Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Corpuz, R.
Nerve Fibers, Peripheral Nerves, Receptor and Effector Lacandola, E.
Endings, Dermatomes, and Muscle Activity Perez, C.
Reyes, E.
Nerve fiber an axon or a dendrite of a nerve cell.
Roxanne Corpuz
Bundles of nerve fibers found in:
Supporting cell:
CNS Oligodendrocyte
PNS Schwann cell
Myelinated Myelinated
nerve in CNS nerve in PNS
Formation of Myelin
In the Peripheral Nervous System
For this reason, the process of myelination in the CNS cannot take
place by rotation unlike the Schwann cell in PNS. Its possible that
myelination in CNS occurs by the growth in the length of
oligodendrocyte.
Non-Myelinated Nerve Fibers
Connective Tissues
Epineurium
Penineurium
Endoneurium
Epineurium surrounding
the nerve trunk, dense
connective tissue sheath
Perineurium connective
tissue found within the
sheath of bundles of nerve
fibers.
Endoneurium loose
delicate connective tissue
between individual nerve
fibers.
Spinal Nerves and Spinal Nerve Roots
Provide the central nervous system with sensory information regarding the
muscle length and the rate of change in the muscle length. This information is
used by the central nervous system in the control of muscle activity.
Nuclear Bag
Flower-spray
Endings are situated mainly on the nuclear chain fibers
Function of the Neuromuscular
Spindle
Under resting conditions, the muscle spindles give rise to afferent
nerve impulses all the time, and most of this information is not
consciously perceived.
The nerve impulses reach the spinal cord in the afferent neurons
and synapse with the large alpha motor neurons situated in the
anterior gray horns of the spinal cord.
Nerve impulses now pass via the efferent motor nerves and
stimulate the extrafusal muscle fibers, and the muscle contracts.
Control of the Intrafusal Fibers of the
Neuromuscular Spindle
Centers in the brain and spinal cord that give rise to tracts
that synapse with gamma neurons in the spinal cord and
can greatly influence voluntary muscle activity.
Reticular Formation
Basal Ganglia
Cerebellum
Neurotendinous Spindles
Present in tendons and are located near the junctions of tendons with
muscles
Hairless
Merkel discs Mechanoreceptor Touch Slow A beta
skin
Hair follicle
Hairy skin Mechanoreceptor Touch Rapid A beta
receptors
Encapsulated Receptors
Type of Receptor Location Stimulus Sensory Modality Adaptability Fibers
Dermal
papillae of
Meissner's
skin of palm Mechanoreceptor Touch Rapid A beta
corpuscles
and sole of
foot
Dermis,
ligaments,
joint
Pacinian capsules,
Mechanoreceptor Vibration Rapid A beta
corpuscles peritoneum,
external
genitalia,
Ruffini Dermis of A
Mechanoreceptor Stretch Slow
corpuscles hairy skin beta
A
Stretch of the
Neuromuscular Skeletal alpha,
Mechanoreceptor muscle Fast
spindles muscle A
length
beta
Compression of the
A
Neurotendinous muscle
Tendons Mechanoreceptor Fast alpha
spindles tension
EFFECTOR ENDINGS
Christine Perez
Innervation of Skeletal Muscle
Myelinated Fibers
Which originate in the annulospiral and flowerspray
endings of the neuromuscular spindles
Myelinated Fibers
Which originate in the neurotendinous spindles
These serve to increase the surface area of the plasma membrane that
lies close to the naked axon.
This space continues the synaptic cleft. The synaptic cleft is filled with
the basement membranes of the axon and the muscle fibers.
The motor end-plate is
strengthened by the
connective tissue sheath of the
nerve fiber (Endoneurium),
which becomes continues
with the connective tissue
sheath of the muscle fiber
(Endomysium).
A nerve impulse (action potential), on reaching the presynaptic
membrane of the motor end plate, causes the opening of voltage-
gated Ca2+ channels that allow Ca2+ ions to enter the axon.
This stimulates the fusion of some of the synaptic vesicles with the
presynaptic membrane release of acetylcholine into the synaptic
cleft.
Once the Ach crosses the synaptic cleft and triggers the ionic
channels on the postsynaptic membrane, it immediately undergoes
hydrolysis due to the presence of enzyme Acetylcholinesterase.
The Acetylcholine remains for about 1 msec in contact with the
postsynaptic membrane and it rapidly destroyed to prevent re-
excitation of the muscle fiber.
Dermatome
Area of the skin in which sensory nerves derive from a
single spinal nerve root.
Jarah Reyes
Segmental Innervation of the Muscles
Muscle Tone
Due to the presence of a few muscle
fibers within a muscle being in a state of full
contraction all the time.
Muscle Movement
Accomplished by bringing into action increasing numbers
of motor units and, at the same time, reducing the activity of the
motor units of muscles that will oppose or antagonize the
movement. When the maximum effort is required, all the motor
units of a muscle are thrown into action.
Summation of Motor Units
Axonotemesis
- Axons are damaged but the
surrounding CT sheaths remain
more or less intact.
Neurotmesis
- Complete section of the nerve
trunk
Tumors of Peripheral Nerves
Benign fibroma or a Malignant sarcoma
May arise in the connective tissue of the nerve and does
not differ from similar tumors elsewhere
Neurilemmomas
Believed to arise from Schwann cells.
They arise from any nerve trunk, cranial or spinal and in
any part of its course.
Motor Nerve
Control the activity of the muscle it supplies. Its
integrity is essential for the muscles normal
maintenance.
Myasthenia Gravis
Phenoxybenzamin
Block alpha receptors
Propranolol
Blocks beta receptor
Abnormalities in Sensory Perception
Hypalgesia Hyperesthesia
Pain sensation Heightened sensation
Hypesthesia Paresthesia
Touch sensation Abnormal sensations
Reporters:
Corpuz, Roxanne
Lacandola, Emman
Perez, Christine
Reyes, Elena Jarah