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The study of the dynamic structural response of steel towers, for telecommunications,
subjected to wind action is addressed in the technical article. Non-deterministic analyses
are performed for the wind modeling and for the dynamic analysis, the natural frequency
and vibration modes of the structures are considered, with special focus on the Brazilian
standards.
Regarding the opinion regular articles of Metalica, in the article devoted to architecture
it is presented the vision behind a monumental building that was intended to be built in
the early 20th century in Russia, the Tatlin Tower. The article on the internationalization
Nuno Lopes of a Portuguese company focuses on coordination, knowledge transfer and cooperation
Director
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general view of the application of steel as a structural solution in civil construction works.
And finally it is presented an article about the economy evolution in steel market.
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1
metlica international 2 february 2017
special Final exam, the last lecture of Antnio Lamas
settled for dominant thinking
Fernando Nunes da Silva,
Head of the Department of Civil Engineering,
Architecture and Georeferences
The retirement ceremony had the testimony of Architecture and Georesources recalled the honoree
several personalities who, throughout their career, as one of the last of a generation of great avant-garde
coexisted closely with Antnio Lamas. The President masters who formed the department he now leads.
of Instituto Superior Tcnico, Arlindo Oliveira, was one Its this model of innovative professor that seems to
of the participants who took the opportunity to thank be on the verge of extinction now. He never settled for
the honoree for the years dedicated to IST and the dominant thinking, he concludes.
country and his effort to improve the quality of spaces,
structures and consequent improvement of the quality Eduardo Arantes e Oliveira, Professor Emeritus of IST,
of life in Portugal . also gave his testimony and, according to the professor,
far from being a passive interlocutor, Antnio Lamas
Another of the guests, Fernando Nunes da Silva, approached throughout his professional activity new
President of the Department of Civil Engineering, technologies such as steel construction, rehabilitated
palaces and revived cultural areas. He is one of our
men of culture, capable of conceiving what the great
engineers and designers dreamed of designing.
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metlica international 2 february 2017
special Final exam, the last lecture of Antnio Lamas
The engineer, who once dreamed of being a doctor, His interest in the topic of steel and composite
believes that belonging to a family with great construction was also addressed in the Final Exam.
cultural traditions aroused his great interest in urban The professor recalled the first attempt in 1981 to
environments and landscapes, as well as the experience create CMM - Portuguese Steelwork Association and
he had during his stay in England, where he had the explained that after several attempts, only in 1997
privilege of appreciating how the heritage of English it was possible to achieve this project that everyone
society was valued, already at that time. From this claimed of having great importance, but that only
country, he just did not bring the talent of speaking in became reality after having chosen to execute it in
public with humor. Oporto, outside the concrete lobby. According to
Antnio Lamas, the constitution of CMM, of which
From the house to which he now says good-bye, he I was president until 2005, allowed the boost of steel
research and a greater projection of the sector. Today
recalls his involvement in the 1st course of rehabilitation
CMM is known throughout the country.
and conservation of the built heritage, his role as
coordinator in the course of Territory Engineering,
An unconditional fan of D. Fernando II, with whom
draws the attention of his students, in this last class
he shares his date of birth and his taste for the
stressing that people are essential in the success of
preservation of Portuguese monuments, Antnio
an institution such as IST and leaves an alert, it is
Lamas is linked to some projects of urban renovation,
fundamental that IST know its students well in order to
restoration of buildings and construction of large cultural
adjust the training given.
equipment, such as the Cadeia da Relao do Porto,
Centro Cultural de Belm, Museu do Chiado,
Antnio Lamas seizes the opportunity and leaves
Museu Soares dos Reis and Palcio da Ajuda.
three suggestions to IST that are related to the offer
of a multidisciplinary masters course of excellence,
Just a few minutes before the end of the exam,
dedicated to the rehabilitation, maintenance and
Antnio Lamas shared with everyone the two most
management of the built and urban heritage, the important moments as manager of the cultural heritage,
reintroduction of specialties in the course of Civil the presidency of the IPPC - Portuguese Institute of
Engineering that include the research and development Cultural Heritage and the presidency of the Parques
of new materials and construction techniques, de Sintra - Monte da Lua. The first was remembered
especially in the areas of environmental efficiency and as an intense passage and recalls with satisfaction the
sustainability, and finally, the creation of a masters requalification plans in which he was involved. From
course focused on the seismic vulnerability of buildings. Sintra, he revives the success in the management of
such a diverse natural and cultural heritage.
The Professor also shared with the audience his
concern about the decrease of interest for Civil Before being approved with distinction in the Final
Engineering courses in recent years, unlike what Exam, Antonio Lamas admitted that he would like to
happens with other courses such as Architecture. He continue to be useful at IST. It was with this intention
recommended a concerted action to change this trend that he accepted to lead a project of the IST campus
and recalled that the needs in the areas of rehabilitation, that foresees its opening to the city of Lisbon, different
maintenance and management of built heritage covering from the one that Duarte Pacheco built.
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metlica international 2 february 2017
special Final exam, the last lecture of Antnio Lamas
I also remember from that time, the effort made to Every two years CMM organizes a conference where
establish a Portuguese association of steel construction, the results of the research carried out in Portuguese
similar to those existing in several European countries universities and laboratories are presented, and
that I had known well during my stay in London. the publications of Portuguese authors in the main
They represented the interests of steelmakers and international journals of the area show that they follow
manufacturers of steel structures and were joined the themes of international interest, especially those
together in the European Convention for Construction that allow the development of rules of design.
on Steel (ECCS) of which Portugal was not a member.
I do not want to say that these results respond closely
The ECCS supports the dissemination of the use of to the needs of Portuguese industry, which, in order to
steel in construction, research and development of strengthen itself, requires a greater approximation to
design rules and design manuals, and has played a very the training, research and development centers. In this
important role in the development of the Eurocodes for sense, the specialization courses that CMM regularly
steel structures and composite structures. promotes are very important.
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metlica international 2 february 2017
special Final exam, the last lecture of Antnio Lamas
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metlica international 2 february 2017
news
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metlica international 2 february 2017
news
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metlica international 2 february 2017
news
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metlica international 2 february 2017
news
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metlica international 2 february 2017
technical structural dynamic response of steel telecommunication towers
a) Collapse of steel tower of telecommunications. b) Wind Tower Cerro Chato Wind Complex.
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metlica international 2 february 2017
technical structural dynamic response of steel telecommunication towers
2. Structural model of telecommunications tower 6123 [3]. Otherwise, the floating portion is determined
based on a mathematical formulation developed for the
The structural system studied in this research work numerical simulation of the wind speed. For that, this
corresponds to a telecommunication steel Tower, real, study considers that the floating portion of the wind
existing, composed of 17 panels 5.9 m high, totaling a can be simulated on the basis of a weakly stationary
total height of 100.3 m [1]. The model has longitudinal random process of second order, ergodic and Gaussian,
cross section divided into two segments: the upper and may be represented by a Fourier integral and
part features a prismatic form, consisting of panels 1 to being obtained from the superposition of harmonic
3, 17.7 m high and the bottom part features a pyramid waves [1, 2, 4], as shown in Eq. (2). In the equation
trunk, composed of panels 4 to 17, 82.6 m high, as (2) (n) corresponds to the number of divisions of the
shown in Figure 2a. The main structural system and power spectrum used in numerical analysis, (fi) is the
braces of the steel tower are composed of frequency in Hz, (Sv) represents the spectral density of
geometric-shaped steel angles connected by bolted the longitudinal component of the turbulence in the fi,
connections [1]. Wind loading was applied in the frequency, (f) corresponds to increased frequency in
positive direction of the global X axis along the height of Hz and (i) rrepresents the random phase angle, set in
the tower as shown in Figure 2b the range from 0 to 2.
n______________
V(t) = 2Sv(fi)f cos (2fit+i) (2)
i=1
fSv (f,z)200 X
= (3)
a) Front view of the structural b) Direction of application u* (1+50
2
X)5/3
model. of wind loads.
fz
X(f,z) = (4)
Figure 2. Structural model of the steel tower of telecommunications V10
studied. Dimensions in (m).
kV z
u* = (5)
1n(z/z0)
3. Non-deterministic modeling of wind loads
From determining the floating portion of the wind speed
In order to simulate the dynamic behavior [Eqs. (2) to (5)], you can write a general expression for
of non-deterministic wind loads on the steel the calculation of the nondeterministic dynamic loads of
telecommunication tower, a mathematical formulation
was used for generating load series based on the use
of power spectra of wind [1.2]. In this way, the wind
action is expressed in terms of its speed defined by a
temporal function consisting of two distinct portions,
the first an average portion (static) [V (z)] and the second
a floating portion (dynamic) [V(t)], according to the
Eq.(1).
VT(t) = V (z)+V(t) (1)
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metlica international 2 february 2017
technical structural dynamic response of steel telecommunication towers
the wind, considering the parameters of the standard numerical modeling strategy of mixed type, in which
NBR 6123 project [3], associated with the calculation are employed spatial beam finite elements BEAM44
of the average portion, and the values of the spectral for the modeling of the legs of the tower and space
density of the longitudinal component of the wind. truss elements LINK8 for the representation of the
Finally, the dynamic wind load [F(t)] can be calculated on Tower brace bars [1]. The finite element BEAM44
the basis of the employment of Eqs. (6) and (7), where refers to a uniaxial element composed of two nodes
(Ca) corresponds to the drag coefficient, (Ai) represents i and j, with six degrees of freedom at each
area of influence considered in the region i of the node, being three translational degrees of freedom in
model, defined as the product of the area of the surface relation to the x, y and z and three rotational degrees
bounded by the contour of the steel truss and by the of freedom around the axes x, y and z. Otherwise, the
exposed area index () and (Q) refers to the dynamic element of space truss LINK8 corresponds to a uniaxial
pressure of the wind. element composed of two nodes i and j with three
translational degrees of freedom in relation to the axes
F(t) = Ca Ai Q(t) (6) x, y and z.
z p n -
[ ( ) ]
2
(t) = 0,613CaL V 0 - + 2Sv(fi)f cos (2fit+i) (7)
F The numerical model presents appropriate refinement
z0i=1
level, to allow a good simulation of the dynamic
behaviour of the structure studied. Then, Figure
4 presents a representation of the numerical-
4. Finite element modeling of the tower
computational model in finite element analysis
developed in this work. With respect to finite element
Numerical modeling of telecommunication steel Tower
mesh, the numerical-computational model designed
studied is made based on the use of usual techniques
features 256 nodes with 111 elements of spatial beam
of modeling, via finite element method (MEF), through
BEAM44 and 541 space truss elements LINK8,
the use of ANSYS program [6]. For that, we used a
resulting in a numerical model with 1536 degrees
of freedom. Boundary conditions were applied to
numerical models in the four nodes of the base of the
Tower, being the displacement and rotation restricted in
the three axes.
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metlica international 2 february 2017
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metlica international 2 february 2017
technical structural dynamic response of steel telecommunication towers
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technical structural dynamic response of steel telecommunication towers
Table 2: Maximum Horizontal Tr anslational Displacements at the top of the steel tower.
than recommended in the current map of isopleths of spatial beam for modeling of the legs of the tower and
brazilian standard of wind NBR 6123 [3], exceeding 1 m space truss elements for representation of the tower
(100 cm). Thus, considering the use of standard SDT- brace bars.
240-410-600 of the Telebras Documentation System
[10], the value of the maximum allowable deflection The analysis of frequencies and modes of vibration (free
to avoid problems with the telephony equipment is vibration) showed that the structural model analyzed
03000 for heavy self-supported towers. presents low values for the natural frequencies, with
fundamental frequency of approximately 0.95 Hz (f01 =
Therefore, taking into consideration the total height of 0.95 Hz). This fact becomes relevant in the structural
the Tower studied (H = 100.3 m) it is considered that the design, since it refers to a slender tower, which can
maximum horizontal translational displacement allowable cause problems associated with excessive vibrations,
to the structural system is about 0.875 m UXlim = 87.5 structural fatigue; and, in extreme cases, even the
cm [10]), this value is exceeded when the basic wind collapse of the structure.
speed of 60 m/s and 70 m/s [V0 = 60 m/s and 70 m/s]
are considered in the analysis [V0 = 60 m/s : UX95% = With regard to the results obtained in the non-
115.47 cm and V0 = 70 m/s: UX95% = 147.83 cm]. deterministic dynamics analysis (forced vibration), it was
found that the structural model studied, when subjected
Finally, it is noteworthy that in the case of this to random wind loads action, presented horizontal
telecommunication steel tower located in the region translational displacements values increasing to the
of Cerro Chato Wind Complex of Eletrosul [Santana extent that the basic wind speed has been increased. It
do Livramento/RS], where a storm hit the State of Rio is noteworthy that for the basic wind speed of 35 m/s;
Grande do Sul with winds with speeds up to 250 km/h 40 m/s; 45 m/s and 50 m/s (speeds present on a map
(70 m/s) in the year 2014, could certainly have caused a of isopleths of Brazilian standard of wind NBR 6123
structural collapse of the system. [3]), the maximum horizontal translational displacement
values did not exceed the limit recommended by the
standard SDT-240-410-600 [10] (UXlim = 87.5 cm [10]).
7. Conclusions
However, for basic wind speeds of 60 m/s and 70
m/s, speeds higher than those found on the current
This research proceeded with the study of the
map of isopleths NBR 6123 [3], the maximum average
structural behavior of a telecommunication steel
horizontal translational displacements are higher than
tower with a height of 100.3 meters, when subjected
the proposed limit by the standard [10]: V0 = 60 m/s:
to dynamic nondeterministic action of the wind. The
UX95% = 115.47 cm > UXlim = 87.5 cm and V0 = 70 m/s:
non-deterministic dynamic loading representative of the
UX95% = 147.83 cm > UXlim.= 87.5 cm.
wind actions was mathematically modeled based on the
use of power spectra.
It is worth noting that the results obtained during
this research intend to alert the designers of steel
Numerical modeling of the telecommunication steel
telecommunication towers and of power transmission,
tower study is made based on the use common
to the fact that higher levels of wind intensity than those
techniques of modeling, via finite elements method
provided for the brazilian standard of wind NBR 6123 [3]
(MEF), through the use of ANSYS program [6]. For that,
have occurred in several regions of Brazil, corroborating
it was used used a numerical modeling strategy of
with the concern of several researchers [11] for update,
mixed type, in which are employed finite elements of
16
metlica international 2 february 2017
technical structural dynamic response of steel telecommunication towers
for example, of the map of isopleths of that standard. submetidos ao no determinstica do vento com base na
considerao do efeito da interao solo-estrutura. Doctoral
Finally, we highlight that the NBR 6123 [3], recognized
Thesis. Faculdade de Engenharia, FEN/UERJ. Universidade do
by designers and civil engineers as a very well conceived
Estado do Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brasil, 2016.
technical standard, was published in 1988; and, this time [3] Associao Brasileira de Normas Tcnicas. NBR 6123: Foras
on, Brazil has dealt with meteorological phenomena devidas ao vento em edificaes. Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brasil, 2013.
that require more efficient structural systems, which [4] M. Shinozuka, C.M. Jam; Digital simulation of random process and
stresses the importance of the development of the its applications. Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 25, N0 1, pp.
111-118, 1972.
current methodology of analysis, as well as, the results
[5] J. Blessmann; O vento na engenharia estrutural. Editora da
presented in this research paper. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. 2 Edio, Porto Alegre/
RS, Brasil, 2013.
[6] ANSYS Swanson Analysis Systems, Inc., 2010. P. O. Box 65,
Acknowledgments Johnson Road, Houston, PA, 15342-0065. Release 11.0, SP1
UP20070830, ANSYS, Inc. is a UL registered ISO 9001:2000
Company. Products ANSYS Academic Research, Using FLEXlm
The authors appreciate the financial support given by
v10.8.0.7 build 26147, Customer 00489194.
the Research funding agencies of the country, CAPES, [7] R.W. Clough, J. Penzien, J.; Dynamics of Structures, McGraw-
CNPq e FAPERJ, which allowed the completion of this Hill, 2nd Ed., 1993.
research work. [8] R. Craig Jr.; Structural Dynamics: An Introduction to Computer
Methods, John Wiley & Sons, 1981.
[9] C.F. Carril Jr.; Anlise numrica e experimental do efeito dinmico
do vento em torres metlicas treliadas para telecomunicaes.
References Doctoral Thesis. Universidade de So Paulo, USP, So Paulo/SP,
[1] B.A.S. Oliveira; Modelagem do comportamento estrutural de
Brasil, 2000.
torres de ao de telecomunicaes submetidas ao dinmica no
[10] Sistema de Documentao TELEBRS. Norma TELEBRS 240-
determinstica do vento. Master Thesis. Post-graduation Program
410-600. Procedimentos de projeto para torres metlicas. Rio de
in Civil Engineering, PGECIV/FEN/UERJ. Faculdade de Engenharia,
Janeiro/RJ, Brasil, 1997.
FEN/UERJ. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Rio de
[11] A. Santos; Aps quase 30 anos, norma de vento entra em
Janeiro/RJ, Brasil, 2016.
reviso (Artigo). See in: http://www.cimentoitambe.com.br/
[2] R.R. Barboza; Anlise do comportamento dinmico, avaliao
norma-de-vento-em-revisao/ (Acessed on 26/10/2016).
de conforto humano e controle de vibraes de edifcios altos
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17
metlica international 2 february 2017
architecture A revolutionary Monument: the Tatlin Tower
A revolutionary Monument:
the Tatlin Tower
Itgeneral
is not about vague and
impressions; its about
of art less aesthetic or contemplative and more seen
as a dynamic process achieved through work, using a
diverse type of materials and techniques. This principle
a material participation. The will format what is usually called Constructivism. This
dreamer no longer dreams movement with a huge spread in Russian space, in
images, only material
genesis took the bases of its influence from Cubism3
and Futurism4, chains that have strongly marked the
Gaston Bachelard* destiny of art in the early 20th century. In reality the
isolation that marked the Soviet Union due to its
politics, transformed the Constructivism into a more
limited artistic movement in its area of influence. This
principle of looking at art in a pragmatic perspective,
One of the most iconic objects of architecture in
where each material leads to the final shape - less
iron is probably designated Monument to the Third
worried about intelective utterances turned out to fit
International designed by the Russian architect Vladimir
perfectly in the strategies and in the ideals of the Soviet
Tatlin (1885-1953). This peculiar structure which
revolution.
was never built - had the intention of paying tribute to
the work done by the Communist International1. This
Mass production, due to the potential allowed by
organization advocated the implementation of a single-
mechanization and continuous production, was certainly
party regime following the 1917 Revolution and the
crucial for the success of the new Russian social model,
overthrow of the imperial autocracy ruled by Russia until
since this change has had in its genesis the bankrupcy
then. The construction of a large monumental building,
of craft practices and its replacement by activities
was then an important strategic plan, having been
where the collective and technological exploitation are
chosen for its location the city of Petrograd.2
always in the center of action. One cannot ignore that in
the USSR, in the context of the October Revolution of
This visionary work, with a great visual and aesthetic
19175, we have an area widely battered by war and an
impact, would have to have a monumental aspect
unstable region due to a civil war that would last until
and, at the same time, be able to function as the
1921, giving then way to the creation of a Soviet State.
headquarters of the Comintern. In the genesis of this
proposal was a summary of the designated fine arts
in the classic sense of the term, covering architecture, 3
Cubism was an artistic movement that later spread to the literary field, whose major
painting and sculpture. What emerges in the set is a heralds were Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso. The aim of its proponents was the
exploitation of representations through geometrized forms with translation of movement,
simple development structure, but complex looking, expressing the fourth dimension. In the field of architecture, this effect is exploited
intending to create a new type of monument, which through the use of transparent surfaces and volumes with planar surfaces. The Picasso,
Les demoiselles dAvignon, painted in 1907, is considered by critics the first piece of art
experiencing the Cubist language.
4
Futurism was an artistic and literary movement whose formal beginning happened with
the publication of a manifest (Futurist Manifest) by the Italian poet Marinetti in 1909.
* Quote extracted from A gua e os Sonhos, Livraria Martins Fontes Editora, So Paulo,
This chain somehow disowned the past and defended a huge belief in the future and
1989, p. 67.
the technological potential; in the field of architecture, it manifests itself through some
1
This organization was also known by the abbreviated form of Comintern, had as its inspiration in science fiction, with situations suggesting speed and movement, intending
founder Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) and worked actively from 1919 to 1943, when it was to give an idea of dynamism and optimism. One of its best-known interlocutors was
dissolved by Stalin. This movement intended to bring together the various Communist Antonio SantElia (1888-1916) with its numerous designs for a Citt Nuova.
parties and had as its main purpose the end of capitalism and the abolition of classes. 5
The Bolshevik revolution of October 1917 is one of the great political events of the 20th
2
This city, the second largest in Russia, was until 1918 the capital of the Russian Empire, century, in what has to do with the seizure of power by the proletariat, the workers
and was then Perestroika. movement and implantation of communism in Eastern European footprint.
18
metlica international 2 february 2017
architecture A revolutionary Monument: the Tatlin Tower
The monument idealized by Tatlin for the Third was evolving and the successive trends for intelectual
International became a unachievable construction, repression, with concrete actions of persecution and
especially for that time, that place and the technology punishment, made this movement gradually lose
available. If in the field of painting, any initiative was freshness and creativity, also leading important Russian
more individualizable and, therefore, more easily personalities to emigrate to the West, favoring in many
implementable, in architecture, which was a more circumstances and in particular context a new force for
collective art, the process of implementation was artistic production in other parts of the world.8 One of
much more complex and interdependent. Because of those authors who emigrated was Wassily Kandinsky,
the dichotomy of these two artistic fields, El Lissitzky an artist who taught at the Bauhaus and that was
considered architecture a methodical practice promoted connected to the creation of abstraction in fine arts;
by acts of diligence and research, while for the practice two other prominent authors who also emigrated were
of painting it was essential to have talent.6 And, lets the Antoine brothers (1886-1962) and Neemia Pevsner
face it, as El Lissitzky refers, in this particular case of (1890-1977), important sculptors in the constructivist
The monument of the Third International, it was mostly movement, among many other personalities.9
an ideation, more of a painter than an architect.7
The constructivist architecture established some
In the utopian field, the proposal of Tatlin embodies promiscuity with engineering, to the extent that the
a huge fresh aesthetics and an indisputable belief in handlers of artifacts should use structural methods and
a very promising future, leveraged by the idea that new materials so that in a convergent mode they could
art and architecture, can shape thoughts and educate solve the utilitarian needs that were underlying the
society. However the harshness with which the regime
8
Janson, H. W., Histria da Arte, 4th Edition, Fundao Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisboa, 1989,
6
El Lissitzky, Russia: An Architecture for World Revolution (original edition of 1930), MIT pp. 738-739.
Press, 3 edio 1989, p. 28. 9
In the case of Neemia or Naum Neemia Pevsner This artist has opted to change his
7
El Lissitzky, Nuova arte russa in Lisitskij-Kppers, Sophie, El Lisitskij. Pittore architetto artistic name to Naum Gabo, from which he was known, due to the confusion that it
tipografo fotografo, Editori Riuniti, Roma, 1967, p. 333. created with his brothers.
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architecture A revolutionary Monument: the Tatlin Tower
Figure 1. Pablo Picasso, Les Figure 2. Leonardo da Vinci., interior stairs Figure 3. Minaret of the Great Mosque of
Demoiselles dAvignon, 1907, of the Castle of Chambord, Loir-et-Cher, Samarra, Iraq, built in the 19th century.
Museum of Modern Art, France.
New York.
program of any building. The new Russian architecture of the Department of fine arts of Moscow (IZO).11
intended to be something that breaking up with the Until the date of the proposal for the monument of
past. More than connecting with previous styles or the Comintern, Tatlin was mostly well known for
with the production made until then, as a revolutionary his contribution in the fields of painting and of the
movement, it had the aim of moving to the urban experiments, so little is known of his activity in the
space the social dynamics that, admissably, signalled sciences of space manipulation. For this reason, in
a beginning, the creation of a new world. For this the case of the design of the monument to The Third
purpose, it is explored and encouraged the relationship International, in addition to the methodological and
between the various forms of art, having a direct technological issues it is presented as a generic and
contagion of them all over architecture. In this context intuitive idea where the materials used especially
the artistic practice used all the instruments that were steel and glass provide a little detailed base of the
at its disposal by meticulous analyses, numerous trials, building.12 Knowing that Tatlin did not have a very
making the apology that at that time the art belongs to well enough specialized training for in that context to
science. In that purpose, all the senses are overrated develop in depth that proposal, it eventually asserted
as means of excellence for the perception of the itself as a kind of utopian manifest to create a feeling of
world and the geometry as knowledge and practice hope and future.
oriented for the rational and orderly translation of what
is observed.10 But, what the project of Tatlin offers, is The Tatlin monument intends to establish a credible
the possibility of a complicity between the technological bridge between the artistic values and technological
processes and industrial production. A reality that at components. Here, knowledge, skill and art, tend
the time is still not possible to implement, but that to produce a single object, unparalleled, original.
conceived potential gives people hope so convincing Constructivists work is used as an example of
and credible that leads to believe that this proposal is inauguration of a new era, a time in which steel and
a herald of the entrepreneurial capacity of that country glass are considered almost as regime materials,
with that politics. generators of a fervent belief in the future and collective
capabilities, which are the driving force that will enable
The monumental proposal, called Tatlin Tower, is part the Foundation of all the arts, the construction of
of the strategy of Lenin to end the memorials to the another architecture. And, this purpose will be the
former regime of the Czars and replace them with consummation of a simple idea, understanding that
new monuments that exalted the revolution and its all forms are the result of construction.13 And, the
main actors. Even before Tatlin had drawn the proposal process of changing the type of artistic production
for the Monument of the Third International, had he and of mentality, rather than an abrupt or momentary
already the responsibility to select which monuments transformation, corresponds to a long and painful
should be replaced and, at the same time, played gait, made of advances and setbacks, but which
a major role in leading the renovation of museums, will always go through a path of determination and
in an effort to place of Russia in the course of the
modern and contemporary art. For that, Tatlin led 11
That nomination occurred in April, 1918 and was made by Anatoli Lunacharsky,
some major reforms in artistic education in Moscow responsible for Narkompros, equal to Ministery of Education. See Lynton, Norbert, Tatlins
and in Petrogado, and was also appointed Director Tower, Monument to Revolution, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2009, p. 52 e p. 64.
12
Punin, Nicolau, The Monument to the Third International (original version of 1920) in Art
in Theory 1900-1990. An Anthology of Chaging Ideas, edited by Charles Harrison e Paul
Wood, Blackwell publishers, Padstow, Inglaterra, 1999, p. 312.
10
See El Lissitzky, Russia: An Architecture for World Revolution, pp. 27-28. 13
El Lissitzky, Russia: An Architecture for World Revolution, pp. 29-30.
20
metlica international 2 february 2017
architecture A revolutionary Monument: the Tatlin Tower
insistence on artistic transformations, optimism, an utopia, as ideal as the one Thomas Morus imagined
belief in a better and more promising future. The four centuries before and that had influenced, in the
recent modern ideals claimed for a society managed early 19th century, the so-called utopian Socialists, who
by principles of freedom and belief in the ability of fought for the construction of an egalitarian society. And
transforming society. In that effervescent context, a certainly a text that was popular, in terms of a model
monument such as Tatlin, was clearly a transforming for organization of a society, the Sun City, of Thomas
proposal of a city, it was a very striking and distinctive Campanella, who describing a community philosophy
building in urban areas characterized by low-altitude provided a preview equal to the egalitarian Communist
constructions. This particular monument was intended ideology, and that was known to be a text that had a
to be the characterisitic of the new political and social strong doctrinal influence to Lenin.14
experiences that were being tried. The program of
that building was the synthesis of these experiences The aforementioned appointment of Tatlin for Director
and the states of mind that were proclaimed. That of IZO was likely one of the reasons, for being named
monumental colossus kind of Trojan horse intended in 1919 as the person responsible for developing the
to conquer a city spiritually and politically and then project of the monument for The Third International.
extend its influence to an even wider territory. If in the The descriptions of the monument are not very detailed
case of Troy, it was a war machine for subjugation of a and the number of designs is limited, but from what
people, in the case of the Tower of Tatlin, the ploy was we know, it was a building about 400 m high and
to spread to every corner of the world the information with a peripheral volumetry that resembled a conical
that made the apologia of an ideology. It was essentially trunk with skewed axis.15 This appearance was virtual
a banner that, through the press and radio, would
give news of a better life for a people oppressed and
14
Milner, John, Vladimir Tatlin and the Russian Avan-garde, Yale University Press, Londres,
restricted from many of their rights until then. Instead 1983, pp. 176-178.
of imposing a model by force of weapons, this town 15
This question of time is important because it becomes clear that one of the goals of
experimented the acceptance of a philosophy of life Tatlins Tower was to be the tallest building in the world. The construction that had
this status was the Eiffel Tower with its about 300m height (reaching 324m, including
through the spirit. This faith, this desire was more like antenna) and that was until 1931 the tallest building in the world, having been dethroned,
then by the Empire State Building in New York.
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21
metlica international 2 february 2017
architecture A revolutionary Monument: the Tatlin Tower
16
It is known the appreciation and admiration that Tatlin had for Leonardo. If this references
between the French Castle of Chambord and the Tower, since the similarity between
some of Leonardos studies on flying machines and the version of Letalin that Tallinn has
developed for the Russian Aviation during the thirties of the last century. About Leonardo/
Tatlin view Lynton, Norbert, Tatlins Tower, Monument to Revolution, pp. 193-202 and
Figure 6. Model of the Figure 7. Model of the
128.
monument to the Third Monument to the Third
17
Milner, John, Vladimir Tatlin and the Russian Avan-garde, p. 156.
International during the International during the
18
Bblia Sagrada, Gnesis, Livro 11, Difusora Bblica, Lisboa, 2003, pp. 37-38. exhibition in St. Petersburg exhibition in Moscow in 1920.
19
See Lynton, Norbert, Tatlins Tower, Monument to Revolution, p. 83. in1920.
22
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architecture A revolutionary Monument: the Tatlin Tower
This monument has become a symbol of the at a speed that allowed it to make a full rotation in
USSR, an identity element of a regime, an artefacto a year. The pyramid, with irregular shape, with the
necessarily presented in exhibitions that from that horizontal base and one of the vertical faces, was
time onwards illustrated those who intended to animated by a rotational speed that allowed a revolution
evoke this revolutionary process. Somehow, still per month. The cylinder, with vertical axis, being the
in a strictly symbolic field, the spiral, became the highest solid, featured a speed corresponding to a full
representation that heralded a modern time, a time rotation per day. Programmatically, the inhabited part
ruled by a strong will of a proletariat with a pure and of the monument should meet the needs of the Third
transparent conscience.23 In other words, synthetically International. In the ground part cube there would be
speaking, this architecture of spiral helical form, the parts related to the relationship with the community
whose development was projected for the skies of St. and with the outside world. That is, spaces for
Petersburg, was after all a steel and glass architecture, conferences, for international meetings, all of the other
true symbol of belief and purity of a revolution. These spaces required for the functions related to these tasks,
geometric solids had their volumetry defined by and also everything involving legislative purposes. The
double glazed surfaces, where the interstitial space intermediate body pyramid would accommodate the
between them functioned as a vacuum chamber and more administrative functions; there would be the areas
thus minimizing the thermal losses or gains between devoted to the operation of the Comintern, secretariats,
outer space and inner space - this solution is similar committees and executive areas. In the back part,
to what currently constitutes the double skin system, where there was a higher quota - cylinder would
constituting an antecedent of this constructive be the areas dedicated to sources and information;
technique. In the case of the inhabited part of the in other words, the facilities for the transmission of
building, each of the volumes had very different official information, a newspaper, a telegraph, a radio
rotational speed from the rest. Thus the cube rotated station, and everything having to do with statements,
advertisements, brochures, manifestos, etc. At the back
23
Ching, Jarzombek e Prakash, A Global History of Architecture, John Wiley & Sons,
of the building, in the form of the cylinder cover, there
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23
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architecture A revolutionary Monument: the Tatlin Tower
Figure 8. Simplified model during a presentation in Figure 9. Contemporary Figure 10. Photomontage with the Monument
the public space in Leninegrad. model of the Tatlin Tower. to the Third International made by Ralph
Croizier.
existed a spherical cap where there was incorporated, imposing asymmetric structure that would be built in
on their axes, a projection screen and from which the city of Petrograd, would reach a height that would
emerged the antenna of the radio station and their induce deceptively its dissapearance under the sky. It
masts. In addition and to connect all these great had some pure and crystalline solids, almost intending
different bodies, there were developed a set of electric - in its set - to function as a big clock, a clock replicating
elevators that adjusted to different mechanical rotational important revolutions, visible or certain, in what had
speeds facilitated the inteprenetations and ensured the to do with the movements of the Earth or with the
proper functioning of the building.24 cadence of the signs of the zodiac. The rhythmic cycles
per day, month and year, given the similarities, it would
In some ways, the Tower of Tatlin may remind us of a be as if in that context and in that monument, would
giant astronomical mechanism, and may even resemble occur the absolute time for cosmic effects.
a telescope, giving with this analogy some consistency
to the circumstance of Petrograd being at that time an No wonder, therefore, that it is said that along the Neva
important centre of observations of the sky and having River, Tatlin tried to idealize a building made of iron,
in that same city a vast heritage of Renaissance maps glass and revolution.26 A revolution marked by different
and astronomical devices.25 cyclical movements, a social and political revolution
that has irredeemably conditioned the further course
With all this cinematic imaginary that would run of history. In this double sense, Tatlin designed a true
clockwise, with this whole existence of curved shapes and genuine revolutionary monument. Is it possible that
inducing spiraling movements that projected into the what he was idealizing was the creation of one of the
sky, the movement for the liberation of humanity was Wonders of the Modern World, becoming thus imortal
being represented. For this purpose, and to stress and leaving indelible mark of an utopia of an allegorical
this ideal of liberation, the building in terms of lighting, monument to the Liberation of Humanity?27
should be thoroughly assisted by bright light effects,
being interesting to imagine the Faerie effect of this As a result we would have a monument made of iron
set along the banks of the Neva River. The set of steel and glass, whose air of the revolution would be the
elements and trusses that together guide and stabilize intangible glue that would give sustainability to a shape
the suggested helical forms, in addition, a graceful spiral and a volume, a transforming and visionary design for a
movement, but, given their robust appearance, would people.28
refer to a muscular body that resisted determined to the
wear imposed by the force of gravity. But, one thing is certain, the recurrent comparison to
the Parisian Tower designed by Gustave Eiffel this
Tatlins Tower is a propagandistic building, animated one in fact a previous monument and that become
with scheduled rotation, that hosts spaces dedicated to reality.
cultural programs and political persuasion. A persuasion
which was very symbolic and representative. In reality,
this monument, due to its foundational nature, allowed
to purge all figurative references that until then mostly
26
This idea of these three componentes of the monumento belongs to Viktor Shklovsky in a
characterized the artifacts of celebration, calling for a
text published for the time called The Monument to the Third International (Tatlins Most
more intellectual field, channeling the spirits to feelings, Recent Work)and reproduced in the book of the same author, Knights Move (1st edition
in russian in 1923), Darkey Archive Press, Illinois, 2005, p. 70.
emotional tensions and, especially, to ideals. The
27
Among the different names given to refer to Tatlins monument, one of those names was
in fact Monument for the Liberation of Humanity.
28
This idea of the air of the revolution functioning as intangible glue of the project was
24
Punin, Nicolau, The Monument to the Third International, pp. 311-312.
presented by Boym, Svetlana, in Architecture of the Off-Modern, Princeton Architectural
25
Milner, John, Vladimir Tatlin and the Russian Avan-garde, p. 154. Press, New York, 2008, p. 15.
24
metlica international 2 february 2017
THE MOST
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26
metlica international 2 february 2017
welding origins and effects of residual stesses on welded
Residual stresses are stresses that remain on the metal structures or any other
components, even when they are not loaded, i.e. they are not subjected to
Altino J. R. Loureiro
DEM, Universidade de Coimbra
any external load. Residual stresses are usually associated with local elastic
Altino.loureiro@dem.uc.pt deformations resulting from inhomogeneous plastic deformations. For those
less accustomed to this terminology it may be desirable to define elastic
deformations and plastic deformations.
a) b) c)
Figure 2. Distribution of longitudinal residual stresses: a) [3] and b) tensile at the weld; c) of compression in the weld.
28
metlica international 2 february 2017
welding origins and effects of residual stesses on welded
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metlica international 2 february 2017
welding origins and effects of residual stesses on welded
a) b)
Figure 5. Field of application of each measurement method (adapted Figure 6. a) Ultrasonic impact treatment equipment [7]; b) Schematic
from [6]). representation of the static tensile stress relaxation.
30
metlica international 2 february 2017
welding origins and effects of residual stesses on welded
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metlica international 2 february 2017
great works of steel construction in brazil The Choice of Steel as a Structural Solution
sustainability, rationalisation and quick execution. the Arena of the Future stage for the sport events
of handebol (Olympic Games) and golbol (this
According to recent research, carried out in the year corresponding to the Paralympic Games) -establishes
2014 by the Brazilian Steel Construction Center (CBCA), the concept of nomadic architecture. In General,
in partnership with ABCEM, with great participation much of the sport equipment designed to carry out
of manufacturers in the sector of steel structures, the the Olympic Games were designed to be reused after
production capacity in this segment amounted to 1.966 the end of the events, avoiding, therefore, idle works
million tons, being 1.395 million tonnes relative to over time. In this sense, the structural steel design was
companies participating in the research [1]. It should be crucial to make these projects [3]
noted that 42% of sector refer to large structures, 34%
to heavy industrial construction and special works, 16% In the particular case of the Arena of the Future, built on
to mid-sized structures and 8% to small structures. In an area of 24000 m2 and with capacity to house 12000
addition, it was estimated a revenue around 8.9 billion fans, the main challenge of the project was to reconcile
reais (about EUR 2,472,000,000) [1]. the temporary feature of the Arena - obeying all the
requirements imposed by the International Olympic
We should point out that Brazil was recently the host Committee (IOC) and the subsequent permanent
of two of the worlds largest sporting events: the construction of four public schools, each with a capacity
World Cup (2014) and the Olympic Games (2016) [3]. of 500 students and 17 classrooms to be installed in
Such events were responsible for leveraging directly different areas of the city of Rio de Janeiro [3].
or indirectly steel works of various types, such as
stadiums, arenas, airports, museums and supporting The steel structural system consists of beams,
buildings. In addition, besides the part of the traditional columns, braces and roof in steel ASTM A572 GR50,
steel structural system, in the country there was a with a total volume of approximately 2,700 tons of
32
metlica international 2 february 2017
great works of steel construction in brazil The Choice of Steel as a Structural Solution
Figure 1. Arena of the Future under construction. Rio de Janeiro/RJ. Figure 2. Arena of the Future finished. Rio de Janeiro/RJ.
steel. Note that the project prioritized the use of bolted The choice of steel as structural solution in expansions
connections in order to facilitate the dismantling and and renovations of airports has assumed a dominant
reassembly of components. According to the architect factor in this segment. This is the case of the
responsible Gilson R. Santos, the steel construction was International Airport of Braslia, whose expansion was
adopted with the objective of ensuring the versatility inaugurated in 2014 [5]. The use of steel enabled the
for the two different uses of the structure as well as completion of a schedule predicted for 18 months,
the quick speed of execution. A special challenge of facilitating the processes of handling, transportation,
the work, according to the engineer responsible for the assembly and cleaning. In addition, the option for steel
design of steel structures, Flvio D Alambert, was to structural system was made based on its inherent
make the top clear span of 85m, with a sequence of flexibility and ability to overpass large spans through
truss beams over 5m high and made of rolled sections, the use of lighter parts and of smaller dimensions.
so that all the seats could have an unobstructed view to Another decisive factor is related to the minimization
the block of 40x20 m [3] , Figures 1 and 2. of disturbance of the current activities of the old
terminal[5].
BULLONI-SOC.COMP. DE FIXAO, LDA. | Rua das Cavadas, 427 4435-648 Baguim do Monte - Portugal | Tel. +351 229774310 | Fax. +351 229774319 | geral@bulloni.org
33
metlica international 2 february 2017
great works of steel construction in brazil The Choice of Steel as a Structural Solution
a) Airport of Braslia. Aerial view b) Inside view of the construction. a) Aerial view of the expansion b) Inside view of the airport
of the construction. finished. finished.
Figure 3. Airport of Braslia. Braslia/DF. Photos: CPC Estruturas Figure 4. Airport of Braslia. Braslia/DF. Photos: CPC Estruturas
Metlicas. Metlicas.
The built area of the airport was increased from such a way that it is guaranteed a quality structure and
60,000 m2 to 110,000 m2 so that two new piers (North with low maintenance cost. It should be noted that the
and South) would be connected to the old terminal. use of LSF has gained prominence in the field of social
Thus, new boarding rooms have increased the capacity housing in recent years [6]. Thus, the choice of the
of the airport from 13 to 29 jetways, allowing to receive steel structural system had some conditions factors:
up to 21 million passengers a year. The steel structures implementation of the project within 3 years, respect
are present on the roof and lateral closings [5]. We the architectural form used in teaching units since 2003,
emphasize the combined use of welded and bolted technical implementation of quality and sustainability [4].
connections in order to facilitate both the execution It is worth pointing out that among other possibilities
of the work and the management of costs. The total of structural systems studied, such as precasts of
consumption of steel was of 5,200 tons, having concrete, PVC concrete and traditional steel structure,
used steel of type ASTM A36 for welded sections, the LSF was the one that best fitted the needs required
connection and base plates, round bars and folded for the project [4], figures 5 and 6.
plate; ASTM A572 GR50 for rolled sections, ASTM
A501 GR. B for tubular sections of circular section and Each school has a constructed area of 1,100 m2 and
ASTM A500 GR. B for those of square section [5], a maximum capacity of 440 students, comprised by
figures 3 and 4. two floors with classrooms, kitchen, canteen, library,
multipurpose room, nursery and diaper changing room.
Inaugurated in 2015, in the city of Belo Horizonte, In relation to the steel construction, lightweight sections
Minas Gerais, the 46 Municipal Units of early childhood of cold-formed galvanized steel of type ZAR 230 were
education (UMEIs) bring in its majority, the light steel adopted, totaling a 30-ton steel consumption per unit.
structural design (Light Steel Framing - LSF). From a There were used for external closings cement plates
public-private partnership, the schools are intended for coated with ceramic inserts while the interior fences
more than 20.000 students of up to 6 years of age in were executed in drywall sheets. An important point
to be highlighted concerns the sustainability and the
quantity of labor employed: in comparison with the
traditional construction system in reinforced concrete,
the use of LSF allowed a 60% reduction in the volume
of waste and half of the contingent of workers [4].
a) Assembly of external closing. b) Outside view of the built a) Aerial view of the and the Gym b) Outside view of the facade of
project. before the renovation. the Gym before the renovation.
Figure 6. Municipal Unit of Early Childhood Education. Belo Photo: Disclosure. Photo: Google Street View.
Horizonte/MG. Photos: Inova BH/ Disclosure [4]. Figure 7. Gym of Colgio So Lus. So Paulo/SP
34
metlica international 2 february 2017
great works of steel construction in brazil The Choice of Steel as a Structural Solution
a) Gym during renovation. b) Outside view of the facade a) General view of the gym after b) Inside view of the gym after
Photo: Staffa. finished. Photo: Nelson Kon. renovation. Photo: Nelson Kon. renovation. Photo: Nelson Kon.
Figure 8. Gym of the Colgio So Lus. So Paulo/SP. Figure 9. Gym of Colgio So Lus. So Paulo/SP
So Lus inaugurated in 2015, in the city of So Paulo. and use of steel structural systems in Brazil in recent
The project won the ABCEM Award in 2016, (Brazilian years. On the basis of the examples shown in this
Steel Construction Association) in the category of research work, it becomes possible to observe that the
special works [2]. Some of the relevant needs required use of steel construction in the country has provided
by the College were: increasing green areas, interaction architects, civil engineers; and, especially, customers,
with outside world and that the new gym could take with a rational search for architectural and structural
cover - in addition to the sporting activities - a scenic solutions, modern, creative, efficient, appropriate
area. Figure 7 shows the gym before renovation. You and absolutely consistent with the required needs in
can notice that its location was very closed and with no each specific project. In addition to the freedom of
connection to the outside [2], [6], [7], [8]. creativity for the architectural design, the increase of
the preference for steel structural systems, undoubtedly
The old building of the gymnasium was demolished to shows, the reflection of the search for constructive
make room for the new multipurpose gym - similar to a systems and processes increasingly flexible, versatile
translucent Crystal - reconfigured and visually connected and sustainable.
with the surroundings of the busy Avenida Paulista and
Rua Haddock Lobo. Associated with the glass, the steel
4. References
structural system provided lightness, aesthetic, thermal
and acoustic comfort to the gym [6], figures 8 and 9. [1] Website. Available at: http://www.cbca-acobrasil.org.br/site/noti-
We must highlight the main simultaneous challenges cias-detalhes.php?cod=7254&bsc=&orig=noticias&q=O+Desem-
penho+da+Constru%E7%E3o+em+A%E7o. Access in: October,
for the execution of the work, namely the rigid schedule
2016.
of the College, the non-stop activity of a bakery located [2] Steel Construction Magazine, Os Melhores do Ao, Specialized
on the ground floor, the load capacity of the equipment, publication of the Brazilian Association of Steel Construction -
ABCEM, Edition 122, 2016.
troubled urban environment, restricted traffic and the
[3] Architecture and Steel Magazine, Olympics Rio 2016, Brazilian
existence of two basements [6]. Center of Construction in Steel (CBCA), Number 46, 2016.
[4] Architecture and Steel Magazine, Light Steel Framing: Applications
In relation to the structural system, the steel of the constructive system, Brazilian Center of Construction in
Steel (CBCA), Number 47, 2016.
frameworks articulated in the base set the geometry
[5] Architecture and Steel Magazine, Airports, Brazilian Center of
of the Court. Despite the reinforcement made of Construction in Steel (CBCA), Number 45, 2016.
the foundations and concrete pillars, the existing [6] Steel Construction Magazine, From Bunker to Shiny Jewel,
pillars in the facade of the bakery and above the two Specialized publication of the Brazilian Association of Steel
Construction - ABCEM, Edition 121, 2016.
underground levels did not allow reinforcements.
[7] Website. Available at: http://www.galeriadaarquitetura.com.br/
Therefore, in order to overcome this obstacle, we projeto/urdi-arquitetura_/ginasio-do-colegio-sao-luis/2782. Access in:
emphasize the transition truss along the facade, with a October, 2016.
span of 32 m, supported on swings of 6.20 m [6]. In a [8] Website. Available at: https://arcoweb.com.br/projetodesign/arqui-
tetura/urdi-arquitetura-edificio-esportivo-cultural-colegio-sao-luis-sao-
useful area of 5,480 m2 and 9,062 m2 in total, the total
-paulo. Access in: October, 2016.
amount of steel used was 460 tons and the type of
steel used was the ASTM 572 GR 50 [2].
3. Final considerations
35
metlica international 2 february 2017
economy world steel consumption 2015
World steel
consumption 2015
While in the global level there is a need to respond generate and transmit energy, the supply of our water
to these economic impulses, the steel industry is and food. Throughout our daily lives steel is involved.
also seeking to contribute to the global challenge,
and has identified that the required materials must Whether for transportation systems, infrastructures,
be stronger and must meet higher environmental housing, manufacturing, agriculture or energy, steel is a
standards. The World steelsteel
industry is creating
consumption 2015 technologies vital material in the modern world. Data from the World
and solutions that can meet societys changing needs, Steel Association show the following distribution of
leading
As the various to search
countries economic growth,
to increase supporting
and improve their standardenvironmental
of living and international world steel consumption in its various applications, in
entities seek
responsibility and contributing to countries
to reduce the number of underdeveloped millions andofpopulations living in the
livelihoods 2014.
limit of poverty, it is inevitable that the demand for steel in the global context will increase.
in its communities.
While in the global level there is a need to respond to these economic impulses, the steel
industry is also seeking to contribute to the global challenge, and has identified that the required Regarding the worldwide crude steel production
materialsSteel
must be isstronger
an effective response
and must meet to this challenge
higher environmental standards. Thebecause
steel industry evolution, between 1950 and 2015 there is an increase
is creating technologies and solutions that can meet societys changing needs, leading to
no other material has the unique combination of of more than 800%, due to the development of more
economic growth, supporting environmental responsibility and contributing to millions of
strength,
livelihoods durability and versatility. With this awareness,
in its communities. uses and increased
Regarding the worldwide crude steel consumption.
production evolution, between 1950 and 2015 there is an
Steel is the success
an effective of mankind
response to face
to this challenge thenochallenges
because other materialsuch
has theincrease
unique of more than 800%, due to the development of more uses and increased consumption.
combination of strength,change,
as climate durability and versatility.population
poverty, With this awareness,
growth,the success
water of mankind
to face the challenges such as climate change, poverty, population growth, water distribution,
distribution,
limited energy, limited
and lower carbon energy,
emissions dependsandonlower carbon emissions
steel solutions. World Crude Steel Production 1950 to 2015
(Million Tonnes)
depends on steel solutions.
Steel plays a critical role in every part of our day-to-day life. The roads and transportation we
use, the structure and connections of the buildings where we work and inhabit, the basic
1621
component in technologies that generate and transmit energy, the supply of our water and food.
Steel plays a critical role in every part of our day-to-day
Throughout our daily lives steel is involved. 1433
life. The roads and transportation we use, the structure 1148
Whether for transportation systems, infrastructures, housing, manufacturing, agriculture or
andisconnections
energy, steel of modern
a vital material in the the buildings where
world. Data from we Steel
the World work and show
Association
850
the following distribution
inhabit, of worldcomponent
the basic steel consumptioninintechnologies
its various applications,
thatin 2014. 717 770
595
347
Steel use 2014 189
Electrical equipment,
Metal products, 3% 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2040 2015
11%
Mechanical equipment,
16%
Domestic appliances,
everywhere both in production and in the consumption
2% Other transport, of steel - China produces almost 50% of world
5%
Crude Steel Production 2005
production. Apparent Steel Use 2005
Source: World Steel Association World total: 1,149 M Tonnes World total: 1,046 M Tonnes
Source: World Steel Association NAFTA, NAFTA,
11.0% 13.1%
CIS, 4.0%
36 CIS, 9.9% China, 31.0%
Other China, 33.2%
metlica international 2 february 2017
Other Europe,
2.3%
In theInnext
the pictures we can
next pictures wesee
canthe
seeevolution of theoflast
the evolution the10
lastyears of the
10 years ofsteel prodution
the steel and and
prodution the the
apparent steel steel
apparent use. use.
The importance of Asian
The importance countries
of Asian has increased
countries everywhere
has increased bothboth
everywhere in in
production and inand
production theinconsumption of steel
the consumption - China
of steel produces
- China almost
produces 50% 50%
almost of world production.
of world production.
economy world steel consumption 2015
Crude SteelSteel
Crude Production 20052005
Production Apparent SteelSteel
Apparent Use Use
20052005
WorldWorld
total: total:
1,1491,149
M Tonnes
M Tonnes World total:total:
World 1,0461,046
M Tonnes
M Tonnes
NAFTA,NAFTA, NAFTA,
NAFTA,
11.0% 11.0% 13.1%13.1%
CIS, 4.0%
CIS, 4.0%
CIS, 9.9%
CIS, 9.9% China,China,
31.0%31.0%
OtherOther China,China,
33.2%33.2%
Other Other Europe,
Europe,
Europe,
Europe, 2.3% 2.3%
2.3% 2.3%
EU, 16.0%
EU, 16.0%
Crude
EU, 17.0%
EU, 17.0% Steel Production 2015 Apparent Steel Use 2015
World total: 1,621 M Tonnes Japan,Japan,
9.8% 9.8% World Total:1,500 M Tonnes
Japan,Japan,
7.3% 7.3%
Others,
Others, 9.1% 9.1%
Others,Others,
7.7% 7.7% NAFTA, 9.0%
CIS, 6.3% NAFTA, 6.8% Other Other Asia, 11.4%
Asia, 11.4% CIS, 3.3% OtherOther
Asia, Asia,
14.9%14.9%
Other Other Europe,
Europe, 2.2% 2.7% China, 44.8%
China, 49.6%
EU, 10.2% CrudeCrude
SteelSteel
Production 20152015 Apparent Steel Use 2015
Production EU, 10.2% Apparent Steel Use 2015
WorldWorld
total: 1,621 M Tonnes
total: 1,621 M Tonnes World Total:1,500
World M Tonnes
Total:1,500 M Tonnes
NAFTA, 9.0%
NAFTA, 9.0%
Others, Other CIS, 6.3%CIS, 6.3%
NAFTA,NAFTA,
6.8% 6.8% Others,
CIS, CIS,
3.3%3.3%
Other OtherOther
Europe,
Europe,
5.8% Europe, Europe,
2.2% 2.2% 9.6%
2.7% 2.7% China, 44.8%
China, 44.8%
China,China,
49.6%49.6%
EU, 10.2%
EU, 10.2%
EU, 10.2%
EU, 10.2%
Other Asia,
12.6% Other Asia,
Others, Others, Japan, 6.5% 16.2% Japan, 4.2%
Others,
Others,
5.8% 5.8% 9.6%9.6%
Other Asia,
Other Asia,
Other
Asia,Asia,
12.6% 12.6% Other
Japan, 6.5% 16.2%
16.2% Japan, 4.2%
Japan, 6.5% Japan, 4.2%
Source: World Steel Association
Source: World Steel Association
Exports of products 2015 (Million Tonnes) We can also see that the the largest number of major
2015 steel producing countries in the year 2015, is located
Ingots and Semis 51,91 in the East - China, Japan and India, highlighting the
Long Products 135,86 special weight of China in this top 3 with a production
Flat Products 233,49 of 803,8 million tonnes, followed by the United States
Tubular Steel Products 39,02 and Russia.
Semi-finished and finished steel products 462,38
37
metlica international 2 february 2017
economy world steel consumption 2015
2015
Campany
Rank Ton
1 97,14 ArcelorMittal
2 47,75 Hesteel Group
3 46,37 NSSMC
4 41,97 POSCO
5 34,94 Baosteel Group
6 34,21 Shagang Group
7 32,5 Ansteel Group
8 29,83 JFE Steel Coorporation
9 28,55 Shougang Group
38
metlica international 2 february 2017
training and events
Figure 1. Training Course of Construction in Light Steel Framing: Figure 4. Training course of Advanced Topics on the Design of
Standardization, calculation and budget Offshore Structures
39
metlica international 2 february 2017
training and events
Portugal Steel
Cycle of Seminars and II Forum of Steel Construction
Auditorium
This round of seminars was directed again to audience Srgio
important national Civil Engineering schools and Mrtires, Betar
began at the Institute of Engineering of Coimbra,
followed by the University of Algarve, the
Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, and finished at the Execution of Steel Structures by Eng. Helder Frade
University of Minho. from Fametal.
The Institute of Engineering of Coimbra hosted the At the University of Algarve, which hosted the seminar
seminar on November 2, and the program included on November 4, the program was composed by the
the presentations Total Integration in Steel Structure interventions Design in Steel Structures by Prof.
- Design, Manufacture, Assembly, Monitoring and Antnio Reis from GRID International, Durability and
Maintenance by Eng. Pedro Santos from VESAM Anticorrosive Protection of Steel Structures by Eng.
GROUP, Durability and Protection of the Steel Leonor Corte-Real from HEMPEL Portugal, Modular
Structure by Eng. Jorge Paiva from CIN, Design of Bridge Solutions from Eng. Antnio Andr from
Steel Structure of Buildings by Eng. Srgio Martires BERD, Example of rehabilitation of structures using
from BETAR, and CE Marking and Quality in the the LSF system by Prof. Rui Costa froma UALG, and
40
metlica international 2 february 2017
training and events
Rosrio Carvalho da
from Luso-German,
Chambers of Commerce
and Industry
41
metlica international 2 february 2017
training and events
Professor Ulrike Kuhlmann is a structural engineer since 1993-1-6: Crane supporting structures); Member of
1981 and in 1995 was appointed as Professor of Steel DASt Advisory Board and Advisory Committee Fb 08
and Timber Structures at the University of Stuttgart, for steel, composite and aluminum structures at DIN;
head of the Institute of Structural Design, since 2000 Member of expert advisory committee Structural
Professor of Steel, Timber and Composite Structures. Engineering of VDI (German Association of Civil
Engineers).
Between 2009-2012 was a member of the Universitys
Council, between 2010-2012 was Scientific Director Chair of CEN/TC250/SC3 Structural Eurocodes:
of Stuttgart Universitys material research laboratory Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures and ECCS
(MPA Universitt Stuttgart Otto-Graf-Institut (FMPA) Technical Working Group 8.3 Plate Buckling.
and in 2013 was Dean of the Faculty of Civil and
Environmental Engineering at University of Stuttgart.
43
metlica international 2 february 2017
training and events
44
metlica international 2 february 2017
publications highlight
Design of
Steel Structure
Comparison between Eurocode 3
and Brazilian Standard NBR 8800
www.faf.pt
45
metlica international 2 february 2017
news eccs
46
metlica international 2 february 2017
news eccs
of various ECCS Technical Committees: TC6, TC8 and New ECCS President
TC10 since 1979, performing also the chairmanship of
TC10 Connections Ad Hoc Group, ENV 1993 part 1.8 Jorn Nielsen, Director of the Danish Steel Institute DSI
from 1999 to 2002. in Copenhagen received from Johan Lw the ECCS
Medal of President and will keep it until the next Annual
The Jury underlined the recognition both at National and Assembly on 14th September 2017.
European level and his expertise as Advisor, in more
than 18 different national and European organizations
and Institutions such as
Nordic Committee for Building Regulations;
Federation of Finnish Metal, Engineering and
Electrotechnical Industries (FIMET);
Ministry of Environment;
European Committee for Standardization (CEN);
E
uropean Commission DGXII Science, Research and
Development.
A D O O R T H AT O P E N S
FOR THE SOLUTION OF YOUR PROJECTS
INDUSTRIAL LOGISTICS 2000 m2 STORAGE TERMINAL OF CONTAINERS AND OF GENERAL CARGO, OPEN SPACE CONSOLIDATION AND
DESCONSOLIDATION OF GOODS IN CONTAINERS/TRUCKS DISASSEMBLY AND ASSEMBLY OF COMPLEXES INDUSTRIES TURNKEY PROJECT SALE
AND RENT OF ALL TYPES OF CONTAINERS, NORMAL, SPECIAL, REFRIGERATORS AND OTHERS RENTAL OF VARIOUS LOADING EQUIPMENT
AND STACKERS OF 0.70T TO 40T TRUCKS CRANES LARGE DIMENSIONS, NORMAL AND SPECIAL TRANSPORT
47
metlica international 2 february 2017
cmm members highlight
cmm members
SKINDE
construction in Portugal.
48
metlica international 2 february 2017
cmm members highlight
to have experienced at national and international level, construction has very strong arguments demonstrating
the involvement in projects of different typologies, the unequivocal advantages of this constructive system.
such as airports, commerce, offices, housing, industry,
health and public works; going through projects of
Will the survival of the sector depend on cooperation
different dimensions and conceptual and constructive
between the various competitors, or in a competition
complexities.
capable of raising and overcoming the most
Among the work that SKINDE is carrying out, we
competitive players?
highlight the EDP - MAAT Arts Center in Lisbon, the
The survival of the sector, if we come to that scenario,
Leixes Port Cruise Terminal and the AGB headquarters
can count on both strategies as long as they are
in Algeria.
adjusted. Companies should be able to adjust their
These projects have particular characteristics in relation
positions in the light of market opportunities. This ability
to the products developed by SKINDE and have been
and openness will make the success of operations a
processes involving different entities and national and
reality.
international players.
We also highlight the projects carried out in the area
of R & D, among which we highlight the development What are SKINDEs objectives for the years 2016 and
of the new system of faades with high performances 2017?
for the markets of the center of Europe and of greater The objectives of SKINDE for 2016 and 2017 are the
demand. affirmation of our company, in order to gain the status
of reference in the sector.
It is important to achieve awareness and to be
What future challenges await SKINDE?
recognized by the differentiation in what we do, how
At the national level, to affirm the surroundings
we do and to whom we render our services. We will
of buildings as a specialty operated by specialists,
continue to focus on achieving our success and of our
promoting the evolution of the national market similar
clients, in a sustainable manner, training professionals
to what happens at the international level. This need is
and participating in projects that will make evident the
justified and is urgent, not only because of the cost it
objectives set.
represents in the entire work, but also because of the
specificity and complexity of knowledge inherent to it.
The contribution of SKINDE can be relevant in this How do you perceive the CMM role in the national
sense, in the promotion of the discussions, bringing context of the steel and composite construction
new perspectives, highlighting the economic and sector?
environmental advantages in the solutions to be Culturally our construction did consume much steel
implemented in our buildings. except for particular exceptions. CMMs existence
In the international market, the objective will be to be provides the technical class and the ordinary citizen with
able to penetrate the consolidated markets in this area, access to information, clarification and dissemination
affirming the quality of our work and the recognition of contextualizing and framing this sector and its
the knowledge acquired through experience and based importance in the construction landscape. Thus, CMM
on our creativity. occupies an important position as an entity that provides
its associates, technicians, academic community and
society in general a public service.
How do you see the current status of the steel and
Creation of business opportunities, networking, training
composite construction market?
and promotion of the discussion of the most relevant
The market of steel and composite construction is
topics in the area and the political role and decision
increasingly exposed to the demanding challenges
making bodies.
that contemporaneity has placed as a daily theme of a
current panorama that has changed in the face of a new
economic paradigm. In what foreign markets does SKINDE intend to act?
This sector, like many others, seeks today to present With its headquarters in Portugal, SKINDE already
arguments in the face of a much more demanding, operates in international territory. Our positioning is also
informed reality that is achieved by creativity and the that of our customers and where we identify business
capacity to overcome some dogmas that over time have potential.
become true. With the national market moving towards maturity
The bet on the international market is inevitable due to and specialization, SKINDE will find its position in the
the decrease of construction in Portugal. UK, Swiss and French markets. We have given special
Changing the paradigm of the current panorama of attention to the important projects and opportunities
construction in Portugal that today focuses largely that will appear in the African and Middle Eastern
on rehabilitation where the steel and composite markets to which we wish to associate.
49
metlica international 2 february 2017
cmm members
Fernandes, Lda Amaralsteel, Unipessoal, Lda ARCEN Engenharia, SA Arestalfer SA SA BYSTEEL SA CAZULU STRUCTURES LDA
www.adf.eu www.amaralsteel.com www.arcen.pt www.arestalfer.com www.blocotelha.com www.bysteel.pt jorge.grave555@gmail.com
Construo Metlicos SA Electrofer EME Singular Construes Metlicas, Lda Estruturas Metlicas FASTSTEEL, Lda FAUSTINO & FERREIRA
www.constalica.pt www.electrofer.pt www.emesingular.pt www.entreferros.com/pt www.fametal.pt www.faststeel.pt www.faustinoeferreira.com
FRISOMAT Comrcio e Indstria GARSTEEL GS STAALWERKEN INOXANTU J.F.Metal Sociedade MARCELO PEIXOTO & Irmo
de Materiais de Construo SA Construes Metlicas, Lda PORTUGAL, LDA Instalaes em Inox, Lda Unipessoal, lda Lopes & Gomes, SA Indstria de Serralharia Lda
www.frisomat.pt www.garsteel.pt info@gsstaalwerken-portugal.pt www.inoxantua.pt www.jfmetal.pt www.lopesegomes.pt www.marcelopeixoto.pt
MARTIFER Metallic Construes Metlicas METALOGALVA METALOVIANA MUNDIFER NORFERSTEEL Const. O FELIZ
Constructions e Galvanizao, SA Irmos Silvas, SA Metalrgica de Viana, Lda Construes Metlicas e Metalomecnica, SA Metalomecnica, SA
www.martifer.pt www.metalocardoso.com www.metalogalva.pt www.metaloviana.pt www.mundifer.pt www.norfer.com www.ofeliz.pt
PERFILNORTE Empresa PERFISA Fbrica de Perfis POO Equipamentos SEVEME Indstrias TEGOPI Indstria
de Perfilagem SA Metlicos SA Industriais, S.A. Serralharia O SETENTA, S.A. Metalrgicas, S.A. SOLARGUS Metalomecnica, SA
www.perfilnorte.com www.perfisa.net www.eip.pt www.osetenta.pt www.seveme.com www.solargus.pt www.tegopi.pt
UEM Unidade de
Estruturas Metalicas
uem@normetal.com
J. SOARES CORREIA
ANTERO & C SA Florncio Augusto CHAGAS SA FAF Produtos Siderrgicos SA FERPINTA, SA Armazns de Ferro SA
www.anteroeca.com www.chagas.pt www.faf.pt www.ferpinta.pt www.jsoarescorreia.pt
4PAINTS Componentes Fixao Lda Blasquem Lda Norte, SA Chapa Lda Metalomecnica SA HEMPEL (Portugal) Lda.
4paints@sapo.pt www.bulloni.pt www.blasqem.pt www.cin.pt www.colaborante.pt www.eurogalva.pt www.hempel.pt
METALFAJ
Indstria Metalrgica Lda SIKA Portugal, SA
www.metalfaj.pt www.prt.sika.com
All contacts and information about products and services offer to the members of CMM can be found at www.cmm.pt. The information provided is responsibility of each member.
50
metlica international 2 february 2017
cmm members
A1V2 Engenharia e Arquitetura de Engenharia, Lda A2P Consult, Lda ARMANDO RITO Engenharia, SA Engenharia de Pontes, SA BETAR CONSULTORES, Lda BUREAU VERITAS Certification
www.a1v2.pt www.a400.pt www.a2p.pt www.arito.com.pt www.berd.eu www.betar.pt www.bureauveritas.pt
CCAD Servios CIVI 4 Projectistas e CONSTRUSOFT Software para CSI Portugal Computers DHPRO Servios de Dreamdomus
de engengaria Lda Consultores de Eng. Civil, Lda. a Indstria de Construo, Lda Cruz de Oito Engenharia & Strutural Inc Engenharia Civil, Lda Projeto de Engenharia Lda
www.ccad.pt www.civi4.pt www.construsoft.pt www.cruzdeoito.pt www.csiportugal.com www.dhpro.pt www.dreamdomus.com
EDM-3D Engenharia de Detalhe EIT Engeneering innovation FCGAB GOP Gabinete de Organizao GRID International
e Modelizao 3D Lda Trading Eng e Gesto de Obra Lda de Projectos Lda Gravidade Engenheiros lda Consulting Engineers S.A. IMASD Consult, Lda.
www.edm-3d.pt www.eit-trading.com www.fcgab.pt www.gop.pt www.gravidade.pt www.grid.pt www.imasdconsult.com
Mtalliques JETSJ Geotecnia, Lda Projectos de Estruturas Lda LCW Consut SA LEB, Lda Lloyds Register Manut. de Equip. Industriais Lda
www.inexom.fr www.jetsj.com www.jlcm.pt www.lcwconsult.com www.leb.pt www.lr.org www.lusomanu.com.pt
LUSOMELT, Lda Matereospace, Lda Metalaf Lda NOV National Oilwell Varco Consultores de Engenharia Lda. PPSEC Engenharia, Lda. Servios de Engenharia SA
www.lusomelt.pt www.matereo.com www.metalaf.pt www.nov.com www.pcaengenharia.pt www.ppsec.pt www.afaconsultores.pt
PROENGEL Projectos de QUALEND - Qualidade e Ensaios SAFRE Estudos e Projectos SISCAD Tecnologias de SKINDE Facade Engineering TALPROJECTO Projectos, Estudos TRIA Servios, Materiais e
Engenharia e Arquitectura, Lda No destrutivos Lda de Eng., Lda Informao, Lda Consultants, Lda e Servios de Engenharia, Lda. Equipamentos, Lda
www.proengel.pt www.qualend.pt www.safre.pt www.siscad.pt www.skinde.pt www.talprojecto.pt www.tria.pt
TRIMTRICA Engenharia Lda VESAM GROUP
www.trimetrica.com.pt www.vesamgroup.com
DNC Tcnica, Lda e Materiais de Fixao, Lda GASIN Lda Produtos e Servios, Lda Equipamentos Industriais, Lda SARKKIS Robotica Equipamentos e Fixao
www.dnctecnica.com www.fixpacos.com www.gasin.com.pt/pt www.hilti.pt www.parfel.pt www.sarkkis.com www.tecofix.pt
Escola Superior de Tecnologia Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Instituto de Ciencia e Inovao Instituto Superior Tcnico LNEC Laboratrio Nacional Departamento de Engenharia
de Viseu I.P.V. Gesto I.P. Bragana Gesto I.P. Guarda em Eng. Mecnica e Industrial D.E. Civil ICIST de Engenharia Civil Civil da Universidade de Aveiro
www.dcivil.estv.ipv.pt www.estig.ipb.pt www.estg.ipg.pt www.inegi.up.pt www.tecnico.ulisboa.pt www.lnec.pt www.ua.pt/decivil
www.dec.uc.pt Fac. de Cincias e Tecnologia e Alto Douro
www.dec.fct.unl.pt www.utad.pt
Certified company with Quality Steel Silver Certified company with Quality Steel Bronze
51
metlica international 2 february 2017
agenda events calendar
IFiress 2017 Dep. Struct. for Engi. Naples, Italy 6 7 June http://www.ifiress2017.unina.it/
and Architecture and 2017
Internati. Council
for Research and
Innovation in Building
and Construction
52
metlica international 2 february 2017
XI CONFERENCE STEEL ON
SPECIAL THEME
THE NEW GENERATION OF EUROCODES