD NUB A s eve n g e n e r ati o ns ar e s ai d to

.

h ave live d b etw ee n th e p r e s e nt s h e ik h an d NiI b a O ne m ay gu e ss

'

.

th at u ntil s e ve n o r e igh t g e n er ati o ns o r 2 00 t o 300 y ear s ag o th e , ,

HAW AZ MA di d n ot exis t as a s ep ar ate tr ib e b u t th at th e ance sto r s o f ,

th e n o n ali e n e l e me nt am o ng th e m w e re c o u nte d MESS I RI A u ntil

-

t h e y b e c ame nu m er o u s an d p o we r fu l e n o u gh t o b r eak away an d c all

th e ms e lv e s HAW AZM A .

( e) M E S S IR IA HU M R T A E LB A HOT IA S A AD A A N D T E R G AM

, , , ,

MES S IRI A HUM R we re im e singl e ib e

'

X I T he an d at o n e t a tr an d

kn o wn re sp e ctive l y as th e MES S IRI A

ZU RRUK dar k

) an d th e ME S
si Ri A HUM R
n d s th e m as a r ul e s o r e fer r e d to in th e wo rks o f tr ave ll e r s
O ne
w h o m e t th e m in th e nine te e nth c e ntu r y in D r fi i r an d we st o f i t 3

In K o r d o fn h o wever th e tw o d i v isi o ns h ave b e c o me s o dis

, ,

tinc t th at th e HU M R n o l o ng e r r ate th e ms e lve s M E S S I RI A at al l an d

' '

e ac h tr ib e h as i ts o w n d r an d i ts o wn sh eik h s

.

X I I HU MR T h e HU M R ar e d ivi d e d int o th e AGAI RA an d th e F ELAI TA

.
,

an d th e s e tw o in d e p e n d e n t d ivisi o ns ar e ag ain s u b d ivi d e d as fo ll o ws

4

T h e AGAI RA
A . A I AL KH A

Y R

1 . AW LAD KAM IL (a) D AR M UTA

b
( ) U M S HAYB A
(c) SAL I M
(d) AW L AD K I MAY L EL (1 ) U M S ALL OG
HAMRA (2) UM

A AR G
() e E L P ARARIN
(f ) AW LAD T UB A

1
Ta k f mC
en ro A L H ad o w s n o t e s
ap t .

i b d ivi i b i m
. . .

s o n o f A r a s n t o Hu r an d Z u r r u k i s n o t co n n e d t o t h e M es
2
Th
s su

s i r i a ( s e e B ar th , V o l 1 1 1 , A p p I t m ay h a e co n c d e d o r v i i
na igi lly wi
t h th e d s on ivi i
i ml w l w l
. .

n t o n o r th e r n an d so u t h e r n , c a e o n e r s an d c at t e o n e r s , b u t t h er e i s n o r e a
- -

e vi d e n c e t h at t h at i s so
ig l
.

3
S e e , e g , N ac h t a , V oy a u O ua d a i , p 7 0 ; B ar th , V o l 1 1 1 , Ap p 7 , p 5 4 5 ;

ii
. . . . . . .

an d E l T i m s p 1 29
li will i i il f m giv
. .

4
T h e s e sts b e se e n t o d ffer i n ce r ta n d et a s r o th o s e e n i n C h ap X I

my m i
.

of Tr i bes of N or ther n a nd C en tr a l K or d ofa n F o r o s t o f t h e c o r r e ct o n s I am

i b illi m y f
.

n d e t e d to M r C A W s , w h o fo r s o e e ar s w as I n s p e c to r o f W e s t e r n K o r d o an ,

w li v m wi m il b y l ly
. .

an d h o s e s t s I h a e c o p ar e d th th o s e c o p ed t h e at e C ap t W L o d ,
g my lf
. .

Mr J W S a ar an d
. . se .
2 86 T HE GU HAYNA GR O U P 111 3 X I I
. . .

T h e F ELAI TA

A . METAN I iN AWLAD I ADA 1 Z

E L S HAM iA
AWLAD SHAB IB
'

ARA A F
ARi F

E L Z I IJ D 2
B . AWLAD S URUR AWLAD U M KH AM I s

GAMA A

U M AL AN

Y
U M B OKATA
G
'
3
AF I R

E GE RAFIN
L
3

C . E L G URARAT 4
EL S HI B A
AWLAD

G ULADA AW LAD

D . EL SAL AMAT 5
AWLAD ALI

S A iD I

AB U I DRIs

E L G E E AE I RA
AWLAD FAD L
AB U KADAYM

F r o m an examinati o n o f s o me o f th e F ELAI TA p e digr ee s o n th e

line s fo ll o we d ab o ve in th e c as e o f th e HAW AZ MA it app e ar s th at th ey
an d th e AGAI RA b e c am e m o r e o r l e ss in d e p e n d e nt o f th e M E SS IRI A

as l o ng as te n g e n erati o ns ag o .

T h e HU M R c o u ntr y li e s o n th e e xtr e m e w es t o f s o u th er n K o r d o fn ,

fr o m th e neighb ou rh o o d o f el O day a to th e B ah r e l Ar ab o r B ah r

e l Hu m r N o r th o f M u gl ad it c o nsis ts o f a gr eat s an dy pl ain b u t

.
,

t o th e s o u th i t is bl ack c o tto n s o il c o v e r e d wi th th ick b u s h an d c r o ss e d

-

by s an dy b el ts In th e r ains th e HUM R ar e b etwee n M u gl ad an d th e

.

c o nne s o f th e HAMAR to th e n or th b u t in th e d ry s eas o n th ey an d

,

1
m g
C p E l Z i a d t a o n th e H ab b n i a
ib f w l
. .

2
F o r t h e s e as a se p ar at e t r e ar th e r e s t s e e at er

i
.

3
M o st o f th e se ar e i n B o rku , it i s s a d
l mi iii i l i
.

a n d v s o n o f th e T a a sh a
4
E l G u b r t ar e a so a C p a so t h e B e n G e r a r

i il b gi i g i y l gb ib
. .

s e ct o n s U n t t h e e n n n o f t h e n n et een t h ce n t u r t h e r e h ad o n ee n a tr e

ll i i y mv z
.

o e d to G a a ( s e e N a m

ro u n d el Ar i s h T h e t h e n

c a e d G u b r t i n S n a .

B ey , H i s t S i n a i , p
b f w l
. .

5
F o r th ese as a s ep ar at e tr i e ar th e r e s t s e e at er .
111 3
. . X III . T HE G U HAYN A GR O U P 87

th e i r c attl e m ove s o u th war d s to th e B ah r e l Arab wh er e they c o me

,

into c o ntact wi th th e D I N KA .

X I I I MES S IRIA and T A B LE A T h e MES S I RI A ar e a l ar ge an d p o wer

.

fu l tr ib e in K o r d o fan b u t n ow o nly sp ar s e ly r e p r e s e nte d in D Ar fi i r

'

.
,

In th e fo r mer p r ovince th ey we re by th e mi d d l e o f the eightee nth

c e ntu ry the p ar am ou nt tr ib e o f B AKKARA as far east as S h er k ayla b u t ,

th e r is e o f th e HAW A Z MA in l eag u e wi th th e B EDAY RIA an d o th er s l e d

t o th e MES S IRI A b eing p u s h e d b ack into th e s tr ictly limi te d s tr e tc h

'

o f c o u n try th ey n o w o cc u py r o u n d e l S i n t e l M af ra an d th e W d i ,

cl G h all a In D rf r an d Wadi t oo th ey we r e p r evi o u sly t o th e

.
,

M ahdi a ve ry nu m er o u s b u t th e h avo c o f th at e r a an d th e ex acti o ns

,
1
,

o f s u cc e ssiv e S u l tans o f D zrr f r d r o v e m an y into s o u th eas ter n W ad ai

-

D A r R u ng a) A s s o o n as th e F r e nc h w e r e e s tablis h e d in th e n o r th
( .

m any o f th e s e m o ve d into th ei r sp h er e o f inu ence to e scap e th e

clu tch e s o f th e native d y nasts an d n o w for m a c o nsi derabl e p r o ,

p o r ti o n o f th e Arab e s r fu gi e s au Fi tr i T h e s e i t m ay b e n o ted
2

.

, ,

ar e l ar g e ly b r ee de r s o f c am e ls T h e y b e ar a b ad r e p u tati o n as r ai d e r s . .

T h e MESS I RI A r e m aining in D ztr f r liv e a s e mi s e d e n tar y life in

-

vill age s ro u n d Ham m di an d G eb e l K i rru to th e eas t o f G eb el M arr a .

Th ey b e l o ng c hi e y to th e ZURRUK b ranch an d ar e b ree der s o f c attl e

an d s h ee p Am o ng th e m ar e a few HUM R and a sm all c o l o ny o f
.

ARAK I I N fr o m th e G e zi ra
'

T h e nisbas in g e n eral ag r ee th at th e MES S IRIA ar e cl o s e ly ak in

t o th e Arabi an T HA AL IB A b u t i t is d ou b t fu l wh eth e r th e ap par e nt

,

c o rr o b o rati o n as to th is p oint b y th e Arabi an ge neal o gists (see no te

on p 2 8 1 ) is in fac t c o rr o b o rati o n at al l or w h eth e r th e t rad i ti o n o f
.

th e nisbas is n o t m er e l y d erive d fr o m th e Ar abi an ge neal o gists I t is .

cu r i o u s to n d in D rfi i r living wi th th e MESS I RI A a sm all tr ib e o f '

T HA AL I B A o r TA BLE A as th ey ar e g e n erall y c all e d an d t o n d

, ,

C ar b on s aying o f th em L es T a lib a d esce nd e nt de Ta l eb ls d e

3
,

Missi r a v ar i at i o n n o d o u b t o f th e

M eskhir s o n o f T h a alib a

n o tic ed ab o v e M o s t o f th es e TA BLE A live n ear th e s o u th eas t c o r n er

.

-

o f G e b e l M arr a as B AKKA RA b u t a fe w liv e as vill ag er s in n o r th er n ,

1
ii
S ee 5 el dT un s , 4 7 B h p 2 1 an pp 1 29 1 3 29 ar t

ll m h hi d ib m g h W i d A b i
.
, .
, , .

(l oc ci t ) c a s th e t e t r tr e a on st t e e y ra s n r e sp e c t to
mb mb li w h i h d
. .

nu er s Do o as t e r ea q u ar t e r s
bg i d h l g d m mvm f h
. .

T hi 2
s p r o c e ss e an n 1 9 03 an t e ar e s t an o st r e ce n t o e en t o t e

M i f m S E W d ai Fi i d i i
e ssi r a , ro k l i 7 S C b 8 a to tr st r ct , to o p ac e n 1 90 ee ar o n, 11 , 4
N h ig l ( C b g d d h m f i ll y h m
. .
,

4 9 . ac 7 5 76) t a se e ar on , 11 , ,
re ar e t e as o p r ac t ca t e sa e
k
s to c h S la as t e a m t
m m m g h N h Af i A b
.

i Th

3
L oc T lb
c t e sa e na e o cc u r s a a a on t e o rt r c an ra s

Th y w id i i
.

y d
. .

e i h d fN
ere T kd i h
n t h e e s e rt o um a n e ar a em t n t e s x t ee n t c en tu r an

M m l wh ll h m b h f M h il i M kl d h m
,

ar o o ca s t e a r an c o a eq u e a a, a s se s se t e at

m d i Al g i T h ill m i h m l li y ( C
. .
, ,

ar e m en n er a . er e ar e S t so e n t e sa e o ca t s ee ar e tte ,

4 3 3 44 5 )

Pp
288 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 1 11 3
. . X III .

D r fti r wi th th e Z aghawa r o u n d Hashab a T hey . ar e u u a s lly co n

si d er e d a b ranc h o f M ES S IRI A
'

T h ei r su b divi si o ns ar e as fol l o ws
A AWLAD KAMUN A
. 1 NAS AYRAB
.

2 AWLAD M U HAMMAD
.

3 AW LAD RA AB
. G
B . AWLAD ZA I DA 1 AW LAD N UR
.

2 FAKARNA
.

C . AW LAD S HUWAYH
AW LAD E B AYD

D . 1 . BAYB IS H
2 . AW LAD BuRAs
E B . A F EN I

TI
1

F MAHADI
.
2

G . RAwAiN A
H NA i MAT

.

MES S I RI A su b d ivi d ed as fo ll ows

'

K o r d o fzt n
'

of
'

A . AWL AD U M SAL I M AWLAD S ULAYM AN

2 .
HAM M UDA
3 . AB U ZY A DAN

4 MusB AH
5 E B DO
B . E L G HAz AYA AW LAD U M RA D AN Y
KHA R Y
B I LAL
G
A M AN
AWADA

M I SMAR
E L K U UK

3
AW LAD U M KERAE i G
C . E L B I RAWI AW LAD K UDU M
( )
a AW L AD F ADLA
D ELOT
( b )
l()c H ALI G
AW LAD S ERI R

AB U KH O RAY S
AWL AD B O KHAT
D . E L E N ENAT AWLAD HE GL i GA
K I B AYBA
HILAL

E L KURIJ N
E L S HUKRiA
6 AWLAD NusAR
.

U M FARI s

C p Aw ti fa an d Atay f t
2
1
S ee n o te o n

ig w
. .

3
T he s n k ar bag = a hi p
. .
2 90 T HE G U HAYNA GR OU P X IV .

Th ei r chi ef su b divisi o ns ar e fo ll o ws
A . D E RAI S A B ZU.

I DA

AWLAD S A i D AWLAD AB U HI LAL

1 . 1 .

2 . SAYF EL D IN

YO A G
3 . BAS H iRiA S I RB AL
4 H A
.S AB ON E L K OW AL

5 A W
. LA D AB U FATI MA
6 HAM MAD I A

7 ArAwiA

.

( f) R IZ A Y KAT
X V R I ZAYKAT are all in D 3r f11 r and ar e th e r iches t an d m o s t
T he

p o we r fu l tr ib e in th at c ou ntry Th ey liv e in th e extr e m e s o u th east .

,

wi th th e HUM R eas t o f th e m th e D I N KA to th e s o u th th e HAB B AN IA , ,

t o th e we s t an d th e M A ALI A an d s e d e ntar y B I RKE D B AY R O an d D AGU

to th e n o r th O wing to th e n atu ral ad v an tag e s o f th e i r c o u ntr y wh ic h

.
,

in d ry we ath er is b o u n de d o n th e n o r th by a b r o ad water l ess b el t an d

in th e r ains is m ar shy an d to th ei r natu rally war lik e d isp o si ti o n an d
,

ab u n d anc e o f h o r s e s th ey w e r e abl e t o r esis t all agg r e ssi o n by th e

,

S u l tan Ali D i nr Bu t wh er eas a h u ndr ed an d fty year s ag o th ey

.

r o am e d in th e rain y s eas o n o v e r a l ar g e p ar t o f c e n tral D r f r th ev

w er e in hi s tim e u n abl e to p ass far n o r th o f th e e l ev e nth d eg ree o f

l ati tu d e l es t h e s h o u l d attack th e m an d s eiz e th ei r c attl e in s ettl em e nt
o f anci e nt cl aims .

T h ey cu l ti vate s ou th and we s t o f S hakk a at Ab u G ab r a U m ,

Matrik e l Tu h am a e t c an d in the d ry s eas o n g o s ou th wi th th e ir

, ,
.
,

c attl e to th e B ah r e l Arab wh er e rai ds an d c o u nter r ai d s b etwee n

,
-

th e m an d th e D I N KA h ave b e e n o f y ear l y o cc u rr e nc e .

B r ee ding fr o m sl av e w o m en D I N KA MAN DALA (o r B AN DALA) an d

-

, ,

S HATT fo r th e m o st p ar t h as m ark e d l y affe cte d th e r aci al p u r i ty o f

,

t h e R I ZAY KAT
T h e r s t S u l tan o f D r f r kn o wn to h ave s er i o u sly atte mp ted to
d eal wi th th e R I ZAY KAT w as T i r zi b in th e s e c o n d h alf o f th e e ig h te e nth

c e ntu ry T h e R I ZAY KAT fo il e d h im by r eti r ing into th e b o ggy c o u ntry

.

t o th e s o u th an d h ar r ying h i s tr o o ps o n all si d e s Sinc e th e n eac h

2
.

su cc essi v e S u l tan w as n o n pl u ss e d in th e s ame w ay wh e never h e -

tr i e d t o e x act m o r e th an a n o min al t r ib u te an d in c o ns eq u e nc e l ar g e
3
,

nu mb er s of o th er Arabs wh o wer e l ess su cc e ssfu l o r m o r e fear fu l

t o o k r e fu g e wi th th e R I ZAY KAT M o st o f th e s e wer e HABB AN I A B EN I

.
,

HELB A M A ALI A an d BEN 1 K HU ZAM

.
,

T h e s e h o d t h e n a has
1

l

2
S e e c l T i i n i s i , V oy a u D a rfour , p p 1 2 9 , 1 3 0
l mm F li g wi h m
. . .

F o r th e S u t an M uh a ad l s d e a n s

3 ad t th e see C ar b o u , I I , 77 an d

. b
7 8 I n O cto e r , 1 9 1 3 , th e R a kat c o p e t e iz y
dem l ly f eate d t h e Su l tan A li D i n r

.
I II 3 X VI
. . . T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 29 1

X VI T he m ain d ivisi o ns of th e R IZAYKAT ar e as fo ll o ws

A . MAHRIA1 U M D AHfA
(a) U M S E LLAMA
b
( ) A W L AD M U HE MM IL

HASAN
ZUAYD
()
e RADI AN iA
(f ) I S HAYS HAT

2 . U M AHMAD
( )
a ( ) AWLAD ADUM 1 K

(2 ) NAS G I MAI
b
( ) NAS EL T OM an d AWLAD MU WA N

(c) AW LAD KA I D

( )
e B ARAKA

B . NAwAIB A

AW LAD SULAYMAN
D AR HAS AN
KUB GA
AWLAD U M A ZRAK
D AR F ADAYLA
D AR BALLUL
RAHAS A
(a) D AR U M FEz ARA
AW LAD S U UD

MAHAM iD AW LAD S HAi H

( a ) E L ATA 1

Y
b
( ) A W L AD T A K O

U M SA EL D I NYF

(a) AW LAD YAS I N

'

b
( ) G I F A YL I

(c) E L HAN AT I S H

( )
d E L H ARA M i s

( e) A W L AD U M LAY K

( f ) E L S HI GAYRAT
(g ) A s u m
AW LAD A T ZY
a ) AW LA D B I RRI
D I KAY L
l
b)
c) KERM US H
d) u an J J
name o f e ach o f th e th r ee m ain d ivisi o ns is well kn own as
T he
b e l o ngi ng to a l arge c ame l o wning tr ib e in n o r th er n D rf r an d
-

W adai ; b u t th ou gh th e MAHAM I D MAHRI A an d NAW AI B A o f th e '

,
'

1
I k w vi d
no no e e n ce o f c o nn e c t o n i b w et een th e s e an d th e w ll k w
e -
no n Him
y ar i t c i ib f h
tr e o so u t ern Ar a b ia ( fo r wh m o s ee D 1 V III ; Z w em er , p 85, bu t
i i i bl h l
, .

s u c h c o n n e ct o n s q u t e p o ss i e none t e e ss .

1 9 2
2 92 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P I H 3 X VI
. . .

n o r th ar e e ss entially th e s ame r ac e as th o s e c o mp o sing th e R IZAYKAT

it will b e m o r e c o nv eni e nt to d eal wi th th e m s ep arate l y at th e cl o s e
o f thi s c h ap t er I t m ay b e s ai d h er e h o w ever in p assing th at i t i s
1
.
, , ,

p r efer abl e to sp e ak o f th es e th r ee tr ib e s as h av ing u ni te d in th e s ou th

o f D r fi i r to fo r m th e R I ZAY KA T th an to r e g ar d th e th r ee tr ib e s as
'

o ffs h o o t s o f th e s o u th er n B akk ar a tr ib e .

(g ) T A AIS HA

XV I I s een ar e cl o s el y c o nn ecte d wi th th e
T h e T A AI S HA , w e h ave
'

HABB AN I A by r ac e an d lik e th em cl aim d e sc e nt fr o m Haym d Wi th

'

, , .

ey

th e exc ep ti o ns t o b e sp e ci e d h e c o n n e d t o D 3r f11 r
2
t ar

Th ei r nam e to o is p er h aps b e st kn o wn o n acc o u nt of th e ,

K h alifa Ab d u ll ahi h aving b e e n o f th ei r nu mb er M any th o u s an d s

3
.

o f th e m w e r e imp o r t e d b y him t o O m d u r m an d u r ing h i s r eign and

u s e d as a b o d y gu ar d an d a m e ans o f e nfor cing h i s will u p o n th e

r i v e rain tr ib e s D o ng o l a P r o vinc e w as fo r a p er i o d e n ti r ely u n d er

. .

th e i r d o min ati o n
4
.

After th e K h alifa s o ver th r o w m any o f th e T A AIS HA r etu r n e d to

D rfi i r b u t c o l o ni e s o f th e m s ett l e d in S enn aIr an d K ass al a p r ovinc e s

'

, ,

an d a fe w e ls e wh e r e O th er s e nlis te d in th e C am e l C o r ps an d
.

M o u nte d Infantry .

T h e T A AI S HA c ou ntr y in D r f r li e s b etw ee n th at o f th e HAB

'

BA N I A o n th e e as t D r S u l a o n th e w e s t th e B EN I HE LB A c o u n tr y t o

, ,

th e n o r th an d th e n eg r o F ERT IT t o th e s o u th I t is v ery sp ar s e ly .

p o p u l ate d at th e p r e se nt time .

T h e m ain d ivisi o ns o f th e T A AI S HA ar e
'

A . K I LAD A 5

AWL AD AM 1R E L D AKAILA

I .
9 .

2 . T AB I T ( )
a E L B E D RiA

3 AID Z (b) E L IDAI

l
.

4 . S E LLAMA (o) E L BA AS HOMI

5 E L S H.O WW AS HA IO . E L BARAKAW I
6 E L NE GM fA
. 1 1 . E L S HELUHI
A B L HADRAM IA
'

7 E L D I. R I A 12 .

8 AW LAD EL BI HAYLI
. 1 3 . AWL AD AB U MI LKA , o r AB M I L KA
4 E L HADHAL I N
'

1 .

1
T h er e i s a f i ly l g l y f M hami d Aw ld Y
a r ar h f ll b w
e co o n h o a as i n w o a et een t e

mj g
two a or ro u p s o f h R iz yka d
so u th m l m d T h Aw l d
ern a t an n o rt e rn c a e -
no a s es e

Y liv d h w h ik h f h i
.

as i n e a ay so u t f l Fa h d Ab Z
e st ok d e t s er r o u n u e r ay a un er a s e o t e r

o w n an d ar e B akk r a
b
.

2
C p C ar o n , I I , 5 4
l i y w w wi h i wiv f mili
. .

3
S at n s a s u p ar d s o f ar r i o r s t th e r e s an d a es .

4
I bi d C h III X
b m mlb l ik ; d
. . .

err i k o th n a of ca an d
5
r an d s ,
K i l ada an d

ar e es e -
e ra

in t h e c as e o f th e H ab b n i a (q v sup r a)


so t . . .
2 94 T HE G U HAYNA GR OU P 1 1 1 3 X V 111
. . .

GUB ARA ,
an d th e ch i ef su b divisi o ns of s
th e e tw o b ranch es ar e as

fo ll o ws :
AWL AD GA B IR
1
AL O W N I

1 EL .

ZAN ATI T

2 EL .

3 E L .
HAZAZIRI
4 E L . HADHAL i L
M I SA IA

5 E L .

B . AW LAD UB ARA G
1 AW LAD . E MA AN G

2 . AWLAD AL I

AW LAD NI AMA

MAN UNA
AHMAD
B I LALA
E L S HE I KH

D AR K IB AYD I
SAHARNA
AW LAD M UN I F

AB I D

EL SHE I KH
AW LAD G HAYAD AW LAD D o w
FARA G
MARAGULLA
EL RuAY s

E L S ELI M I A

4 . BEN I MAN DUL AW LAD SAL I M

K URE IA
AW LAD HI GGA
AW LAD AI D Z
BEN I LAE I D AW LAD SA I D

5 .

AW LAD D I KAY N

AW LAD U M SERAO
AW LAD M US A I D Y
6 . AW LAD GHA NIM (a) HUM R
Z URRU K

1
Cp th e Al o w n a

am g on th e bb
K a a i sh an d o t h er s m g
a on th e K en an a
m m i i (T b m
. .

sa e na e o cc u r s i n S na o r ) as t h at o f a r an c h o f M u z ay n a ( s ee N a u B e y ,

H is t .
p .
1 11 3 X I X
. . . T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 295

B eni He lb a o f D r ffi r ar e a p ar ticu l ar l y l o w ty p e o f Arab

T he ,

p o or in spi r i t an d p hy siqu e incurably l azy an d wi th n o ne o f th e ,

ne r qu ali ti e s th at d istinguish th e n o m ad Ar abs o f K or d o fn .

(j ) B E N I K H U Z AM

X IX T he B EN I Z
m o st p ar t in Wadai an d D r
K HU AM ar e fo r th e
S u l a A few o f th e m ar e in D r f r an d th e s e ar e at th e p r es ent
.

m o m ent an d since 1 9 1 4 r efug ee s living am o ng th e R I ZAYKAT

, ,
.

T h e tr ib e b e l o ngs t o th e HAY M AD gr o u p o f BAKKARA an d th r ou gh

it cl aims d esce nt fr o m th e B EN I MAKHZUM o f Arabi a 1
.

In VVadi a p o r ti o n in th e s outh ar e B AKKARA an d a p orti o n in

th e n o r th o wn er s o f c am e ls 2 Sinc e 1 9 04 m any o f th e m h av e e nte r e d .

Ar a bes r fu gi s au Fi tr i

th e ranks o f th e O th er s ag ain ar e in

.
, ,

B aki r m i wi th th e S ALAMAT an d in B o r nu
3 4
,

M Gar b ou su b divi des th o s e we s t o f D rf r as fo ll o ws

.
5

A BAHARI YE 1 O ULAD AL I
.
.

2 O ULAD A AN
. F
)

b AM Z I HEP E
P O ULAD AB O U FAH I L
-

U O ULAD ZAI T
''

G KAN AB KE ( o n E L ME HAM I D

! O ULAD MAKRAM
I
Mo stly in Bakirm i
O ULAD HERE
I
O
O

e tc .

B . ALALI N G ( ou

He als o
m enti o ns as su b divisi o ns of th e B EN I KHUZAM th e OULAD
AB OU AS S AF O M E I RAT et QEB ES AT Th es e l atter an d s o m e o f th e
''

, .

K anbk a ar e in B or nu .

T h e K HUZAM in D r f r sp eak o f th e ms e lv e s as cl o s el y c o nn e cte d

wi th th e BEN 1 HUS AYN an d d ivi de d into BAHARIA an d ALALI K T h e

fo r mer c o nsist th ey s ay of HAM MUDA an d G EMAA th e l atter of

, ,

,

I MAYRAT (i e th e O M E i RAT m e nti o n e d) AS HEDDAD an d S AV E

''

. . .
,

1
C ar b o u , II , B ar t h ( V o l 1 1 1 , Ap p 7 , p 5 45 )
7 1 7 4 . a e s th e th e o u r th mk m f
l g ib b i i
. . .

ar e st t r e o f A r a s i n W ad a F o r t h e B e n M ak hz m se e W iI ste n fe l d , R
w l w m ig l P yi m
.

y
.

2
It o u d b e th e se o f ho N ac h t a ( O u a d a i , p 7 1 ) s a s : h s q u e ent

mbl mi lli v
.

i l s r e sse s a e c l e s Z o g h ao u a s ( Am m K im

e n t aux D jaad i n a s ,

a s so n t a

T e h

Djaad in a

h e d e scr e s as o f a c o o u r ib
l
l g er e m en t g r i st r e e t
r o u g e t r e : i l s so n t a p e u p r s p u r san ar a e s

( lo c g b
b
.

3
C p m ap i n E l T n i s i s

an d C ar o n , I I 8

i v ly l b
.
. .

4
I bid T h o se i n B o r n u ar e s a d t o h a e o n s ett e d t h e r e a o u t 1 8 3 0

v b lli g
. .

5
I bi d I p r e s e r e M C ar o n s s p e n

m l i mi
. . .

3
S o e o f th e s e a s o ar e in B ah r I bi d . .
296 T HE G U HAYNA GRO U P 1 11 3. . XX
( k ) BE N I H U S AYN
XX T he B EN I HUS AYN are d i v i de d b etween W adai an d D rf r .

Th ey ar e o nl y a small trib e and th o s e in D rf r c amp in th e r ainy

,

s eas o n we st s o u th wes t o f e l F sh er b etween G eb e l K u ssa an d

- -

M ar r a an d in the su mmer farth er s ou th U ntil m ove d by Ali D inar

, .

s om e ten y ear s ag o th e y wer e m o stly n o rth o f K u lku l .

T h e s e c ti o ns in D Ar fi I r ar e :
'

AWLAD BELLUL AW LAD ALA AN

Y
MUS A SAL I M
BAHR E L NO ARN A
RAsHI D 1 AW LA D IA DAZ

U KAL
(
G
U RARA

HAYTAN MA I N Z
AW LAD S E LLAMA E L E N D AI YI N
BAKH I T

E L ALAMAT

( l) B A S H IR
X X I T h is sm all tr ib e o f s e mi n o m adic B AKKARA li v ing imm e di ate ly
-

s o u th o f e l F s h e r b e l o ngs t o t h e HAY M AD g r ou p I ts s u b d ivisi o ns .

ar e :

AW LAD S UL TAN AW LAD ZYA D

E L AS AD S HAL OLI j
HAMMAD IA J

T here is a s ecti o n of in n o r th er n K o r do fn wh o ar e
K AB AB i S H
als o c all e d B AS HI R an d ar e p ro b ably by o r igin a b ranc h o f th e D ztr f r

t r ib e .

( m ) S A L AM AT ,
B E N I RAS H I D AN D Z I UD

XX I I O f th e S ALAMAT B EN I RAS HI D (o r RO W AS HDA) an d Z I UD li ttl e

,

will b e s ai d S inc e th ey d o n o t inh abi t K o r d o fn o r D r fti r excep t in '

n egligibl e nu mb er s an d are th e n inc o rp orate d in o th e r tr ib es

,
1
.

S A LAMAT T h e S AL AM AT ar e o n e o f th e l ar g e s t tr ib e s in A fr ic a
,
2

an d in h abi t B o r nu th e C h ad d is tr ic t B aki r m i an d s o u th e r n W ad i
, , .

Th ey wer e als o at o n e tim e fai r ly nu mer ou s in D r f r b u t wer e d is ,

p erse d an d d r iv e n w e stwar d s T h e we s ter n b ranc h o f th e tr ib e is

.

d ar k er th an th e eas te r n an d is incl u d e d in th e g e n er al ter m S h o a

.

All alik e ar e B AKK ARA th o u gh th e y als o o w n a c er tain nu mb er o f

,

s h ee p .

Th ei r two m ain divisi o ns ar e th e IS I A an d th e AW LAD M US A b ut

3
'

1
C p the su d b ivi i
s o n s o f t h e Hum r F e l ai t a

b
. .
.

2
S e e C ar o n , I I , p p 5 6 7 1 ; B ar th , 1 1 1 ( C h
. . an d I I I (Ch .
45 4
an d 4 6 5 , e t c

f m y i mi l
.

3
T h e o r e r ar e c hi e i n B o r n u an d B ah r th e at ter in W ad a i an d th e
i i w ll
C h ad d s tr c t as e .
,
298 T HE GU HAYNA GR OU P 1 11 3 . . XX II .

th e p eni nsu l a I fou n d ,

tw o w h o wer e nam e d re sp ecti v el y Z I UD an d

RO W AS HDA .

Th er e ar e als o a few Z I UD inc or p o rate d amo ng th e HUM R FELAI TA 1

in K o r d o fn .

In d ealing
wi th th e HAW AZ M A atte nti o n was drawn to th e co n
n e cti o n th at exis t e d b etw ee n th at tr ib e an d th e B E N I HARB o f Ar abi a .

T h e s am e c o nn e c ti o n app ear s t o exi s t in th e c as e o f s o m e at l eas t o f

th e B E N I RAS H I D fo r th e ZEB AYD I A ( c o rr e sp o n d ing to th e Z EB ADA o f

th e w e s t) ar e p r o p e r l y a s ec ti o n o f th e B EN I OF b r anc h o f th e B EN 1

HARB 2
.

( ) T HE NAWAIBA , MAHRrA M AHAM ID ERAYK AT

2 , ,

AN D AT AYF AT

XX I I I T h er e r e m ain to b e c o nsi d er e d th e ve c am e l o wning trib es -

o f n o rt h er n D r fi i r an d W ad i w h o ar e o f th e s am e s t o ck as th e
'

B AKK ARA Th r ee o f th e s e th e NAW AIB A th e MAHRIA an d th e MA

.
, ,

HAM ID h av e b ee n al r e ad y m e nti o n e d as c o mp o sing in th e s o u th o f

,

D r f r th e g r e at tr ib e o f th e R I ZAY KAT : th e fou r th is th e E RAY K AT

an d th e fth th e ATAYF A

T .

All alik e cl aim th e G U HA Y N A c o nn e c ti o n an d ei th er e nter e d

D r fi i r an d W ad i in th e fo u rt e e n th c e ntu r y o r r ath e r l ate r 3
'

XX I V T h e MAHAM I D ar e sp ok e n o f b y el T i i nisi w h o p ass e d th r ou gh

' '

th e i r c o u ntry as a p o w e r fu l t r ib e c o n tai ni ng m an y s u b d i v isi o ns an d

4
.

o wning g r e at h e r d s o f c am e ls h o r s e s an d o th er w eal th in n o r th e r n ,

Wadi He s ay s to o th at th ey h ave p r esqu e la nu anc e cl ai r e d e s

5
.
, ,

Egy p ti e n s

3
In hi s wo r k o n D r fi i r h e als o m enti o ns th e m am o ng
.
'

F ar arah ] g r o u p in th e n o r th

th e F EZARA 7
.

N ach tigal inclu de s th e MAHRI A th e NAW AI B A th e E RAY KAT an d

, ,

th e AT AYFAT in th e te r m M AHAM I D He s ay s o f th e m

3 '

L es M ah am i d s p eu ven t fou r ni r au mo i n s qu t e mill e c av ali er s I ls

a r .

s o n t r o u ge zi t es e t o n t b o n ca act e ; o n l e s d i t p i e u x
r bi en fai sants et r r ,

1
b i i bv
S ee l st o f s u se c t o n s o n p 2 8 6 , a o e
ll m b y m
. .

H e c a s th e n e ar M ecc a , a n u
2
B u r t o n , P ilg r i m ag e II , 1 20 Zu a d er

l g g i v
. . . . .

o u s c an o f h t in t h e e s
b k iy l i
.

3
M C ar o n S p e a s ( I I , 7 7 ) o n t h e au th o r t o f S at n ( B k 1 , C h 2 ) o f t h e
g i m big li y
. . .

e n e s s o f t h e N aw i b a , M ah r i a an d M aha i d as e n d u e to t h e p o c o f t h e
l
S u tan M uh a mm F l
ad vi g b
ad w h o , h a iz y
n su d u e d t h e R a ka t , t r an s p an t e d an of l m y
th e m w
to n o r t h er n D r ffi r y v lly v l i
h er e th e e e n tu a d e e o p e d n to

t h e t h r e e tr es ib
m ie n t o n e d T hi s i s mi l i g
s e ad nmm F l M uh a v ad a d m ay h a e t r an sp an t e d R a ka t l iz y
yw ly j i g i ki f lk w b b
. .

t o th e n o r t h , b u t t h e er e o n r e o n in th e r ns o t h e r e an d e r e a so r e d

in to t h e
5
m f
a r e sh .
4
V oy ag e a u O ua day , p 5 1 2 . .

I bi d p p 2 5 0, 2 5 1 C p B ar th , V o l 1 1 1 , A p p 7 , p 5 4 5
i
. . . . . . . .

3
V oy ag e a u O ua day , p 4 00 C o n tr ast C ar b o u , I I , 8 0, n u ty p e n o r aux tr aits
g li
. .

r u er s .
7
V oy ag e D arfo ur , p 3
V oy ag e O ua d a i , p 7 2
'

au . 1 29 . au . .
111 3 . . XX IV . T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 299

h osp i tali er s ; i ls p ar l en t l ar ab e l e plu s p u r I ls h abi ten t au N o r d O u est

-
.

d u D ar fr acti o n s d e cette trib u so n t n omb r eu ses , j ai pu

v
r e co nn ai tr e l e s su i an tes : l es O u l ad Djell o u , l es O u l ad
2
h ei k 3 , les O u l ad C
Yassi n , les O u l ad Z ed , l es Ne dja s , l es S eif e d din (ou S eifan ) , le s
3 3 3
'

N ao u aib a s , l es E r ekat s , l es Mah ariy e s (M eh riya l e s O u l ad Djen ab ,

l es Ham diya s , l es E t teiyi fat s

4

Th es e N achtigal cl ass e s am o ng th e c am e l owning n o mad s His -

.

e s tim at e o f th ei r c h ar ac te r w as n o t acc u r ate Th e y ar e an d alway s .

h ave b ee n inv eter ate r ai d er s ; intellige nts astu ci eu x m e nteu r s ; 5

, ,

l ax in th ei r r e ligi o n an d r e s e nt fu l o f all c o ntr o l Am o ng th e m is a .

sm attering o f KURA AN 3
.

T h e nu mb er o f c am el o wni ng M AHAM I D in n o rth er n D rfi i r

' '

since th e M ahdi a h as b een inc o nsi d er abl e in c o mp ar is o n wi th

th o s e living far th e r w e s t b u t ab o u t 1 9 08 a nu mb er o f M AHAM I D

'

(AW LAD S HAilg) fr o m Wadi c o mm o nly kn o wn as U M G ALLIJ L

'

, ,

migr ate d into D r f r an d s ettl e d wi th th e S HOT I A an d AW LAD S HAI K

' '

s e cti o ns n o rth o f el F ai sh er wh e r e th ey say they h ad b een s o m e

th r e e o r fo u r g e n erati o ns p r e vi o u sly b e fo r e th e y w e nt t o W ad ai In , .

191
4 s o m e o f th e s e m i g rat e d s till far th er eas t an d w e n t to K or d o f n .

In 1 9 1 6 o n th e d e ath o f Ali D i nr th ey r etu r ne d to D r fr

,

,
.

T h e s u b d ivisi o ns o f th e n o rth er n M AHAM I D in D rf r c o r r e sp o n d

'

fai r l y cl o s e l y t o th o s e o f th e B AKKARA b r anch wh o fo r m a th i r d o f

th e R I ZAY KAT : th ey ar e as fo ll o ws

A AW LAD SHAI K

1 U M SAYF EL D i N .

2 . U M GALLUL ( ) aA W L AD I LA L G
( 1 ) AW LAD ID

( )
b AW L AD M A B L U L

( c) B ILAYL I
( )
d EL R I FAY I K

( )
e T A K O

(f ) RAS HI D 7

B . AWL AD YAS IN Al r ead men tio n e d as

. y b ein g cattl e -
o w n er s an d
v
li i ng in an i n te rme d i ate p osi ti o n b et w een th e s o u th e r n BAKKARA '

an d th e c ame l o n er s -
w .

C . S HOTIA
'

D . AWLAD ZY
A T . P ar tly
camel n d p rtly cattl e o w ni ng a a -
. T he y liv e

r ou n d T ina b etween el FAsh e an d G eb e l M a a

,
r rr .

1
I e . in Wurda d i i C ar b o u , I I , 7 9
s tr c t : s e e

m bly h
m i l
.

P
.

2
r e su a t e U m G al l ul en t o n ed at e r

b i
m m g giv bv
.

o f M aha i d a e , an d
3
C p . su sec t o n s on th e R i z ay kzi t as en a o C ar b o u
II, 83
At f f w h m l
.

4
I h e t e ay t, or o see at e r

i g Li i
. . .

5 3
C b ar8 L
ou, II, 0, q u o t n eu t u c en C ar b o u , 1 1 , 8 3
Aw l d R i h id f m W d i w h h v m lv
. .

7
es ro a o a e att ach e d th e se e s to th e U m G all l .
3 00 T HE G U HAYNA GR OU P 111 3 X X V . . .

X XV T h e NAW AiB A n or th ar e th e s ame in ty p e as the of th e

MAHAMID b u t fewer an d live amo ng them In ad di tio n to thes e an d ,
.

th e NAW Ai B A am o ng th e R I ZAY KAT in th e s o u th th er e is an in de ,

p e n d e nt B AKKARA tr ib e o f NAW Ai B A in s o u th e aster n W adi 1 -

XXV I T h e MAHRiA fall u n d er th e s ame cl assicati o n as th e MA

H AM l D an d NAW AIB A an d ar e u s u all y m e nti o ne d in c o mp any wi th ,

th e m 2
T h o s e in D atr f r li v e wi th th e MAHAM fD b etwee n Ku ttu m
.

an d G e b e l M ar r a at th e p r e s e nt d ay an d ar e n o t nu m e r o u s T h ei r .

s ecti o ns ar e
HAMD AN IA
U M AHMAD
AW LAD HE N AN I
AL I

B I S HARA
XXV I I Ak in to th e m an d ge nerall y cl aime d to b e MAHRI A ar e th e

c ame l o wni ng Atayfzi t wh o li v e r o u n d M e llit an d in Ank a d is trict

-
3 '

to th e n o r th T h e r e th ey ar e s u b d ivi d e d in to AW LAD B ARAK A AW LAD

.
,

AGAY L an d AW LAD G O W N A T h ey s ay th ey h ave als o tw o s e cti o ns

.
,

HAGAI A an d AW LAD NU S R in W adai an d o ne th e AK AK I Z in s o u th er n

'

, , ,

D r f r wi th th e R I ZAYKAT .

XXV I I I T h e E RAYK AT als o b e l o ng to th e s ame gr o u p T h e y wer e

4
.

c hi ey in n o r th we s ter n D rf r u ntil th e time o f th e S u ltan Mu h am

-

m ad F ad l b u t th at r u l e r attack e d th e m an d d e cim ate d th ei r nu mb er s

,

an d d e liv e re d t h e i r g r azing g r o u n d s o v e r to th e M AHAM I D an d o th e r s

'
-
.

T h e s u r viv o r s e d n o rth war d s At p r e s e nt m o st o f th e E RAYK AT ar e

.

c amel o wner s r o u n d el F sh er an d in th e n o r th we st S o me ar e
- -
.

fu r th er aeld i n th e Enned i dis tr ict wi th th e BEDAYAT an d in D r

T m a 5
El T n isi als o me nti o ns th e m as a r ich B AKKARA tr ib e in
.
3

s ou th we ster n W adai b u t his s to ry to th e e ffe ct th at th ei r n ame was

-

d er iv e d fr o m e l I r a1k i e M e s o p o tami a an d th at th ey w er e c o n

. .
, ,

n e ct e d wi th th e B EN I LAK HM an d G U D HA M w as
p r o b ably p u r e inventi o n T h e E RAYKAT o f D rf r ar e d ivi d e d into .

Z EB ELAT o n th e o n e h an d an d a g r o u p c o nsisting o f D I M AYS AT ,

N AsRi A AW LAD K E RRU , an d M I NAwi A on th e o th e r .

ig l m i h m
1
N ach t ml w i Wd
a en t o n s t e as ca e -
o n er s n a ai : see V oy a u O ua d a i ,
.
'

d

4 0, 0,l T i i O dd
2 , 1 09 d C ar b o u , l o c ci t
'

pp 5 7 ; an cp m ap to c ii n s s ua y an

N h ig l O d l
. . . .

2
E

65 7 93 T i i S e e a so

.
g . se e 7 ac t a , ua ai , pp .
,
0, 2, un s s m ap , e t c .

C b ar 78 7ou , 11 ,
9
Th i m i d b f m d f m d imi iv f
.

3
e r na e s no ou t or e ro a n ut e o u tfa (see n o te to

MS D 3 I l h f i fA z t a so o c cu r s as t at o a se c t o n o

na a in n o r t h er n Ar a bi a,

kh d
.
,

(B u rc ar t, I,
C N h ig l O d
4
C b 5

p 7 . ac t a , ua ai , p . 2 . ar ou , II , pp .
74 , 7 5
3
O ua d ay , p . 2 5 0 an d m ap .
 0
3 2 T HE G U HAYNA GR OU P
304 T HE G U HAYNA GR OU P
306 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P
 C HAP T E R 4

The Guhay na Gr o up ( con t in u e d )

( )
a T H E K A BAB i S H l

I p e rh aps p r e s e nt a m or e inter e sting s tu d y in r aci al

T h e KAB AB i S H
c o mp o siti o n than any o th er tr ib e in th e S u d an .

At th e p r e s e nt th ey ar e o u twar d ly a h o m o g e n e o u s wh o l e u n d er th e
c o ntr o l o f a su p r e me sh eikh nag ir ) to wh o s e au th o r i ty th e s h eikh s

o f th e s u b tr ib e s an d th e in d i v i d u als alik e b o w T h ey ar e als o th e .

l ar ge st an d m o st we al thy tr ib e o f c ame l o wning n o mad s in th e c o u ntr y -

.

T h e te r m tr ib e is th er e fo r e qu i te applic abl e to th e m ; b u t n o n e th e

l e ss th ey ar e r e ally a c o nger i e s o f h eter o ge n eo u s Arab el em e nts z

,

m o d i fi ed to s o me exte nt by Hami tic ( B E GA an d B E RB ER) an d n eg r o

sl ave ) ad mix tu r e b u t m o r e e ss e n ti ally Ar ab th an th e m aj o r i ty o f th e
( ,

no madic tr ib e s an d a for ti or i than any o f th e s ed entary p o p u l ati o n

, , .

I I T h e g r o wt h o f th e tr ib e t o i ts p r e s e n t s tate is t h e r e s u l t o f a
s er i es o f accr eti o ns wh ich h ave b een taking pl ac e fo r s everal c e ntu r i e s ,

an d t h e p ar ticu l ar c au s e r e sp o nsibl e fo r th is p r o c e ss h as b e e n t h e

geo grap hic al advantag e s o er e d by th e c ou ntry inh abite d b y th e

KAB AB i S H T h is c o mp r is e s th e wh o l e o f th e h ig h l an d o f w h ic h th e
.

lin e U m B adr Katul K agmar U m In der ab a is app r o ximatel y sp eak

- - -

ing th e s o u th er n b ou n d ar y
, .

O n th e n o r th th e K AB AB i S H ar e o nly limi te d by th e d e s e r ts o f th e
S ahar a W estwar d s th e y wan der b ey o n d th e Wadi el M elik to th e
.

D ar fur b or d er an d o n th e eas t in th e d r y s eas o n th ey w at er th ei r

, , ,

o cks in th e Wadi Mu k addam T h er e is als o a l ar ge s e cti o n o f th e .

t r ib e in D o ng o l a P r o v inc e c h i ey n o m ad ic b u t h aving s o m e c u l tiv a

,

ti o n in th e Nil e vall e y .

In n o r ther n K o r d o fan th ey h ave c er tain p atch e s o f cu l tivati o n in

th e vicini ty o f th ei r c h i e f w ater ing pl ac e s b u t th e cu l tiv ato r s ar e o nl y ,

d e p e n d ants l e ft b eh in d fo r th e p u r p o s e w h il e t h e tr ib e as a wh o l e is
gr azing fu r th er a el d o r o ccasi o n all y p o o r m e n w h o h ave o nly a
, , ,

few s h ee p an d g o ats .

1
S ee l
a so xv d i V l
M ac M ic h ae l ff ,
T C h ap .
,
an n o . X L, 1 9 1 0, o oa m .

A h p I
nt r o i ns t t
Th i h g i y i i d i d b y h d iv i y f h i m l b d T h
. .

2
e r e te r o en e t s n c ate t e ers t o t e r ca e -
r an s er e

i gl b d p li ib h E h m i d ivi i
.

i s no s n e h r an f ecu ar to t e tr e n o r an y t r ace o su c ac a n s on ,

h w v b d mm m mb T h i d i m y
.

o h e er , as ll i a r an co on to a ts e er s ese ar e sp ec e n

b h i f hm m i di
.

C l B d d i K d f d

roc ure on am e r an s us e n or o a n , an c e r ta n o t e ar e ent o n e n

t h f hi
e c ou rse o h t s c ap t e r .

2 0 2
3 08 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P III 4 II. . .

T he n atu r al
fe atu r e s o f th e c o u ntry th ey inh abi t ar e e mine nt ly
su itabl e fo r th e b r ee ding o f camels an d sh eep , an d in i ts s ou ther n
p orti o n fo r c attl e r ear ing T o o n e famili ar wi th th e s e l eve l o r ge ntly
.

u n d u l ating s to n y
tr act s inte r s e c te d by nu m e r o u s m or e fe r til e s h all o w
,

y y
vall e s an d d o tte d wi th r o ck o u tcr o ps a d e scr ip ti o n o f the h igh l an d s ,

j
o f N e d in Ar abi a t ak e n ap ar t fr o m i ts c o n tex t r e ad s as th o u g h i t
, ,

mu s t r efer to th e KAB AB i S H c o u ntry .

Wh en th e o bstacl e o f th e C h risti an k ing d o m o f D o ng o l a h ad b ee n

y
swep t awa at th e b eginn ing o f th e fo u r tee nth c entu ry by th e Ar abs ,

an d t h e tr ib e s o f G Y
U HA N A an d th e i r alli e s p o u r e d in t o th e S u d an ,

y
m an o f th e s e n ding th e easter n d es er t su fci entl o ccu pi e d by
,
y
o th e r Ar ab an d B E A tr ib e s G
b eto o k th e ms e lve s to th e h ar d ly l e ss
,

y
c o nge ni al tracts l ing w es t o f th e r i er I t h as al r ead b ee n expl aine d 1
v . y
t h at th e s e p ar t s w e r e n o t p r e i o u sl v
u n o ccu pi e d T h e Arabs fo u n d y .

t h e r e b an d s o f n e gr o Ham i tic T I B B U an d in th e h ill s c o l o ni e s o f

-

, ,

v
NUB A , an d i t m ay h a e tak e n the m s e e r al c e ntu r i e s to e stablish v
a c o mpl e te as c e n d ancy o e r th e pl ains v
T h e fr ing e o f h ills fr o m .

e l Har a y v
z a to K aga th e n e er atte mp te d to c o nqu e r an d it w as n o t ,

u n til ve o r six g e n e r ati o ns ag o th at th e y h ad e n ti r e l e x ti r p ate d th e y

N UB A fr o m th e far l e s s fo r mi dabl e an d n ow u nin habi te d h ills l ing y
farth e r n o r th an d well wi th in th e p r e s ent da r EL K AB AB iS H

I I I T h e n am e o f KA B A B i S H (si ng K abb ash i ) is p o p u l ar l d e r ive d . y

in th e u su al mann er fr o m a p u r e l cti ti o u s anc es to r call e d K ab sh , 2
y
y
b u t is m o r e p r o p er l t o b e c o nn e c te d wi th th e w o r d ha bsh a r am
3
, .

At wh at p e r i o d th e n ame w as a d o p te d th e r e is n o e vi d e nc e T h e 4
.

name s o f cer tain o f th e s u b tr ib e s an d wh at li ttl e can b e l ear nt o f

th ei r p as t h is to r y
c o nr m th e c o ncl u si o n to which o n e wo u l d arr ive ,

in any cas e o n h is to r ical gr o u n d s th at th ey came o r iginall y fr o m th e ,

n o r th e r n p o r ti o n o f th e Heg az .

L et u s tak e ex ampl e s :
I V T h e s e c ti o n wh ic h li v e s r o u n d U m In d e rab a an d U m Si d r an d
is e ss e nti all y a sh e ep b r ee ding c o mmu ni ty is the AW LAD
-

T r ad i ti o n te lls u s th at th ey wer e th e o rigin al KAB AB IS H an d h e l d

5

1
S ee P ar t I , Ch 2
g lly z gi f m
. .

2
He e n er a ap p e ar s as so n of Af ar w h o a a n i s d e s c en d e d r o

b ll
A du a el i
G u h an , t h e n t e n t e n t o i big c o nn e c t t h e K a a i s h s u t a bb th th e i bly wi
F e z ar a an d G u h a n a r o u p s y g
f m i f m g ) z
.

C p t h e o r at o n o f M a az a r o

3
an d o f An a a

m a az ( h e o ats -

f m g f m
.
,

( s h e o ats ) , an d p e r h ap s o f S hoa sha ( s h e e p ) C p C ar b o u ,

ro anz -
ro . .

I I , 2 0, a n d B u r t o n , L a n d of M idi a n , 1 , 3 3 6
bb w ll i g g ib
.

T h e K a a i s h u se t h e t o e th e r
4
ord ta k a bbas ha to d e s c r e th e co e c t n

v i
o f th e m
ar o u s c o p o n e n t p ar ts n t o a s n e t r a ho e i i gl ib l w l
i ji m i v b
.

5
T he r st o f th e p r e s en t s e c t o n s to o n th e ar e s a d t o h a e e en th e

li
R o w ahl a (si ng R ah ) an d t h e A ad On T h es e , acco r d n to e r wl
i g v yv g ii
a u e tr ad t o n ,

w f ll w by wl wl b
. .

ed th e S e r ag ab , A ad H a a an d N ur a
'

er e o o .
31 0 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 111 4 1v
. . .

gi v e u p th ei r p r i v il e ge o f e sco r ting th e pilgr ims He als o rel ates the .

t al e o f th e i r w ar s wi th th e M A A Z A in th e ear ly sixtee nth c e ntu r y an d

,

wi th th e B ELI wh o live d s ou th o f th em .

M o st o f th e B EN I U KB A wh o we nt to Egyp t j o in e d th e B EN I

HI LAL an d app ear amo ng th e s u b tr ib e s o f th at g r eat c o nger i es as

e nu m e r ate d by Ibn K h aldti n an d cl M ak r iz i
'

L e o Afr ic anu s ( c 1 49 5 1 5 5 2 ) r e fer s to th e m as Hu cb an .T he

ki n g d o m o f Hu cb an are n ext n eigh b ou r s u nto th e r egi o n o f M eli an ,

w h o r e c e i v e c e r tain p ay fr o m th e K ing o f T u nis T h e y ar e a ru d e an d .

wil de p eo pl e an d in ve r y d e ad e e s trange d fr o m al hu m ani tie : th ey

,

h ave (as i t is r e p o r te d ) ab o u t 1 5 00 h o rsem en At wh at p e r i o d o r

l
,
.

by wh at r o u te th ey c ame to n o r th er n K o r d o fan th e r e is n o d i r e ct
,

e v i d e nc e .

V An o th e r l ar g e b r anch o f th e K AB AB i S H a r ic h c am e l o wning fo lk ,
-

ar e th e ATA W I A (sing At awi ) T h e fo r m ATAW I A is th e e qu iv al e nt

' '

. .

of B EN I ATfA an d I h ave li ttl e h e si tati o n in c o nn ecting th e se

p eo pl e th r o u gh th e A r I AT (o r ATAW AN I ) B e du in o f th e T heb ai d 2

wi th th e B EN I ATI A o f Ar abi a wh o s e n ame s o fr e qu e ntly o ccu r s in

'

c o nj u ncti o n wi th th at o f th e G UHAY N A F E Z ARA an d BEN 1 HI LAL ,

.

T h e fac t th at th e AT AW I A in K o r d o fan al l u se th e b ran d Y

'

an d th at th e B E N I AT I A o f Ar abi a u se A m er e l y s tr e ngth e ns th e
'

c o nvicti o n 3
.

At th e tim e o f th e Hilalian invasi o n in w h ic h i t will b e r e m e m , ,

b er e d th e F EZARA als o to o k p ar t th e B EN I AT1 A wer e r eck o ne d a

, ,
'

s e c ti o n o f the ATHB E G th e l ar g est b r anch o f th e B EN I HI LAL an d , ,

s ettl e d in th e Alger i an p r o vinc e o f C o nstantine Ibn K hal d n says

4
.

th e y th e r e b e c am e e nfeebl e d an d d is app eare d ; an d if a l ar g e n u mb er

o f th e m d etac h e d th e ms e l v e s fr o m th e B E N I HI LA L t o mig r ate t o th e

S u dan th is w o u l d acc ou nt fo r th e fact .

Ho we v e r in th e mi d dl e o f th e nin eteenth c e ntu r y th er e wer e s o me

3000 o f th e m in C o ns tantin e an d s o m e 5 00 in th e S ah ara T h ey ar e .

r eg ar d e d th er e as B e r b er s
5
.

1
L eo , m l( 5 I, 1Bk V l
44 8 ) b w hi M ar o c 1 20 A D 1, o I, p 0 o rro s t s acc o u n t

wi h k wl d g f m L d dd h h y h d i f y w ll
. . . . . . .
,

t o u t ac no e m en t ro e o an a s t at t e a n an tr as e

K li l 5 d8 H k f h m d i i b be d g
.

2
ppe pp an e sp ea s o t e as or g ne er re an ro u p s

h m wi h h B i W a il
. .
,

t e t t e en s
ill m y B i At i A bi P lg v i 8 6 m d h i
.

3
Th e r e ar e s t an en ia n ra a a ra e n 1 2 co p ute t e r

mb b 6 l hmi h H a b w
.

nu H
e r s at a h
o ut l J f
000 e p ac es t e n t e n o rt ern eg z et e en c ow

y h y d h H b i f h ilg im d M d (V l
.

and M w l d u a y a an sa s t e an t e ar n es t t e p r ro a to e in a o II,

gh y
.

pp 86 d 8 d an i V l ) D 20 6
an 7 78 ) m ap n o I ou t pp 1 4, 1 5 2
m i hm bj Hayil d livi g wi h h G h y T ym
. . . .
, ,

en t o n s t e as su e ct to an n t t e u a na n e ar a a

W lli ( h m wi h h M az i
.

l Hi fM d

a n ) q v p a
310 m l et t e t t e a a n e sm e as t o u w ay a an at

T b k h i b gh y T l
. . .

e F u d D or t e r r an s ee ou t r a ve s , I 1 25

Ib K h l d d d Sl
. .
, ,
4
S ee n 8 ff a un , e e an e , pp 2
m i d i m y wi h h m
. . .

5
C 5 Th F a
ar e tt e , p .
44 . e ez r a ar e en t o n e n co p an t t e .
11 1 4 v1
. . . T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 3 1 1

T h e ATAW I A

g e ner all y c o nsi d ere d to b e KA
'

of K o r d o fan ar e

W AH LA b y o r igin b u t th is m ay m e an n o m o r e th an th at wh e n th e b u lk
,

HLA j o in e d th e K AB AB IS H th e ATA W I A c am e wi th th em .
'

o f th e KAW A

1

Th er e ar e als o c attl e o wning ATAW I A far th er s ou th amo ng th e -

'

R I ZAY KAT BAKKARA an d w e h ave al r eady s ee n th at Ati a is o n e o f

,

th e m o s t g e n erally acc e p te d an d b e s t kn o wn o f th e trad i ti o n al B AK

KA RA anc e s tor s .

V I T h e N URAB th e r ich e s t an d als o th e ru ling s e c ti o n o f th e KAB A

,

B I S H cl aim to b e p r o p e r ly RI KA B IA fr o m e l A fa t in D o ng o l a
'

T he

2
, .

S E RAGAB ar e s ai d to b e K E N AN A T h e BERARA ar e G A ALI I N

3
T he
4
. .

AW LAD S U LAY M AN say th ey ar e an o ffs h o o t o f th e g r eat tr ib e o f th e

s ame n ame wh ich w as o nce s ettl e d b etw ee n th e G r eat Sy r te s an d
F ezz an an d wh ich terr o r iz e d B o r ku B o r nu an d K anem in th e ni n e
tee n th c e ntu r y 5 .

T h e AW LAD ON a s h ee p o wni ng s e c ti o n r ou n d G ab r a w er e

-

, ,

p r o b abl y i d entical s o m e ge ne r ati o ns ag o wi th th e ON I A b ranch o f

, ,

S HAI X I A

the .

T h e AW AI DA

6
i r ep o nymo u s ancesto r A1 d w as a fam ou s
'

s ay th e

feki fr o m Ad e n As th ey d o no t app ear u nd er th ei r p r es ent name .

in th e m anu scr ip ts o n e might b e ap t to su pp o s e th at th ey wer e new

c o mer s to Africa w h o since th ei r arr ival h ad abs o rb e d th e famili e s
,

o f B E GA K AN I J Z an d S HA IKIA wh ich ar e to b e fo u n d am o ng th e m 7
'

Bu t i t is mu c h m o r e lik e ly th at th e tru e AW AI DA wh o h av e abs o r b e d

'

th e s e fo r eign famili e s are o f c o mm o n s to ck wi th th e AI D A

'

B of D on

,

g o l a wh o m w e h ave m e t p r evi o u sly b o th am o ng th e S HAIK IA an d the

,
'

BEDAYRI A .

F or a t w er e wi th the RUFA A in th e E as t b etwe en

ime th e AW AI DA
'

th e R ah ad th e D i n d e r an d th e Atb ar a r iv e r s an d a c ert ain nu mb er ,

s

o f th e m r e m ain th er e s till Bu t th e g r e ate r nu mb er c r o ss e d th e r ive r

s

an d j o in e d t h e KAB AB i S H T h is p r o b ably o cc u r r e d ab o u t th e b e ginni ng .

o f th e nin e tee n th c en tu r y
9

1
Qv sub f ll w)
K aw ah l a ( C h ap 5 to o o

X
. . . .

2
S ee D 1 C C III
3
p K en an a ( C h ap
s ub

y b bly j i d h K b abi h ly y l
. . .

4
T he p ro a o ne t e a s co m p ar at ive l v r e ce n t T he a one of

i b d h i m l h l f id
.

al l th e s e c t o n s r an t e r ca e s on t e e t s e

l f ll m
.

5
S e e n o t e t o T un i s i s V oy a u 6 6 0 ; a so fo r a u acc o u n t o f t h e

, p . O ua day .

s e e C ar b o u , I , 8 5 1 03 , an d 3 1 3 5 , an d B ar t h , V o l I I I , C h ap X L , p p 6 1 ff T h o s e
l gi i li b y
. . . .

n o w sett e d i n t h e C h ad r e o n ar e o f th e T r p o t an A r a t pe
i
.

6
S i ng A1 d i

7
V i z t h e A d lan ab s e c t o n

ly i v v b m
. . . .

b an d M s m b at I d
8
T he on s ect o n s I h a e m e t h a e e en s o e K an z a

el A

w ml i i
ai d a i n e l K a i n d s tr c t
i ivi i i yy i k lig f
.

9
T he r d s on n t o Z u r r uk an d B a d (i e d ar an d h t) h as r e e r e n c e t o
l i ml m lv k ml l m g
. .

th e c o o u r o f th e r c a e s an d n o t t o t h e se es D ar c a e s ar e t h e r u e a o n
mi l ib b bi g y
.

dd e tr es , H ar , M e t ay r , an d Atey b an in Ar a a ( D o u h t ,

th e so u t h an d

II,
31 2 T HE G U HAYNA GR OU P I II 4 V I I
. . .

VII T he su b divisi o ns of th e K AB AB i S H ar e as fo ll o ws 1

NIJRAB
2
C . AW L AD ON 5

RI B AYxAT LAB AB I S

1 . 1 .

(a) AYAY I D BERAS HA

2 .

( b) D E RAY W AB
3 K. U R U N A B

(c) F ERIJ HAB 4 D AR EL HAG

AHAY M ERAB (d ) 5 T AM AsfH

.
6

BATAE (e) 6 L I KAYRI TAB

.

U M S I RAYH (f ) D . AW LAD T E RAYF 7

2 D AR K EB fR
. 1 ME RAYxAT
.

3 D A R. U M B A K H I T

2

.IS HAB
4 AW LAD EL K I R 3 AL0W N A
8
. .

5 N E K. AD A 4 G. E R A M D A
6 D AR S A I D G H I LAYAN 7

7 K IBB AY S HAB
.
To wAL 9

W

10
N A AwA1 DA

( )

a S A D Y IJ S EF

(b) ME S AID E L AwA1 DA E L ZURRUK

1 .

( )
c N A S W A D S H ET H AN
'

( )
a N A S WALAD RAHM A

(d) NAS WAD D UKUS HAYN MAX B IJ L

'

8 AW LAD AW AD EL S ID
. EL HI LAL I
AW A N A f RAB I H

9 L D
. tI
1 0 HO W ARA. B
3
EL BESH I R

AW LAD D AB o E L N 1 AM A

AL I 2 . E L AWA 1 DA EL

BAYY I D
RAHIJ DA ( )
B A A
'

a I S H R B

B . AWL AD HAW AL 4
(b) ADLAN AB
1 D AR HAM I D
.
(c) S UN UN AB
2 D AR MAH M UD
.

1
T h e st en i l li giv by
l m
P ar k y n s n c u d e s a s o Aha d a y L ah am d y G uh a na,
zy wi v b k
K aw ah l a , B atahi n S h e n ab la , Ke r r i t an d G h a a a all o f h c h h a e n o w r o e n
wy ly i ib w i livi g
, ,

a a I n e ac h c ase it w as o n a s e c t o n o f th e s e t r es h c h w as n u n d e r th e
gi bb im
.

ae s o f t h e K a a i s h at th e t e

i i i iv m l b b lly l g
.

T h e r d s t n c t e ca e r ip i n t h e
2
r an d i s t h e ba ag e -
a on
iz l li
h o r o n ta ig i
n e o n th e r m ly
h t s d e o f t h e s t o ac h N e ar al l add o n e o r tw o s h o r t

f lg il bb mlb
.

F o r d e t a s r e th e s e an d o t h e r K a a i s h ca e

d hi r a a s o n th e o r e e r an d s -

my
.

see C a m el p p 1 6 e t s eq
i l lm gl
. .

3
T h e s e n c u d e an e e e n t o f D o lfb ( R ik ab i a o r D an a a)
i i i iv b m k ji f lg
.

4
T h e r d s t n c t e r an d is a K u ( a ar o n t h e u p p e r o n t o f t h e o r e e )

ji
.

Ku = a o nt
P b bly igi m g
.

5
ro a o f S h ai ki a o r n S ee p 2 2 0, an d p 9 9 fo r t h e L ab ab i s a o n t h e
wl i gy li l
. . .

F ur T h e r e ar e A ad On a B e d u n i n E

p t ( s ee K p p e , p

il
. .

6
I e C r o c o d es
i b ig i ml
. . .

7
B o th s ec t o n s u s e an a m ud r an d o n t h e r h t s d e o f th e ca e s

as

n eck
li f b i f B i H lb d f K a
.

8
C p st o su s ect o ns o en e a an o en n a.

d wi h h R fa wi h h
.

9
C d h h o n n e cte on d h t h e one an t t e u a an on t e ot er t t e
S h ba k ( b R fa ) T h i b

d i h h b l h ib

a r a q v. . su u ( a . e r r an s t e s a u ,
or s a a q v . . on

pp d 2 1 0 an
Th i b v y l g hdbi igh h ld
.

1
d i e r h
ran s a er on s t on t e r t s ou er .
314 T HE G U HAYNA G RO U P I I I 4 V I II
. . .

B ME RAYSAB
.
1
G B . I LAYLAT

C . G UN GO NAB H D AR . BAS HUT

D .

AwAfDA J . D ELAD IM
E . BAY UDAB

K . D AR HAM ID 2

F . AHAY ME RAB

IX b e e n m e nti o n e d th at th e N URAB ar e at p r e s e nt th e r u ling

I t h as
s e cti o n Th ey h ave h e l d th at p o si ti o n fo r eigh t g e n er ati o ns th at is to
.
,

say sinc e K u r b n o f th e RI B AY KA T s u r r e n d e r e d th e c h i e ftains h ip t o

h i s siste r s so n K e r di m o f th e N URAB wh o s e d e sc e n d ants h av e sinc e

3

,

inh er i te d i t in su cc essi o n to o n e an o th er th ou gh n ot alway s fr o m

fath er to s o n 4
.

X T h e KAB AB iS H ar e r s t me nti o ne d b y B ru ce in 1 768 1 773 b u t

,

s o fe w t r av e ll e r s h ad visi te d th e S u d an b e fo r e h i m an d th e r e c o r d s ,

o f s u c h as d i d s o ar e s o sc anty th at o n e c e r t ainly c ann o t as s u m e th at

th e tr ib e w as n o t c all e d KAB A B I S H fo r sc o r e s o f y ear s p r evi o u sl y

'

Sp e aking o f Wad Agi b s c o ll e cting tr ib u te as th e r ep r e s e ntati v e

,

o f th e King o f S e n n r fr o m th e n o m ad s o f th e Bay d a d e s e r t B r u c e
, ,

s ays : th o u gh l ate l y th e B e ni G er ar B e ni F aisar a [i e F EZARA] an d

5
,
. .

Cu bb a b ees h h a v e exp e ll e d th e a nci e n Arabs o f B ah i o u d a [i e the

t 6
. .

BAY UDA] w h o p r ete n d n ow o nly to b e th e s u bj e cts o f K o r d o fan

.
,

Ag ain h e s ay s th at th e r o ad ac ro ss th e B ay d a is imp ass abl e

,
7

b e c au s e o f th e B e ni F ai sar a B eni G er ar an d ,

c o me fr o m th e w es twar d n ear K or d o fan fr o m fear o f th e bl ack

h o r s e th e r e an d h av e t ak e n all th e we lls T h e KAB AB i S H are
8
, .

ver y nu mer ou s an d e xte n d far n orth into th e gr e at d es er t S elima

an d t o th e fr o n ti e r s o f Egyp t
9
.

B r o wn e s ays o f th e m th at th ey i n fes te d the vicini ty o f Bir e l

10

Mlh a (i e Bi r N at r n) i n hi s d ay an d live d by pl u n d er ing th e

. .

c aravans fr o m Egyp t .

El Tuni si s ay s th ey assis te d Hshim the S u l tan o f th e MUS A

11
,

B A AT o f K o r d o f n in hi s w ar s ag ains t T ir b S u l tan o f D r f r

, , ,

to w ar d s th e cl o s e o f th e e ig hte e nth c e ntu r y .

B u r ckh ar dt in 1 8 1 3 r eferr ing to D o ng o l a s ay s : T h e B e do u in

12
, ,

t r ib e o f K o b ab i sh r e si d e in th e c o u ntr y an d ar e c o n tinu all y m aking

incu r si o ns into D ar fo u r fr o m wh e nce th ey c ar ry o ff sl ave s ,
.

1
ha dd as r an d
U se a b
m k
.

2
hi l a l

a U se cr e sc e n t o on o n th e n e c

i vi i m g l wh b y i
.

N o t e th s e d e n ce o f t h e an c e n t cu s to
3
of Don o a er e t h e s s te r s
i
s o n nh e r ts i
g l gi l i
.

4
S ee M ac M i c h ae l , p 1 9 4 , an d e n e a o c a tr e e o p p o s t e
x
. .

5
V o l V I , C h ap
P b bly m
. . .

5 7
ro a su c h h
as t e K e r r i at ar e e an t L o c ci t
P b bly vly m
. . .

9
ro a th e ca a r o f th e F 11 1 , t h e n p ar a o unt in n o rt h e r n K o r d o f n .

9
B r u ce , l oc ci t . .
1
P p 1 8 8 an d 2 47
. .

11
V oy a u D arfour , p
. . 67 .
12
N u bia , p 6 7 . .
111 4 X I
. . . T HE G U HAYNA G R OU P 31 5

C ailli au d ( m e n ti o ns t
1h e m as exp o r ting s al t fr o m n or th e r n
82 1 )
K o r d o fan an d wh e n th e T u r k s c o nqu er e d th e S u d an p r ete n di ng
, ,

to s u bmi t b u t p ay ing n o n e o f th e tr ib u te d e m an d e d o f th e m .

In th e Tu r ki s h d ays th ey wer e l ar ge l y e ng age d in th e tr ansp o r t

tr ad e b u t we r e e e ce d an d swin d l e d u nm e r cifu ll y b y th e T u r ks w h o
,

h ad alway s th e ad v antag e o f b eing abl e t o s eiz e th e KAB AB I S H h er d s

'

wh e n th e h ot we ath er d r ove th e m to the r iver an d th e we ll kn o wn

water ing pl ace s 1 -
.

In 1 8 8 3 th e M ah di s eiz e d e l T om th e h e ad s h eikh an d b eh ead e d , ,

h im M any o f th e KAB AB i S H s e cti o ns th e n j o in e d th e D er vis h es b u t

.
,

th e N URAB an d s o m e o th er s r e ti r e d in to th e d e s e r ts an d d e e d th e m

u n d e r S l ih B ey F adlu ll a .

S lih Bey w as kill e d n ear G e b e l e l Ai n in 1 8 8 7 an d u ntil th e

,

r eo cc u p ati o n th e K AB A B I S H p r ac tic all y c e as e d t o e xis t as a c o r p o r ate

'

e nt i t y The n h o wever th ey c o ll e cte d in th ei r d e s er ts an d to ok

.
, ,

ad v an tage o f th e u ns ett l e d s tate o f affai r s to r ai d th e HAM AR an d

Z AY AD I A th e i r q u o n d am fo e s w h o h ad all b ee n D er vish e s an d s o
'

, , ,

e n o r m o u sl y inc r e as e d th e i r w eal th in s to c k .

T h e p r e s e nt c h i ef o f th e tr ib e wh ic h is n o w r ic h er th an at any ,

p r evi o u s p er i o d is Al i th e so n o f th e cl T om b eh ead e d in 1 8 8 3
,

.

X I T O su m u p : th e KAB A B IS H fo r so l o ng as any thi n g is k n o wn ,

x

ab o u t th e m at all h av e b e e n a wi d e l y d is tr ib u t e d b u t c o h e r e n t c am e l
,

O wning c o ng e r i e s r o aming th e s te pp e s b etw ee n D o ng o l a an d D a r fur .

T h e c h i e f d i ffer e nc e b etwee n th e tr ib e o f th e p r e s e nt d ay an d th at o f
th e ni n et e e nth an d p r e vi o u s c e ntu r i e s is th at i t is l e ss v ex e d b y th e
c o mp eti ti o n o f o th er tr ib e s in i ts sp aci o u s gr azing gr o u n d s .

T h e B EN I G E RAR h av e b ee n fo r c e d s ou th w ar d s an d h av e b ec o m e
s emi s e d entary T h e D AR HAM I D to o h av e b u il t v ill ag es in th e i r o w n
-
.

c o u ntry to th e s o u th an d o nl y s e n d a sm all p r o p o r ti o n o f th ei r p o p u
l ati o n to th e gr azing gr o u n d s O f th e K AB AB I S H T h e ZAY AD I A n o m ad s '

.
'

ar e d e cim ate d in nu mb er : a few g r az e wi th t h e D A R HA M I D in K o r d o

fn ; th e r es t ar e e i th e r s e d e ntar y o r liv e in D ar fur T h e HAW AW I R ar e
'

o n fai r l y amic abl e te r ms wi th th e K AB A B i S H an d g raz e alm o s t wh er e

'

t h e y will wi th th e m S u ch r ai ding as is d o n e is at th e exp ens e O f th e

.

wil d BEDAY AT KURA AN an d M I D OB I S o f n o r th er n D ai r f r an d tak e s

,
'

1
l y f w
S e e P al lm e an d P ar k y n s T h e atte r s a s t h e K ab b i s h o f K o r d o an er e

x m l w i im g i ig
.

t a e d 2 000 ca e s , h ch p o s t i s n o w c h an e d n t o th e c ar r a e o f 4 000
l o ad s O f g u m ro f m bi gl
l ll
A l O e d t o D o n o a , an d a s o 1 00 h o rs e s , an d 2 000 d o ar s o f
1 5p t ll m iig ml by
( co e ct e d n o t i n c as h b u t i n s o o t h p ac e d r d n c a e s as s e s s e d th e -

k b i lvl i mb
.

T u r s at a o u t a q u ar t e r o f t h e r r e a a u e ) , an d a c er t a n n u er o f s h e e p an d

i
t h e p r ce o f t s a es Sa f y l v lim ib m
F adl u l l a , t h e h e ad o f t h e t r e , h ad m e t M u ha m ad
P m b i i i yw
.

A l i as h a i n K h ar t o u

i n 1 8 3 8 9 an d O t a n e d c ert a n co n ce s s o n s , b u t t h e er e

li l
o f tt e r e a a ue lv l ig P ik ib
I n 1 8 5 8 , ac c o r d n t o e th e r c ( Upp er E g y p t , p t h e tr

e s

l ib gy ml
. .

an n u a t r u t e to E p t w as 5 000 ca e s .
3 6 1 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P III 4 X I
. . .

pl ac e far to th e n or th o f the Wadi e l M e lik in th e c o l d winter m o nth s , .

S o far fr o m app ear ing to te n d to war d s a m o r e s e d e ntary existe nc e th e ,

K AB AB i S H as th ei r h er d s h av e inc r e as e d u n d er th e P ax Br itan m ca
,
.
,

h ave if any th ing b e c o m e m or e u niver s ally n o m ad ic

, ,
1
.

( b) T HE M O G HAR B A OR M O G H RA B IN

X II wo r d M o g h r ab i th e singu l ar o f M o g hr b a o r
Fr o m th e ,

M o g rab in th r ou gh th e L atin M au r u s h as ar is e n th e angliciz e d

, ,

M o o r an d fr o m M og h rab e l Ak sa
,

t h e e x tr e m e w e s t th e ,

,

name M o r o cco
I t mu s t n ot h ow ev er b e assu m e d th at all th e
.
, ,

M O GHARB A in Egyp t o r the S u d an came fr o m M o r o cc o : i t is u nlik e l y

th at any o f th e m a c e rt ain nu mb e r o f in d i v i d u als o f th e m e r c h ant
,

cl ass exc ep te d did s o , .

T h e t er m w as l o o s e l y appli e d d u r ing th e tim e o f th e l ater M am

l uks an d o f M u h ammad Ali P ash a to all th e B e du in tr ib e sm en wh o

liv e d we st o f Egyp t Tak e fo r ins tance th e fo ll o wing fro m B u r ck

.
, ,

2
h ar d t :

T e t mp l e f
h e o E b sa a
3
v
m b l s e r e s as a pl ace o f r e fu ge to the i n habi tan ts
o f B ally an e , an d th e n e igh b o u r i n g Arab s agai n s t a M o g g re b y n tr ib e o f ,

B ed o u i s , w o r eg ul l e er e ar make i n cu rsi o ns i nto these p ar ts

n h ar y v yy
,
4
,
.

y
T h e b el o ng to th e trib es hi c h ar e s ettl e d b et een th e w re at O as i s an d w G
y y
S i o u t Wh e n t h e se t o u t , th e r e p ai r r st to Ar go , h er e th e co mmen ce
. w y
th ei r p r e d ato r y
c o u r se , p l u n d e r i n g all t h e ill age s o n the ester n b an k o f v w
v y x v
th e r i er ; th e n e t i si t M ah ass S u kk o t B atn e l Had ar Wadi Halfa th e , ,
j , ,

v illages o pp o site D err , an d l astl D akke ; n ear the latter p l ace , the ascen d y y
th e mo u n tai n , an d r e tu r n t h r o u gh th e d e s e r t t o ar d s S i o u t T h e p ar t w . y
u su al l y
c o n si s ts o f ab o u t o n e h u n d r e d an d ft h o r semen , an d as man y y
c ame l r i d e r s : n o o n e d ar es o p p o s e t h em i n Nu bi a ; o n th e co n tr ar
-
th e y
v v
go er n ors p ay th em a i si t hen the arri e O pp o site to D err , an d make ,
w y v
t h em so me p r ese n ts T h e i n cu rsi o ns o f th i s t r ib e are o n e o f the p r i n ci p al
.

re aso n s w hy t h e gr e ate r p ar t o f th e este r n b an k o f t h e Nil e i s d eser te d w .

XI I I fr o m s u ch M O GH ARB A th at th e ar mi es o f Isma 1 1 P ash a

I t w as
an d o f th e D efte r d a r w ere l ar g e l y r e c r u i te d p r ep ar ato r y t o t h e c o n

q u e s t O f the S u d an T h at th e B er b e r e l e me nt w as p er h aps as str o ng

5
.

a s th e Arab in th e s e M O G HA RB A will b e cl ear fr o m p r e c e d ing c h ap t e r s ,

b u t th e r e is n o r eas o n o n th at acc o u nt to c o nsi d er th e ter m Arab

1
i
F o r a d sc u ss o n o f t h s p o n t i a co i i by
p ar s o n o f p r e se n t c o n d t o n s th m i ii wi
th o s e d e s c r ed ib by
P ar k y n s i n 1 8 5 0, s e e pp 1 89 my ff
. .

2
N ubi a , p 9 2 3
L e A b u S irn b e l
k l w b i bi b
. . . .

4
B u r c h ar d t n o t e s e s e h e r e ( p lxx vu ) T h e A r a s w h o n h a t T h e e s an d
j y igi lly l l y
.

th e ad ace n t co u n t r ar e o r na M o g g r eb y n s
, S e e a so V o n e , .

1 , 76 , 77
5
S e e C ailli au d , I I , 5 0, 5 1 He d e n es th e th u s :
L e s A r a e s M o h g r e b in s m b
x bi b i l
.

q u i h a t e n t l a c Ote d e B ar ar e l a p u s r ap p r o c h e d e l Eg y p te

s o n t ce u .
3 8
1 T HE G U HAYNA GRO U P X V .

Nur o f th e D E S I S AB s e c ti o n , tr ac e s h i s d e sc e nt
'

th e om da F ag el

y
th r o u g h a s e r i e s o f S a y i d s , incl u d ing Ah m ad Z arr u , t o th e Imam k
Ali in th i r ty tw o g e n er ati o n s , b u t th er e i s n o r e as o n to assu m e th at

th e t r ee is mu c h b ett er t h an a d e tail e d fak e 1

.

T h e c o mm o n trad i ti o n in th e tr ib e is th at th e immig rate d fr o m y

th e n eigh b o u r h o o d o f F e z

s o me ve h u n dr e d ear s ag o , o r in

y
th e da yS ob a T h ey cl aim mu ch o f th e r ainlan d b e hind th e
s of .

vill ag e o f S ob a t o b e l o ng to th em an d e v e n all o wing th at it is wi th an

,

eve t o s u bs tant i at ing th e i r cl aim t o c u l ti v at i o n r ig h t s th at th e y d e si r e -

t o imply t o a G o v e r nm e nt O ffici al th at th ey ar e th e e ar li e st o wn e r s ,

an d h av e b e e n t h e r e sinc e t h e d ay s o f th e C h r i s ti a n k i n g d o m o f Al o a

th e r e is n o th ing inh e r e nt l y imp r o b abl e in th e i r cl aim an d o n e h as at ,

l e ast fai r l y g o o d evi d e nc e th e bi o gr ap h y o f Ab d u ll a Wad H asOb a

,

e l M o g h r ab i th at s o m e o f th e m h av e li v e d th er e sinc e th e six t ee nth

2
,

c e ntu r y T h e d ar kn ess o f th ei r c o mpl exi o n p r o v e s a l o ng s oj o u r n in

.

th e s o u th an d i t is e v e n p o ssibl e t h at s o m e O f th e i r a nc e s to r s w e r e
,

o nc e th e inh abi tan t s o f th o s e h o s t e ls w h ic h Ibn S e lim d e sc r ib e s as

inh abite d b y M u h amm adans at S o b a t ow ar d s th e cl o s e o f th e tenth '

c entu r y A D 3
. .

X V I T h e m ain s e cti o ns o f th e n o m ad M O GHARB A ar e as fo ll o ws :

K I B AY D LAB KE RAD I S

D ERAY SAB l C hi y e to S A ABAB

H O
A S B A B
4
th e e ast G I DAYAB
AKRAB AB of K h ar to u m FASALAB

AW AD ULLAB M I K AYBALAB /

AW LAD F E RAHAB

BAYYADA NURAB
T URAB I I N I RWAYH AB

HASABULLAB
K O KAL AB

cam el b r an d o f th es e M O GHARB A is th e tim ay sih a h o r i

T he -

z o n tal lin e u n d e r th e r ig h t ey e T h e w o r d is th e d iminu tiv e o f

. tim
a c r o c o d il e an d t o t h e M O GH ARB A th e b r an d as d esc r ib e d su g

sah

, ,

ges ts a cr o co dil e l y ing asl ee p o n th e r i v er b ank 5

.

1
i ly g
C u r o u s e n o u h F ag e l N tl r h se im lf
h as t h e s a o c o p e o n an d s t r
'

ll w m l xi
n iki gly
J wi
e s h cas t o f c o u n t e n an c e o f a o d ern M o o r T h s m ay m e i w ll
b e d u e to c ar e u fl
v i bl li g f mil y f m mi i wi ly
.

p r e s er at o n o f t h e o o d o f th e r u n a ro al l c o n t a n at o n th p u r e
mix
S u d an e s e ad tu r e .

2
S e e D 3 3 6 an d 1 4 1 .

3
S ee p 1 7 1
b m i bv
. .

4
I e d e s ce n d an ts o f th e W ad B aso a en t o n ed a o e

m bb b i l
. . .

5
C o p ar e t h e c ase s o f t h e H aw w i r ( C h ap 8 ) an d K a a i s h w h o o t h n c u d e
i ll
.

a s e ct o n c a e d T am asi h
I II 4 . . X VIII . T HE G U HAYNA G R O U P 31 9

( )
c T HE H A M AR 1

XV I I T he li ttl e o f th e HAM AR an d th at li ttl e is c o n

ni sbas s ay ,

tradi ct o ry O n e acc o u nt s ay s th ey ar e a b ranc h o f B EN I TAM I M ;

2 '

n th at th e y ar e a mix t ur e o f B EN I O MM AY Y A B E N I AB B A

a o th er
3
S , ,

AN AG AS HRAF an d F UR ; tw o o th er s say th ey b e l o ng to th e G UH AY N A
4

gr o u p .

T h e tr ad i ti o n am o ng th e G HARAY S I A s e c t i o n o f th e tr ib e is th at
'

th ey ar e Him y ar i te s fr o m e l Y e m e n w h o mig r at e d into th e S u d an in

th e tim e o f Hagg ag ibn Yus e f i e in th e s e c o n d h alf o f th e s e v e nth ,
. .

c e ntu r y T h ey cr o ss e d th e Re d S ea it is s ai d an d s ettl e d r st r o u n d
.
, ,

T k a (i e K ass al a) : th e n th e y m o v e d t o th e Bl u e Nil e ; an d th e n afte r

. .
,

awh il e t o D a i r f r
,
f
wh er e th ey t o o k u p a m o r e p er mane nt ab o de

, .

T h e s t o r y o f th e i r s oj o u r n r o u n d T ak a l e n d s a c er tain su pp o r t t o
th e tr ad iti o n o th er wi se u ns u pp o r te d
m

o f th e i r c o nn e c ti o n wi th th e

HAM RAN Arabs o f th at d istr ic t ; an d th e c o inci d e nc e b e twe e n th e

n am e o f th ei r c o mm o ne st c amel b ran d th e shabul an d th at o f th e -

,

,

S hab ul s ecti o n o f th e M AN AS I R a trib e all ege d by S ir C Wils o n t o '

.

b e r e l ate d to th e AB AB D A is a sm all pi ec e o f e v i d e nc e in fav ou r O f

-

t h ei r all eg e d m o v e m e nt fr o m th e d i r e c ti o n o f th e Re d S ea 7
.

X V I I I O u r kn o wl e dge o f th ei r h isto ry in D rf r r e m ains p racticall y

a bl ank u n til t h e b e ginning o f th e l as t c e ntu r y w h e n th e y attain e d t o

a c o nsi d e r abl e p o w er u n d e r th e l ead e r s h ip o f a c e r tain el Ha g

Mu n a am o f th e AS AKIRA d i v isi o n I t is n o t imp r o b abl e th at as a
s
.

tr ib al e nti ty th ey h ad h ar d l y e xis te d p r evi o u sl y an d that by o r igin

th ey w e r e simply a c o ngl o m e rati o n Of v ar i o u s Ar abs w h o d e ci d e d to

c o l o niz e th e alm o st we ll l ess tr acts wh er e g o o d cr o ps can b e gr o wn -

b u t wh er e th e c h i e f w ate r su pply is d e r i v e d fr o m m e l o ns an d w ater -

s to r e d in th e h o ll o w tru nks o f b ao b abs du r ing th e r ainy s eas o n I t

9
.

is var i o u sly all e ge d amo ng th e HAMAR eith er th at M ekk i th e s o n o r , ,

Ib r ahi m el M elih th e gr eat gran d s o n o f el Hag Mu na am w as the ,

-

,

,

rst m an to inau gu rate th e p ractic e o f h o ll o wing th e b ao b ab an d

1
if m i h
M u ch of d i k f m Ch
th e f Th
n or at o n er e p r e se n te s ta en ro ap X II o e
il h v l b d d d f m
.

fN h d C l K d f B d
'

T ibr es o or t er n a n en tr a or o an ut e ta s a e a so een a e ro a

f h Hm m il d f m h i l d i i b y Ab d l W h h ab
.

sh o r t acco u n t O t e a ar co p e ro t e r o ra tr a t ons e a

Ahm d A w d l l h d m f l N h d li

a a uh a, ea as t e r O e a u sc oo n 1 913
XV
.

S D2
XXV ee 1 S D III
3
ee 1 C L III

Th H m l f d l d wi h h
.

B A XX V
.

S 4
ee d AB C L III an LI . e a ar ar e a so o un c as s e t t e

B kka
a ra

Daf im m i d wh i w K d fa i
.

5
h r ur at t at th e co pr se at s at p r es e n t e s t er n or o n, e t e

y w f l N h d T h H m w f l g i h igh b h d f U
. .

c o u n tr e st o e a u e a ar er e or on n t e ne o ur oo o m
b h id f h b d y B A XX V
.

5
Sh k an a on ot s S es o t e p r esent oun ar ee L III
i F dl w h l ly l d h M a i i
. .

7
S h B o to o , t e en a o ar e c o s e r e ate to t e an si r , co n t a n a s e c t o n

ll d H d a (i H da b) , ,

ca e a rm a e a re

( H d gi M i h i K d f
. . .

R 8
ll 8Up p e
5 hi In 1 (R i
24

m et m a n m in or o an e sen . .
p .

9
T he tub el di : A d a nsoni a d ig i ta ta .
 320 T HE G U HAYNA GR OU P III 4
. . X VI I I .

u sing it as a re serv o i r thu s r en der ing h abi tabl e vast tracts h i th e rto
,

u s e l e ss But as a m atter o f fac t o n e o cc asi o n ally n d s (m o r e o fte n

1
.

in th e we st th an in th e e ast) an o ld tr ee in wh ich th e o p ening is

d i ffere ntly pl ac e d t o th at u s u ally m ad e b y th e HAMAR an d th e w o r k ,

is th en attr ib u te d to th e AN AG O n th is if o n n o o th er gr o u n d o ne

.
, ,

w ou l d su pp o s e th at th e u se o f th e b ao b ab fo r water s tor age is fai r ly -

anci e nt b u t d i e d o u t an d w as r e v i v e d b y th e HAMAR as th e n e c e ssi ty

, ,

ar o s e fo r th em t o e xp an d As th e y p r o g r ess e d eastwar d s th ey cer

.

t ai nly tapp e d v i r gin ar e as .

X I X As s o o n as t h e HAM AR b e c ame at al l p o wer fu l th ey p ar te d into

tw o m ain d i v isi o ns th e AS A S l i er s

,(
K I RA i e o d ) an d th e D E KAKIM. .
,

an d v ery s h o r tly after w ar d s p r ob ably ab o u t th e tim e o f th e Tu r kish

c o nqu e st o f K o r d o fan the b u lk o f b o th m o v e d eastw ar d s as a r e su l t

o f q u arr e ls wi h h h A ab ib e s o f eas ter n D ar fur and th e

2
t t e o t e r r t r

insufci ency o f th ei r o w n ter r ito r i e s th er e .

Th o s e o f th e m w h o s tay e d b ehin d r o u n d U m S hank a an d th e

d is tr ict s n o w k n o wn as D am G am ad an d Z er mak h etc r e m ain e d
3
, .
,

in d ep e n d ent u n d er D rf r 5
.

T h e r e st p u sh e d e as twar d s an d th e famil y o f e l Hag M un a am

,

s ettl e d m o r e o r l ess p er m ane ntly r o u n d F ar sh h a an d that o f the

s
,

S h eik h o f th e D E KAK I M in S h ek el D d far t h er to the we st Bu t

'
7
, .

th ei r p e o pl e r e m ai n e d n o m ad b etwee n e l O day a an d F Og a an d e as t ,

war d s as far as Ab u Haraz an d G eb el Ab u Sinun an d in the r ains

s o u gh t m o r e dis tant gr azing gro u n d s al o ng th e W ad i e l M e lik wi th
th e KAB A B iSH B EN I G ERAR ZAY AD IA an d D AR HAM I D an d e ve n
, , ,

r ai d e d as far e as t as th e B ay d a d e s er t
3
.

T h e r e su l t w as th at ev er y y ear in th e r ains an d win ter th e HAM AR

fo u n d th ems e l v e s e ngag e d in a s er i e s o f p etty inter tr ib al rai d s and -

fo ray s wh ich in th ei r tr adi ti o ns ar e gl o r i e d u nd er th e nam e o f war s

,
9
.

1
m yg
Fo r an i e n e r at o n s t h e r e h a e v b w ll
e en y
e s at U m S h an ka, b u t t h e c o u n tr

e as t o f i t w as a d e s e rt u n t il b
a o u t the mi l i yw
d d e o f th e n n e t e e n th c e n tu r h en th e
b bb w xli
ao a s e r e e p o te d T h e re er e n o w w l
e l s at e l N ah ud u n til vith e D e r s h e p o ch

w f lly ll bly
. .

T he tubel di in e s t e r n K o r d o an i s u s u a c a ed a ho m r a i a
p r e s um a
b b k
e c au s e th e ar ik
h as a p n r e d s h e e n o e r it an d th e
-
v b ll b i k
r e h as a d u r c

l
co o ur ib
T h at t h e t r e e s p e c a i lly
c o n c er n e d wi l ll
th th e s e t r e e s s h o u d b e c a e d
m b bly m i i
.

H a ar (i e red .
) is p ro a
. no o r e th an a co n c d e n c e .

2
C p P al lm e , p 1 4 2
i g bl l Fig w v yf
. . .

3
M e an n o o d h as c o tt e d h t s fo r tubel dis , e t c , e r e e r r e q u en t

m y
.

y
.

4
t h er e T h e n a e of a
5
C p Cun , p 1 9 0
P ik y
. . . . .

5
Cp e th e r c , Upp er p 3 4, 1 an d C u n , pp 1 8
9 1 90
i lly i ll y
.

y
. . .

9
7
L te r a L o n s V a e C un , p 6 5
wi mi i i m i by
. . .

th D ar Ha

9
I n th e w ar d , i t i s s a d , e ac h s d e w as acc o p an e d a

p o e t w h o g
e n co u r a e d h i s o w n p eo p e l by i l v
th e r e c ta o f er ses m T h e Ha ar s ay
m li i ly mi w ly y iwm
.

a c ous t h at t h e m e n o f D ar Ha d e r e s o u t te r d e str o e d t h at th e r o e n
w b
en t r o u n d in a an d t o n e ig b g ib i g m lv m i g
h o u r i n tr e s O ffe r n t h e s e e s i n ar r a e at a

wy
r e d u ce d d o ly
r , an d o n so k
e p t th e tr e in eib xi s t en c e .
 2
3 2 T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P I II 4 X X I
. .

C . E L KHAM SAT
1 MA AM IN
. Y

j( a ) A W LAD S UB UH
( ) DRA
'

( b B U N IA

2 MENAD fR
.

3 G I KHAYS AT
1
.

( a ) U M H AY SIN

(b) AW LAD D HIAB

( c) AB U DAN
(d) MERAHfL
()
e N A S M UAMAR

5 . KHAYRAYSAT
T ARADAT
D AMA I

1 .

SUB AYHAT
( 1 ) NAS SODERI
G E LADA

G AN AY A
H M I 2

NAs AB U EB EL G
ALI

BELAL
3
G AM IJ A
NO AYxAT
AWLAD KHADRA
AB AD 1A

( 1 ) NAS ABU GUMA A

( )
2 G E RAYN I

E L D EKAKIM
A . WAf A4
1
1 . NAS HAZI L
EL HURR

HAM fR
HARUS H
RAHA
AB U Aw

8 : AB U GE MAN IN

Or igin all yS h en b l a A a r a

wm Or n al
2
igi ly
G aw m a a

C p G am fa9

i l f w
. . . .

S a d t o b e r e ate d to t h e K aw h l a , b u t n o t t o b e co n u s e d i th th e W ailfa
l i w
D 3 , 2 n ote) T h ere are a so B en W i l e s t o f D r fur ( see C ar b o u , 1 1 ,
.
I II 4 X X I
. . . T HE G U HAYNA GR O U P 2
3 3
B . NAS AB U A D ZY
1 NAS SARI
.

j ( a ) NAS G ABR

( ( ) AW LAD
b SUBAYH
2 . NAS AB D

EL SALAM
3 . FARAGULLA
4 . AB U T EN U
E L S HA I B AT

AWLAD S HAD wAN

AM 1 R
B uR As

S I HAIA
1 NAS EL S OD
.

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 9
7,

H EL G EMA AN fA

.

J . EL GH G
ARA A

III . E L GHARAYS I A
'

A . E L HADAHDA
1 AWLAD HAMMAD
.

12 AWLAD U M BU NAYN
.
T
3 D UB UBA
.

l 4 AWLAD SHERI
. F
5 AW LAD NI MR
.

6 BERA fM

.

B . AWLAD S HI GHAN
NAS I sMAfL

1 .

2 U M K IS AYB A
.

3 NAs NU sR
.

4 AB.U M ERAKI H

5 33

6 HOMRAN .

C AWLAD GUAYD
.

1 NAS AB U HI GAYWA .

2 NAS TUR A . F
3 AWLAD AD I

.

4 HAB AB I S H

5 NAS MURM I .

6 SA AD IA

.

7 AW LAD AB IR . G
8 NAS S AHARI F

D E L S UBAHA1
.

1
T h e s e ar e n o t Ha m by
ar r ac e , th o u gh bjsu ect t o th e m .

K o r Ob t ( s ee C h ap .

21 2
 C HAP T E R 5

The K a m ahla Gro up

( ) a T H E KA W AH L A1

IT h e KAW AHLA ar e invar i ably c o nn e c te d in t r ad i ti o n wi th Z u b ay r

ibn cl Awwm o f th e tr ib e o f KU sAI , o n e o f th e r st an d m o st fam ou s

c o nver ts to Isl am , sl ain at th e B attl e o f th e C am el in 6 5 6 A D 2 . .

Th er e is n o d ou b t th at th e
nu cl eu s o f th e tr ib e e nter e d th e S u d an
by w ay o f th e Re d S ea b u t th e p er i o d o f th ei r immigr ati o n is no t ,

kn o wn T h ey ar e r s t m enti o ne d b y Ibn B atta as inh abi ting th e

.

c ou ntry r ou nd S u akin in I 3 5 3 an d sp eaking th e B E GA to ngu e 3 .

I t is c o m m o n fo r s u c h o f th e B I S HARIN an d AB AB DA as cl aim an

Arab d e sc en t to sp eak o f th ei r tr ib e s as d e sc e n d e d fr o m K ah l

an d ,

t h e K AW AHLA r e cip r o c ate by incl u d ing th e B I S HA RIN an d AB A

B DA ,

an d s o m etim e s e v e n th e B EN I AM I R o r U M AR AR

u n d er th e ter m K AW A
4
HLA
T h er e can b e li ttl e d ou b t th at th er e is a s tr o ng Arab el eme nt
c o mm o n to all thr ee tr ib e s .

I I At th e p r e s e nt d ay th e KAW AHLA ar e wi d e ly d is tr ib u te d b u t ,

th ey fall into two m ain g r o u ps T h e m o s t imp o r tant an d u n i te d o f .

th e s e ar e th e v er y r ic h n o m ad c am el o w ni ng tr ib e o f K o r d o fan -
.

U ntil th e D e rvish r ev o l t th es e fo r m e d a b ranch of th e KAB AB iS H an d

h ad p r o b ably m o v e d w e s twar d s an d j o in e d th at tr ib e s h o r tly b efor e
th e T u rkis h c o nqu es t I t is imp r o b abl e th at th ey di d s o v ery mu c h
.

e ar li er sinc e h ad th ey d o n e s o th ey mu s t in th e c o u r s e o f y ear s h av e
, , ,

b e co m e m o r e rmly wel de d into the tr ib al wh o l e to th e d etr im ent o f ,

th e i r o wn in d ivi du ali ty th an was e v er th e c as e

5
,

1
S i ng K hli
m mm bi fl m i
. .

2
T he na e K hil w as n o t u n co in A r a a W u s t e n e d
on e n t o n s ve

m F m m w
.

p e r so n s o f thi s n a e ro o n e o f th e K hil ib n A sad e r e d esce n d e d t h e

gf Fi
.
, ,

K hi l i a ( q v Ab u c l d a, p p 1 96 b u t th er e i s n o thi n u rt h er t o c o nn ec t th e s e
wi w l M
. . .

t h th e K aw ahl a n o w i n t h e S u d an T h e . ord K ah a a ( ) in th e S u d an

m e an s l [ to c i m v h m dd y d i h b m
e ar o u t a . e. to r e o e t e u ep o s t at t e o tto .

S 3
p 88
ee 1

W ilki iv l y m i Gwl h
. .

4
(p 8 6 ) d T n so n( 6 ) 3 an r em aux I, 1 9 r e s p e ct e ent o n o a e
m g h h i f d ivi i f h Abab d I li f h d ivi i
.

an d K w li a oa a on t e c e s o ns o t e a. n a st o t e se s ons

by M J i g B l I d h m
r e nn n G w li
s r am y n t e na e as a a a

Arawi f K b ab h i d b K w hl b y igi b
.

i
5
Th e a s e ct o n o a is ar e sa to e a a or n, ut

p rob bly j i d h K babi h l g b f h

a o ne f h K w hl
t e I a s on e o re t e r e st o t e a a n co n s e q u e n c e
h y h v b m i lp f h f ib d did l v i i h
.

t e a e e co e an nteg r a art o t e o rm e r tr e an not ea e t n t e

M ahdz a

.
326 T HE KAWAHLA GR OU P IV .

itis n o tewo rthy th at th e y h el d th e S h eikhsh ip of th e wh o l e tr ib e fo r

tw o g e n e rat i o ns 1
.

T h e D AR HAM ID ,
p r es e nt d ay an d
wh o h o l d th e S h eikh shi p at th e
ar e th e w eal th i e s t o f all th e s e c ti o ns b e l o ng t o th e G U HAY N A g r o u p
2
,

an d j o in e d th e K AW A HLA after th e a dv e nt o f th e l att e r to K o r d o fan .

T h es e we ster n KAW AHLA sp e n d th e d ry s eas o n (D e ce mb er to

J u n e) in th e K h ay r an n ear B ara u nl e ss th ey h ave b ee n abl e by d igging , ,

we lls at U m B ad r to d efer th ei r r eti r em e nt s ou th e ast fo r an oth er

,
-

m o nth or t wo T h ey graz e th eir h er d s in th e K h ayr an an d th er e

.

ab ou ts fr e e o f p ay m e nt b u t as h aving n o p r o p r i e tar y r igh t s th ey ar e

,

c o mp ell e d to p ay fo r th e water th ey d r aw fr o m th e we lls Cu ltivati o n

th ey h av e n o n e 3
W h e n th e rains fall th e wh o l e tr ib e m o v es n o rth
.

w e stwar d s to th e n eigh b o u r h o o d o f th e VV di el M e lik an d r emain

th er e fo r s o l o ng as grass an d w ater p e r mi t 4
.

V T h e eas te r n K AW AHLA ar e n o t c o mp o s e d o f s e cti o ns wh o s e

p arentag e is e nti r ely d istinct fr o m th at o f th e we ster n gr o u p .

T h ey d ivi de th e wh o l e tr ib e into th i r te e n s e cti o ns e ach de sc e n de d

fr o m a d i ffer e nt s o n o f K hi l Ho wever th e nam e s o f th es e th i r tee n .
,

s o ns vary to s o m e exte nt an d it is u s el ess t o attemp t an accu rate

5

gr ou ping o f th e su b divisi o ns u n d er th ei r n am es T h e b est kn o wn o f .

t h e s u b di visi o ns ar e th e fo ll o wing 6

B ERAKNA Chiey in K o r d o fn
. .

KAMALAB
K I MAYLAB A sm all n om ad gr o u p o f th ese al so li es in B er b er d i str i ct
. v .

M GHUMAB A s ecti on o f th ese i s with th e SHUKR IA n ear Ab u

AR 7
.

D el ayk A few O th er s ar e n om ad ic in D amer d i str i ct ( B er b er )

. .

D E AYKAB
L 8

As AW I DA
BAS AN IA 9

G I MAYLIA

G HAZALAB

U RWAB O n th e Whi te Nil e , chi e
. th e west b an k , s ou th o f the y
GAMIJ IA
'

.

SONAY TAB
1
G d u l l a B al i l u i n th e i
D e rv s h d a y s , an d hi s son

A dub ll h f a a t er th e r e o ccu
p at i o n t ill 1 910
bv
.

2
S ee a o e , p 2 5 6
ly l iv i w i il b l gi g
. .

e s t o f t h e W h t e N e i s th at
3
T he on R aw ah l a c u t at o n e on n to
so m y bb
e s e d e n t ar

A a d a an d o th e r s in th e W h t e N e r o n c e i il P vi
l y ll b m i b l K di
.

4
T h e co o n o f so ca e d K aw h l a i n t h e N u a
-
o u n t a n s n e ar G e e e r

lv f m
ar e e s c ap e d s a e s o r reed e n an d n o t tr u e K aw h l a at al l

v i i
.

5
S e e C 1 fo r th e ar at o n s
b k giv m i i i wi i m l ly
.

5
T h e r ac et s e so e n d cat o n as to h c h s e c t o n s ar e o st c o se co n

n e c te d wi th o n e an o t h e r
XXV
.

7
S ee D 2 , I I an d D 3 , 7 4 M ar km b
9
S ee sub B atahi n .
9
D e a t i th s ep ar ate : s ee ate r l w ly l .
11 1 5 V I
. . . T HE KAWAHLA GR OU P 32 7
LAB AB I S

HAMAYDAN IA

AM RIA
KERAM IA
G EB AL fA
BEDAR I I N Chi cy in K o r d o fn an d o n the White Nil e
'

. .

S HARAANA S e den tar , in th e

. ezi ra y G .

AB AB 1

D A
B I S HARI IN 2

ATAW I A N o w a secti o n o f th e KAB AB i S H

'

. .

YE ZIDAB , o r YE ZID IA , or BE N I YE ZID A er small secti o n I o n ce

. v y .

m et a small encamp men t o f th em n ear Ay d ag li i ng un der th e

v
wing o f th e MESALLAM IA o f U m D u bb n .

v
N I FAYD IA C hi cy i n B erb er P r o i n c e S o me are s e d entar in th e
. . y
G e zi ra .

F UAIDA 3

S HAD AIDA
G HAz AYA
S U UD I A

KAW AM LA
WAL 1A4
GELAL IA
BAKIA
KHAL AF IA
MU TAR A F
SALATNA 3

MUHAMMAD AB
KURAY S HAB
N O WARAB 5

RI MA Y TAB
BEN 1 SA ID

MUHAM MAD IA O n b oth si des

. of th e Whi te Nile : a se cti on rich in

cattle an d sheep .

AHAMDA

VI S o m e s ep arate acc ou nt mu st b e give n o f tw o o f th e a o b ve

divi sio ns n am e ly th e AHAM DA an d th e HAS AN IA
e
, ,
.

1
S ee a o e bv C p t h e c ase o f th e A a d a2
bb
m l g w w
. . .

i th t h e G e r b a a ( fo r hi c h

3
T h e n a e s F u i d a an d S a atn a o c c u r , to e th e r
cp XV m b ib i l
B A C I I ) , as n a e s o f s u t r es in th e p e n n su a o f S in a : th at o f th e r st i
m l m g mi m i ib b w m i
.

na e d a so a on th e se no ad c tr es o f A r a s n o rt h o f As
-
an en t o n e d

by S i r C W so n
4
. il .

S e e D 3 , 2 n o te
b
.

5
O r N ur a
will f l m v l m ll
.

5
I n th e t r e e s attac h e d to C I b e o u n d a so th e n a es o f se er a s a er
K aw h l a s ect o n s i .
32 8 T HE KAWAHLA GR OU P 1 1 1 5 VI
. . .

(b) T H E AHAM D A

T h e AHAM DA s o metim es app ear in th e ni sbas o f the G A ALI I N '

gr ou p an d gu re th er e as cl o s el y akin to th e GAW AMA A an d th e

,

T h e KAW AH LA nisba s h o ws th e m as KAW AHLA 2

The

1
G I MA A . .

B AKK ARA inclu d e th em in th ei r g en eal o gi e s b u t evi dently r egar d th em

as an infer i o r fo lk : th e HUM R E BLAI TA fo r ins tanc e sp eak o f Ah am d a , ,

wh o w as r ap e d by a N UB A as anc e s tr e ss o f th e AH AMDA .

T h e HAM MADA ( RUFAA) als o cl aim th e AHAM DA t o b e d e sc e n d e d

fr o m th e s am e ance sto r as th e ms elve s T h e m o st u su ally accep te d .

o r al tr ad i ti o n h as i t th at Hamm ad th e anc e s to r o f th e AHA M DA w as , ,

a KA h l i an d th at fo r s o m e r eas o n h e d e ni e d hi s tr ib e an d w as th er e fo r e
ni ckn am e d th e li tt l e

el Nu ayki r

T h e AHAM DA ar e a s emi n o m adi c tr ib e s o m e o f wh o m ar e in th e

-

n or th er n p art of th e G ezi r a in th e Blu e o r th e Wh ite Nil e P r ovince

, ,

an d to th e e as t o f th e Bl u e Nil e w h il e o th e r s ar e m o r e s e d e ntary an d ,

o wn a c o nsi d erabl e t rac t o f c o u n tr y t o th e w e st o f th e W h i te Nil e ,

s ou th o f K o sti 3
.

M any o f th e AHAM DA ar e s ettl e d p er man ently in vill age s th r ou gh

o u t th e y ear ; b u t th e m aj or i ty o f th e eas ter nm o s t g r ou p d u r ing th e ,

rains p u sh s o m e d istanc e eas twar d s to cu l ti v ate in th e wa dis

,

b etwe en th e r ive r and th e B utana an d to gr az e th ei r o cks As th e .

su ppli e s Of water in th e hafz r s an d o f g rass d imini sh th ey r etr e at

t o th e r i v e r D u ring th is p ro c ess q u arr e ls u su ally ar is e b e twee n th e m

.

an d th e HAS A N IA an d th e BATA HI N Hav ing nally re tu r n e d to th e

'

vicini ty o f th e Bl u e Nil e th e s e AHA M DA si m i l ar l y q u arr e l wi th th e

M ES ALLAM I A MAHASS an d o th er s o n anal o g o u s g r ou n d s

Th ey are wh erever fo u n d b u t m o r e p ar ticu l ar ly in th e e ast a

, , ,

small decad e nt an d di r ty ty p e o f Arab o wning a fai r nu mb er o f ,

cattl e m any sh eep an d g o ats an d a few small h e r ds o f c amels S o m e

, , .

o f th e AHA M DA w h o ar e n ow u n d e r th e W h i te Nil e P r o vinc e we r e ,

in p re M ah dist d ays far th er wes t an d n or th an d for m ed a s e cti o n

-

o f t h e KAB AB i S H b u t th e b o n d b etwe e n th e tw o trib e s wh ich was

4
, ,

never m or e th an p u r ely artici al and u tili tar i an n o l o ng er exis ts , ,

an d e xc e p t fo r a few in d ivi d u als th ere ar e n o AHA M DA n o w in th e ,

s tepp es o f n or ther n K o r d o fan .

O th e rs u s e d to b e mix e d wi th th e AW LAD HAM AYD an d o th er

1 2
S e e B A an d A 1 1 S ee C 1 ( a ) an d ( b)
w m m i i i w m k
. .

3
I n 1 8 1 4 th e r e er e s o e Ha d a i n S h e n d d st r c t h o B u r c h ar d t
( q v p 3 4 5 ) u n d e r sto o d to b e ack n o e d e d as r e at o n s wl g
t h e A r a s o f th e s a e l i by b m
m i bi ig b x k gy
. . .

na e w ho nh a t th e n e h o u r h o o d o f L u o r an d K ar n a in U p p e r E pt;
x iv
Lu o r h as h en c e r ece e d th e n a e o f e l H arn d y e
4

m .

C p n o te o n p 3 1 2
. . .
 C HAP T E R 6

The K endna a nd D eg hay m

I K E NANA T h e K E N AN A o f th e S u d an cl aim t o b e an o ffsh oo t o f

.

th e g r e at K EN A N A tr ib e o f Arabi a an d th er e is n o r eas o n t o d o u b t th at ,

th e r e is g oo d fo u n d ati o n fo r th e i r cl aim Bu t wh e th er th ei r Arab .

anc e s to r s e v e r fo r m e d a b ranc h o f th e K E N AN A wh o m w e h av e al r e ady

m et in Egyp t wh eth e r th ey immigrated q u i te in d ep e nd e ntly by

, or

w ay o f th e Re d S ea is n o t c e r tain : th e l atter s u pp o si ti o n is th e m o r e
,

p r o b abl e an d m o r e in acc or d wi th th ei r o wn tr adi ti o ns .

In the S u dan at th e p r e s ent d ay th ey ar e fo r th e m o st p art BAK

KARA b r ee d er s o f c att l e an d h o r s e s an d ar e divi de d by th e r iv er into
, ,

tw o m ain d ivisi o ns O n e o f th e s e th e l arg er o wns c attl e c am e ls an d

.
, ,

sh e ep an d live s s ou th o f Singa an d S ennr o n ei th er si d e o f th e Blu e ,

Nil e wi th th e RUFAA gr o u p In th e r ains th es e m ove n o rth war d s

,

.
,

o u t o f th e y infe s te d area to th e Bu tz ma o n th e o n e si d e an d th e
'

S ek ad i M oy a district o n th e o th er Th ey fall into th e th r ee g ro u ps o f .

A i HAN A
'

S E R G , AB U KO TI L

I A R an d l
.

T h e o th er d ivisi o n o f K EN AN A g r az e s in K o r d of n wi th c attl e an d
sh e ep o ver p ar ts o f th e s ame c ou ntry as th e far m or e nu mer o u s
HAW AZMA A b ranc h o f th e m h ave als o fo u n d th ei r w ay s o u th into
.

th e S HIL LU K c o u ntry an d h av e s e ttl e m e nt s o n t h e w e s t b ank o f th e

Nil e s ou th as th e te nth p ar all e l o f l ati tu de
as far .

T h e m ain s ec ti o ns o f th e K EN AN A ar e giv e n as fo ll o ws by th e ir
t r ib esm e n in K o r d o fan .

A . S OWARAB
1 AW LAD YA s
. Chicy in th e ez i r a . G .

2 Z OAYDA.

3 I S AYB A A C h i cy in the
.

ez i ra . G .

B . S ERAGIA
1 AW LAD D ALI 2 C hi cy in th e
. ez i r a . G .

2 U M BE LA
. L

3 AWLAD RO AYA
.

4 A DAN
. ZY
5 N AM I
.A

Ch i ey in th e ez i r a G
6 HAB A LIA
. Y ' .

1
b i f h Bi ha
A su f h
s e ct o n o t e s ri n o t E ast e r n D e s er t i s a s o ca e d
e l ll
K a ( l
o t l f K l) T h S i l l y
p ur a o at e er g a c ear c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e S e r g ab s e c t o n o f i
K b ab i h w h l im b f K a d
.

a s o c a to e o en na esce n t

S m liv T k li wi h h f
.
,
2
f h o e o h t e se e n e ar e a ; ot e rs t t e r e s t o f th e K e n an a i n K o r d o an .

Th f m e h v wi h h m
or f w f h S w a ab
er a e t t e a e o t e o r i
se c t o n a s o l .
 11 . T HE K ENANA AN D D E G HAYM 33 1

7 AB U R IHAN
.

8 K OAT IL .

Chicy in the G zie ra

9 G I LAY RAB
.

1 0 BAY LA B .

C . AsALA A
1

1 AW LAD G UBERAN
.

HUZI L

2 .

Chi cy i n th e G zi e ra. A few in

3 S U UD IA

K o r d o fn
.

A I
.

4 M AR A.

5 AW LAD RIS HAYD

.

D D A UD IA

.

1 MAN As .

(a) NAS HAMD UK Chi ey in th e G zie ra .

E . FAHRfA
F .

AL OWN A2

II T he iti o n is th at th e anc esto r o f th e KEN AN A

tr ad 3

w as el S ayy i d Ahmad Z ab ad el B ahr a fekir o f Mekk a d es c en de d

, ,

fro m Hamza the you ngest so n o f th e Pr op h et s gran dfather Ab d el

Mu ttalib After his d eath o n e o f his sons M an sur qu ar r elle d with the
.
, ,

o th er s o ns as to th e s u ccessi o n an d l eft M ekk a for Egy t wi th his y o u nger

p
b r o th er Ab du llathi Hence he was nickn amed El Har dan (o ne who

s u l k s an d i so l ate s h im sel f
) F r o m Egy p t M an s ur
p assed u p th e Nil e to
.

th e S u d an T h e . th e M AHAS S o f D o n go l a e ach p r o v i d e d
h im wi th a wife an d h e b ego t six so n s Y asin Al i Ab u el Fahr a Ham mad

, , ,

Asla a S o w r I d r i s S cr ag an d Alw z1n T h ese wer e th e fo r efather s o f the

.
, ,

s ecti o n s o f K ENAN A n ow in the Su dan excepting th e DA IJD IA who ar e ,

'

d esc en d ed fro m Ab d u ll ahi

.

T h e S E RAGAB secti o n o f the KAB AB iS H ar e al so s ai d to b e d es cen de d

from I d ris
T h e ear li est KE NAN A ar ri v al s i n th e S u d an ar e s ai d to h av e settl e d
n ally at Geb el Ku run sou th o f T ekali an d sub se qu ently to h ave come
, ,

into con ict wi th a p arty o f KAWAH LA s ettl ed in the n eighb ourhoo d an d ,

to h ave d r i v en th em to th e so u th Accor d ing to the KE NANA ni sb a

.

Mans ur lived si x teen generati o ns ag o an d seven teen generations after

Ab d

el Mu ttalib .

T hu s it w ou l d s eem th at 4

some KE NA NA emigrate d fr o m Arabi a into Egyp t ab o u t the b eginn ing

o f th e fo u rtee nth c ent ur y an d pu s h e d th ei r w ay u p th e r i v er as far as
,

D o ngo l a an d th er e temp o r aril y s ettl ed and in term ar ri ed an d l ater sp li t

, ,

i nto v ar io u s s ecti o n s o f wh o m a p rt went sou th with their kinsmen an d

,
a

a p art e v en t uall y attach e d th ems e l v es to th e K AB AB iSH .

1
B u rc h ar d t k m i A l A l
c
lL en t o n s s a a

sz a , o

jl in W ad ai an d w es t o f it
( N ubi a pp 79
4
m m m g h K bab i h lb
,
2
T he sa e na e o c cu r s a on t e a s an d th e B en i He a.
3

4
T he f ll wi g q i i f m m y
o o n u o t at o n s ro p . 1 68 .

I bid .
, p . 1 86 .
33 2 T HE K ENANA AND D E G HAYM

III D E GHAYM T h e p ed igr ee of th e D E GHAYM is n o t give n in th e

.

nisbas and in fac t I h ave o nl y o nc e s ee n th e m m e nti o n e d , V iz

, .

in D 2 .

In 72 5 A H ( 1 32 5 A D ) Ibn B atuta cro ss ed the d es ert b etween

. . . .

K s an d Ai dhz1b in th e c o mp any o f a p arty o f D E GHAYM , b u t h e

te lls u s n o thi ng o f th e m
1
.

Imm edi ate ly b efo r e th e Mahdia th e trib e was living o n the

W hi te Nil e , and in 1 88 1 th ey j o ine d th e M ahdi t o geth er wi th th e

K EN AN A , b u t th ey wer e all b ut e x te rmin ate d at th e b attl e o f Ab u
2

T layh ( Ab u K l ea ) in 1 88 5 , an d th ey h ave n ever re c o ver e d

.

1
k
S e e B ur c h ar d t , N u bi a , p 5 3 3.
(M a g .

2
T h e a o us fm am i r

Ali w ad He l u w as one of mb
th e i r n u er . S ee S l atin ,

Ch . Iv
.
334 T HE RI KABIA III 7 I I
. . .

as tax c o ll e cto r s and mino r Ofci als T h e head m an o f th e D OALIB at

-
.

e l Har a z a was also r ec ogni z ed as h o l ding an o ver l o r d ship o ver the

n o rthern hi lls an d m emb er s of his family to th e p r es ent d ay h o l d
,

anal o g o u s p o si ti o ns at el Hara z a and as far west as th e K aga h ills .

I I I O th er RI KA B I A h av e wan d er e d t o o th er p art s o f th e S u d an : th e
'

p eo pl e o f Wad I sh ayb th e IS HAY B AB o n th e Bl u e Nil e n ear e l

, ,

K aml i n for instanc e cl aim d e sc e nt fr o m a Rikb i feki w h o s ettl e d

, ,

th e r e ab o ut th e b eginn ng o
i f t h e s v n n c entu ry ; bu t th e m ain
e e t ee th 1

b o dy r em ains in D o ng o l a and o wing t o i ts all eged n o bility o f d esc e nt

, ,

an d th e nu m er o u s h o l y m en i t h as p r o du c e d is r egar de d wi th c o n
2
,

s i d erab l e r e sp e ct . T h e m er e D o ng o l awi wh o wish e s t o re p r e s e nt

h ims e lf as o f g o o d bi rth n o rm ally c h o o s es to c all h ims elf a Rik b i .

1
b g y
gv
A io r ap h o f Al i w ad I sh ay b i s i en i n D 3 N o 6 0 T h er e i s a s m ll a

m i g i b P v y
. .

I sh ay b b i n D inne r d s tr i ct ( B er e r

no ad c ro u p o f r o in c e ) , b u t t h e ar e
i b
s a d to b e a

ran c h o f t h e U M AR AR

f
.

2
S ee D 3 T r ee N o 1 an d r e e r en ces th ere in
. .
 C HAP T E R 8

The Ha wa wir , Gella ba H owdr a , Wa hi a a nd K or o ba t

'

I In an e ar li er ch ap ter s o me acc ou nt h as already b een given o f

1

th e c ar ee r o f th e HO W ARA B er b er s w h o s ettl e d in U pp e r Egypt and

b ecame arabiciz e d We saw h ow in B u r ckhar d t s tim e th ey we r e
.

in o ccu p ati o n o f b oth si de s o f th e Nil e an d wer e s till rich an d

p r o sp er ou s U ntil th e time o f M uhamm ad Ali th ey had b een
2
.

ex tr e m e ly p o w er fu l o wing c h i ey t o th e e xc e ll e nc e o f th e ir c aval ry
, ,

an d ackn o wl e d g e d n o au th o r i ty b u t th at o f t h eir o wn c h i e fs T he .

family o f th e gre at chi e f Hamam Ab u Yu s ef h ad assu m ed the wh ol e

G o v er nm e nt o f U pp er Egyp t s ou th o f S iou t and th e Mam elou ks , ,

h ad b ee n o blig e d t o c e de i t to th e m by tre aty Hamam als o e xte n d ed .

hi s au th ori ty int o n o rth er n N b i a Wh ich h e s e ver al tim es visi te d as

far as M ah ass 3
.

T h e ru l e o f th e HO W ARA was h o w ev er accu s e d o f b eing o pp r es , ,

sive and exto r ti o nate e sp eci ally to war d s th e C opts many o f wh o m

4
, ,

w er e u s e d as sl ave s and s h o rtly b efor e M uhammad Ali s accessi o n

,

th e M am l ks attack e d Ham am and s u cc e e d e d in d e feating an d killing

him Bu t th ey w er e u n abl e to su b du e th e tr ib e as a wh o l e an d i t
.
,

remain e d p o wer fu l u ntil afte r th e fall o f th e Mam lks wh e n Ib r ahi m ,

P ash a nally c ru sh e d it He is s ai d to have sl ain 2 000 o f th e HOWARA

. .

I I HAW AW IR T h e HAW A W I R n o m ad s o f D o ng o l a P ro v inc e b el o ng

'

t o th is s to ck an d p r e s e rv e the trad i ti o n o f th e i r B er b er anc e s t ry T h ey .

are a l ar g e an d fai r ly r ic h t ri b e o f c am e l o wn er s an d in th e r ainy -

s eas o n m o ve to th e west and n o rth we st wi th the KAB AB iS H T heir -

.

m ain d ivisi o ns ar e as fo ll o ws : 5

1
P I I , Ap p e n d i to Ch ap 1
ar t x
k
. .

2
B u r c h ar d t , N ubi a , Ap p I I I , p p 5 3 1 5 3 3
mil il
. . .

3
I bi d p 1 3 5 C p Ha to n , p 2 5 7 F o r o th er d e ta s s ee M S D 4 1 x
x ii m i l
. . .

y
. . . . .

D e n o n , w h o acco p an e d N ap o eo n s e p e d t o n , o n t h e co n tr ar , h ear d o f

4

mm mi m
Ha a as a c h a p o n o f th e o p p r e s s ed an d o f his ti e as a so rt o f o d en ag e gl
b y k m gy
fo r th e Ar a s o f U p p e r E p t T h e s p o e d u t e p s d u c h e kh p r n ce Am m arn , i i
bi i m i l
.

011 o n n e t r aito i t p as d im p o si ti o n s ar tr a r e s , a s d e c c q u i p o u vo i t t r e l e p u s

il
u t e a to u s

ib
1, M S D 4 d e s cr e s Ha a as ar n o u t m m f mi g
bi v y y i l f i
. .

N u a i n e r c n ca as h o n
mlb v l ivi i
.

5
T he ca e r an d s o f s e e r a o f th ese d s o ns

ar e w l k w m ly
el no n , na e t h e L a m A l if ( a ) o f t h e

b
R uh a an d th e eri k ( b) o f t h e Ab b sb B u t th e

m i iv i b
.

o st d i s t n c t e o f al l t h e r r an d s i s th e Ki l a i d

w
m a hg a n ( c)

ig i
hi c h i s u se d o n t h e r h t s d e o f t h e
n ec k by m o st o f th e Haw a wfr .
3 36 T HE HAWAWIR , GELL AB A HO WARA , I II 8 I I
. . .

HAM As T AM As fH1

III GE LLAB A HOW ARA T h e . G

m o r e n u m e r ou s
ELLABA HO W ARA ar e
in D arfur th an in K o r d ofe m In th e l atter p r o vinc e th ey h ave vi ll ages

b etween el O b ei d an d Br a an d in U m Ru ab a distr ict T h e p eo pl e o f .

th e s e r e l ate th at th ei r anc e s t o r s c am e fr o m U pp er Egyp t an d cl aim ,

r e l ati o nsh ip wi th th e HAW A W I R T h ei r l an d th ey o b tain e d fr o m th e

'

G AW AMA A s o m e e igh t t o nin e g e n erati o ns ag o In typ e th ey ar e v er y

.

d ar k an d d e g r ad e d an d e nti r e ly u nlik e th e s all o w HAW AW I R o f th e

'

n orth wh o h o l d th em in c o nte mp t Th ei r divisi o ns in K or do fan are

,
.

KAW AM NA
ADAW IA

D I KAY RAB
AW LAD KAYsAN

F r o m th ei r titl e o f G ellb a i t is like ly th at as th ey s tate ,

th ey c am e o r igin ally as p e d l ar s ; an d in D r f r th e m aj o r i ty o f t h e m
ar e e ng ag e d in t rad e at th e p r e s e nt d ay or liv e cl o s e t o th e c api tal ,

el Fa sh e r T h e s e l atter like th eir r el atives in K or d o fan s till r em emb er

.
, ,

t h ei r U pp er E g yp ti an o rigin T h e c h i e f br anc h o f th em is th e WAH I A

-
. .

I V K O R OB AT T h e K O ROB AT ar e g e n erally r e ck o n e d s o c o gnate to

.

th e G ELL A B A HO W A RA as t o b e al l b u t i d e ntic al wi th th e m T h ey ar e .

c o nne d to th e w e ster n S u dan K o r d o fan an d D rf r th at is an d th e

, ,

gr eater p art o f th em ar e s ettl e d in n or th we ster n D ar fur n ear th e -

K I M R b o r d er .

N achtigal tells u s th at th ey at o n e p eri o d inh abi te d D ar Kim r an d

wer e dr iv e n th e nce by th e F UR B o th h e and B ar th incl u de th em
2 3 4
.

als o am o ng th e Ar abs o f W adai an d th e fo r m er s tate s th ey cl aim ed,

t o b e o f Y e me ni te s to ck At th e p r e s ent d ay th o s e in D ar fur all eg e

.

a d e sc e nt fr o m th e B EN I S HAY B A o f Arabi a T h e i r s u b d ivisi o ns th ey .

gi ve as :
AB U U M B UKR
AWLAD EL FE KI
AB U AMNA
FI N E I

MAS KIN

1
T he w
o rd ean s m c r o co d e s il
C o p are th e tr i m b lb
a r an d o f th e M o g h r b a
l il l b x i
.

on th e B u e N e , a so o f B e r e r e tr act o n ( p .

2
S a h und S ud an , 1 1 1 , 4 5 5 , ap C ar b o u , 1 1 , 9 4
. . .

3
I bi d 1 1 1 , 7 1
. .

4
m , 5 45
 C HAP T E R 9

The A ba bda K er r ar ish

a nd
'
1

I T h e AB AB DA

ib e of U pp er Egyp t b u t as th ey have s ev eral
ar e a tr ,

b ranch e s in th e S u d an s o m e b r i e f acc o u nt o f th em will b e giv e n .

As b eing n eigh b o u r s o f th e B I S HARI N an d h aving in ter m arr i e d

'

wi th th em th ey h ave natu rally c o m e to b e c o nsi d ere d as o f th e sam e

o r igin al s to ck b u t th e AB A B D A h av e v e r y mu ch m o r e o f th e Ar ab in

,

t h ei r c o mp o si ti o n th an h av e any o f th e B E GA r ac e s an d in fac t p r o b
2

ably r e p r e s e n t th e A r abs w h o w er e s e tt l e d i n th e T h e b ai d b e fo r e th e

nal M u h amm adan c o nqu est o f th e S u d an T h e AB AB DA in S h e n d i .

d is tr ic t t o l d B u r ck h ar d t th at th ey an d th e AB AB DA o f Egyp t w ere al l

3
d e sc e n d e d fr o m S elm an an Ar ab o f th e BEN 1 HI LAL Th er e is n o , .

r e as o n c o mp e lling o n e t o d e ny th e i r c o nn e c ti o n wi th th at t r ib e ; an d

t h e y app ear als o t o h av e in te rm arr i e d as o n e w o u l d exp e ct wi th th e , ,

AW LAD KAN z 4
.

T h ei r n or th er n limi t is r o u gh ly th e K ena Ku sayr r o ad an d the -

gr eater p ar t o f th e t r ib e fr e q u e nt s th e c o u ntr y eas t o f L u x o r D i r aw

an d Asw a n an d th e n o r th er n Atb ai 5
.
,

I I T h e AB AB DA ar e d i v i d e d in to th r ee m ain g r o u ps th e AS HAB AB

, ,

th e F UKARA an d th e AB UD I I N o r S HI N AT I R T h e AS HAB AB is th e

G
.

l ar g e s t an d m o s t p ow er fu l o f th es e divi si o ns an d b oth it an d th e ,

AB UD I I N S HI N AT I R g r o u p ar e p r actic ally c o nn e d t o Egyp t

' '

-
7
.

O f th e F U KARA th e b e s t kn o wn b r anch is th e M I LAY KAB m any -

o f w h o m ar e wi th in th e S u d an b o u n d ary th o u g h th er e ar e o th e r s o f ,

th e m o v er th e b o r d e r an d r o u n d D i r w 3
.

1
T he w
A a da l lf m f m b i
is a p ura
ord or ed b
ro bb lA ad A ad i a so

m i i g i i
.

e an s a N e s to r an Chr s t an ( s e e e l M as ud , e d S p r e n er , p p

2 47 ,

wf bb k
. .

2
Cp C ro o o t , S om e p 5 S u c h A a d a as s p e a T O B e d o w i -

v l f m i i g m b bly
. . .

h a e e ar n t i t r o t h e B s h ar n Q u atr em er e ( I I , 1 5 8 ) th o u h t th e p ro a
i g
.

d e sc e n d an t s o f th e an c e n t B e a .

3
N ubi a , p 3 4 5
k y m m i f m
. .

4
B u r c h ar d t s a s ( l o c ci t p 1 4 5 ) O f t h e K e n z , i e t h e o d er n od ed or
wl z yf ly i m y wi b lz
. . . . .

of A ad K an , T he r e q u ent n te r ar r th t h e A r a s Ab ab d e Be o ni
y bb v i m y wi i
.

p p 3 04 3 1 3 ) s a s t h e A a d a th an y o f th e r

n e er n te r ar r

l
.

ow n p eo p e

B lz ni ( 8 5 ) k
.

5
I bid 48 d pp d A E S d 1 e t s eq an m ap an u an, p 93 e o 1 1 sp e a s
f h m (l x d i g f m S z h B i h ii
. . . . . . .
,

o t i )
e oc c t h
as e f h te n n ro n e ar ue to t e s ar n , on t e co as t o t e
blwh l i d f
. .

R d S
e e a, e o t e at tu e o

S m ll h S h i i f h Ab d i d h ll h Ab d i
5
tfr a s e c t o n o

o e ca t e n t e i1 in an ot er s ca t e 11 in
i f h S hi
a s e ct o n o S hi a ti H im y i i m
e ig n ti r n tfr

n ar t c e an s e ar r n s

kh d ( ) m i i d ivi d l f h A h b b A h b a )
. .

7
B urc ar t p 1 49 en t o n s n ua s o t e s a s a t
h vi g l d h N il i N bi d i m i d wi h h i h bi
.

a n s e tt e on t e e n u a an n t er ar r e t t e n a t an ts
D i aw i mi l h d f Ab d l A z m B l Kh l f h b
.

3
h

r s t e no na ea q u ar t e r s o e i ey c a i a, t e e st

k w f h Abab d h ikh b h f
no n o t e

ly id B b C B k h d a s e s, ut e r e q u en t r es e s at er er .
p . u rc ar t,

pp . 21 1 an d 34 5 .
 T HE AB AB D A AN D T HE K E RRARIS H

339

It is
is b r anch which fr o m time imme m ori al h as c o ntro ll e d th e
th
c am e l tr ansp o r t o v er th e B u tm el Hagar b e twee n K o r o sk o an d Ab u
H mmad an d h as th ereby b e c o m e weal th y A few AS HAB AB an d
1
a .

AB UD I IN live wi th th e m

.

Th er e is als o a co nsi de r abl e c o l o nv o f AB AB DA o f a s to ck mu c h

,

mix e d wi th the G A ALI I N e l eme nts am o ng wh ich they live b as e d o n

'
2
,

e l Hos h a few mil e s w e s t o f S h e n d i

, T h ey nu mb er s o m e 8 5 0 m en .

an d o w n p er h aps 2 000 c am e ls an d s heep an d g o ats .

U ntil th e s e c o n d d e c ad e o f th e nin etee nth c e ntu r y o th e r AB AB D A

w er e s ettl e d at D o ng o l a wh er e th ey h ad acqu i r e d gr eat weal th an d ,

: th e s e l atte r w er e c o mp e ll e d by th e immig ran t M am l k s

3
i n u en ce
to r eti r e t o Egyp t .

T HE KE R RAR IS H
III C o nn ecte d wi th th e AB AB DA th o u gh r e m ote ly are th e KE R
, ,

RA A p o r ti o n o f th e s e w er e u ntil l ate ly in U pp er Egyp t b u t

'
4
RI S H .
,

m o st o f th em gr az e thei r cam els an d o cks in th e d e s er ts we s t o f

D o ng o l a an d s o u th o f th e l ati tu d e o f Halfa O th er s h av e l o ng b ee n .

s ettl e d o n the Nil e m or e p ar ticu l ar ly to th e s ou th o f th e MAHASS ,

c ou ntry an d o n Ark o Isl an d .

T h ese B ed o u i n a r emo te b ran c h o f th e Ab ab de s ay s B u r ck h ar d t

5
,
in ,

1 81
p as tu re the i r c ttl e o n th e u n i n h abi ted b an ks o f th e r i v er an d o n

3 ,
a ,

i ts i sl an d s f om D err s o u th w ar d s as far as M ah ss an d D o ngo l a wh e r e

,
r ,
a ,

th ey are s ai d to b e mo r e n umero u s th an i n Nu bi a T h ey ar e .

n o tw i th stan d i n g th ei r p o v e r ty th ey r efu s e t o gi v e th ei r d au gh te s i n ,
r

marri age to the Nubi an s an d h ave thu s p r eser ve d their r ace ,

K er r a i sh ar e fo r th e mo st p ar t in the ser vi ce o f th e go v er n o r s o f Nu bi a
r , , ,

to w h o m th ey a e attach e d as a c o r p s o f gu ar d s an d gu i d e s an d ac comp n y
r , ,
a

th em in th ei r j o u r n ey s th r ou gh t h ei r ar e a v e r y h o n e s t

an d h o sp i tabl e p e o p l e

.

O th er s h e ad d s w o r k e d as gu i d e s t o m er c h ants o r m ad e a living
, ,

by c o ll e cting senna an d ni tre fr o m th e d es er ts .

1
Is a i m lP as h a h ad 7 00 o f t h e as r r e u ar s ith him in t h e e p e d t o n o f m i gl w x ii
1 82 1 C ail l i au d ( q v I I , p 5 1 ) c h ar ac t e r e s th e as th e o r s t so d e r s i n t h e ar y, iz m w li m
m gi g
. . .

ac c u st o e d r ath er t o tr ad e an d u d e t h an t o ht
y i b
.

2
T h e c o n ta n Has an a , M ag d h i b , S u l aym an i a, K an z b , Har i r ab , Bi s h r b ,

M u k b i r zIb , et c

3
I bi d p 6 7
l i iP i l b iv i
. . .

4
T h e r e ar e a s o Ke r r sha n e ar T or in th e S n a e n n su a , su d i d e d n t o
wl
N asi r t an d A ad T i i ( s e e N a u B ey , H is t b pp 1 1 2 m . .

5
N ubia , p p 3 0, 3 1 . .
 C HAP T E R 1 0
The K er r za t

I fo r m a sm all cam el o wni ng trib e the m emb ers o f

T h e K ERRI AT -

wh ich at p r e se nt r ank as n o mad Ar abs an d d o n ot o bvi ou sly d i ffer in

typ e fr o m th ei r w e s te r n n e igh b o u rs th e KAB A B i S H an d HAW A
'

WI R .

T h e n am e d o e s n o t h o wever app ear in th e nisbas

K er r i at , ,

an d th e t r ib e s e e ms t o b e r eally a h eter o g e n e o u s c o ll e cti o n o f Arabs

grafte d u p o n s o m e m o re anci e nt s to ck .

Th ei r gr azing gr ou nd s h ave alway s b een and ar e still w es t an d -

, ,

n orth o f O m du rm an t o th e east Of th e W ad i el Muk ad dam ; b u t in ,

p ractic e th ey g o far th er w e stwar d s in th e r ainy s eas o n and a few o f ,

th e m r e m ain th r o u gh o u t th e y e ar as far inl an d as e l S aa N o ne o f .

th e m ar e s e de ntar y o r o w n any l an d u p o n th e r iv er .

Th ei r n am e su gges ts th at th e su bstr atum u p o n which the trib al

e d ic e w as r e ar e d w er e d w e ll e r s r o u n d G eb e l K e rr i th e anci e nt s eat ,

o f th e AB D U LL A B n ear th e S h abl k a c atarac t an d th e c o mm o n s tate

,

m e nt which h as als o b ee n v o l u nteer e d t o m e by K ERRI AT th ems elve s

, ,

to th e e ffe c t th at th ey ar e AN A G by o r igin b e ar s o u t th is vi e w T h eir

1
.
,

ch i e f s ecti o ns ar e th e ADALI N th e MI HAYM I DAB and th e SO N AYTAB '

, .

I I T h ey ar e w o nt t o inter m ar r y l ar g e l y wi th th e HAW A W IR and i t ,

is n o ticeabl e th at th e m o st distinctive c am e l b r an d u sed by th e l atter

is p r actic ally i d entical wi th th at pl ace d by th e KERRI AT o n th ei r sh e
c amels 2
.

1
m i m h K i I h v
At th e sa i de h p i
t d y
e su c er r t as a e q u es t one on t e o nt en an y

i b w h m K i d K i
co n n e c t o n et e en t e na es er r

an e rr t

T h H w awi b f d i h hil i d hg viz I II h igh

.

2
d

e a t r an r e er r e to s t e a ma an , on t e r t
k ( M Mi h l C l l h
.
,

id
s f h
e o t e n ec Th K
see i ac c ae am e p e er r t p ac e t e

m l b ly h m l i h f m III
.
,
"
!
kil id i

a h n t e sa e p ac e , ut o n on s e ca-
e s, n t e or

A I g v s f h K aia b d i h w k
e n o acc o u n t o f d bv I t e err t r an s n t e or r e er r e to a o e, m ay
add h m h t e er e

A d al b v h hi
.

Th h b

( ) O l d

1 e h in a n m a es : a s o rt a o e t e t na , a s ur a a , an a

igh O h l f k tf d
. .

hh ll
ur us , a h on t (
e r l ) ( b) O f t l n t e e t a u a an a z a l ay t or z a at n em a es :

ib d h b d o ll h igh
. .

h hi l i d d

t e a as e sc r e a s ur a a , an a s t, a on t e r t
h l f igh
.
,

T h M ih
2 i d ab ( ) O e l kh ay m d h a n m a es : a ur u s o n t e e t ; an on t e r t a
k f (i i f
. .

Al l

d hh h d f h

d i

u a on t e n ecff) a er a a t p o e e ar c u t o an a am o r an y o t ese

m k i d (b) O f l h hi l id d ib d m dd d i
.
. .
, .
,

ar s s u se n em a es : t e a as es c r e : so e a a am

igh (b) O
. .

Th S tab ( ) O l d i d ot h

3 e o n ay a n ma es : a am an a s on t e r t n
ib d d f igh
. . .

l h ki l id d ot l l h

f d i d

em a es : t e a as e s cr e an a er a a , a am an a s a on t e r t
h iz l h lf d w h d g f h
.
, ,

N B A kh i ur us s a or o n ta cu t a -
w ay o n t e e e o t e e ar .

b dmd d h b k f h j bv h
. .

A l l i
z a a vt o r z a a t, s a r an a e ro un t e ac o t e e ar ust a o e t e

b as e

Th m i g f h h h i l m d wi ll b f d i C l B d
.

e e an n o t e ot er tec n ca t er s u se e o un n am e r an s

Th f b d wh i h i mm h wh l ib d wh i h
.

h h e ac t t at t e one r an c s co on to t e o e tr e , an c

m ay th f b ll d h ib l b d p p i l d
er e o r e e ca ml b fml e t e tr a r an ro er , s p ace no t on a es ut o n e a es

m ayw ll b li f m il i e id
e a re c o a atr n ear p er o .
342 T HE S OU T HERN MAHASS I II 1 1 1 1
. . .

To c q ui r e r ic h l an ds o n th e r iver b ank and inte rm arry wi th the

a

nu mer o u s sub trib es o f GUHAYN A wh o p astu r e d th ei r o cks inl and

an d c u l tiv ate d a rain c r o p in th e wa di s w as an e asy s te p

-
T he .

s am e p r o c ess h as b een s ee n at w o r k in n or th er n K o rd o fan wh ere ,

immigrant D AN AGLA to o k ad v antag e o f th e n o mad Arabs ign o rance

o f ar tici al i r r igati o n an d c o n te mp t fo r m an u al l ab o u r e xc e p t in so ,

far as i t mig h t b e d o n e b y th ei r sl ave s t o acq u i r e a h o l d o ver al l th e ,

b e st b asins o f th e K hay r an at th e exp e ns e o f th e D AR HAM I D T h e .

MAHASS in th e s ame w ay fo r es tall e d th e RUFAA o n th e Blu e Nil e

.

In b o th c as e s th e r esu l t h as n atu rally b ee n s o me d eg r ee o f j e al ou sy

an d d isp u te .

I I I T h o u gh th e s e M AHAS S ar e e ss e nti ally an d always s e d e ntary

th ey d ivi d e th e ms e lv e s th eo r e tic ally an d o n th e Arab m o d e l int o , ,

su b tr ib e s S u ch ar e th e fo ll owing ; all o f wh o m ar e e migrants by

.

o r igin living s o u th o f B e r b e r P r o vinc e :

,

G HARDAKAB (a) MUHAMM ADAB O n T ti I sl an d at Aylafi1 n Be

1
I . , ,

(b) BARAKAT s heik i a East S higl a an d Elti r , .

2 SUB AHAB
.
( ) D AKH AL A B A t H e l Nub a
a . . .

O A A B es h kira Wes t an d o n th e s i te o f K h r to u m b efo r e

3 . N B t .
,
a

t h at t o w n w as b u il t b y K h ur s h i d P as h a .

4 M . I K I N AB O n T uti I s l an d .

K G ALAB A e l K u bb an d o n T uti I sl an d
2
5 .H O t . a .

6 WAW I SS I
. I n K y li d i s t i ct n o r th o f K h ar to um
3
. a r , .

7 G .E N N A EL HA G I n th e G ezi a . r .

AW LAD F E LLATA At K u trai ng

'

8 . . .

AW LAD MAN f A At el Rek ayb a

9 . . .

A PP EN D I X ON C
B URIAL C US TO MS O N T HE B LUE N I LE
E RTAI N

S O ME o f the bu i l cu stoms in vogue o n the l o w e r Blue Nile m ay b e o f

r a

Nubi n ( BARAB RA) o igin an d du e to the settlements o f Mah ss in tho se

a r a

p ar t s T h e.y ar e n o t u s e d b y t h e FU N G B e cke tt ( C ai o S i en t
j ou n . r c . r .

N o 5 9 Au g 1 9 1 1 ) i n an ar ti c l e o n Nu bi a n d the Berb er i ne s ys that

.
,
. a a

afte r th e b u r i al n d t h e lli n g i n o f th e g av e th e e i s fe asti n g fo r se v en

a r r

d ays an d th t th e fe s t is again r ep eate d after for ty d ays an d th i s time

a a ,

al l w h o c ome b r i n g w i th th e m p e bbl e s gath er e d fro m th e d e se r t ro u n d a .

O ve r these p ebbl es th e K o an i s r ead by th e S heikh o f th e v ill age an d e ach r

p ers o n then d e p o sits th s e h e b r i ngs o n the gr ave w hi ch i s c omp l ete ly

o ,

co vere d w ith them P o ts o f w ater are p u t near the h eads o f the graves
.

an d r ep l e n i sh e d b y th e r e l ati v e s o f th e d ece ase d an d n e ar the p o ts ar e ,

stu ck p alm b r an ch e s .

O n the Blu e Nile r ou n d el K rim lfn burm as o f water ar e simil ar l y, ,

1
Id r i s w ad Ar b b s s e c t o n

i
g li ma
.

I e d e s ce n d an t s o f K h o a 3 , NO

2
Ab d el Rah n (D
l g ib
. . .

3
A ar e su b tr e -
.
III 1 1 III
. . . T HE S OU T HERN MAHAS S 343
place d by the graves an d kep t fu ll fo r a few weeks after the bu r ial After .

w ar d s they are ap t to g et for go tten T h e n ati ves gave tw o e x pl an ati o n s o f .

th e cu sto m : o n e th at i t wo u l d b e c o u n te d i n G o d s sigh t to the me ri t o f

,

th e d e ce ase d th at th e bi r d s s h o u l d qu e n ch thei thi r s t at th ese burm a s ; r

th e s ec o n d th at the p resence o f th e wate r w o u l d all e vi ate the Opp r e ssi ve

,

he at o f the to mb .

As r egar d s the p l acin g o f p ebbles o n the gr av e the cu sto m main tai ns , ,

b u t w ith imp o rtant v ar i ti o n s T h r ee i nstan ce s m ay b e qu o ted

a . .

1. At H Nub a (B et ween e l K m lin an d K h arto u m P o p u l atio n

. . .

MAHASS G A ALI I N A1D AB HUDUR KAW AHLA RUFAA an d S HAB ARX A )

, , , , , .

T h e ceme tery w as o n the same site as th at O f th e n cient inh abitants I n a .

e v ery c ase th e grav es o f th e p r e se n t gen erati o n w e r e c o v e r e d with small

r o u n d e d y e ll o w p ebbl es e x c ep ti n g th e gr av es o f n e w l y b u r i e d e rso n s
, p .

As ked th e r easo n o f th is e x cep ti o n the vi l l agers state d th at sev en mo n th s

mu st always e l ap se after th e bu rial befo re the p l acing o f the stones o n the
grave If u n avo i dab le cir cumstan ces p r evente d this b ein g d one o n th e
.

e x act d ay i t c o u l d b e d o n e afte r ni n e mo n th s i n s tead o f after se ven If .

n o t d o ne afte r n ine mo n th s i t w as to o l ate to d o i t at al l T o d o i t e g after .

, . .

e ig h t m o n th s w o u l d b e u se l e ss an d w r o n g T h e s to ne s mu st n o t b e s p r e ad
,
.

o n t he gr av e b y m e n o r b o y s o r gi r l s (v i r gi n s) b u t o n l y b y th e m arr i e d

w o men o f the v ill age Feki s to o k n o p rt i n th e c er emo n y an d ther e w er e

. a

n o p ar ticu l ar r i tes to b e o b se r ve d an d n o c o n c o mi tan t fe s ti vi ti es T he .

cu stom was sai d to apply to ll th e vill ges in the n eighb o u rh o o d a a .

2. At H K u tr n g (Ab o u t ve miles fro m H Nub a o n th e Op p osi te

. . .

b an k o f the r iver P op u latio n RUFAA Vill ge o f MAHAS S a mile o r s o

.

. a

away ) Q u es ti o n e d as to th e cu sto m o f s p r i n k li n g p ebbl e s o n th ei r gr av es

.

the p e o pl e s ai d th ese we re p l ac e d o n t he gr av e at t he e x p i rati o n o f e i th er

s e v en o r n ine m o n th s n e i th er m o r e no r l ess,
T h e cer emo ny w as inv ari abl y .

p er forme d by the o ld w omen o n ly : at Aylaf11 n it was d o n e b y the m en '

b u t n owh ere e l se th at th ey kn ew o f I t to o k pl ace at su n ris e T he n ea est . . r

re l ati v e o f th e d e ce as e d w o u l d b e e x p ecte d to p ro v i d e s o me gr e ase (dihn)

fo r th e o ld w omen an d to k ill a s h eep as k er m a fo r them T h e o ld w omen

a .

car ried o u t the du ty light hear te d ly an d laughingl y all wo rking to gether

-

, .

T h e same e ven in g the s h eep w o u l d b e e aten an d a fa tha r eci te d T h e .

villagers wou l d all contribu te c o rn fr om their own stores for this feast If .

a m an w er e so p o or th at h e c o u l d n o t affo r d to h o l d th i s fe as t h e w o u l d n o t

have th e s to nes p u t o n th e gr ave .

3. A t A y l

af1 1 n
( B etwe en

K .h arto u m an d H Nub a Po p u latio n . .

MAHASS c l aiming descent fr om the r eligio u s sh eikh I d ris Arb ab q v in , . .

D T h e p eo p le h er e s ai d th e ir cu sto m w as to s p r i nk le p ebb l es o n th e
graves after se ven mo nths o r fai ling th at after nin e o r f ilin g th at after
, ,
a

e l e ve n If no t d o n e after el even mo nths it was to o l ate T he ceremon y

. .

was p er fo rme d by th e m en an d n ot b y th e wo men .

 C HAP T E R 12

The Ha m r a n

I T he HAM RAN Ar abs ar e a ve ry sm all c o mmu ni ty living n ear th e

Ab y ssini n a b o r d er , b u t th ey h ave b ec o me we ll know n o n acc ou nt o f
S ir S amu e l B ak e r s d escr ip ti o n o f th em He m et th e s e mighty

.

hu n te r s wi th th e sw o r d o n th e S e tit Riv er I n 1 8 6 1 an d d e sc r ib e s

vivi d l y th ei r su rp assing c o u rage an d dexter i ty in th e c h as e o f th e

e l e p h an t .

T h e ear li e s t n o tic e o f th e m h o weve r is th at o f B ru c e in th e , ,

p r ece d ing c e ntu ry He d o e s n o t m e nti o n th e m by name b u t his

1
.

d e sc r ip ti o n o f th e m an d th e applic ati o n to th e m o f th e n am e ag ag z r
' '

el e p h an t h u n t er s
-
b y which th ey ar e s till kn own e stablis h e s th ei r
, ,

i d e nti ty He sp eaks o f th em as h av ing r egu l ar Eu r o p ean ) featu r es

.

an d n o n w o o ll y h ai r an d b eing v ery swarth y T h ey wer e d ead ly

2
-
.

fo e s o f th e S HAN GALLA tr ib e s .

M ans el d P arkyn s c alls th em a trib e o f Bi sh ary o rigin wh ich 3

,

s till u s e s th e Had en d awy l angu age lik e its m o th er r ace T h ey m ay ,

.

alm o s t b e c o nsi d e r e d a s u b tr ib e o f Bis h arin fo r th er e is n o s ep ar ati o n ,

b etwee n th e m .

B k e s ay s : T h e Ham r an Ar abs ar e dis tingu ishe d fr o m th e

a r
4

o th e r tr ib e s b y an extra l e ng th o f h ai r w o r n pl ai te d d o wn th e c e n tre ,

an d arrang e d in l o ng c u r ls T h ey c arr i e d r o u n d sh i el d s o f r h in o ce r o s

.

hi de .

I I T h ey w er e n e v e r a l ar g e tr ib e an d th ei r h abi tat h as always b ee n

th e b anks o f th e S e tit n ear i ts j u nc ti o n wi th th e Atb ara At th e p r es e nt .

d ay th ey p r o b abl y n u mb e r o nl y a few h u n d re d s ou ls : th e m aj o r i ty
w er e kill ed b y th e D ervish es T h e su rvi v o r s still b e ar the r ep u tati o n .

O f b e ing as g r e at Nim r o d s as th e i r fath er s w er e an d th ey b o as t th e m ,

s elves to b e p u r er Ar abs th an any o f th e su rr ou n d ing tr ib es .

I I I T h ey cl aim t o h av e immig r ate d fr o m th e Heg z and t o b e o f

n o bl e lin eag e If th e MS D 6 is to b e tru ste d th ey ar e by o rigin
. .

an o ffs h o o t o f th e HARE BA th o u g h giving n o d etails simply

.
, ,

cl ass e s th em wi th th e HAM AR in th e G UHAY N A gr o u p an d this l atter

5
, , , ,

as th e r e h as b ee n fr e q u e n t c au s e t o re m ar k is m u c h mix e d wi th th at ,

of th e HARB .

1
V o l v1 , Bk I I I , p 2 28 V
k l i w i ll
. . . .

2
B a e r , N ile p 1 74 , a so n o tes th e r s ar th n e ss P ar k y n s ca s

m b z
. .

th e d e ep r o n e .

3 5
Life i n A by ssi ni a , I I , 4 04 .
4
L oc . ci t .
pp . 1 67
1 68 . S e e p ar a . L xxvm .
346 RAS HAID A , ZE BAY D IA, HADAREB AN D HU DUR

name fr o m th e G eb ad ei w h o ar e m e nti o n e d by P liny as a tr ib e living ,

o n th e w e s t s h o re o f th e Re d S e a in th e r s t c e ntu ry A D
1
. .

I I I T h e b r an d o f th e Z EB AY D I A c am e ls is a c u r i o u s o n e n am ely
'

pl ace d u p o n th e qu art e r . It is kn o wn b o th in th e ea st an d th e

we st o f th e S u d an an d it is i de ntical b u t for th e d o t wi th th e b rand

, , ,

s ill u s e d b y c er tain o e B
t f th E N 1 S AK H R o f Arabi a
2
.

T h e c am e ls o f th e ZEB AY D I A ar e als o o f a v e r y d istinctiv e typ e

'

e asily r e c o gniz abl e T h ey are a small thick set d ark b r o wn tu n

.
,
-

, ,

b e lli e d sh ort l egge d h ar dy ty p e an d c o nsi derabl y valu e d fo r trans

,
-

p o rt w o rk .

(b) T H E HA DARE B A N D HU DUR

am e o f th e s e p eo pl e is var i o u sl y sp e l t HAD A
IV H A DARE Bn . T he RE B ,

HADARB A HADARM A o r with a D in pl ac e o f th e

, , an d th e nisbas

u ni te in s ay ing th ey c am e fro m th e Hadram au t in th e e ar ly d ay s o f

Isl am an d s ettl e d am o ng an d c o al esc e d wi th th e B E GA tr ib e s o n th e

Re d S ea c o as t in t h e vicini ty o f S u akin3 F u rth er p ar ticu l ar s are .

scar ce an d th e ab o ve m er el y su ms u p wh at is kn o wn o f th ei r o r igin
,

T h e fo ll o wing is B u r ck h ar d t s acc o u nt o f th e m :

4

T h e i n h abi t nts O f S o u akin l ike th o s e o f all th e h ar b o u rs i n th e Re d

a ,

S ea are a mo tl ey race ; o n e p r i n ci p l c l ass h o w ev er i s c o ns p icu o u s ; th e

,
a , ,

foref the s o f the chi ef famili es o f the Ar bs o f S o u akin w er e nati ves o f

a r a

H d am o u t an d p i n cip al ly o f the to w n o f S h ah her th e h a b o u r o f th at

a r ,
r ,
r

c o u n try i n th e I n d i an o ce n T h e y c ame h i ther acc o d i n g to s o me ab o u t

a . r ,

a c e n tu r y a o ; o th ers s tate th at t h ey arr i v e d s o o n ft t h e r o mu lgati o n

g er p a

o f I s l am ; i t i s f o m th em th at t h e c o ll e cti v e
r o u l ti o n o f th e to w n h as a
p p
o b t ai n e d t h e n am e o f Had h e r e b e w i th fo r eign e rs ; b u t th e i n h bi tant a s

t h emse l ves d aw a s t i c t li n e o f d i s ti n cti o n b e t w een t he t ru e Had h er eb e

r r ,

o r d es c e n d an ts o f th e n ati v es o f H d r am o u t an d the o th e r s e ttl e r s w ho m a , ,

th ey term S o u kin y a .

In a n ote B u r ckhar d t adds

T he p eo p l e o f H d r am o u t ar e famo u s fo r emigrati n g ; l ar ge c o l o ni es o f
a

them are fo u n d in all t h e to w n s o f the Y emen an d He dj z T h e g re ate r a .

p art o f th e p eo p l e o f Dj i dd a n d th e l o w e r c l ss o f th e i n h abi t n ts o f
,
a a a

Me kk a e fro m th e s ame c o u n try

,
ar .

T h e g o ver nm e nt o f S uakin wh e n B u r ck h ar d t visi te d i t w as in , ,

th e h an d s o f t h e Emi r o f th e Hadher eb e w h o was ch o s e n fro m

,

am o ng th e ve p atr ici an fam ili e s o f th e trib e He was .

n o minally dep en d e nt o n th e Pash a o f J e d da an d h ad littl e o r n oth ing

to d o wi th th e affai r s o f th e tr ib e b e ing c hi e y c o nc e r n e d wi th c o l ,

1
P li yn Bk C p C ro
VI , o o t , S om e
p ar a 3 3 wf
p 3 T h e r o o t o f th e
w m bi b
. . . . .
, .

o r d i s th e sa e as th at o f z ibd a , t h e A r a c fo r u tt e r
k
.

2
S e e B u r c h ar d t , 1 , 1 9 9 an d Z w em e r , p 279
i l XXXV
. .

3
S ee i n p art c u ar A 2 , I I I an d D 6 , L I 4
N ubi a , p p 4 3 3 5 an d 449 . . .
 RAS HAID A , ZE BAYD IA , HADAREB AN D HU DUR 347

l eeting cu sto ms minister e d b y its o wn sh eikh

du es T h e . tr ib e w as ad

an d w as o n b ad t e r ms wi th al l th e B E G A tr ib e s o f th e int er i o r .

E ar li e r in th e s am e wo k B c
r u r k h ar d t sp e king o f S he n di s ays
a 1
, ,

T h e m st su b s t nti al O f ll t h e tr ad ers wh o at p r es en t fr e qu en t th e
o a a

S h e n dy ma k et r e t h e p e p l e f o m S ou aki n o r as th ey are m o r e c ommo n l y

r a o r ,

c l l e d i n t hi s p art o f Afr ic a t h e Hadh ar eb e o r Had h r am e th at i s p e o p l e

a , ,
a , ,

o f H d em u t i n S o u th A abi a f o m w h en c e th e y d raw t h ei r o r igi n

a r a ,
r ,
r .

He n o te s in addi ti o n th at th e c ar avans o f th e HADARB A als o visi te d

S ennar an d el O b ei d .

V T h e HADARE B ar e g r eat tr av e ll e r s an d m or e o f th e m h av e ,

wan d er e d e as twar d s fr o m Hadr amaut to J ava an d In di a th an w est

war d s to Afr ica Zw em er s ay s : .

La ge co l o nies o f H d ram is emigrated to th e D u tch Ar chip el go mo r e

r a a

t h n a c en
a tu r y ag o ; i n terma i age b etween th e J av an ese n d t h e Arab s i s
rr a

very common ; an d the Mohammed anism o f the D u tch East In dies is

en ti e l y o f t h e H d r amau t typ e
2
r a .

V I HumI R T h e n am e B I HU D app e r s in e l M as ud i as th at

3
. E N U R a

o f an anci e nt an d p o we r fu l p e o pl e o f Ar abi a o f u nkn o wn o r igin an d

l o cali ty to wh o m o n acc o u nt o f th ei r iniqu i ty G o d s ent a p r o p h et

, , ,

in th e D ays o f Ign oranc e Him th ey p u t to d eath b u t the p r o p h et .

,

B aru ch th e n appli e d to B o kht N sir (N eb u chad n ezz ar) wh o attack e d

th e m an d d e s tr o y e d th e m .

T h e t er m HUDUR as u s e d at p r e s e nt exp r ess e s li ttl e m o r e th an

, ,

Ar ab tr ad er s fr o m o u ts i d e th e S u d an At N b a vill ag e ( Blu e Nil e) .

th e r e ar e s o m e w h o ar e s ai d t o b e HO W ARA b y d e sc e nt an d th er e ar e ,

o th e r s at E l ti an d e ls ewh er e o n th e Bl u e Nil e T h e t o wn o f Ar b ag i .
,

b efo r e i ts des tru cti o n b y th e S HUKRI A is s ai d to h av e b een p eo pl e d by

HU DUR an d its fo u n d er Heg az i ibn M a in th e anc estor o f th e G ELI LAB

'

, , ,

o f W ad Rzi w a is u su ally c all e d a Hadar i ins tead o f b eing c o nn e c te d

,

wi th th e GUHAYN A g r o u p t o wh ich h i s descen dants h av e attach e d

th e ms elv e s 4
.

T o th e s am e g r o u p th er e fo r e m ay b el o ng th e D AF I RI A D EK I N AB

, , , ,

F UKAD AB F ARI S AB G ARAB K ERI N G AR an d s u c h o th e r sm all i n d ete r

, , ,

min ate c o mmu ni ti e s in th e s ame n eighb o u r h o o d as ar e all e g e d b y th e

G E LI LAB t o b e d e sc e n d e d fr o m th e s am e s to ck as th e ms e lve s n am e ly

fr o m th at O f Heg z i ibn M a in
.

I t s eems m o r e th an p r o b abl e as th ei r n am e su gg e sts th at th e r eal , ,

HU DUR ar e m er e ly HADARE B u n d er a v ar i ant d e signati o n th o u g h th e ,

t er m h as c o m e t o b e u s e d c o ll o q u i ally in a wi d er an d v agu er s e ns e .

1
N bi p 3 9
u a, 1 p 77 Ch X V 2
V l p p 3 04 if
3
L II , o 111 ,
ik gv i
. . . . . . . .

4
S e e B 1 a n d T r e e T h e S h e h w h o a e m e t h e M S o f B 1 s a d t h e G e lfl ab
bl g b y m b i by
. .

e o n e d to t h e Du b an fa r an c h o f G u h a n a , a s t at e en t o r n e o u t n e th e r

ii
t r ad t o n n o r h i s o w n p e d r ee ig .
 m g) O F V O L UM E 1

G LAN D
P RI N TE D I N E N BY J . B . P E ACE , M . A .

AT T HE C AM BRI D GE V
U N I ERS I TY P RES S
 Ma cmi c ha e l , ( S i r ) Ha r o l d
Al f r e d
A h i s t o ry of t h e Ar a b s
i n t h e Sud an

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