— me eee tater Eagecctng APPLIED ae Pk nd a ey Cg HYDROLOGY ate nd Ot: Bch ngincerng Pome ‘hops Morne Plin od is Com! ‘owas: Moa for Mtr Quy Mangement Somer Gradua Hoaiony SS Em pr cma Ven Te Chow ‘Gee Saldnas yp! dlny a reer of Pen ang {ky aod emia or Robes Bag ‘stro ict, Ute Serpe Nera Pt lg fe ars ‘Moca an iy nc Mousa Ein Coes an aig David R. Maidment ‘ere nace Pef of Cv ng at ty tn rae Ee: Dn, Dip Re The Om oats Dev, Hoe so Tesh Eton! apa tml e Pti Stem Larry W. Mays Spe mec ny em Pepe oOo Eng Scala Mchenry ot Soege etn of ot as ‘tog Ps 20 uae Stl Wnt: Bare Prine ge naes‘APPLIED HYDROLOGY |NTERNATIONAL EDITION 98 den hy che i nk —S x n Seedy cee ome ih 188 y Mee Aire. ace pred ‘drt Un ates Cpr a oe opr of hs een ney Sat hanya ery mam tenga ey of Conro Caning in Paden Data i pag Mies oi Ma aye, erecone ing) Pele Sagepre ABOUT THE AUTHORS lnurcior and peste, then wet to Pemnyvania Ste Uaiersiy fa which 1 receved ht M.S. core n 198 andthe Univerty of lint whee be ‘ec ht Po. degen 1980. He alo seeved four honorary dcr Spies an many ther tmade and honors nling membership te Ns ‘Academy of Ealoeting” He was» prolific uh, wing hie fin ook st be Ae of 27 en te theory of secs (in Chins). He tthe Open Chel pera in 1989 end was ede fhe Handbook ppd Holo In 1964; bh books esl eonieed snd reference work He was Se in pool soles, especialy te Inrnatoal Water Ressuces Aon ‘of which he was a racial founder nd theft Pesient vid R Matdmen ie Asociate Profesor of iii Engaering ot te Univrtyof Tena at Ain voce eh bee on the fay ne 1981. ot to tt te he tight at Tots AM Univerty ad eared oat hyiogy Teseuch a the Inernaaa! nate ot Appi Stems Arlyn Vin, ‘Kei, anst he Minty of Works sad Bevlopmen in New sand He ‘nine his bachelor's depres trom the Uaiverty of Cantey, Chchteh [New Zealand, and his MS. and PhD depres from the Universy of ina ‘a Urtuw-Champsgn. Dr, Maidment serves as consaantin Byrlogy 12 {pvermest und Indy and san socinte ede of the Myopic! Senses Soumah. Tiny W. May is Pfeirof Civil Eapinsing and holder oon Ea ering Foundation Endowed Petescaip at he Unive of Tear Asin ‘ere he has ben on te fcuy ice 1976. Por Ot he was sat ‘esechssunand hen a VstngResach Alto Profesor tthe Unive: ‘Sy of tos Ursa Campign where he eens he Pa, He eve hsae ee eee eee eee eee eee ee B.S. (1970) and M.S. (1971) dees fom the Unive of Miso at Rll, or alee which be served in the U.S. Army saoned wt he Laese Liver CONTENTS {Eoin Calvin. Dr. Maye bas Been very ciel esearch td tec fag atthe Univer of Tene ine ara of fyeoiogy, hy, nd eat ‘esate sys aaj nan ha served ar onan i eset {ovis goverment penis and nies ncloding the U.S Army Cape of Engicu, the Atorney Generals Office of Tena, te United Natt, NATO. {Se World Bank, andthe Goverment of Taiwan’ He larger ences ‘seven sats sat bcs ave is commites with the Aman S008) ‘Gi Eine an ober proesonlergunetons, fl tite ait a 35. Bean 36 Bropmepaice 4 Subsurface Water nnd Few z i sexene o asseuEEE 8 assScan Nar Hydrologic Measurement Fyilope Meaurenent Spence cman fac Hydrologic Analysis ‘Unit Hydrograph erent Hyp Sytem Mae ‘espe Bets fine Sema ‘Tela Hog {Us reograh Devon ‘Ut yoga Apion ‘Us pga by Mae Caen ‘SynateUnt Hyogarh ‘Unt Hypa fo Dies Rall Dine Lumped Flow Routing Longe Seem sie Ringe at ed tpg Re ening Disuibuted Flow Routing Sain Vere Buon Get of Ded Roig Model aa! Slain fe Kiem Wane SEES By! Pood Rong Mesaaing Re ‘era Pood Rog Hydrologic Statistics ‘Prabiae Desa of Hyde De ‘eset Pelt Foon ‘ang Pes Debce ‘Pry Datos fr foie Vales Freuney Ati Feros fas Pan are esi of ana Hydrologic Design Hydrologic Design yd aie Sate ‘Secon oe Dep Let Fit One Ana cerainy Bs # eaeees &mo ee eee | causes eR ENN ET PREFACE, 1S Design Flows o i . s Indexes ° ut nex = Sabet nee “ ‘opled Hydrology is» textbook for upper level wadeyaduate and raat dine inhaled sa eerene for practicag hyde. Sues water scents pits pveing brig phenomens. The hyrlgiesaem s ‘aunlaed ara gered coal ame, and he Reais Tresor Tore {er gect coat! vole quton from fd ec sed apy he {yal nw pveming mun momentum, ander) toe ow of wong ‘another an trace mcr, Tissorton scoped ech Cn hyrlops mesures. iyrlog says wee in he next sx chen (7 12), wich engin compton methyl fr pci ks ch 2 afl ‘Sea mdaing. ow rong and aly exnene evens. These capers Te erid i seocneaording oe we) heals Wea th sac nd tie truly and enor fe hyrlgie syaee bela. Specal iewon igen In Chg 9 and 1010 he soja of flow roving ty te Sauer med ae he ry of sande Spr ‘ops bas mate posite he gael apicatn ofthis med THyrlogis ig nud In the fia ce chagers (131 18) which {focus on he aks nen nero dg, te sett fGsin sons Ietedneprotale masinum pei, std he clunio of eign Nowe is varus probing ie Sign toon sewer, Noe Sn wo, so ow gpl og feet om ther vail ks 7 ow ipl Meigs fom ter in hie et Ft i rook i general overage of uae wats hylgy- Tet Shot teenies Sree es SS eer e ene Fe creoetal ene of wig he gle stm cnt vole eer ‘Stun nr ny sabe of pony oe vce et ‘tod ue nen toch ies of haope cm person br tor amt an lac wp. Taw le toe era yon $250 camps pols sesh tod 0 eto FoR Fev th endo chp fr hamewa tesa tesa ‘Seta detlpmen toes rion eat ae foe Pens ated abe cape oth by sng tie pees he oer {ey a pe inthe devlopent of te jet ene She probes ied aonb wing rene pop, by vl comp {deo yw sada erage seen propa “hs bak ed rte Sener we Une Tea at Ain: sn gop ni gone one i ie ou Nye ee Sciegndee ce nbpitog eg, eeepc ‘feos presen fom tongue boat heen age ae fsceting ome mats an deni chapo Atte pedal capes se bytspe pce deat tpariel “Theo sey ‘ny fren Coes tha col ephedra {Guns ec wns cha she wear byaogy nesses, Cty: nln. conpton arog se, ty logy bok hc Food prc ef aero by ' mth over my ean of aching, seh al prfelondsgenee dad aoped arty oat ew f Os alec, WE eee se ee igure, tomes ral We Wl ate ange tops aie ib saicenty sds at snow Lwteoe fo ‘Stones sale an be bi pene an eae hee Apps ‘en sh Noosa rough have ait pet ab eee tsi canepoding rom te op be yng ee ifoeation htc wwleage td fe daa il er Tae ak itd wb scotia of Ce tr, ‘ips wr s appoint conceniag Be develops of his book The oat ntand may pear aby Posten Ven Ts Cw a be Ue of {iho UsaneCunpsp eh rope eevee of mses ‘creo caper. Falowng i ei OHM es a ned Sy two compen We tan ted ope See the Unerty of ot Uta Champugn ad shed te byl oe eopcve whic Ven Te Chow ta men eon Sa Hcne, During he Jes ere ou to wesc, cose. ph inviatiy. tht we fat ta alma othe began aaa Ss ate ‘Sng ott wou cminen tnd compe” Aue et a ehng {Se hyony cows he Univer fees Aine pal coke {he concept the it hey ae penal Bee We ice e hae eased ‘Se omept mich sama Yen Chow's engin wet ooo bes es cranks fo Becky Bri, Jn Hama, Sutin, ian 5 cero (Gr pepe oe nacip: eso wat ‘suet Pete by rvewe f he mans ling Cont Conte ‘Eom: nei ae a ek Sa Oey, re, Seka Uary of Mec a Ben he Yen ae Ges Ise Usene Chana, snd ou compuesto men Oe Uavey ot Tap ht "tek Connon slog hepa of aniag, We wish 0 god jn Dovid & Moline ‘se ‘Awsin, Toxe December 1967APPLIED HYDROLOGYCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Wer i the most abundant asa on ea, he principal consent ofa Ting thing. neda major ferce cons sapng te sae ofthe ear dbo factor ia t-condtoning he eat for human exene sd in oe? ing he poses of cvlizato, Hyerology, which teas ll phases of he art's toe, beset of pet import or ole and tienen, Pata Sigs of ly a nh Sve on tines powcr pncrate, oa cons vga, cto wd een ont sity con plltonsbtement, eration! wo we, ad fh th wife precio. Te fle of spied hylogy io ep aayee the Problems invlved in these ws and Yo provide gaan fo th planning ad unogenent of mater utes. "Tne nyarsieces eal With the waters of he eat: ie bon and clon, th physical and chil properties, an thee inraction wih the ‘cooment icing Iason wi vag ings an pacar, bn ‘eing, Hyrlogy may comicered to encompacr al the Syren oF Stncd moe siya the tly ofthe yagi yc at he ent cltion of water between the ith nh among. Hyd knowlege ‘SSppid whee and ene water nse tthe an re of he Scan tr fe te nin af otc eng ad the aie sons. ‘Changes ine dato, ciclo, or enero th chs was can hve farreachng flees thie aps. for mance, were a manson of ‘Scher Chngts may be nisl by human vie. Pepe lhe Sl Irate eop eae la le oem, hl ais ip ‘tit rivr an aes many eh comaractive ce dere age11 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE Witeron earth extn space called the ‘Sinsinting the hyelope eee "The hyddape cee cent os of ology. The ple hat 20 exiting end ni mary sens ac conte Arshows hema nig... water vor fom the cca ad eld sae ‘come pat of he amospere! wae apr wanted an ied te so ‘phere unlit condoses sd precip on te lan roca eine ‘Some overlond fow oer tbe ond ‘tc, infra he poo fw tough ea as bere fad s Bly oy rei aan ‘ea tying: i ty fin dt | i= = _blosopberAnexagors of Cazomense 500-428 nc) formed primitive version ‘fhe tydloge eee. He Selved tatthe au ied wae fom he ee he senor, tom wich el sn nd aie was tn Clee in underground reservois, which fd the dee fas. At inpevere of "ory wis mae by anther Greek posoper, Topestan 372-267 he), wo Cares dettted the hyaolgie pele nthe toner he en and ‘lastion o he foraton af recpaton by condensin sed ier. Alte ‘ving the weeks ef Theopvsa,the Ronan sete eices Meo ‘rvs, who lived about te tame of Cit, conceived the hear tha fe ‘ow geneily accepted: he extend Taeophstr crane, cnting tat eundwate was rely eived fom ain and sooth ft ft i [ound sarc, Thi may be cmidred » freer othe mose ven of bie heelope sete Tndepenon inking ocured in aciatAsin elilawtons (UNESCO, 1974), The Chines reorders of, et now, an Wd os A ‘ang oracle tones at ety 51200 ne Tey probly used in ngs seed 4000 and eased steam paging aot 30 9 Ti: te ft uaave measurements of rafal ue ack to the late pa ft ose ey 8 Tecnu ye may ae we Ce 0. ie nde by 400. ad In Pea by the eth eay bt ee ‘eas ha it impact on Wesers tosh Dating the Renasuce, a gran change csumed fom prety piteoph- ‘eal concepts of hydrology toward ected scene, eon or We (452°1515 ae the fest sera sas of veocty dahon a esos, ‘ing 4 weights rod eld aoa y a fied anil adr Te el ed ‘etka at «pm in th seam, and Lecntfo wld well aloag i Ra ‘hing progress when oiometer (hg 13-1) ad Join he ite between the srace and ot velcites by the angle of te ro, By mening "he To a diferent pints i the steams crows ston, Leona aoe ee ‘ey sn anne Oy pn) be of pt a ah [Seng fom xy a 0 9. ip, WX, The oe Ecce ef 38 0 nade Sasa Soe Pern ees ‘ices: MT: p. cae ona een ee ‘cSt tana te ne aw th. ee oe Se ee a ‘oven i mae oe a ar pce ae Se ‘sven nd pen et yc cnea ase sew ewe ese | TEL mmc setter hemace Sep rerio sys nv on Fee (9. sy pea ree tg cae Smetana aac, eshte es Cth: ed eo tion in swift which is nearest to the surface; and this occurs because the iad geome rettnovese states neat Sige cere ne yacece Shee Rone eto tea tinea te Daman rt see ne ins br ncaa nants seers hela tts taywene Soon arate Eateries Serco hy 15nd senna Be ge ya seartinan titeg yore Boies nr Ret Ei ated Woah eae racesHe recognized that fli» souce for rao and curly conc tat the ender fhe espn was fu by tapi, hapa Hyuaulie measuemens and caperients Mouse dng the eiphecath emu. New hydrate princes were doveed such a te Bera eg tin ané Chezy's formula. and beter iarumets were developed. long the tipig bake an gape andthe cence. Holey fvenced man "apy cig the since ery. Dalton enti’ a pie fr evap ‘ion (182) the theory of ena ow was dered by he Hagen eae ‘uation (189), andthe aol method for deeming peak eed flows was ‘oped by Mulvaney (80). Darcy developed i i porn media fw (ike. Rip reseed hs grr orden tage aeons 188), ‘mt Mane eps pc aw ever, quntave nylofy war sll ature tthe Belen of ‘he enh cenary- Empires! sppoaces were spayed to ele peta turoopea! prolens. Gully fpurolgate epcedeopicen wt ana ‘als of eerved ita. Greet and Arpt (1911) developed pleated ‘lo fat, Hazen (1914 itoduced suey snl ocd pels Sind ware stage requires. Rika (1931) ceed te governing eg frente fw, Sherman dvs the unit hyopagh thd nsf ‘flecive rainfall divest nna (193), Honan developed iftaton ty {198 tnd a desi of dings stn foo (1948), Game proposed he ue vale law for hjreopc sade (94), ad a (981) Serene {tat hylopie ebservatans ay exhib sequices flow or Mh tle at eos over any yea Like many Slncs,hyology was recogni ony recey a separ scilin. Abou 1965, te Unted Stes Ci Service Casson cop Indogst as» jo casifcaon. Tae“ ‘evs of pion inthe Commision it of occa was Seid flows tet) of be ierettolp ned react tten wae adi teen iB tylpe oe Tse pnt bane efoto ofits, a eet fhe cnn of acres, cco, ed ‘tty o mae che Eas sme on Ea nti ade ‘and ot san. Sach wo eu he pion ne pcp ete {nm te tppemcnd oy flesh mentee. pag eee nat Pia, sl nd her nea ‘The adent ofthe computer eon ydelogy and made yogi an 3m josie ona apr cle. Comps ees Stang yale process {3c now spied wing compte smeltons and wet uae of served a {fe educed to say ists for eter ndending of hg peor. andor estishing Nyro design levels. Mare teeny, developers "lenis and da transnission have made poral tec {rom emo records and the developmen Yea ie programe fo frat Ing Rods and ber water operation Micrcimpes tad pease sry =e ee sow provide many hyo wid nev computina convenience an omer ‘Tee croton of hyksope Knowiedge an mths Wigr soot conn Improvement inthe cope sed secur) of aun to hytlope problems, Tylon pblems diery aft te ie sad ates rg numbers of pope, An element of ik aye ese mw exe eet thy billy known cam orcr any in. A corespnding espns) est. ‘po te hyaoogie to pois the West sas hat Keowee ad at pei REFERENCES at, 3, ape ayn inf i ps ee infra oan ent on {Sib enonet ety: rehab Pot Boh 3S Fisk, i, nec new Stn Sindy on Teg 2 iat ec na Wage Bee ce a nag ch ee Spa 1 coat ne, a a 2 the iL, Or treme oun a fais Re, eh “ati Rett an oui ip, aC, rl Many. Ss On eo ring on Bonde a mang ceria of "tino ad a od ac spear ar Ce ida Ci eon iy Ag prs mediens PA Jnl of Sait pe es hts ey, maa pe a of a er me ey, Mir of Pcs, on of sem ie ty ong et, He A 1 ‘Sedaouct has ap ners ns OSS ater ce Eng tmnt mp Hg Vane Es hn Arion! Ss, MI Pr, Cae, Ma,BIBLIOGRAPHY ot tf ye a Met ee ek, rai th empresa, Ere Sete en Cong cn Ep Ege Bt, 1 Man 8 RE Nea ee tT Fa Ma 6 dae try han A of He, Nah nd ig Cony, Aan, 178, ‘Sow voi aim pr at ed i soe tat rns, te sa Rath, iy re tem ‘to A De iS: i th nine pins, coe NTE Me gS eC ngs 8.98898 1271 SUE tene roc en Bp SCL G. omen Sn Eagar a, New Ya 1 ‘Sipe Aan Pot, alo ey, Rg, PROBLEMS 4 Aiming le me es ted fe eee 112, Roig Sg te ote oes om es eee 1.1.3, Asin al pounder met oe tans cones of untae, ‘ine he sve rani hs woe LA. The wend popio 190 bse eid ao 4 bili, The sal ‘pce cue igh eg redewa ho pren Ae potato ac valley pete og nero ‘Thc ee we sow 68 ae 1600 ply pe in clng Jeti wa spn an eur wien fer atone ce. Ane ‘tdi ke eon eh rn sofort aly. 1.15, Cate lta serge psp nl tran C. A Caan tal verge espa deat Ce 1 te dee yalogs sytem ith wi you ea Po ah rw {oc tony ot ly pt ep ad outing ma 131, Theeqaon aan as ber aed oe he pa elton ‘tow nav dng sees eran ose) = Oe TCTs be Stat equates for Qa Od pt te eat oe ¢ ‘Shy peed f= Dds nd Gy = Wc 1.32. The eqion MdQl) + O10 = 10 atten el seb the respense ‘oscuniow tt cotati of pipanon iting init on Stara nh es, =I rt > Oral p= fort =. See Seat i pit i oer Pl 14k. Cty flowing bog herent 1 scr Retin acute win open chant (8) see of ly ‘tinge fw a acumen ee tml ia aes ly fw’ ee) engin proc of muerte Conf ely ow nt seam cue! ptm ie: (he ane ot wi oe faring dow mca) suns alin ae a Disses Se pete ahr nape in (ope ind Sots maa eae aaah 1.52, SXGts nar sues poet of elon e uranic. Exin fe pn he et sce a ee 1.53, Sete mp apace nour se tt ave loge eons nd ‘in what e sponies 1.54, Sets mar blog eet a ood up tocar i your Sern devine eseHYDROLOGIC PROCESSES cee ect ttt a tegen ssa te oret oe oermaceamnee caries Bo Bercianay Grae nat a mi Rete aeenacensinan gc taro Soetoro armas aes iri rm nb wate cng et Sen eee eee coroner sores 24 REYNOLDS TRANSPORT THEOREM. ‘ee Reynosa trem aes pyle the somal appt (0's dice mee snc and Spies tinted tos Ta Ag Scat tough «cent ome fer ie paper wo ype OB roe cn te ding ene propre nse vlc deel ot Se'smous of mass presen, an ncrte propria, Wc re ncepenet of tas Fray cncive poy Br Scored ince peers Bo Sindee gun of 8 po nef a te Babs Bee ‘ante sla ofvecor quate cpening onthe propery ting core. “The Reynols anspor them relies the tie te of change on tensive propery inte aka, tothe euemal cane prong te eer) ange, Conte id momentum: inhi te, B= mV and = dnd = {Vr te ud yeloiy, whee tld face pe indices a veer guy. By [owns second athe ie rt f change of moment salt te et Applied force on he fi r= stmV = 3 The extensive popes ‘Seca in hs bok rte mae, momentum, ad eery of ld Wate, Ge mam of war vapor "When Newtons second law rote pyscl laws we api 10 «sll ‘ey, th fous son mation ofthe Boy ad he aa follows the bay ‘thorverit moves. This she Lagrangion view of mon. Aug hs comet an be applied wo fas, more smmon to conser that ids form 8 enna wher the aon of niga pares tot acd. The focus ‘rope owls hed fan ce ooh wh he ad ac Intrnces onthe ls expeed by dba, tu vo components the te ee change of te extesive proper stored within the onal volume, and the ‘tout ofthe exendve propery ars he conrl suace. The Repos {Tne Gere is commonly wen fd mechanics (Whi, 1979: Stunes, {sed For and MacDorll, 1965 and Roberson snd Growe, 1985). Alou ‘as not teen widely wed in hytology up fo his ine it provides » content ‘meas fr spying psa nwo ydog ese. "To deve he. govering equ of the Crem, comer te cone! ‘lune shows in Fig. 21, whose tous defined by teased contol {rns Withn he cout vlome fee ra staded clement volume 4. Ifthe ‘eno he fi ip be mae of ud nthe leet is dm = pa, he tant ‘texesive propery 8 sonia Inthe fi clement 43 lm = Ba {etal umount of etensve propery within my volume engl af ese ‘Semen amounts over ht volume? += [Ife enn where nice iteration over volume id flows om oie ough the contol ome a Fig 2.1.1 bat 0 tid pases rou he oper or oes boundary. After sll eral of {ie be fd ae inet contl lume tte as moved fe HM ‘nd occupies the space Glued by ted lines, Tee regan a sac cat ‘fen be let: fepon Ite leh, whch the id maroc tine * ‘tot ats region the cen filed bythe id mss bt pois intine: and regio lon te ii, oie the cool volume, which he Nd Isr ocopes af Arbat oot tr For the urate fii as nly ‘iia he con! vlume, he ine rate of change ofthe etn prope a8 desaeeoy Oar where the saci ad + A ar usd dente the vale fhe bare (84+ Bivsae C+ BOA 12)“Nhe wmmccmtcent utes a hese to ine pois. Rearaging 21.2) 10 separate the extensive ‘oper remnng within te concol wore (8) om that sing cos oe ele (Ban (By) Yel Bo ym{ Moneta} Houdna-e}} a1 a rcpt, en conte wt elvis, tc hat Soest ane th oe ae 8 potent a fegitoneaal- tifa aro In is eqn, the ta derivative i we to scout for the ese wen thecal ole i deformable (changes nse and shape time passe) the contol volume fae a space atime, te tol derratve cn Feeplced by the paral dervaive a tees the fos one ine ate of ‘hago ofthe exemive pope sedate conel ole wibou fea For {since pial dstrbton "Fhe stond em Eq (21.3) ivlvng By aed By. epee he Now of the extnive propery scot te eat sua. Figure 1) shows # close: 4p view’ of region the eet fom he contol volume. An cles of wea ihe out con! surface i ted dA, an the element of wom Vi te Solano of there conning sl the fd ping hough at ene Ar The engi of be tutes = Vth engl f teow phn time The volume FS teri = Biome wher # he nln ey Yate Seer oepinns ware ae Teh outnte sieet ates ate beeen re oh ieee eal eee ere the date tga ff nies hat he ntgel is ver suc. "Ar approche 0, helm ofthe ato AAs the magne fhe id velo V7. Lathe norma area er GA be defined a vera of mapa dA ‘ih heson normal to he res dA plsting sured fom the cote! sre: ‘hen he nom Veo Oa canbe exes te cor dt prt VA So {G..) can be rewrion to piv he fw rte ofthe exes prety Teng "8 conel surface af [feoran aw4 sine my eae i ang cn aan is ca, cond negave and oY = in epion Toe Fp 2 1-100). Siese ior “yak = "Acoso sot feu ny aaa -[ onan Sutoing (21.4), (21.6, and (2.1.1) to 21.3) ves For Mid emeing te contol volume, the angle between the veosiy vector ‘V poimting ino he contol volume, andthe sen vector 4A, plang, is mide range 07 #'< 200" fr which con oop [ce Fig Lt (GO, Consequcmly. Vd i lwayr nope for ni: For id leigh Sel vlome cos postive, so VA i alms postive for out: At the imgemeate boundries, V and Aue pependcuar anette V-0A ~ (Thaw the ines n (18) over inlet Tanda beveled by 4 single imag ver the etic conralsarice epesetng he ouow mis into. ont eu, of exensve prope B~2 ff fovars | f povan ans) Bauaion (2.1.9) isthe govering equation ofthe Reynlds spon theorem. It ted mumber Of tines in this book, and i worth t ‘ew tc meaning of che. A scd previo. he union ll te ed {© foe amet er ne prea Iw toal Ppl o's Soe ‘na an aplyiag then nea! Cominaoady Towing fd, ln wor te Reynolds wnspo theorem ats ht te ttl rate of hang of wet property oa fd eal 1 the rte af change of etme propery sored ‘mie cont vale. 21) Bodh phe 0 chi of serpy ‘rouh he coal fc, Sfp aN, We Ug te ees Se {Troy ctied segue td ator pore ‘nthe flowing scons, the Reyes tans here i applied 12 seven cont. momentum, an cnr ean or ala pes, 2.2. CONTINUTTY EQUATIONS ‘The cmteretin of mas i he most wf pyscl principle in byélogic Anais and egied i anew all spied ines Coty putons an S| [Jovors [Joovans [Jovan 1 rome 25 coresing this principle can Ye develope fra aid volume, fr a fw cos ‘Eten and ors pout within flow. fs chape, ol the negra! equation {comin for aw volun i evloped. The eation fr comity att ‘ine wl be vv in Chip. +t dere flaw int pores mem and the ‘innit ent a cot tron wl be dete ia Cup. 9 esc Now fg ston, The ier equton of continu the bess for he eer Integral Equation of Continuity ‘The ity ation of contin apis to yume of id 1f mas isthe ‘ceive propery being consieed nthe Rejolds wasp ere, then B= ‘Seand B= alm = 1 By el of consrain of rus, de = d= 0 ‘enue mass cnt be created o esroyed, Suiting these valves into he Reynolds weap thar (21.9) gives Efffoars [fora aan ich eth otal equation of contin fora nea vale density fw: the flow bas Sonsane dna pcan be vided out of bah trms of 2 sffors Joanne aan “Te nega [4 ste vole of fad sored in eco volume, dead {Sesotho in 222) etme rt of change of storage dh The ‘feo ete et outow, can be slim inflow i?) sd utlow QU see ie eatin tot ne eter S+o0-m-0 a0 aa) sic th nga eqution of comin for a unsteady, constant ess How, ‘Sot exensly in he books Whon the Now say, a= 0, and (2.22), reser26 amon, [fvar-o aay hich sey tthe volume alow rte and oaow ate are equ: at 1hy'= Qo. & tad fw ion a wih the velco ener pone ow ‘conta i tine. A singe ay of inking sbot tne ngie aking ‘supa of thew sows spun five esate bee ow see ‘he tw sapibot wil be etal the to acon of iow and ouow se eg, the syste sad to aoe Roles ea ‘Wen his contin doesnt bald, th system is oen. The hylagceyele ft closed system fr water, but he fall foc ont wrt ger sem, ecient al terial Becomes aot some etme snp touph evaporation, ‘The coniliy ation above are derived for singe ple ow, tai, liquid oa at, ut rot beth together In mips sao, chr wie ‘tri evaporating. te id aed suenas pass of watt mus Be coy Sisingsihed A comimaty equation oud be writen sparely for eck Py ‘lth flow: fr each phase dB the ate a which ms aad the rm ha pe 23, DISCRETE TIME CONTINUITY Because matt hytlogic data re avalible only dcr Gime itera, iis cesar 1 refomulte he conta equation (2.2.4) on «date tine bas. ‘Sopp at he ime horizon is ced no inva of leg is ned By 4 Beaton (2.2.4) can be wewiten st d8= Neh = QU) hod nee oe the hte eal to ge fale on Sosucb-O yaa aay se ade las flow nd nt fn a Saeed srs a patel ne ea SSRs Some ds BE a a Simei ead See ce ae ‘one writes AS, = J, ~ Q,, and a 5-5-1485, ass) seosewecnocust 2 ‘ie itil rage at ie Oi So, en Sy = S54 1)~ Qu S2~ $4 +12 Os and oon, BY sbstitaing for iterate sage values, eons, s=5+ 20-00 ao lc the icine comin equtin, Data Representation “Tae uncon Qt) and 1) ar defined On 8 conto tine mn: hat 2 sale ofthe fonction Is etoe at every las of the ie domi, and these “ales ‘can change fom one ns the sex (Fg: 23H). Fie 231 ‘hows wo metas by whieh contous ine anton an be epesetd on Sze time domain. The fs method (Fig. 2. 3.10) wes sample de facto Ss wtic the valve of fncuon Qt i thine ner eves sy by he nstananoue valu of 0 at ie 2) = 4) = evan ass) ‘The dimensions of Q() an Q, ae he sme, eter [LYN] (LT. "The second meied wes apie de incon Fg. 2.3.1, a Wh salu of the art tne faction O given Py he ea nite conus ime foc a= f* ove a36 i os ness aL rn neon Lo UT. tees Aan, Set Oy et Gest ne Once w oe owege oer be eo ak ane aon Re tm mci wie of rot indy, emf sd pe cit, ene pi nd pus an tipcvey Whan ‘er of meant spin aed yee a en ta ‘ice ie war ina Secs “a coma! ep of preitation wich Stoel wp Sinan The mesanve fecncs of ie tentement of ecumaled pe. ane fom pte dt ts ie) When ed tine al Sr sete by 9s he wang fw rn tty che ota cnet or ea Te ok tah pd cy wes vn che ted ramp 23:1, Cael he ngs of wae on ated 8 onion of Seen the sin coon tote or mre eae= = see eee eee eee ee ee wl #1 dlllthe o |B) Sapte das representation " ee §] ers NUth Oe ‘Sse anc ton ce tn ety gd ‘tench mth ga sees ee ee Scarce eon need cote Th i age Ney 3425 1901 The wed wes 7.8 Ate ei Sa Saiton The rptio inp is eda ple da ence eu 3: See use cena ep re peng aera Zi teeny 039m, te pp ning Sey te ue show t= 1h 08 mt nomen ep veoitooe mics 29 ‘tal spec: ve hon amma erg eaitow med Mecratr= 0328 ce te tnd). gy ‘Se dua tne coma egaton 3.8, he sreamflow mabe cover © ‘pk aa ounce Th ae irl a= 03 803300 = 80 ech Sher, volume of anow se! ni ‘Sesnow see he dt reat mepig by Te eee ‘SZtocanow yrcoe by he waceed wea wich 75 m= 9.8 Sa Beige ioe ; Farernple dre fe enol teres and 0, he ren: ow {Ge GO) 5 ces GOS) ae cw inc rte aoe 20012 Bk 2455 TO m4 ‘cue dpe wands Q, = 8x WHS Tot = 208% STC SS T= 02 nth ane 5. ‘helmet cin or Oe en ca 0.15%, 0h ‘ncreal cage see fd Eg 3.3 8) = rovery 1 show in clan 6 Te came song ca he weed sod eon G35yoim Ted tl some Se = Sim S485, ‘mae emt ward ea igh hus sir precios {eps meaning 06a wer nadia ge ihe wend In clene Sind 6 cm nim th shat pespnon cas sean ws eee Sty rm se heen ose sod wanton, hnge a soe, sd camuive nouge te pated hig 2.3 The oa mes f= 33, Shen tgs Sow eet 2h prep exe sei Thin rp ser 2.3 oe everest te oa 2.4 MOMENTUM EQUATIONS ‘When te Reynold tanspon hove i apple fd momentum, he extesire ‘pert isn. and = dim = By Newton's sored aw, he me {Fchange of amet sequal othe et foce apple in en dein, 0 aBiah = dimvjar = ZF Subsiuig no be Reyols esp eer B19) reneear metcoy ‘The tint 'dserbaton of storage on a watered called sing the dares contin equation (Example 2.31) Eee Gf lovers [froran ean ‘einer momentum equation fo an ese, nonuniform low. A nomen, ‘esi ihe oy Ss ry ce: ns mln owe ons Now sendy i me he ne drvtive in Ba (2.4.1) tas See ffvman ea For steady unfor flow the slaty the same at al poet on the contol ‘face, nd therefore the integral ver he onl arte Rr td the oes ‘pied othe syste negra De-o aay prcnereceis Tea -aetamaenaay he er home= See ‘Steady Uniform Flow in an Open Channel In tis section, the momentum equation i pple to sendy wife low na ‘fen chaae."The more comple case of etaly oso wi ete Sec. 9.1- gue 21 shows a esy flow int ifr chanel hat ‘hans woe eos sector slope, and boundary roughses So nt change ng seg Te crn. ont, od ecg ns an ed Coninty. For seat Now. 4.22.5) held nd Qs = 0 fr wir fom, ‘he sly the sme every ae flowy s0 Vis Vs coe cremations trea As = Qi = Oo¥s= Ayu he Gann ont fellows at ‘he dip ne hn Sw, Enemy, The ccc fia esi Rte sd Cre, 1985) no tn + URE = ea tn ig thy asa wher x he bed elevation, gi the acceleration de ogra, an hy i the ea ss between the tus Head oui the ney lo ef iio fects peru weight of id. Wah V;= Vs and yy "yx 44) educeeo wean ny Ding bath ies by Lhe th the chan, the towing sot Yeung yenee aan, ‘The ted slope Sy = tn @ whee ste angle of inctnation ofthe chanel ed 18 is small (= 1) ten tn B= sin @= oye To tees he Sc wna pn raexaoc cons 3 ‘sion slope, Sy =I, ego ote bed sage Ss aed in hi nai ‘Sate ony source of energy os ton between he low at he eh ‘all In ener, energy can lobe st ecause f sch face as wid seat on {be surface and eddy motion arsing rom abrupt changes inte cael geomet. ‘these flocs wl nx be ics nl Cap. 9. When wal feton Is be nly source of ener fs the slope a he energy gre Une egal the {ton spe 5.0 Shown ia Fig 24 ‘Moments There ar ree forces acting on the Mid con vlue: ion, _paviy, and pres Of hse, he peste ces a he wo ends fh ston ‘Seq an eamel ach ter fr nor fa este yx = 33) Sot fon En gst forces mut be lane ecu, wth he fw way sd ior, Ey. (283) apie LE =O). The ron force Fy egal oh pct fe Dermcer othe eros secon: tat Fy ~ ~rP, where Be teesive sign ewes ha the ton force as oppose ote secon of flow The eit ‘tain the contl vom yA wreath spect wight of te sd ‘eg grunt volume: the gravy force on he i, Fy he compet of the weight cing ine dieston of low, tha nF, = yAL nn, Here SPs 0e nee + yatsin aan ‘When Bis mal in Sythe apron made tat 245 is ean =H ere R= AUP te dal ras Fa ay worn Baw, Sa 550 nets, 24s) By snr analysis, Henderson (1966) sbowed at (2.4.9) i a va for stator lo, tisegh te bed slope Se ad ion ope $j Iengr eal Bquan (2.49) expen kage ete he meat ed ‘tetey piesa tt elec of tcson se peste fm th nomen ‘epost Walser Sess nd om the energy wep state of aera dsp 5; 2.8 OPEN CHANNEL FLOW (pen cana! fw i chanel Dow with ence ch aa in Her i's paral ful pipe In th eto he Mansng ego odie te ‘soit of open cunt! fered. theta ofthe Dory Weach ‘yan for head las Sf wall on id mechanics. te head Toss over a ength Lf pipe of Suet D for wow wih velo Vis given bythe Daey-Wesbachequonwhore f isthe Dury. Weisuch (con factor and gis the acceleration doe 1 gy ten td Crowe, 985) Ug te tion of icon spe, 5) = yen esd foe ¥ ve |, asa ‘The hyd ris faecal pipe i R= AIP = (RD?UV=D = DI 0 the ppe ameter D can be replaced (23. by Dow esa 1 give the Dae Weichequt AG7F: sing his symbol, 2.5.4 is ewe Va VIS ass) ‘hich Che's equation fr open chase flow, Maaning's equation proce fom Chay’ qntion by seing C=, when tte Benya The Chey Cis defined a C = se = 236) ‘er second (5 is dimensiones). Valucs of Manning's mfr various surfaces se Weta in Tbe 28.1" For Vint pr scsoad a fs Mani eqetion va Benge esr e-0.2 1. By comparing Eas (2.5.4 and 2.5.6), Manning's can te xpesied ates of the Dae Neath ton fas malas ase) wth vals in toni. Manning's eqution is va fc fly abuen lw which te Dey Westach ion factor fi independ of he Reynolds number Re. Henderson {09er ges he flowing een fly ttn owe rmecacnicans 35 Een ote fr ror pn ama a eae “Stn ap em ‘Se al en Tit tt RG = 19% 107? wih ot I= 1.11078 with Rin meters same 251. sem x Sheil tw and ely he Row ye oh Manag us te Sao, The weed pit in nl P= 290+ 2% = 210. The Sie tear 30 Sato 476 Teflon cy en (paming eens wih = 01Sund y= 35 or ontar fom) = 38 = ve eg a) = 120 1507 078 = O51 Nm Nae a eo Sectememea8.mfnam 8 a ey {ate man, ae ae tt pd ‘Wen rattion rie srface sce Fig. 26.3), ier eect o absorbed ‘hefacton eects clle the leds a0 = n= 1- or example, deep weet {ety Redon iso cont mie fm al ode tts epending mtheir race tempers The et radon Rte ht net of radon ‘he sae a ny ist: at the ference betwen the iain stored, [R(t here he aint ation), an hat emit, Ree Ril a) Re ass Net aiation ate can’ srace i the major eneryinpet for esporion of Enlaon. Radiation emison governed bythe Stefan Dolman lw Romeo! aso) where is thems ofthe sac, othe Stan Botan conte (3.67 X10" Win?) and 7 the tla temperature of he sure in depres Kelvia Gianoli, 1964: he Kelvin epee equal be Ces temperae eT. Fera pete rai, rt dy ee = er ae [Betas ¢'= 0ST. vtenit Nef emed ost evenly pena {9 ace empertes Be by Wiens we 2.50% 19°? a= 207 2810) where Ts in depres Kelin and A it a meters (Gincol, 1988), As 8SEN ane conquence of Wins lw, the raion emit by te sn has a much shore ‘evelengh than Bt ented by the cooler eh Retection and seatering, Te ldo a in Ba (2.8) measures he poprion ‘incoming rdion ht ict back in he atop, The eee vas “Smet depending on he watsenghof tie adiaon esis angio eee, ari tomar to apt ingle alte tpl ofthe typeof ue, ‘Wien raion ses tny paces tbe atmosphere of 2s 00 the same ere ef gave the ration wavelength, te ron seed ‘nny wal tons Sal gop mess Cll erst sane ht ini way. The ato of acrosls ad du pares te mone em Huan atin maven tis hs given af concen shot te renoe ‘fet. in with sme of eration emited by te earth setcred back ty the mosphere: increased Seti ress i general waring Of ‘ans sre. Homer the pee magia of he art's warming by his Inch is at yet kaon Net radiation a art's surface. The ste of sla ration anivng tthe top ofthe amospee i eee by the eft befre reaching ui es ie eas sac: Scateing nthe amoeper,sbsron Wy clude the obliqueness ofthe eats sure tthe incoming ten (a fection of Taide, sean, and ine of da), The ine falar raion served per ‘it as of he ears aie denoted by iy Te amowpet ls set ‘aa, expecially on iudy ays, omiting longer wave aan tha he at ‘cus is temperare is oer: the en oft atone dented The ‘coming aati ate eas sac te ths Ry = RyRy The er ems "laton f(a wategt las fe stops aio). the ‘et raiaio eeived a th eas surface. B= e+ KI ad Re esi ‘The interaction of ration processes between the simone and the ‘ans trie 6 comple lure 28 presents sway of lie ales forthe various components of the anual erage nmap tod varie beat. Saline. Tear be sen But fo 100 writs coming lr ton oe op of the amospere, abut half (5 ut estes the eas uae md asad there of these 'SI us 21 are emiod at longwave adatom, leva ttet Sia, |: Et at ei’ Seer 91 Ne Ry Smee cigs, TS. a ak ‘atin of 20 ais at he eas surface 23 ois of thi energy input ace wed (evsore water, ed tor rete te a ne het fa the ‘Rng 7 wis goo hea be ar oveyng the eas suas seu en [REFERENCES Bek BW. Sen aE. Lipa, Fanp Pmt, iy ew Ye, 8, saa pan nn cpr Rl. Dra Hae (oR he Cac ft Sd Oe ye ge open hme! aa, Mn i New Yr 199 iW Ooi ie coop nay, Wk, Ce, “Ort ne ih tg ity, ‘A Fada PnP, Ment Noe Y, Re Wad AT bom Redon: P ne cd i aw Ye FEA. Spence tort Men hae tas ™ Sash em! PnP a nse Cie ‘es dyer Chma sie Yo GET Ray Cmte acne, 9 ey AB tui er Lr ope, ay fC= a om oe A Ke ee a Hii Sune ecu Phi alc Mee New Yo ‘Sha Maen ot Re a ‘Gonpt he lcs of prcipation so eau ep ef soem SE se Sh ret in ted a ‘Seed te nd he pete? Wt pcs a me pips speed peceiaDa) ‘emo singh est” Woar sb mason spe at 2.2.1 Asch healing fant (bi mee fr te et {ine dof nce pcp. ean hog ge, SSS i emia an b ‘Slave ge. Toe seed wee 8703 are oe tt ee 227 Ginuhh Semaratoel doyet imple vanes pcs 381 Glen hy a Cr of er fw 3 Gy 0 Search eros hore em em merino Seem ik prensa et oO Tee Sipps Oo iran ages ee ‘en #3 a esr yieorb Sn nc a ee 252 She Pot 241 chm 3m wie wid Bow ep ioe 3 ute aceon te pence ia Ce 243 Se P21 en nl i pei 224 fam pinup ts oe 50 yeas a ings Sr of wen 80 1284, Save rn 23m bam wah 20 oe dept tm (Sie amp ned shea nad acre HES, Nac tnstgoeto appt Spe eis Sues pause eben ote ee tmp BC ry ae tw etn OE SSE imma eal oe 286 hens ibe Bw Shon Ate mae vay Bima os es SE ed Sere Se 138 ow de 0 i Sow te sin a fy oe Fete reacaeetenenseemerereneented 215 Wkok 240 ge in ns 2 na a8 Sica cq pry dope kane Tie mee ae re aceon ee following. in scaive wa “ eine prem yeeros ‘LSB Solve Prob. 2.5.7 ifthe flow depth is I mm. Bi RSS ee ar ct uw Tee awas a ONS Soe Spey An oan Oma t aoe whe efi ih of eid yea a eh et ae nie oe oy mn a0 NTI ana ccasten sew orate, py ‘2A Specify whether the following variables are usually recorded a sample dita o¢ EET ink fidelity tance fom the wall esti tat he ‘eat Say maim eget ay rece (7 ‘Tne ta cot, ) sm maine Sane ‘ety dition nthe cna pn byt eli ae eset fom ec fa nn Rade ywsD ammimmcico 1 ety ai emt ee a conduit, given in Prob. 2.5.10, to establish thatthe wall shear stress is 7a = Pe san YET Seer EAE TT te aecvni ea ire Eaceremces ee i eros seafore onmehe cere oncom Siaiawceeiee racer ssw eee nrcamanweamerines Pregl peter et he seta apart ate Sars Qs Sore Sys mas Soca ie doe sr nat eciree Shea Sms ves HtEiogese tegen inn tempts re Spubrenteas soetcareptrensek rte Seto at aurea Your antec wit at ec! eae eo ney med wees Sactcaeaeattrres ot Sei oa mame R= mo ar BEDE Sia a hemes IoC oe eat Chanute 8 ath ae — we pectin ee cence aus Bene tislgmaalses osama eremnaee SL SUiices msn as So permenant cute ins SuySanrutcsmossss 6 Seem tensa ios andthe sucface tempera i (PC. say Eigen herp wna enn 057, = i . ATMOSPHERIC WATER ‘tna poco of pines cae een at pec tre etary rte ae ie i res er, he et npr yoy uk be epee een near tang cal cial a s tse a fy eon asta ee 3.4 ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION ‘The earth constalymesives hea fom the sn though sl atin and ets eat troops eran, of Bach radon it space. These pocoses ef alice at an average mito pponiatly 210 Wha The hain the et ‘woe; oer the eater, he coming radiate i now pees She ind wre ad averages abou 270 Wh, le ear he pols, sks fe ea a oe oie saple ata re of abot 90 Win? Becaie ere of racine lf the absolute temperate a the eats sre ‘ich oes not wary gealy Between the ear and fhe pols he ere ‘ie raion i mar lor than he nscning raat, espns ot tales he acon a2 tat hes engines earn cern fo he eentartoard the ples a se atrage tof shout #10" MN We tanh wereanonoaing sper, umospher cesaon wos appear ‘ssinFig. 3.1.1. A wou ie wear he guaran teint uper morgen {owt pies, then col, descent oh lower atmo dee var the equtor Thi ele Hadley ilo,“Te ation ofthe eat rom west 10 ee changes the celtion pater. ‘Acarng of ai sou te car's ts moves wd he on, rate ees Inorero mamatn nga momen, the velo of iinreaes wth pest {0 the and face ths podicing + ws a low. The core te ot ‘Teg of ale moving toward the equator an easly iw. Te eft {ge anes wind econ ad vel hao te Gr ‘Te scat pater of amosperic cation at thee clin ech ei spheres showa nig. 3.1.2 lathe ropa ef Nested ends tte te reeds toward ols at up vel, les et td eed twa he ‘ound a de 30. Near the goon, it tees, on eochavng toward the equtoc and the ber toward ie ple Ia he polar eli ies at ‘Rows toward the pols super lvl, hen Els an we bak to "net (te eats surce The mide cll even fetal y the eer tora Steice a ows twtr the pe, prodcing prevailing wen i win the ‘The uneven dstibuion of ocean ad and onthe eas sure, coupled wih ee diferent hernal roperties. crete anal spl varie na ‘ghee cclaon. The anna! sing a the theta utr ue oh ea ‘von aoud te sun causes 4 cemerpoding selon of he tis cll ‘Srculaion pater. Wit per onion exchanges ofa between acct ‘cls canbe more equ! and conte, posly reg in many fod yea ‘ls. monsoons ay advance deeper na auch cane Ini nd A ‘The ainosper fs civided Wri into varus 2one, The stmosphei clcalaion debe above occur nthe rpoyphere, which tages eight ‘rom abut € km ate peso 1 km a the ea, The tempest fhe tropor rane aio re vrying wth he mse cn the emolghere Fr dys he eof ret i cle he dy ada ase rave an appinatey 9.°Chm rasaen, 1962), The setulae Tape raise ston 65°C, case ome oth aor ances ts ergs and col, releasing heat in he sonouilg at. Those ae average ‘ges ae rae Bat cn ay essay wh aide, The opopase separa the tropoghere fom the rawaphere above. Nea the wopopanse, sary ‘Ege in tnt and pres pede songnarow sce known St areoma ith pede ging fon 15 to) ts 3 to 100 rah). Thy ‘for wsande of Klometay nd have inporan func ou ast ‘rei mass tegen age body of tat aly ‘om aly proper ch mr ad mre ott Whe ‘he endrying sac. Toe epon whore ana mat segues characters (ie sore region the topes ad te poles ate two sure regan. Where 4 trem a mat mei cold sir ma, sed fhe Spy tig. a finite Sore of chon ype tec hem, cle xf Cll a beng (vir deen ara he ol ae advancing war te wee the {Sige fear ae odo adel ver n slope. the war Ss dspgig twa the cold he leading ede a warm rn, ‘hich hava very Mt slope th wan ar wing up and over the col "Aol ie pon of Yow esr wound whch nit Bows ina coun tecokwtae desdon ithe seahesmistee, Coke in te sours mip: Mop eycoey nat fw tao andy. vl inoSe ces ce sarscanes oc aphoon. Esra cycles ar fomed when wat a cold sim nly Rowing epee decon adjacent hes 1 iter and whl together int colar moto, eating trh war ae {nd aca fom centered om shes fee tne pe Ae sot is fein of high peste ard whch i ows tlckwite tne moons ‘ease, eoomerclckwsne in the Soun Remispoc When Se 2 lied a amospbere an, cir we apr ste Condens a ens rcp, aie 3.2 WATER VAPOR, Amoi water mol exis as an oF apo, but fy and lol i este liad in fla i ter Gripes ds, art comes sab in sal, bal and in ce rain oes Te at of wat apr ‘he amon is stan {prt 100,00 al te wes We ea at Bh mnie uns "an in a theta hyp stem canbe dsb Wy he Rept anpot he [E1.19 etg eae prpcey BB cmon $F mass of water voor, The intensive propery = df the mass of water "pc prt mat of ois nce te ef heii egal, Thera ofthe denier of wa apr (and mo a poe 2 cae fay te lw of cmervton of man, dBi ing tert at which water ae being aed to the salem. For evaprion fom « wal sui, |S paltve and epesens the mass flow ra of evaporation, convenel). fr ners, fy nei an repens the ae at which vapor i ein ‘emer th sytem. The Reyole anion equation fr this ym the ‘Sau ejeti for war ear asp med [ffenereffenven aa Vapor Pressure Dato’ ow of pial presses snes tht thé sue exerted by 2 ss (is ‘pon peut) independent ofthe pence fer ge apr sre tie wner vapors pen y the eal gar lw = ART 029) were Tis the abil temper in K, and R she gs constant for water “hoor Ihe ol persed bythe mat ap hn p= th art ‘pews dae othe dy a, and r po e= RT 02H thre the nity of dy si nd Ri the ga const fr dey le (287 Iinpks Te desi f most arp, he suo the dese of ya and Swe por, tha py fs ah he is conn for wa vapr is (Res Rabo, were 0.622 hea he acl weight Of wate poe {2 the average lca weight f dy st Combing (3.23) and G2.) wing the sbovedeintons ges, pe [ove (Ba) ber 025 By thing ip ratio of ap (3.2.3) and (3.2.8, he pee Mami gis special ae n0ant 626 ‘Av, (22.) cn be rewriten in emf he gt conta fr ok sr Re od e2nhe felonsip Between the go cons for molt nt ry ir given by RARAl + 08084) BTC 0.6089) hg oat ‘Tega constant of mit i ncrets with specific hamid, bat ve for luge pci homii(e gg, = O03 tg vmnetigaf earner oe Bexween he gus cont fermi andy i enly aout free Fors gen sr enperie, her s+ matin te cont he ir ‘20 tod, and te conespoing vapor presi eed the aura ‘este ey At his vapor plese, the es of evoperton sob ee, te eq Over «water sua the ataon vepr pose ace ee ae temperate a shown io Fp 2s a ppm Sao ew nn pc (Ni) a sds Cela (Rai, 1979, Some vn a th Staton vg pate Of wat ae ia ke 3 ‘Te gaint = ue do th stare Vapor pes ee foe by ‘iterating (3.2) 098, “ae 6210) hers the pint in pasate pr degree Ces, “The rele mis Rei the Yat ofthe ea vapor pres 0 ts ‘wuron value apnea temper Ge Fag 33h a nat oa ‘he temperate st wich sir wuld jt Become sated aa ven specie amid dew pon tenperanere Te ample 32.1 At le tie et mes 10 per 3a he wera reap, pre eas ee caeipning vapor oie, ve amy, i amy, ad ae Sse. The tre pe ese a= 20% gen y Ba. 8.29) ensit ow (ates) ~ ee r+ eo esl viper ce ye me med aig he Geni empaa = 1 Peer (BB) eeu ok 1 eveue H != oo on om ‘se pec amis ise (2. with = 104PL 100% 10: ) O01 ig wet mit ‘ie sen aed fom slg aw 2.2.7, Te cot handy G28) wih o'= 0011S pig ark Ss Geol SL 80005 COI) = Shek and T= BCE Ge a ae os as Water Vapor ina Static Atmospheric Column ‘Teo laws govem the popes of water vapor in. sate columo, he slg po eakar ony he ona reste fw * fe-ne e2m ‘he vation of i epee wit ide deste by a fo. e216) ws the lie As sown Fg. 3:22 nea temps ain Sheth erupt nn tesla et at Deay nl pic ay so vay nie cis (3.2.12), ay = p/RaT, sed substituting this ino (3.2.13) yields . ta oe =o aR to lae ~Ata om (3.2.1 a Fe pa wn une tm (Qe 6 nd interning bot jes beeen two levels 1 an 2 nthe atmosphere gives “6-8 eevee oy pe 0.2100 ere ni rr Wier “Te amovet of mois nan masher columa scaled es preintbl wat. (Cone an eement of Yip det esumn of horizontal sees a Gig 323). Te mae of sii be elemet yA de ad the mss of water ‘ontled init ii ged. The lal asf peiabe wae ne ol ‘eweenelevatns 2 de w= ['oare om_—s eee The neal (3.2.1 i clad aig iro High. “a incremenal mass of precipable water z Scrat Amp = Baas 0219 ina te merge aes of ese iy ands ey ony Sein Tea avons mcd oe sacs gee Se Erampl 32.2, Cole pipe mae te item bie foe 1 ood wae The sae pest OLS oe ss engerte X70 and ap Se z Elenh's Wes Oo aks wey cacy ‘ing «= 65°CKm = CanestCim, > KME2* 2000 m, by Eg, (32.16) Calatton of precpable mater in saturated oe coumn (Example 3.2.2) ana ety Soe Fee os, ennui prvi ei oe fre Bano om 83 ee eo awe ew eee ee sown cu 3 fee, The oman fn been 27K ‘cpl Scan rns won pcte my nal fe EO.) ‘Re plore n Sto inten per y O21) woh pak 9.1716 =f) dey othe rowed ces om 2.2.12: me Ge imax oan sisi an since yi te a deny f 09 in? 200, Te ‘ease ae'tertemetsene pom tev oomya Lor tgm ene pt pe eg tein wig 3.295 “oe comegnsing alo 200m where T= 7, = 194A cola 6 ‘Te pends myo pose enn By. .28 wroent moan 4 noo bots 010mg, = 0015 gl The ave le of ee ey on {tian nnn ¢ as oni = oams ighe comme Sine enol pein rnb etn eeeSs see ee arate 5 La 10 cate 2 ing cn nny ma pp vas ae Siento n= a oh ec pe he mame cto ae 3 3.3. PRECIPITATION Precipitation inde if snow, ang eter reese by which wae fs {0 land sure sich hl ud seth fran of pacts ea ‘lig f a st mas in the aonphre saat it cele fod eT i mechanism of ae ma liting we fo ‘aus vere isailiy of mst a td ae sslged ye a he ‘poration given up as wat vopor tes and cose ‘The formation of precipitation in clouds i Mast in Fig. 3.3.1. As A ised coals. wat cles rm the vapor ts god iH a ‘trate i below the fisrine poi then ice etal we frst ages ‘nthe mmospire aca prices of ont Saved om Speed yan ‘tn supra ivogen compas ealig fm cmon, The dete ot ese prices range fom 10" to 10pm and te paren an tase ex comparison, the st fon stom thot 10", vo the ale Sens ‘may be composed of jst» fw hun stom, Pata eh centr at or wie tn 1 hey ae Cae y fobuleat ‘an, atl ey bee ‘hale foes of gv overcomes har a conan dey ee ee increwig nie hey bit cco ine al pats Hewerce, eae fl water evaporates fom sue ad the Gop se mises oe Se, maybe meaced Yo the sie of an acest aptin sd be eared ope en, pe me ey atmo \ sn orice seat ‘i "actor ] cater eee ‘Mae en dw rey cen ovo ec en my op ey chee m hel, we tpn el ‘Seta apn sad be . oa through web acton A op cut fol 0.5 cm is sce {ay [0m dope ce cyl the sme weigh, ecto hee aa lugs can be sppnedby even lower vlan. The ie of conan, fang. evipraton, nding ecu on average abut tines blo tp aches ciel ie of bout O1 mom, which age empha eae ne com ofthe loud Up abot | mm in dame. he doles oman sper in shape, bt ‘yond this they bento ate at on he boa wl they ae tout sabe alg trough ar and wes up nto sal rings and Spey Nene ‘andro faing trough te cloud tes 93 man i ance Se Sp my i cr eng fevers dows to “35°C. Al ths temper, the perce tno a eee chen witoo eczng nce. The auras wpe poor eg ' lower over ie than overlaid utr, 20 ioe pues ae mised ep ter onl, the ice pices wil grow by evaptatian fram he done nd condesation on thee crystal. By calon tnd cmlicone, ie oe ‘ally fom cise dll m= sow las Howerer spe estan ey BOW 5 age that thy fal dcty to teen hal enoeee led sadn 5 ces of tity sacesing cts induce _ttion. iver foie» common taceuing tent fe pond cra in wich» uberis suion i evgorned itt pepe fea dice prices, While thre have been many expeinent wre cland nos tne wa ore ve ned pip, get vay of aes _mic pets nce npn pei ae il oe Terminal Wey Tic ac to fling a 3.3.25 ny fe Fw Sosa face te Space a et Se et dc cn dt ta stop a phrof dancer Dn wlune i (WOO oe wea sel he boyy fa i A ~aa( EZ) ea2 her td and ate ene of ward i, expect, The ‘drag force is given by EB cea = cna esa {te Cy mene dr coon, A = (al)D? i te crs see prt Veal cig oe {rte op red me wl ser un it ras ei ves Yo ai te the forces assed Te con me ence fein = ¥ i E.(2.3.1-8, al \ as ; KK \ cos E mds) or- aden lh, soled for Wy «ei oun ‘The suumption os sphaclrindop sap sali fr dps vp 01 man iniamee, Beyond is ine, the dos become feted on te btm sd mre ‘alm fos sectn: ten ey ae charactaed Wy the ele” diameter of {phe antop having Ihe sae volume as heat eo (rapper nd ‘Kise, 197) ainropscan one vp 1 6 ea dame, bt ope re a 3m are sal, especialy in owen eal Tor tiny ropes In clouy opto O.1 mat ameter, te dag force i specified by ike lew fr wich he ag coetient nC y= 20Re, where ee {he Reynlds nab Dis With being the se vcosy Paling ano te beyond the tnge of Saks la alae of Cy developed experimentally 8) ‘Sheraton af indrops are pve in Tale 3.3.1 ample 3.3.1, Coe he emi ely of on dane itn ing ins andar mosphere 1) nd empertre FC ‘Saton Te teil vl sven by By. 3.3.0 wih Cy = 9.671 fom BCT LATHE go tg ni LD gi se ose Vales of ¥,smiy computed for vous damees ae pote in Fig 3.33 em be sen tht the eal veloc ieeses With op 2 op 2 pistes level of bout 5m Srp st, for which etna! welocy i {pprotimatly 9 ms Drag enfcient for spherical raindrops of diameter andar atmerpere presse (101.94) and BFC ai temperature inp dancer wm) 0 a Os Os 1B 300 aw 5 Dagens Cy 42146 127 O45 O61 0517 050 0590 040oni te ‘ont cu ‘The preceding computon eo tie condos Hier in be amare, ey fs cree nd E03.) show tt he wl 1 Sarespeding tee arp fal te in thee psa tm eee pe vey pe eps ce fk ‘Thunderstorm Cell Medel ‘The mechanams wnde}yng i mae iting and preptaton ae stated ns ae by esenng echemate melo det clr own ini 33. ‘tunderstrm vse ws «Yr! coluna ma vp of tee at a ‘fiw region next te ound whee arm, mou se dew ite el ! uli epon the mile where moire connss tre, prong [recptaion, and an oufiw region in the oper atmogere where eulow of faker ayer a ners Ouse the el ela, cow may deen ‘vera wide we, pickup more moire, an ene te ell mt be bor, This tie pate, called conver cll ccuaion, i rien bythe vat aout of Di fim tow teat sora eles by the condensing maitre te uplift repon,Observatons ‘lcomonines clouds producing thndertems edeae tate elevation of {be top of the converte el ranges from 8 tm 10 16 hn 310 10m inthe [Mroophee (Wert, 1970), and’ Snes te Tope Of these coeds may even ‘roeut gh he wopopense ln the stata. “Toe hers nly wing the oneal equation fr water apr: eo Gl Jomars [foovan 635) 1 pein of ica inh or cm) i ling onan aes A beneath he sor cl, he mas low ate of wer leaving te eli ay = — IA, where rite desi of gud water Uner he assumption of steady fo. th ie ‘ive em a (3. seo, nd he rons fw ie of precipi egal {phe fleece between he mai flow sof watt Vapor ening te cll) fod iewang @) ee Bp 3.3.8), 0 -nis=[Jonven[Jeaven 029 ‘The cells cylinder of diameter D, anders tough Big inrement ‘Ay and eaves ough eight increment Bey i dna en pete ty {essed cont win each increment Gi the mate shown in Example 323) tin een a ree a (fleas ee where th dey of dys, which may be expressed using Eq, (2.1) a6 pe pal ~ 9) Sustiing ino 8.338 O=[all = gicl=D ~ fal eovSeheD can = n= oan sng 939 037 tte tt ai pee < e310) ‘ample 22 A tudes lS mia dances lol ef 13m, {dtr coo mune newb ina ae esos th 870 mame. sree nah nent i PeeE rey annette sys Shee a ena gis cee SCRE cgmanamaneaaes Romar” latign cup hora omaen mete ei the etoindin Bx 32.2 wing = StS pe Ahly bo fre eid vias te km eee a Rage ap aco ae an” From he ule, 4 = 0.002 KR te vale fo ppd, te gs been Ot LS py te 092 ea tg ae 6 TTC Ooneora~ 0.031 up satiny 3 05 RD (Han Sean aa) Je mt fw to wen gen ys = ld wee A= (ego Te ao! ie Pinatas a alan Sa os eae Sar hig eee “hems ow a of cong ai ire by fa a 19 021 1.00% 1800 wx 60 2590s Ty semi oh nig ms piel yy, = 4% “Tf ef ae Ket de mite cde i we ‘iste en hate apion of wa 23 1 ae ya S 10 S34 1! 1.35.00 a0 Teg a Rhee serie suey ened nes ‘Variability of Precipitation ‘Prsipation vrs in pace and tine azcordng tthe pea pat of ao, ‘Shee cialaon and ering to local fate. The verge ver # me ‘Tye of obtains of a wester varie calles Ws nomel vale, Pips 13S shows the noma motly precipitation fra sumer of fcans Ine ‘ied Stes Higher precptton crs eur tects than id Devan Be ‘ans sappy the balk ofthe atmo mole for precptation. Aras the eu of the Cucace mountain 1, Boe, loa) hve lower prespaton than hone othe wes (eg, Seale, Wasnt) becuse moch of he mosue ‘the predialysis fow nthe ml eds ead he tun over be mown Pronowsed seasonal variation ia pecptaion occurs where th saa ‘ocilaion in the sneer relation Cange the snout of moisture ow tet hoe repos (eg San Frio and Mam). This pater ite Fp. 3, bch sows the oral tly pepo fr vrs locas ‘Usted Stas: Precip very arabe te morta ses he West ‘heweorpan ee ifvncepresipon, Prespsioeneaes oie es ‘cst ges plas and spay moe fr he eat than the est ‘rsipition vay forthe word eshown in Fig 3.37. The average anal [eit he id sac of theca eso 860 mim (2) ut reat erbity ei fom Arca Ce, with au somal average of 0.5 on (0.02 Into Me Wale, Hawa wich ecco 11-680 mm (20 in pe Yaron nerge 34 RAINFALL aso ary great space an tine. They can be fpesened by yea epson shyt es cantor of const aif Figue 3.41 shows an ahyea ‘pot wl atl depth swat some oe atm of May 3O-oe TS, wich ase sat 20D desi Jobsown,Fensvana following {aim fle ath ter astro My 2-28.98, Asin, Tena which {tse 3 death nd 838 milion i propery amie (Moore eo. 182). Te ‘Shesown sm plod on sl 0 espera he Aen The ‘mon dp of pciphaon shor ery he se (= 10), bot {fe Aus stem war ber and loclzelthan fe Joastows rm. The ‘owing was cased by convective cell thndersonm of te type analyzed in Example 3.3.2 nyt ap pace by ineroling rif aaron a aged pone Aran pgs ed conse of 8 set aml epee Toeos ——— PF gka | \j a Lae : ‘e ecole ene eine tow ie 34 fre ia i Site inser fom eee Ain norm Aufl torah ok Iinfal spth or meray uc of awe te a ga She 9G Be a By wig al cere h tine rll mass cre, pra,30 ies, 1.48 inde ror $n 10 38min, 1.8 nces fom 10 mio 40 tins ands on. The maximum 30 mite eceded depth 3.07 ces weeded terveen 35min an 8 min, conepondeg ose eveage ews of 3.07 3 1 6.14 iah vehi interval. Tle 41 shows sma Compe mai kets ed intense for ne and two-our nr abe sen th te ‘ie pro increases, he average ent sutined by he om Geetss 36 thf one hor, 4.10 ih fer two hou, ae sven es ver sor sea decrees‘ the are Incesses, a sown in Fige341, Comps ‘Sie come it peg ge erm May 363818 may give an inder fasinates prime ia his wy iain Stow severe a parr orm i, compre to ober soon caked athe Ste cua, 2 ey provide seta at or ein of flow contol ste [Knnpornt act ob determne rm isl afl cr the weg ‘pth rant overs ren Soh aba Nee.TP ammo Areal Rainfall “he eritimetcmean meted ise sinpet mato of determining el average ‘an aves averaging he afl Sp ected aa mambo of ges {Fig 3.4.a) Tis boa stacy ite gags elon darted nei an he ia pgs nese ee ay eso i sme wages ae cone more repeenive of he are in question tha ates ten eitie weighs maybe nied othe oes n conan See merge The Thon etd set ap te ee ‘Nerf he ae a ht at te ere pg othe ph ected aa Ben ei pind ou 10 + dnc halfeny foe net non Ie eso ‘he whe we cach a mie fon he ong ‘spina nu Thiesen po tet he Boone te yg tein omed by the perendaarDaetrs fe Herning ecco ooet Wg 43) Wr te ea he ae inh med spd toeach i nd, te tall corded ej ngewe ee ‘cipro jhe oan == == ae cite ha the acme mean meta, but Weebl, becuse # ‘Taisen network ue be cnsmcted each tie ete a change fo he ge fevwors sch at when date ising rom eof th aes. Alo he Tsien (neha dcr not dety scout fr eoprap nue on al Theil mt neo va ex en by costing lnshyeng wing sce Sep tin gages und nerolton betwee acer dee Te 240), Wher rei dese eto of rainage, aye ‘tape can te consracled ing computer programs for aomated onourig. ‘Once te ecyeal map i conte the oea A between ah a of oh nine wotcnbe a mesrd and moped by he vege Pf eran “ep of he two Boundary ohyes to comput te areal average pecpation by Ex G.4.)- Te oye mats i exe aed knowlege othe soem pater? saat he dein fhe et Bt fy es er Ege Sue wo coety contrac the oye up fom 8 compen so, ‘ier mend of weighing sun gage cose have ben propose sch ss he ripe dance squared matod i which ie nen ofthe rn {2 aged pom on he computson of aaa ata ugazed pit i vensiy [rovaronl othe tance temeen he wo pms (We! aod McGuess 1979), SEB al Gowan (5) snd te ve ote cig a ‘erage preston, icucng the ones seed here, and cole tat a {he met ive compaabe resi, especialy when te tie peso i long: = a apt ed ra a ye Tet me‘opti te te ly el hati he aiflret meted vary more fom one te acter when apie 0 ‘hy ral tan when sped ala 35. EVAPORATION ‘Te to main ctr nfleing evaporation fom at open water uae te the spy of energy to prove tele bet of raprianon eae sy ‘trom the vapor aay rote evaporative surface Sol dation the ean Sure fet energy. The sbi to taabpat vapor aay from te rape “trac depen on he wind velocity oer he sre athe speci my ‘alle tes sve fe vapraton fom he lanl mace copies evapntion det from the soi and eget sce. and ranpratonthsih lam eres, ie heh Siti eatated the fan's sot, mepred pwands toy sate iN se ii she ape ough tiny openings inte tes aed Stomata."The process ceperton fo te nd arte dopa {rom vegetation re atv emed emperranyiatin- Esperanto ent en soi lngacnced bythe wo actors esrb previo fr open wae evporin, sd sls bya rd foc, tbe soppy of moire the eapuratve race The [terial eroporenipiraion ste evaptrnpeaton at would cee fo 2 ‘el sept sure when motte wppy ot init.d this ele Ina way similar otha or open wae evporton” Actual evapeanstin lop below is poset evel tll deer nergy Balance Method . To develop the continty and enertyeqtons spacer evaporation, con ‘er evaporation fom an eaporaian pa 8 shows in Fig 38 1" Aa vig tan pan excel tank comlig wat, wich theo evpoation Ieatred by the ate of filo the water surace"A contol sacs fe ee ‘oun he nealing th the wer ne po andthe above Continuity. Because the contol volure contin: water in tt the ged a woe sis, the cara conn equation most be wien separ for te ‘plats. For the nud pase th extensive propery eB = mt oad ater B= 1p pe ibe dent of wae) ad Bar =~ wich he as Tow rtf eapraon The contin eQut fo thei pase [fee [fnra aan “The pn has ipemeabe sds, 50 toe & no ow fil water sro te enlace and fIp.Vedh =. Thereof hans of Sorgen he=e eee ee ee ee ee eee eee 82 amminenasey snemenceme system is given by (did? fJoud¥ ~ pA dhidt, where A is the cross-sectional isthe rate of work dose by the system (zero in this tase), ey is the specific DET Ra ot rn Sng a 5 ital ta onry of be Ys Sa i urate Be Tey ft hang ohn ey see ae ~aenal a ‘cin ohne cae ee ewe wan ng er Seca V= be tne ta ens pn an ne saat = SES iy mats os ee eg Aenat asp ae 4 ‘ #24 [fener asn _mass.of water vapor; =<. the specific humidity, 4 “ ik p-nbeaeel in ats a lee ing it we of wos, wr fet ny mt * nine rented wa pr Se net Semle heat tH 0 the a Sear ad's poo ea fun toe grownd A ie Se Sas eS cre amerngemers fen gl[fomers [fomven sn tC te te epee ne: eight ie f Sew eat oe ce ta ty af cn pie vn fun ag tee arha e na ne Octet maces we anata, Rai. em ena ; prelftecs an ymin fre .5.2) wih A= 10.5.8 mayb sled a “ eo kano osm st nity gn ein oi Sh ra SRE ee SS See I ena ar ie nes tr orn 0 lt Tietnle apna Gerny ovine nares QQ LS eile rte coving Seb on Sentara SAAS hate etna ee lf fanan oan Som Ww ss te en eh ep pi i ai | im = en 1, ty ay co fang, Tt ay bo pa See eatin eae eat eee een ae renee ana er Sofas, From (2.7.8) te tant hes of vaporization st 25°C is 1 2500-2.36% tai | econ Sonn moreear ae MM 1A fled aloe cnee sfJfnrMearn aso Sam a 1.22% 10 100 600 ey ‘whe: dH he ite of np tte sytem om exes ource, dat aeAcrodynamie Method Bess the supply of eat energy. te Second fata contolag the evaporation fae fot an ope water sufae 1 he ay to eaapr apa say fom the Sirae. The nap ets gover by he hunity gre! fe i eat the sac and the wind peed sos he Sra, and hee fo proses 8 1 analyzed by coping the equation or tas and momeatu wasp 8 a i ihe coal volume shown in Fg. 3.8.2, comers tvizotal plane of sic ate laced a eight above the stice, Te vapor fxm pein ped by convertion tough ths pan i gen by be equation (rom Tele 281 ih n= rake n ux sin) ere i he vp ey ifsivi. The mentum Ox upward rough be ‘ane Tkewse ven by a eqaton oe Table 28 7 ke esi Sippse the wind velocity, an specific humidity are measured at levaion and ad selevain he ratios being ue close tthe tamper tn abe conan between hem The he sean heads = ign gener 20 and sade = (ny ey ~ am be ae yang Si agency ands at of testing equations taken ig Klan > Klea= a) 519) “Te wind veloc inthe bundy ayer nes the ears suc (upto abou 50m) is wll esrb bythe lain poe lew TE. 2.65) sete} osm where x = sea veloiy = Jp, k's te von Karma const, usualy ken 104, and pis he rougheess hit fhe ace ven in Table 28.2 Meee, wf -n raat oa say=0) ineeved by etn, eee ts (y= lites Setaig et 519) ad ara ees _ Balt ~ eben i) ‘nceren? | hich ite Thre Holoan equation Yap apr. fstSeveloed Uy Thoma nl ema (93), applica ily ated a be $2 RRs = | tdi comant. Thoma nd Hoenn et op mesure ‘Swen smpl gander Ne sed compe te comepncng ‘Siponon me Sad many suse mvesiguos hoe made Sina ee Foc option epizatin where sch pyr note ad met surest Bf gan she ase oly one bop nd iat Sere si) snp by apne that he wind wey ay =O a ‘Soop hey = and tate ered wh moire ee From fy..." 0633p wer « the apr pram aedp be ‘ea emit he me a et eg), mesarements of apr pes ‘Sica be nated for ose of pects boi. At ght te ape Rosa ey te mle apr poe, ad te apr rear Eo'scae uta be cane onrmed vpee pete creping {fe Snes vomperre. Une hese sampeots 2S) ann e515)0.6220 ples ~ ead 6 cg e516) Antex} Recalling that yi eine bee fora nt ace of suc, an equivalent ‘ragorton ate. exresied in dimensions of (LT can be foun by Sting ee pabs ie 010) nd rearnging y= Blea ~ 0) esi 262 pen oan pas[inteteol £4 5.17 sa commen basis fr many evaporation eqns, with he form lhe vapor uaafer cellent B varying rom oe ls anther Tis yp tf eunon was ft pope by Dalton 02 Scere mebot wit wenger cree hoy 0 pen, ome 1013 at mn ped 9h al ene high aon ‘Terrace Asn ops be y= O03 cm Solon. Te vir tanec Bey O..10, ng =O4, 9. Tipe tra 9 sn = 99 gm Hee pa 08g palincroh 1019 «10 anf 0-9 Ssymeineghanen cotentiag tone memes sem) ‘Combined Aerodynamie and Energy Balance Method [sapraton may be comp bythe serasnamic meta when ener sppty ‘Timing andy he ener talon method when Spor eam ot ae oe snaamencns #7 lining. But ormally, bth of hese facts ae ining, 20 2 combination of ‘he two mebods is nea. Inthe ent lace tho, he snsibleheafse 1, quay. But since te heat wales by convection hgh ‘ear overtying he war sac, and water vapor sary tated by envecon, ican te asad tha ie vapor heat a [ad he sesh heat ‘x Hae proportion he propria const lng alte Bowen rio B Gowen, 1936 pee es) me, ‘The energy balance eqnon (3.5.9) with ground het fax G = 0 cn then be Ren il + 0.320) ‘The Bowen ei calaate by couling te wanspon equation for pr tn tet, tsi similar othe coupling ofthe vapor ond omentum spo ‘Stonlon sed in developing the Teint Homan esuaon, Fm Tae Eth wonpot equations for apr snd Bete neon 0329 ha ncaa e329 whe Cy i the apices cut res and Kye he est aii Using mestuement fg and aero levee and ssmig the tenspon rat ont betwee hee levels vison of (13.2) by $20, Po Gk 19 aon ime” Kal = On) Diving (3.528 byt and subi 0.622 cp fr 4 provides he exesion forthe Bowen rate om (3.519) Seis Ty pe Sebel = ada aon esa te ye pte cs (3.5.25) 1° Tank oan‘Te lo Kut of he nest an vapor fev commonly taken o be 1 (Peesle an Teor 1972 TT the two lew and 2 ae then a the evaporative suface and in the overing at soean, especie. ican be shown that te evaperaon Tae tmp fo te rats of et ren ar gven by Eq 20 and th ie mar ep ad ent eon 0 30 ‘isso. Compre te Smite meaty whe vale oe ‘ie etvng een ntl : eel emg Cane Ye“he spe ie bse a apron by 4 ppg whe ves de ning cone Oa) Sa ‘tail tina ney ha aw cones ‘A corte we expe in me: etme he aes lon ‘n'y he stmetmean mn en sated a) he teats mete wpe nd pr heh rh age ‘cm! wi tye i nin tl en en soos othe meeps (8 ene he shape mal ete dine ae Fi. 3.4.3 pg tice Primed Fn lt atmencmet met he Pee cube mined ce Fearn ues wi cage witha oe at 1, RUG r4 he teow cones ed wend ate as aaa ‘A conics xr inl, Comp th aegis te at Se'iewe me ‘Cong by he Prle-Tyor meal he evaporation ei lei pe Sp fee acy wen eee a ‘beter 3% Fe oe Ey ay aap et iin ES Wht, emgrre SSC pl pet 29 ee feed i, be scp me he omen me ne Psy“ mcd Aso sede! winnpane pve 10.34) nd Fecha amary, he serge weet condone te rion 0 Win ‘Styrene ay pe un in sel 21 eae Toad Cli he pen waar vein me by enemy med {fy te sre eho) te comin ath nt ie. ‘Solr mca Rane sd sober pre O13) ad Se = 3 Scfen B's 0g | shave be Sid an Lb pe = Cope fnce rp vpn nt ia ary iCal wing ‘he teroplmapen rn’). 3. mth Oren Pi pt ‘nce tat B= ds ih wae whe nen none era. ‘re folning a hombe Ameri Serey of Ct nce. 1973) sc tic cose ers wel-nuced gr sce MySay Sep Bin: Cems ane SN) Clue conespig perpen ‘ama by eng bance mt, he ream te ‘atone and ey alr med Aone Sa these rem, Use Bj Oi) fre thee 8 es Sm Seen Seana n mom Sate Po 363 or Cc, Os, he mela edo we ee mn Seate is “= oo oo =—_ ae eo oe 6S Ue aeyanic eo 6 cle te eapanpetin re (emiy) frm welied shor ps weno ny when fg pea Soca uc ne ee at ce SUBSURFACE WATER ‘Subrrace wate flows beneath the lnd surface Ia this chapter, oly sbeutace flow process imgonan wo ste wee hyalgy are Grebe, The net ‘el of proundwae flow i covered in a mnt fer ebooks (ete and (Chery, 1979 de Mary, 1988. 4.1 UNSATURATED FLOW Suberface fw processes andthe 2otes in which hy accra shown schena- aly in Fig. 4.1.1, Thre importa procs re inrson of fce wat {he flo become wo mon, ssuoce flow usta Dw he be {and poundwarer flo trate Ro oh al ek sa Sl a ‘ook sta which permit wee ow recalled porous med. Pow ward ‘then te porous medium til hn sme of vous aca ya, and rtd ‘hen he wid ae led with war ‘The wate ables he trae wt the ‘tr ina sated perous medi at amas prese Blow the wate Ul, te port medio stated and st greater prenre than amowpete ‘Above the wate ble, cep Tce can str the porous mem ft Son distance Inthe eplary famge above which he pros os tly ‘esate except lowing anal, wc ntrton fo he hd saa a role tit eed emesis sn rac Spring So mitre ete by Cetra mei Ue “Comers cos aton though sonar oi sow a Fig 12 ‘A portion of heen ection cei ysl plese the ent by ”Scenes Pa cece eats ad Dowestmanens? cag carat amen wo as sce a am 0 Sal vlan a ence 0 0-5 he oi most conten eqs the potty when the si Coatinsty Equation ‘A control volume conning unsaturated ol is shown in Figure 4.13. ses Ave lengih dy and de, nthe coornte dvestons, ss vlune ded), ‘nd te vlan of wer conan’ inthe cont vue i @ de The aw ‘water rough esl ie metsuted by he Dary fig = QA, te volute {ow ate per eit are of sl, The Dry Tx ts aver, faving componees [Seach ft cordinte Grecian, batts presentation he horizon aes ft sumed be seo, abd oly he vera er component fhe Dac fi Consered. Aste & nis ponve uposd, upward flow comer postive {nd dunn lw nepae Tm the Reynold nip tere, te entesve propery B isthe mas of sil mtr, ene B= dBi = 1 and dBi = 0 beats no ase hanes a Cecaring inthe wate. The Reyes watson tere that aes te form of ‘Belmepal anton of comnaty (221 on [furs faven as) ee Se be ficbr lebih tretee | (eet wna ere te desi sed contin and the pari dvvtive suits bce ‘espata imesion ofthe conl volume ae ined. The second ema.){sth et outowof water srs the ono fe A shown in Fig. 4.1.3: th ‘limes inflow ate baton of he contol vlome dd die cao be tep iq (yl de hs he nt oti te eee, ca as eds deds a Satin 4.1. a1.) no (4.1.3) aml ng by ddd ie 2.40 (16 This i te comin eqn fr omeimensional unsteady unssue w in 4 pores met. This equations aplieabefo fow at allow dep Below the and surface A reste cp satan Sep ers changes inthe et ‘Sty ad inte porosity ean accurate et of chagen aid pre ‘Sad thse alo be accoumied forn eveloping the cone, Momentum Equation In 6, (2.6.4 Dare Law was developed 1 late the Dae ax 91 he te 1 hee peg of tn an ky aan ‘Conic ow inthe wri ston and dente the lad the ow yh thn 5; = —allae where te mega sgn ines that etal head deren in he deston of flow Beate of feton, Days law i hen au Duy Law ie, tek fh pts nd ‘sraing ve aoe that econ wi the Eros seston a fuser aad grief ts mei (Php 169) Atte sale Days Tew ‘isis ead uniform fw of ost velo, in wbich he et oreo Ma element er. Fer cle satred hw the only foes ive repay an rin, ht for tre ow he tan fre bing Wet 1 pce toh safc sn mata be cde. "Th pra medina aps mn of prices, shown i Fg 441.2: When te vos spaces ar oly partly il wih wer the water sated ote park afcesCrouph electrostatics between he water ‘eck por tods andthe pail sracer Thi surface athson aes ‘he wae pawn thy secs, ving the iin th cent te vids ‘moe wie ade th pron medi, the ie para heme fie sues dns witha te mest, i he medi sted an there ae no ie suacs win the vos and, tee, a sac fore ‘he fff sl sation canbe teen a coun of al placed vere ‘ith is boo i conan of waer—maisze Wl be dae ip mo) ‘oi o's high above te water sure at wh he sl acon and gay {ces a jst equal. Tis eight ranges fom 2 ow milters fr at sad (weve mete fo cays “he fea ofthe wate is measured in dimensions of eight bt can | te hough of be eery pe tnt weight fe Mad. Inan waar prot ‘tei, the at of he al energy possess! he il othe sal Sto feces is efeved to ashe scion head rom he pecding Scion, ‘viene ta te scion ead wil vary wth te mw cone th men, ‘me in Pigs, whch shows tat forthe lyse sto head {nd hyralic conduct ca range over several ores of tagatude the toisteconew change. The al head ithe won thes snd gray Neate heore a9 No tem it incloed forte velocity head of ew besa he veloc is 0 ‘ll ta te bed eee Subetting or in) 1.10) Sea aon etal sathinecaet Seno 1979, Pergamon Books= (eZ *) -foi# +) un he he a ater iin ae) wh eden, Snag al es ae 2 - Aoi +) aun ic ic» one-dimensional farm of Richard's euatin, he governing ein Fer unealyunstsedo prs medim, fing pected by Roars (oan. Computation of Soil Moisture Fax ‘The flow of moisture toh te sll ca be ele by By. (1.8) given ‘nesuremets ofl sicton had Oat flere! depth th a ah aoe al ms ha eg in penn Sn, gin eRe ie tes pig. ogo agin R38, ea on a on ee ee ee ancy 18 Foe rT eatrrrceerctnectetemtaers Zara Reus ctescateanniteuten ates Ree reas ran goeomecatcs te ax fm) bonnes 0.8 “ie dhl be te Spe See et fw sl of tv Sp ns np De, ‘Spats ot oun hn iene terse eal Ma {itn own ec Ser Ree per, ne ray. ‘Weg non P38 Cl mnNien amaniiecotr ‘51'S wimog eoce pan foi an Sion ad fs snancevane 107 se. it cola 8, The x is nepaine beaten i Roving Svar Boye eh Kc cnes yr ayo bs enim ‘Te Day ux as ncn (UT) bee i fw pst tn of atmo te Os aig Youghal ps of ot ena aed as 00412 emt ae “412% 10-* mid pot md mw = 8 nc, teat sae inst 2 180 cm tod fe) = M0" (i) Toon tn feck dpa os Ne. Fat cungt tr tek LOH meh oh 4.1 howe fs gee fl ne eh, sd oy Ee Cain tm nd “Dy sem sine sae ee cmge ‘pet at a 8m ire aye ingest coronas Ree ec a So ae Th pc coy Kv i ane omen w eng of be peor 0 ee ice Fete benenpe son et Be 3) (ag) ea 3 ‘ne cospning aa comncney = 5(~ pat = Aah SE oad emia. swm ten The hea lence yg (CS) Te complete pcre of rfl on the slat Dezp Dean and the soil ‘ice hed at vss depts peed nig. .1 80) Rana Se Ae ‘24 May lows own ito th wl reducing thew ato ess fea he ot by evaporation, casing the sl scion bead fo eee ‘is Read poi at the slowest dept (04 m) shows the pete ea tod the fit tht fl low the pric 3 08 fom te Bopanna sei moist ows ups eect SS =| 208] tn st mai at Dep De Ean:42. INFILTRATION Intent poss of water pencraing fom he rod sua ine the sol Many fcr noece te infin fe eeg econo he Sol tice an vegetative coer, the ropes he sa he portaly ‘epic conti. ad the cent msm fhe vol Sa wit tren psa popetcs may nea ech eer, ferming Boron ft ‘ramp, +s soll wth elsively high Role condcny ay over f Sys iw cote Al ab pa ial wry ee ‘iin lately anal aes Sacha eld: As eho hee pe ‘aca and ine variations in sl proper th cc he Sosa ete chang, infiltration «very cole rca a cn be dsc oly ‘eprinaely wih meat sate "Te dtibaton i mote wie oi pole drag the downed movement of wate tated in Fig, 42.1, Thea fur moat oes $snrted tne vest te varie, «anton cone featured foo fit unarnmnstre cote, «meting one inch tre ees Wik ‘ep ands wring ron wre ehnge of ole come tik depth ht ‘elation tha appearance of asap Sic beeen the hove and tery al ow. Beendiag ote sun fates ae ‘skal prope fhe site ering Hat may Poste am se ce {Deven ern ss i198). “The inrion rave J expe i ces per hoa or etme ero, tert at which wate ner tele sae I wa poo ae ie sfc th niin ecu ath potent fatin ref beast po ste ae sre, fer ene yan sane petal ales ‘se hen the aca ton tw ao bees tha te Pca Mn intron equation davis te pte a The clave Iran Fs the accom ph of wate inated crng agente pred and ea {ote nepal othe rao ate over a eh = (‘ener aan sore gin, semen 108 ner isa dummy viable fine in te neato, Convery the leieaton ‘ie the tine dere of the comolive ian a a fo HO aan Horton's Equation One ofthe ets infin auton was developed by Hoe (193, 1839, ‘who cbiereed ha fran bein at some rae ytd exponetly decrees hl wreaths a comnts Pi 42.3% $0 ™fo om foe® an where decay conan having dinemsiont (7). Eapleon (197) ant sa 97) ie shown at ein sean can be ered os Ra qin (41.12) by assuming tut and D ae conan inacpenent of he ‘sore cont ofthe soi Under thee conn (1-12) ees 0 4 ott an ich she sud fomn of a dfn equation and ay be slved wo yi ‘Bemolsare cone @ a fonction of ie ad depth, How's equation rls mt saving forthe re mre ftson DM ce) a the sl Sere. Pip’ Equation Philp 1957, 196) ave Rca eution vir le stv condos soy kot Dan sy wi th esr ae Pilp eyed $5. Bo lvoe BO eo come 0 8) os ony ‘Steal equnion Bod vd squint el ni ee Phe seen"10 amzoneeaccr uate lfation FU), which is approximate by Fun= Si + Rr 429 ere $i paramere sorpiy, which le fnton 6 the si section tel andi the arc end. ‘By aiferentain pon tren 29) ‘Ast, fu) tend to K. Te two te in Pilps eanton reeset be tects ‘tS ston ea and rity head eset. Fora fool clu a sl ono ening wat a he se, sd Ph amr 21, le wits ein a of ni fi i car arene ek pce ‘esi in i to ly td pat cei eat = 33 on Fr halon, amie etn ‘Meta of son sew hares 13m = OS Po = oy 25-029" itn on eri lo, (425) ps wih = 04 em Fuse =s0.5"7 +0408) 4.3 GREEN-AMPT METHOD th revs sc, ato ution wee developed fom sppoxine “ato of iar’ equa As Seratesppoucs we deeey ¢ re “pra pg ey ator sn east ange san, Coe nd Ant GSID proposed the Siped pre of iftan sown Fig 83. Te ‘sting ot hry bouncy vig wl of mse cota 9b fos Sen ae he weg at sd Spine rice ston Roan Wars pod taal dp he ‘ere i mae oui ae ayn weit | ‘ic es A in Te er i eo wi Continwity Consider veri cols of sil of wi arizona rst-sectonsl aca (i ‘Sand ct conol volume be defined sound he wt al een the sue Sd depen te sod as tly of mais cotnt 8 ought Tete ‘Epo he ota cot wil cee om 09 he porosy athe meng front pace The mouse conten @ hero of te voume of wer the {a scum wii the somo suas, se create he watr toed wis te contol volume ata eat of nian i Ly 8) forse cos scion By dein this quantity sequal oF the clave depth of water ait Ino thes Hence an where 80 = 9 8 Momentum at wan nhs cze the Dae a 4 consent throughout he depth an is el ‘ecune'potive wd while ponive downar, point and? arrhc Th ad hy athe sae i gl te pod depth hy, The head hain the sy tl ch the wing fot eels “ks Day aw for yt . gon z 4 te he pod dept hy. elie compared 1 yan ‘This sumption is sy srr rte Woes natn pet cr 434) vasfeaeet] esa este] a F “Tose fr F eromutipy 1 in [aches hen spi the ef and id i 0 pats (Fs338)-(e8Sia)}e- He Tatil [ee = ro~sadinje «vas coun] = Feo 980 wm [1+ BO 435) “Tics theGren-Amp equation or cumulive inition. Once Fs fond tom By. 4.36)henfitaton ra can be obtained fom (3.5) o¢ fo= aan In he cate when the pode ph yi ot negligible, he vale of ¥— ha is sated fr $n (43.6) a (4.3. ‘oan (3.6) ins nonin eqn iF. ltmay be solved by themed of ecesv ubtation by eaanging (23.6) 0 ead ro, 92114 gana (i 28) wn ‘Given. 1, ad AM, al value F fe aid on he righ sie (a {bed wl abe P= Ki and now value of Fae othe land Ade, which subse a's wa aur onthe ied sie nd Soon nt ‘he alate values of F converge t's sonst fel vale of comelatve Inration Fis sebytied i (437) 0 detemie the cresponing penta ‘nition re "Equation (4.3.6) can also be solved by Newon's eration method, which \s mre complied than he etal sf wcrc son ba ceerp fewcr tetas: Newon's Hetion met clined Sex 3.8, Greco-Ampt Parameters ‘Arplcaion ofthe Gee: Amp model rie estimates of he hyd codc- {ily Khe por and the weting fonts tacon hed The vationith noise corte’ of the scion hed ahd yaa condstivy was ded ty Boks aed Cory (1964) They concade, afer loa Ye any sis thar pcan be epee «lesutinefncton fo efletbe sara 5. ee Pig. #3) Ie resale cont ofthe sl aie fa ben Thooughy ied is dence by Bn he effective strtn is the rao te ‘alle moire @ 6 othe masioum posite sete most Comer cers sf 39 aot 39) whey 9 called the efctie poet “The efleivesatraton bis te rnge OS 5 = 1.0, proved 0, = 0 9 Forth nial codon, when 8 = 0, eoeemlpying (6) give 8 = 8, ‘oth and the chug io he mesa coment when the wating Fm Passes Bee ag n ede + By terre - [4] a3 [4] e {in wich oy and ae consts obey ening sin stages, mesg the values Of 1, and at each tage snd ng (411) tothe ng da i fen Howser (1966 aso staid terriation of yal conduit with moire omen and cole the flected condaty fran stars ‘ow I appoxinuely al the comespoodg viv fr sare fa [rank Eapleman, and Ras (981) preset a mad fo detersin ling the Green-Ampt pruners using the Brooke Coney equi, Revs: Ba sek, and Mill (983 sedis tho to ataly aprsinaely S00 sot Ines sos the Unied States an determined heagevls of te Geen ‘Amp pats, 8, and Tor diet sl ase, a shaw in Tle 4131 As tei feomes ie ov fom st lay te wet a se ‘ction head increases ie he hye condi detente, ble 421 Also tows pia ees fr, te and The anges ae ot age fer ant {ut ean vr over wie age fra given sl At wt shown a= ‘CLT A vars slog wih 50 the wales given io Tle 421 fort to sould be eonsicered piel vale tt ay show conical dei ‘vastly in applction (Ameren Solty of Agel Engioes 103, Deva sod ifr, 1986), Gren: inftrton parameters fr various wil ses Sats Footy Eee eng rt Hae vty Rati” Sty . « ‘ x omtiey asst anstin assign es003th sersitanyra ‘Twolayer Green-Ampt Model Const asi with wo tye, a shown in Fig 4.3.4 Tepper ger bat ‘hckes and Grew mp pares Kuan hd, Be oes let hs hicks Hy an prance Kad War one ene ace in the weting fo has pete tous We upper layer and dsunce int the ower yer HI ried ta ey > yor th pt ny tTemain raed ite ws toes mn he lover lye By 8 eld Siar tt descbed revo fr oe ayer fw sabe thm at ination at ee By pling Wik + in hat he cultivation sive by Fema +188, 43.9) By combining Eqs (.3.12) and (3.1) it feel eqn for Land fala nearest cn tm +t) aay —n wm fom which the carat infaon sad infin te con be deine “Ths approach an be erployed hen ne perme pert aye ves {es emeahielowernjer The nl arg co ed he the meting om in he upper lager (4313) 10 Casa) wed once he ‘eving ft ner he oe aor woe rs Ce 143.6) uample 43.1, Cong enfant an come afin Fate Schou efiarseen ota aly ad ante suo S'pore Aare warped sal imei eprn ere, Selon, Fra Tie 4.3.1, 4 a i 8, = 0486, = 16.7 em nd NTTOGS em Theil etcae wtaton eae a) sent =11 03,0488) =030 “The come infenion at = 1h eed employe th met ‘sme susuion aq. (0249 The sw vale ef P= A= O88 owt + vaote(is £2) woesxt ssa (i+ 28) Siang F=1 27 the and ie of 3.) gine F.7d ‘comer rane eameper oa comant wine 7m Toe aon tec our nd ae By C9 ot o)) sou «1) 44, PONDING TIME Ih he preceding ectos sever! methods for computing tere of tafiteton Itoh so mere presented. Allo tee methods used th sumption hat wae "sponded tama! depth onthe sl seca lhe wate hes ene Ie Dene atthe sare. However dng all wate il ped on he Stace only the lf ners pete! han he lation capacity of the Soi The ponding one the apd ane betwee he ie fl eis "he ine water begin wo plone sl surace "anf bepins em dry sol, he vericlmlsure poe in he soll may spear asin Fig 4, Poor the poring ine

1) te ‘red sine exes eeper iw the sll and ovetland flow oat f te Pond wate. How cane inition equnons developed previously Be wed 1 esnbe thi ssn? ee ene) ae) ae a ee ee oeSe on, ‘Mein and Lanon (1973) presned mead for eemining the ponding ‘ine with inflaton ito the sot desebd bythe Geen Arpt equation fo Fas finest staring istotaneoaly sd contig naetinly, Thee Se he penis involved (1) prio the ine poding our, he fal Isnt 2 he potent nition rie fan ofthe ealatne inition F: and (3) posing ocus when he poem inition fate es than or equal the rafal ines Tne Gret-Arp eqn, he eitrtion te and cma inliaion a ay ‘where i te hycalc conductivity of he soil ihe weting ron apilay [ese eal, and 80 te ference between the na a fal ota Sten ofthe aa. A own in Fp. 4.02, he cama alton te [ning tine ys ines by Fy ~ iy ad tela te by f= bg aan to. b, snef228 +) ting 442) koe acer) ee ping tne roms en comme eps ee fw nd ‘ltl acne) toma) Sem oe inl ens ng te Gren-Amg reeamcivemm U9 1 \ ret wane mtn Fin tf tent Staton. From Bang 43.1, it am si rh Te poning tt see yt Kose 5 oo lofi = Loan, Feet = Sem=—,28. 7.2 =p ep ee ee ee ee lee ee ee ee oe. = “iy Tecate entra fe he rf ity poking “To ota te acta nitration ate afer pong, carve of pte in ‘etn i coastal beping tne Yt the comelate aion Sd he tiation te ae egal 0 neared wera eyeing Scie aaiatr ie 14) usp =piged Pos F-eao(ts Fel = m9 aan aso ad subecig (4.4.3) foe (4.4.4, Fr, oadn (28022) on [2#2F] ny ooo Sas] Equation 4.45) canbe wed w culate the depth of inflaton afer ‘nding. and then (3.7 can be sed oon he inition a ‘stg 2, ie te inno ad nin te » ass) Seo, om Ea 4a = $n n= 94a fi trom Example 41 = 01 and Fy O89 annie tel eng Suh Farts TO the nition ep vend Paty oae (SE) a yeas F-00568 (S82) oes 0-04 F ncbloedby te met mcsesin mint te mene din xa {4 este cero = em Te cep By nate ~ous 24 6) ‘ee et ay comand i ml ein 3.7m cin Ernest rsa nro nang ne oa ed ther one hou we he Se in mee oa 10 mans oping ‘She aa se sri hp wan le ha nal ae “ile 4.41 summarizes the equations nese for computing vos gua ties fr costa nfl inns sto equations seven foreach of te approaches, based respectively onthe Geen, oso. tn Pip infin ‘Sates Egan (1) nd (2) we the method for comping ftom under [nde condos, Equation (3) ves be Podig ine unde constant rainfall, Irs, and Equation (4) gives the eae tne ont fom wich the ‘sme lian en clmalave inftation ae those obred ponding ime would be produced unr conovusy pended conditions. ARer ponding ‘as oncared, the infiraonfencons cane foun for Nana's a Pi tons ty sbsiing 1 ~ io as (1) abd (2) Far the Gren Am ee inthe method usted in EX. 44.2 en be wed. In Ey (42) unr he ‘rec Apt method ponding tie is posve an te ony i> Kp ing wil ever ocr rafal easy es ha or gel othe Mylic enguctviy ofthe sl. Tbe 4.1 aces thatthe ste conto bo for Flips equation, while Hanon’ eurionreques =f, wo shee pong, im he Horan equnion, 1 > fo ondng wil csr immed snd, = “Pe ond = old ft alam ory perme sis id for ght nal on kes permeable sls Ia sch nese rel om Sstnuace fw, expen rom est hear he en chase ‘Detention sf ponng timer unr tinal of vue intent can be done by an approach simi to tha or contant ney Caravan isesiuated frm rinfl a fection of ims A pol inition ae can bevelelsed from he cumulative lfaon sting the Gree: Aingt or et inition formats, Whenever tail tasty greater Ba te ptt Init rae, ping ocoing Bowser 1978 Marl Seyton, 18). For ‘asc’ guide to doe wher face oe sbweace fw i te pray ‘mechanism pricing lod ows (Peace and MeKerchar 1979) "Thi abet [Sdeveloped foe a Cap.5 ‘Bjetie er caleaing ponding ne und inflation fer ponding occurs & & REFERENCES Anata sy ee Eni, Abt in: re, a Cn Aas rin Rca RS Mah, Bowe Sens i ty ast cn of “james ma Ber Rover: aa 7 Sere Sats nC ote Ha ook Hd A. Co ipl ee oa reg ops 3 Ge Mosin’ QHyy Aes Pe, ns, Hi 8 Benen arse ae aia Cn ag it non 0 rp ot ine yt in te cn i tna t,t Up pis aa, Pe hi ‘i Sd Eger ty 1 May nog. Nee Zs Hyg Sota, Win, Rer Zn. E11. es rg Tynan a Ane eles by FC, 8 uti A obey, Nes PO 197 on 5 etn i et prom ht. etn Ci be ti ge ea, Pac 13 sug tC eal wing 3 Re Up ha Ae ot a tr Ein War fg of Sel Ware ©. “EM PROBLEMS: {44 Fie 41.509 shows Se pole th ine of moi end it ‘ei nt res eae Case ol mone antec 08124 smmomnaicr tetas ete phaxmterare ners Eesviinras dete ines {Ue thereto Km 25" 9)" wis Kin ection pe ey and a meeehsan ferment ras fe Sogngiccate ema mceahe Sieccama thera us Scio Seats Sit ttinrae we seme vare ns aloes oad 1 Sienna cman ait sg, tases ee sos Rion lesan ato ame ieerooeerenartaenmeey mane ws BEsh Sceeacerene rae Ton arash ramet el Bigm SSW at oat ana 2s EE tpeceaemetne teem mmatn nn us Pee ec arpreean s rae {ine Pt tinea new hte a he conv fine Asme So pace Det the et es fo tpi fan fr Ho's eatin {cree ntnton fr Ae en ett a day ecto fi dy il sanumce vies BS nets pte fo fet Hoa inn, Aie at Pgemmerrerae i moon Semin mami ees Steere herpetic Seve rb 210 fora sandy oi it parame vans ti icin an ene sewn E55 ei ht ere an ‘Shaan se ere mnt, nnn seen eh i oh oar net 8 a Inia eflecive sins 60 20, 3, nd 10 pet Dew «Bagh Show tt ap yon in Be or Wer of eee Sel oe ct + tetas —amicods + monie ga io paca Arex nwny fe geet no te sisal a 2 If cg Uap ear fF ech ss Bsr ot 10 yh eh of es ‘Sou Pit lcm heer Astune soll ec ern sae Sf ine pe Shei 2. eat whl se sot 2 Gem) Sow126 smsmirasce 1444 catuae te camlane flowin sn he ison en tut of ‘aoa 3 eto cy um wth 28 pra al tne ser, 445 Cong he png tinea dep of we ted odin erly et win 3) pace aa ets srs abet al cy 444. Ca Sn a nin ao yy ‘Sse odin Spy epee ato 4.47, Soh P46 suming tay pode wt emai sno he {t's tym be ssn eee (448, ao nity 3c so yh ltd ponding cs fe fre mins Cece he png tine on trey aly em oa 449 Kuiesapein Soon Sendcondeiy K=0 em Cae be ‘ding ned ae nrston pg tas thc eh 4410 Raa Hono eqn permet a= 0 dn = am and 2 Cae he ping tines unde inn ping de © 12 Show tah gti nr iil ie fo aw esd by ev toe wih pee fof tnd en 9 ee) Tica he ange of les of al ney er wih hs equation ia ‘dpi oot ape foe oes oo on ee) en) ee) ee oe on CHAPTER SURFACE WATER Surface water i water sored or Dowig othe cas surface The sree wate ‘Systm comin teri wid te mone and ibarace wer Sates ‘ern previous caper This heer esrbes the pel avs Eovering {trace water flow and show bo’ hyarlogi aaa aay 0 poi apt [nfo for model frre Now 5.1 SOURCES OF STREAMFLOW “Te waterbed, catchment, thee of dining int aa atten Id ewe wr ewe press eh ie (Exist, suppose pcpstion octet bein and cote indtntly os ware: espetn conus o vies stregsed ow proces, rls Fg 5 1), The vert! wn of is gram ep ine whem of pectin, th em whch wate i owag Dang {ded wo rae cach of proces shown at ny nt OF te. ‘ns. rge poponon of he pepo oars we nem mint see tao rl more erage Tee ‘ise ope of ge rnion and venta reaton ge hel fr Tn el tied ped rt, od eaten arm ‘Some pad by flow say fom te weap keaton “fate don sone hep ling, ony fom fe oa: wt ated fe tragh te earl vn and uae, power lw Sroop stared ler esr Gown Sn ovrand flows he nd alae. mChae flow isthe sin frm of suc ater Rw, sal toh sure Now Feoceses conte traning ow ates in steam ene acco fof wrace water hyaogy. The recitation whch becomes ean ‘may eat he ream by overund fw suberfae flow, oa Hortonian Overland Flow orn (9) des oveané ow lowe: “epi ine by ‘egcton src un sta pao th fll which aac 9p he Soi by infitaton, IT e hasan iftenionexacyf expressed niches ‘kab pe hut then hen he anaes tha fe i absorbed anther ih surface rant ay be said sian ‘hai i pener thn f suse rt wil cera the ate) Hot red his ference (~) "rfl ese Harn ceed src att {take he form of sheet ow whose depth might be messed a cosa a inch, As low acura going dove lope, deh sees al dacarge ino a seam channel ccs (Fg3.12)" Along with oven fw tee lpreson snap esate hollows nd eer damon serage popioas tie depth of the ova fow il. The scl sores liad ae od sanenvame 129 ‘tna ermine er es 190, A the only rene a abet lw toe te seam ae bseow ding ‘ils pera Hrnianoveland flow is splice or impervious scien han seas, font sacs wh hin sl yest om ition apy ‘in wma ad wide Sebsurface Flow Hononanoveand flow occurs rly on epee surfaces in hii repos (Freez, 197,199: Dante, Moore. 2nd Tyler, 1979), Unir thee consis the ination cacy ofthe ot exncds observed rafal tess fra ‘cept the at eateme rainfalls. Sobre low then becomes 2 pray frehunism fr taspring trmanrto ran. The rate fei itll ig 13s ng te rat of muertos sd et ‘by Trew (197), a (shows 3 esis roe ton oh ing ito astream. Pre omit the sre sre I nel with he walt tube and ao stud sabrface flow acer, Pr (5) show how sespage nem develops from rainfall on surface DE, which serve a ate the war fable) ui alow cess = 277 mi), air which the were doses (D- All ote ran aited slong surface DE l= 84min, then the ‘oi fe tecome suture at Bas tin continues, cesing ton ces ‘Soap DE ws propessvly more af he rae becomes stud) Te ‘outlow party compre stied groundwater fow soit ec 1 the scam and ply unsorted sisuace Now seeping rom he ile sve the wor ube Sutarfae flow vlcties ate momally so low tat obit fw sone ‘noo conte sgifieat amount e sorm preipation sty to sare Mow except unde special ceumstances where the hic Sma the sos vay high arc, Stewart and Skeh 186) However. Mosccy (979) ts sagged at fw tog fot tle ia freed le be mich on "pid tan flaw tough te acon So masssancenset 131 Saturation Overland Flow ord i irate whe ice ow sl a land flow ees mos fen at he Bato of bil slope an net ses “The vel of subsufice Now is 0 low hat ao al of «watershed can atria strface flow or ara overlflowt3steam dag tr, Seeanfow may consti oly 10 eet o he waters during or ‘mi, wel vege aloo ve! Fis, pCa 7 a ap (Seta rest rin Ue pe132 amumimeacicy 5.2. STREAMFLOW HYDROGRAPH [A streanfow or dscure hydrographs graph tbe showing te fw ae {fonction of ie a given loealon onthe Stem, te fle the yeep ‘5 “an integral expression ofthe physiographic ad climate chic that over the felins between fl and root pacar raleage a” (Chow, 1959). Two toe of frgrphs ae panicle he seal yoga and esr yong, Annual Hydrograph ‘The aul bys plt of rami a. ie Fe a year, shows the longterm ble of pesplaton, evaporation, and teanfow nt watered "amples pia of hee main pes of sani Ryopap eSown in Fg “Theft hyopaph, fom Mil Crk es elvil, Teas, has peren nl or cominoous fw ee typcl ofa hand canate’ The spss esol ty ein sos, ate called ec rama quljiow, whe te awl eying ow in less pris scaled below. The al vlune of fom ender th anol hog sth asin yield. Fora vet with een Row moa of he "si pe usm comes fom bsefow, fading ht sage popron af ‘Sif ntated note tsi nd ences te aea a suc fw. The second hydrographs fom the Fo River near Uae Teta. i an ample of ah eplemerl iver nana lina: There ae on pas when the rer dy: Mow sor sina comer det uot nt fenton ‘Bas eld Yom ht waterbed hers et an fom pe “The tid hyrogaph. from the East River nett Alot. Colorado, is uted bya sont ver. The blk fe ban eld ocr ite Srna firs srime fom sown The large value of wat Swed in he owe, ‘teal reese, crete an anual hyerogaph wich vues mare sce ‘er te yer than fhe prea ephemera seam sate, Storm Hydrograph Sedy of anol hydogroph shows that pe sreanows se pode ine ‘enya ae the estos rfl lone or on fal sd row Sonbincd. Figure 3.22 shows fur composes oft teanfiow hyo St inesntonm: orbs eof cine al, Stew rly Setsekng ‘ment AB). Dict rm begin paket € and eae. Segment DE Ios as ml stow ees pa ga asellow Separation A vriey of tehnigues have eon supped for separating tseflow and diet ‘um One of he ole he nm depleon sare dere Oy Hone —_ = — = oo om on ‘eit CFs eben em poe ‘henna sion dmg fr 198 fe ele pg stn ag be ‘mine fang eget res el a ft Fonddty acs aces Sya oo ee Crops ae semi Sine aps 1 hemline cin ae “Surat graph of fw ress compiled by speinpoing may 5 be ‘enon canes eberved ona gien seam, Reve eaves een eth farm of exponen sy 210 = ee 62 Sit te lo tie fal eg cy cot alg ‘hedimensvg of tne Singh nd Sal. 1971). Equation (5.2.1) tne Oy ting the gai o (AP) sit tine on sea scl. in Nord, New “Zelaya vac forks © = 1" dye, whch caenponds to 8 hale ite dys (Mar, 197), The alee tan for atone tthe point whee Qnily = 0.5. Tae concep uneyng Eg S21) at ot Linen ropotonl tthe caren torage et si = 4000 629 By nxn the psa of tin wh the steam hydrographs colnet with he tome btw en ur, Be pat whe Se ran Seis int ees canbe eed hand Don Fig 5.2.2), Between ee pst et ‘anf nd cto canbe cpr oy wou mated ‘Some arate matin of seo scarion ae: () he smh ine retail tse fength metho, anc) he varie soe meted ‘The med ae ad Pie 323 “The ari i: mh We ng 3 izle fom he one «which tae hp be ato the clon Te Zinc cpl steam, An poem nt apo en imine ine comet i bepnig pl ofthese tw he fon ssc in ft nh we mal fo ums ea ected waren ul eps, Ren ed Hite C1967) eggs at Ietlow rags mem sin ese tobe lacing nee 0.0 eh sc Inthe feed hase method te sua ois assumed 1 ed edie [Water he Sydogap pens Te bseiow bore the race rant Begs [rojsted send the tne ofthe pak. A sig ines wsed comes his [ojevon the pak wt pint on he easton in a tne Wafer he pak. In the variable slope mtd the bsfow curve befor the ure reno ‘mga ie exapolted forward! the ine of peak discharge. andthe bseow ‘uve afer surface rma ese i extapotted tack othe in fhe ot ‘tien oa the cession ib, A staph ine seed cometh din ofthe expan coves, 5.3. EXCESS RAINFALL AND DIRECT RUNOFF Excess rail oefeive nal, shat afl which one eine ‘and sara or nite in ihe oi Aer owing across the watershed ‘ace, exces rif becomes diet rma w the whe ole unde the ‘Sttpton of Honoian vet flow. The Eph of ese afl ine, oF ‘ea ral! etoraph (ERB. hzy component ofthe uy of afl ‘no elatomhis. The ieee beten the ose tal ral myer She excess afl ptosis emed abstraction, of loses. Lass ae [ima water abate by nation ih Soe aowance fr ecepton d ‘rae woe. "Toe exces infill htogrph may be dtm fom te rill hyeo- ‘amphi oe of wo ways, depending on wheter steam dala ae avaiable or“i = oo = wn oo oe ee see eee excinm 137 {hem on i secon, sted hal een i eae SciorSi 53h bv ae sto Shee ets mat relale ‘Spy a rina yetagnph an seanlow tyeopah ean sb, tow hs tee sep fan eal nae Sete ee ‘ydremph, td te ee antl tyeogagh Ww be eine Te ee ‘iva in genta rhe as “ad streamiow data dated trom the sorm of May 24.25, 1981, on ‘Shoal Creek a Northwest ark, Aust Texas Tae mate ae Been a) Sop om ‘a noalinear programming (Unver and Muys, 1984), but these techaiques are aan in 2 £ ae Sew. The a sna a: Sate ne amr Em a into sa of ces cat oc ah Ca ‘eer nh ise ci ap a a tl Sage 7 when me eS neta et ove SSeS! 2 Shatner tc nerma a eet eee ie its te a et et eae setae = eae a ame oa a see cesta pretest 2 traced 4 ‘st ‘s ru= Sy dan oa = ae vag here Re i those ein in neta Example $3. Domine tect tough he dines, ed ‘2c anal ier ten he snes al ti teat Ss loti 3.1 The mane e's 78 Sao.‘ baer fle sien in car 2 of Tle 52.1 were ste thie Theac-ad ergo ml af ol fee depen er seth win Sen ena eee vin Sone ‘eed te alu son ten we econ eee et ee aae ine Th oan ila lw ae ede a, eens 5 0 [ch i ee ht atl pro 990 ped Sto ee a ‘eam tna A hb es rn ae wl ee fein itl Wega a te int rt : “kort ke tow com bw of 0 cd | ids lies Sema aa le i as 219.10 bestow fm ened eo slr) esa fi 78 = 2008 ‘om id oi ed of mn dst oa nag Boer ‘Srp Compt e ole Vand et sa es rt2 ee eee Jee eee. SS iio ey 362, hl Nt a Shp 4 Satine th eof ial sarc by neon an io sean cy ile pan of st ‘Tedaracten ted M. he ander of ento pes xe l (ood yw ad me 1. AC 1 eel pula, = 220, elt, bain tyiGaineangs = S80 and &°~ 08 and ied fea ven Se t0 sm-039-4% 09 os aint psy ie ood Samia ara stators vee tam Lite a0 a0 = 220+ 208-4205) b> 058m pn get 2. ev rf os pd ving ps 23, 22,02. ae, st ees a= Sioa As9 = 13 +20 4208-309) = 0m “Tne acy bce gies = 0.7 a, wc rn ‘hon alate al pcp Sle 7 def eee seed ‘Sp 5. Cac he ses lt nrg. The oes sla 3} ch iinet en Fora sm secing al erin ch eae (mln The caro f exces rfl 13 bin ths tape 0-30 {iS pac he ph efences alcatel Stem $= ne tre prc oe ced ra Seng Cronica P39. Runoff Coefficients Astin ay alo be acouned fr by means of ref coef. The ot ‘Soon dtinton ot 2 ron cote ht ether of ep rae ‘dct ol othe average tens of afl soem, Boas of shy ‘abe ltl es hs valu ict ode fram abered dat, ‘Arana cocina ko be defied to be he ato of roo oinfal over ‘Brent ped. These office emt cormonly pido orm fl nd ray ut ean sso be wed for ohio nba! renal ad eu dau IF Re he lr and ry he conespondig deph of rT, ‘tena ronal Coefient an be defined =, Se ce 32)10 mamma rample 12. Demin ern tice orf Exar 8:3 Saton Conserog ny he inal at course he bepining of int rot 30 Sma iavs220 +2004 020400 Sa 54 ABSTRACTIONS USING INFILTRATION EQUATIONS: ‘Astron cde interposition on vegsation above te oan, lpresion orage onthe pow surfaces wer tua hllows over ‘tr cif, and hflration af Wate into the tl, Inetepion ad éepesion “Stone sbi retinal bse on te att te vegan a un ‘Sra or ae asued fo be negligible in ge sor, Inthe previous scion the ate of abtacon fom nfl was determined by using a known szeaifow hydogragh. Inst hydologi polems, the Steanfow nyropmgh ent sel andthe deuracons mst be seer {elevating ines td svoustingseparey for oe farm of sata ‘in soca terete, td etn onsiee gives rail hyeopagh defied using the pla dt repr ‘enason. andthe puncte ofa nition ean: determine te pong "ine the ifleaton ser ponding ocr, td the excess anal Seo pagh “The tsi cps ae fo eterna Poin ie de Cot rie fa ines ia Sec. 44 we also enpoyed tee: ihe abn of pening, multe laftaon icles fom cemaive afl te petal ‘raton rate aa given tine i caclted from the cams lateton wat ‘ime and ponding has ocued when the potential lan eae Tes han eal he anal sensi ‘Elie fr ealelatinginfitration at and elowng ponding tn at | s+ JeT aR founked i | woe West raCone ine ner fom #1 + Bt The inl teat ding ths intra sented an i ota eghnt he lea The tation asec infin ae teinng ef te ime ef, = pecan the coespodng vale he lf eal te Siva dF tis assumed tat Fs now om ven al Coins ot os compat, OA ow dato dering ponding tines presi Fig 5.4.1, Tee aces ener be co ‘nh tne so ence ponding i essed ter gen ffl nes wl ome: Heece ending camo cn inthe mle of itv oly {tend pum, wn he vote fal cet changers Flowing the Now’ chart the fat epi cl he cues pote iniraion rate fom the town vale of Gutclatve Inston F, For he Green Amt metho set notte) ean tc i ty a ops Dh crm te Bas ‘he forthe Gret-Arg equation, the amv ieieaton the end the Foe Fr~ odoin [Fish $86). 4, 4.2) sav r= va [as] aa I pn ed tt eA coin tee tmp fe pg noth inlet a atte SSS Ficae = Fite 64) Net. respon nition te fy ated frm Fa Wot seater ta eae (2) ocr ad thre mo ponding ought he nc Than y= Pa, the ele sled or hier jst than ral ping ras ineval ase 8, THe Simul intro a ting tee oun Oy sing fe ‘ou Fy = Fyim 8-4.) an saving fr Ft ge ortho Gren Amp seion, Kose 4 sso The pling ine ten 7 + we smncename MS a wt ty tomy I | an = BaF say td he comune infin Fy oud by ubtitng Fy = Fan Ar = See i (642). The exces fll ace ae eee by abet“imulative ftaton om culate nfl then aking successive sitrences ofthe esting vac, S41 A dl icp ences nd 2 Tae 3.42 1 Sr iol a i tee amin Pa ‘oe ean al youn, Sao te 1 fray hom = 18 eh, 81cm sre a oa Sao al ep foun y uring creme intig 242 The nl irs cbr i und tom Cau’ yo By Far eu, cg tet ine mar hc tral eto ‘1s0.100.61* Oth a shown aly. F 0, s0f = = fom Sh ak er ain Hone ate mene 3 Sistem Ts creping eae ff foveal Bt) 1922 eae ca ‘i am tad a cm a ‘comlatne “ nf “ a ie ea — ee ee rams eas Casiaion feces rafal hyeograph sing the Greet iflration equation (Example $41)oe Dig hep er (42) a in tc, The at Faustino - rvs vann [Ean ti Dison Sox an nd en nl ee ley Ea 3.4 —a eee ee heh ed yt ead of cnn pon = 221 STi tan by sting coma tens ae 9) om oe ‘ett 3, hoe tl neo me fn ig ‘Sitar af cin comive anal as. Pd ses ‘tits na ney fase pind a Ae 0 iy ‘eae nation opted fo fetal y (3:43) Foe pie, 19 GieFou= Fy vidrnass 038 481 mat shown incon 6 ‘iw in i 42 te tl afl 137 oe pe of won lu sano 17 om ume ran png te) necein Reesor Secs cl e177 wi smn ‘55 SCS METHOD FOR ABSTRACTIONS ‘he oC ev (7 dep dr cpg Epes ep openeetr einem Srerdnctns Susp acceplwhetipei get ie emer gi ca oom Serr rare eto ee ea ate ae 255 ieee ot a lg thermal cetera ding pce ee ae ean Dn tote oan Combining (3.5.1) ad (5.5.2) 1 save for Ps goesbes hich she base equation for computing the depth of excess al or dec. ‘ana frm sta y the SCS eto. 5) ffm any mil xen wrth, epi 1 =0as oso) (nts bse = 02st cost 659) Poing the data for Pad Prom many wath, the SCS found cues the fype sn in Fig 5.82. To aan these cave meee ‘ure umber Nis defied wach that 0 = EN = 100. For inpevlwy al ‘itr ses CN ~ I for mtr sues CN = 100, Ase sua the ‘nal rent of Example $2 har Py 4.80 in aod P = 5-0 Po iy S52. ican be seen that CW = 91 for hi even Sein Ee tb SS mt in Sr Cm Se HT Fa ancivime 8 ‘The curve number an Saree by 1000 soo 656, were $ sn inches. The curve numbers shown a Fig. 5.5.2 spy fr somal eucedent moisture condony (AM I). Fr dry cortions (AMC 1) ot ‘non (AMC Ii) equivalent are smb abe coped by cna NO = To=TENTT ae ot ewan ON = TENT om Tepe of ned moire condo ech cae sho ele ssa ‘Curve numbers have bee bused by the Soil Castration Seve on the ssf ol pean and Far sl pow are defied (Group A Deep snd, deep nee gee st ‘Group Shallow les, tnd las (Group C: Cay foams shallow sandy loam, ole ow in rans conten, sos usualy high i ay ‘Group D: So tat sell signicay when we, avy pis clas, a “rain sl soe ‘The values of CN for varus nde on thee si pes ae given in Table {55.2 Fora watered mae up of sevens pest and ie, x cmp GX an ecole ‘sample £51 (At SoiCoseraton Sei, 1979) Compe he na fom 5 ces of rfl on 10Qbace mnie. Th hyp sa pop 3) ocem Coup Band 30 pec Grup € inenpenet opus ‘Kron molt condn le std Teed ae 0 percent rant we ht 30 prc nev 12 pent ena we at eet ingen ‘Cision of antecdent molar cases (AMC) for the SCS method of alata aban16 pete pnd ae with ct drm ee 16 fret open wth 30 pen aps cove a 50 percent pat aa ba Gor Te poe king iy lt, nc linge) n > Sota. Conp wei ce ee ig Tie $42. fe a 7 aaa ome $ = ee ———- a pte » n oaingree fet he Saipan ep ils en oe ee geod contin: pass cover on 75% or mow of be area | 39 | st | 74 | oo ace i __noeeerememnnmn | |@ || i ae ‘het pt Se = fe De be _Gaoaeay niet a eet ala ln ln ery o xlelala ‘empl. Reo ie to i ae ie wt coo @ alelele ‘Scrat an cot te poe Staion, Fe care mate fr AMC vale CN = #3. ander AME Meer 5" ee cna D+EBCNTT wrens =m ovaty =025) ‘ete nme cy ens in meet ote Urbanization Execs ating sept 15 w 20 years yogis hve pd comida anton tect wnization arly wor nan hylgy wee conceal i te efecto urhaniaion onthe fod potenti fel ban waters. The ‘fists of uanaton onthe od Mogan ale inteseed oa ant Seles at peak ow race ak dep Fig 8.5 In ger, the mor ‘hangs ow si tan watersheds we oh lowing 1. Te volume of water nial for rf areas bec ofthe incre Imerios cone pve by pig sec, td hy whch ace 2 Changes in dra eficiney ascidian channels cubing ‘ow ‘Te SCS method for anal ino anlss canbe pido determin the yample $53 Clesie hen om 3 ices of illo 2 1000s ‘ead The sai 30 pent Grp and 30 pet Oop CAs (Seccie cte eni BT te get dp ep Cv ‘cle atnaton: ser atansaion ttm ted m Ene S31 How ‘ch dnl aa cane by wana? Sigrawmaee soem mas Sgipr coma mane sree ai taeaka geen ne “sinc SUMSNarAemia tecture ‘Time Distribution of SCS Abstractions “To hia point, only he depth of exces rfl or rect reat ding orm ‘as bon computed. By exemion af the pies mead he ine atbuton tabsrnctns Fe wiht ett fund Solving foe Fe om Bg.) mes 2-3 pen r= pe a 639) Dilleretiating, and noting ht aS ae comnts, Sani 65.10) Fn F ‘As P+, df) “+ rie, bathe pence of Pid ney) ‘enumerate meas tate afl sy eres, eae freon ‘twa wala he wail tend cease Ths proper of the SCS method ‘aay nt have a ong physi ais Moe Seyoot and Vedi, 1981), in aphiion, eumlaivesbactione and rfl excess ay be eter ined citer fom (389) oom 8.3)langle $4. Sim win eer 4 wad sn in clu 2of “te 3.3.3. The se of N oad Ant More Cont I ye {Ge coulis tn eee yeaa Seton oe CN = 20,8 = 0080) ~ 10 = 2501, = 025 05a. Te int sho bots all of el wpigP=0.3 Tas tcc oe OF ice cig ge fe 03 of eg Sg sS 0 te somaya Fp fk 22K =.) Foc uampe ater mo hous. he emai iil P= 09020 g of sbotractins and exces rafal hyetgraph SCS method Example $5 Sonne PenPo hae =0.90~0.50-0.34 0060 shown in cola 5. The excess rail tyetognph is determined by thing be diference of cee ales of, (clan 8, 546 FLOW DEPTH AND VELOCITY “The low of water ove wauraad suc isu complied process varying in ‘ll ove space dimensions and tine. Ibis when water becomes fended co {he surface a sufi depth 10 overcome saeceYeteion feces an begin teow Two be fw fps may be dtingue vend wand chanel Flow Oven flow hast thn lye of water owing ove «we sae ‘Chana fow han mach rower eam of water Nowig a coined Path ‘Chapter 2 gave the pays lava applicable wo these two pes of Nw Ona tara were, oend flow i he fret mechanism of aac ow batt tay pris for only a short dance (ay wp to 100) before nonnifomies inte ware urece concentrate ow mo loraoas cares Gradual. {he cations rom thee smal chats combi to procce recopalabe Sean ‘ane! Rows which acura ging downstream fo for seanfow at he ‘ered ot, ‘Src water flow & governed by the pnciples of conieaty ant ‘momentum. The applet of ee pins themes! unendy ‘ow ona watershed fac poeie cl every mpi saan, 0 on (cr wo-densal Row i watly sue Overland Flow ‘Ovecand fw 4 very hn sheet Now which cer he wpe ed of slopes ‘toe the Maw concentrates nto recopiae channel Figue 3.6.1 shows Now ‘down iif plane on which can falling a lteoaty (and iftaton ‘xcuing a Suen ie has psd since anal began all ows {te sendy, The plane sof uit with td leegh Za aed icine wale @ {0 be horn wth slope Sy tan 8. ee ee eres {ves ‘The inflow othe conto volume from rifle ne 8, ad the catow is {fla cos 8 om intteatn pls Vy frm vend fw The depth i mented ‘pedal tothe bed andthe veloc Var the bed, Ths ts coaty ° snSyn ea pa [catniettetae es ‘Te charge per uni width, gi given by = WH ~fly core 652 ‘Momentum. For wefoc lisa fw on a inclined plane, it can be shown (Roerson and Crowe, 1985, that the weragevloy Vis sven oy ve eae 63) vere acelerton deo gai and vs the Kaci visoty fhe id Fur norm flow, Sp 5)" nL, and (5.6.3) ce be eaneged ld ety wee 664) hic is ia he form of te ary. Weisbach equation 2.5.1) for ow esis Ly Ee 645) ih the fton ator f = 96 i which te Reyolie amber Re = YR, ‘nd the bys rai = y. Fo aunt mith eto, R= weal fern) =y = 11 =), a eed The Row rea ior prove Re Fc amir het low unde rfl the ft fact increases with be nal ney. IW sumed that has We frm Gute, whee Ce sancnmm 157 resaance coeticen,exprinettion cred out athe Usiveriy of Minis (Chow and Yea, 1970) gre co = 96 + 1004 656) here he rif tensy i ies pe howe. ‘Solving for from (3.65) and wing We fc tat Wf. Se fo iors ow oe finds errr ram = (a) ean ic pies the depth of het Now on 2 wir plane Taam. Ania often a fo wi, hg oo tt ioe m3 paso tp Cale Sache pai ye {Epo nh wy weer snl eps ne P= 1 he Son. Th care ev wih ven by (62) wih = ah = 2.32% mame, The ange 0 anid = WOO) = DAE coven 6am, er =plecae sanx10?-9+ 109x055 ‘Tre Reyes mer is =r sn te wiser, The rina concent Ce ren by (685 cone 14" 96+ owe “re on face f= CUR = DUTY = 0.245, a ep et om B68)bey Fel sti of etn Now Emmet, 197) nen a ow i laminar bu tha the Row resane i bout nes age tan fr ebony sts on uniform plates. The ness nfo reste eas pay fe ‘he ncrenes inte ography sn ate vepetn, Egan (3.68) Cah ‘Ne ewriten i he mor petal fom Peat xn tetra gt neo ep ee a Sent Ne ene Se rete eee Steere Sno vies = See cee ih ee sae fom 0 (69) with a= A952 adm For St units, a = n/S3), : a ample $62. Caer he de and vetaty of acy 0 231 St a ity eck f= pe 3 pt Sato, The Ryn number ie = dunn 4231107982 10°4= 70 Cini gaa is rh 322805) Lom SD) yee hme. 0031 0004) Tech dyer td ve! howng tn fw on he uct pe of Eee 3.1 i cee ce Suit gras cre urmseeas SSSA Seas Son, The care pe nk when By (42 with = 10 inh « SB io" Wary =a 0 = aoa) = 118 freon = 1 eo Places # 23051075 200% 1.00 ‘The Reyer = gy 4 004.2% 10"9= 1899 3096 fw ‘Startle, Te depth of Plow gen by Ea, (69) wih = (LOSE = iporsaeoxcannphe Da mdm «be ret Hons x oor 002 Rein vet (Channel Flow “The ptsge of oven Now into chanel ea be ewe a ater ow in he ‘tg way tat the previous examples hve ensidred rafal 4 lateral ow note are sre Consider a chanel of lenght fed by oven fw fom a pane as shown in Fig. 8.6 Te ovend ow has ducarge qo ere i ‘he dacarge the chanel iQ = dle To fd the depth tet veo a ‘tour pins slong the chanel an erative slo of Manns equation 1 ‘ects. Maing ution e oraggo 6612)‘tan en ple “There ino general analytics soon to Mannings eatin fr Geterminig the ‘ow depth given the ow rate cae the ae Aa pric as ay be ‘oplicatd fonctions fhe ph. Newton's cod ean be pied eel fives numeral slum. Supp tht tert) dep elected and {he ow re, i computed fom (5.612) wng te ee and hye dos Screven Tha, sce wi a aw Qo select 50 tha the ert 2 Sis = 05-0 6619 is acepubly smal. The sant of wih espe i £-2 519) cite @ i ont ene, (a) sig Manning cons, 519 rth icp joie te paves ens ht he coments we a an) ae ee) oe) ee eee oe Sor Sivan apa “This exrssion forthe gaint fl for Newton's method, whee, vena choi of yet coven sty ¢ = Sf 5.6.16) 9) yi, “Thi 7 inthe vl of, plo of sy. where he angen 1 the cue y= inet te bal a ssid 5.3. "btn 5.6.16) fo 9. - fo 6am ay, “ihc the fndamental equation of te Newton's method esions are com ‘iued wal tei giant chang ny chs wil bappen when the ero Ponto hse 020 “Sbntting imo (3417 frm Eg. (5.6.13) and (5.6.15) goes the New texted eqn for sing Mami ete pene = ase (aF-44), te megs A =a B= Bog + 2) ha By SOAR janes a ee ath ‘ne ame ap con (2) 1A se Ton clon oe pon ROE gee 66m) yany,nen ae ee) ae) en) eee smcrmon 10 EI E44 Cat eto ei teste ncn cat Menem = O15 So 0005 wa ge oe Son, yo Wan ae" e+ = 22 omsya_ Qn” Bos TS =p aim SEAM. Wey Fay 7 RaT aS mea. c819 ety a eo = 100 enw a EST Liu atid tere ety scr a 9 1945620) fal oy Therenhnys bs Qu iam om ame ge See ee he ae ia ATMOS, Camo te vey ad depth of ows 200s cemen oye ova mang chaat og san cs ema sed pe 5 = 0.023 sped by sca ow SO oo SSG I et of ne 8 ed ty ope y 2 0008264. The velcity ts V= Grd. = Gray, iss Se en cen Ei 0 Baca Soro Re ee cen 6 Be ye © 03 031 041 a0 ost ve Vy 0 460 S97 aa J 4a a 6 te als hao ete ecto for channel elementsi ci trot wc 2 venom : ane a Eee Sees Se ‘The examples inthis secon have aun Heh fw on the wate tn reality. ander 9 cost iter rafal the sey fw at elm ‘prsehed aya inthe mane ilsewted by Fi 8.64, te ow iain beth in spc neon he wate acs ad te Sea eee me ea eg ene el rw Bl er ‘i uit di de sn, Wt te i eas sca Rp ina ei at aly ‘Soe Dn hey SoumcaVp 3) Bette trv ie he wate tty pe of te weed ny te conating aac wer wa sy ear fciption op. ‘he gow a de cnbtg nen ay be ant sa hg 274 fcr ity bei 2 ones nt. ten showed 6 ‘Se died te bled wil comatose te wate eet ‘er tie 1 ews, he wes bound! by then ae yl ont 0 57) TRAVEL TIME “The evel time of low rom one pint on a watered to nae ca be eed trom the Now dance aod veloc I to pine on seas et nce ‘an td fe veloc aon the pu oneaclng them where nce “tng hep, then tel ne 7 ent fof com fs ay 1 te wel te sed com aa ome on Pade thea. sa ie 679 3: ‘elses oe (6.7.3) may be computed wing he methods descr sae Se orty elownce w tale 7‘Teri na channel (Example $7.1) Dace sing ame) © 3 wa = mes scmow fr The Donia of ete contig rae ate ne of ‘julie of owt he Ott a ae ale nctrne. The ine th ‘fhe watered Regist cntbat th ne of concentration Th i the “ine off fom he fret pit en the wae oe ott ample $7.1. Cac tine of cmenrtn of wnt in wih he ‘ge wih cove Hf of peau n't 3 pea spe en eet Ti otlng cana chan ing with 2 fe cupanrn = O13 tod slope 23 pet ad resign flow of 036 eh Saion. Fram Tae 57.1, gt pen pe i slay of ow i ‘eramge 253.3 ce oy of 318 Ws Tete ine oe 10 et ‘Fp = ie 1003.0 ~ 29 arte ecg cae, ely ‘Borns nd i fame $5 ee a ‘oe 90 hr = St = 2007-38 = 8624 Ta ye tl el an fa 58 STREAM NETWORKS 1 a chanics, he ay of he sina of id ow i yn of ite ‘uses an port li cag the res of sabe mel as {elagesele rote spictans. In Rydon, the geomorphology of te Stslemed organise nay of esac nd, aed are tet ‘ref geomeresiay nming waersode espsly aang the sam “The quantitative study rca networks wa erie by Hanon (194, He developed asym fr orsering seam networks nd eed aw ella the momter and lenin of sree of diferent oer, Horn’ teu dng ‘seme as sihly mode by Stale (B68), as flows ‘The smut ognize canals re signatories hereto chanel fonder ia, chanel of ode 2 ets downstream; in general, where two chase of ore ji chanel of ere 1 ree ‘Wher chanel flower oder oi chanel af igh re, he chan downsea ren the ihe fhe to ode “Te ater ofthe dsinge Dasa i esgntd the ofr of the seam lng sous, te bight seu oir i the ai, sca of i cation seo wae Te sown