Building Services 1 Assignment

Telecommunication Service for High Rise Building

Abang Azrin 0319073

Chua Jia Cheng 0315160
Goh Jeng Jhieh 0315080
Jake Sia Chyi Sern 0314396
Kellyann Hiew 0319532
Rachel Ernesta 0317966
Table of Contents

Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 2

Installation Process ............................................................................................................... 3

Application ............................................................................................................................ 6

General requirements for a telecommunication system: .................................................... 6

Safety precautions taken in telecommunication spaces ..................................................... 7

Pathways (Containment systems) ..................................................................................... 8

Other special requirements................................................................................................ 8

Management System ............................................................................................................ 9

Advantages and Disadvantages .......................................................................................... 11

Advantages of Fiber Optics ............................................................................................. 11

Disadvantages of Fiber Optics ......................................................................................... 12

Case Study : Santander Bank Tower .................................................................................. 13

Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 15

The Telecommunication Infrastructure Design................................................................. 16

Summary ......................................................................................................................... 17

Recommendations for future improvement.......................................................................... 18

Learning from the Group Work Project / Conclusion ........................................................... 21

References and Bibliography .............................................................................................. 22

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Introduction
The topic that our group chose is Telecommunication Service for High Rise Building.
Telecommunication is a global term that indicates to the exchange of information through
electronic and electrical means over a significant distance. A proper efficient
telecommunication arrangement consists of two or more stations that is supplied with
transmitter and receiver devices. Telecommunication devices include telegraph, telephones,
radio, microwave communication arrangements, fiber optics, satellites and the Internet.
(Janssen, Telecommunications). Another term for telecommunications is telecom. Data is
transmitted in the form of electrical signals that is known as carrier waves, which is then
modulated into either analog or digital signals for transmitting the information. Analog
modulation which is used in radio broadcasting is an amplitude modulation. Whereas digital
modulation is just an updated form of this (Janssen, Telecommunications).

Initial telecommunication transmissions used analog signals, which were transmitted over
copper wires. In todays modern world, telephone and cable companies are still using these
same lines, though majority of transmissions are now digital. Because of this, current
telecommunications wiring is executed with cables that are optimized for digital
communication, such as the fiber-optic cable and digital phone lines.

As both the analog and digital communications depends on electrical signals, transmitted
data is obtained almost instantaneously, regardless of the distance. This will allow users to
quickly communicate with others across the street or across the globe. (Tech Terms, 2014)

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Installation Process

Main Distribution Frame (MDF) connects components inside a telecommunications facility to

cables and subscriber carrier equipment. Every cable that supplies services to user
telephones lines ends up at main distribution frame and is distributed through main
distribution frame to equipment within local exchanges. Cabinet provides the termination of
individual twisted pairs of telephony local loops for onward connection back to nearest
telephone exchange. Jumpering process is done in cabinet. Cabling is drawn to a building
through overhead cable from distribution point. Cable-based casting service to building will
go through basement floor and then reach to the main telecom room through entry ducts. In
a Main Telecom Room (MTR), it consists of cable trays or conduits and risers to provide
horizontal and vertical services. Risers must be provided in multi-tenant buildings to allow
the installation of telecom cables from the main telecom room to the floor telecom closets.
Hot-Dip Galvanized (HDG) slotted steel cable trays must be provided in the risers to carry
the telecom cables between all the telecom rooms. For high rise buildings exceeding 30
floors, a Floor Telecom Closet (FTC) must be selected for every 10 floors. Multicore fibre
cable must be installed in a mini Optical Distribution Frame (ODF) inside the floor telecom
closet, where the number of fibre core will depend on the number of units in each served
floor.

Figure 1

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 Figure 2 : Main Telecom Room (MTR)

Figure 3 : Optical Distribution Frame (ODF)

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Figure 4 : Floor Distribution Closet (FDC)

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Application
The typical requirement for high-rise buildings is to provide the needed capacity to the
people working/living/staying inside the venue, whereby most of these people demand for a
high-speed service with picks of traffic. Nowadays, the world has been very much settled
with the introduction of high-speed connections via optical fibre technology. Fibre technology
is a high quality, future-proof telecommunications and multimedia services provided for
tenants. It meets the growing demand for improved communications at work, home, in
business and also in public services.

Application of a good telecommunication services in high-rise building needs to be very well

planned. This could avoid amendments after the completion of the building. Clients are
advised to use qualified and certified professionals in all aspects of the application and
implementation of the telecommunication service design during building construction stages.
To receive a better and a more satisfactory end product, developers are encouraged to
engage with the telecommunication company in the early stages so that any process or
design issues may be resolved.

General requirements for a telecommunication system:

Spaces and Rooms

A number of telecom rooms will be required in a building depending on its characteristics,
namely, main telecom room, mobile service room, rooftop mobile service room and floor
telecom closet. In our case, a high-rise building should acquire telecom rooms that are
vertically aligned and linked by a shared containment system. This containment system must
not reduce the minimum requested space. All telecom rooms must be dedicated for the use
of the telecommunication company, for example Tm. These rooms must be easily accessible
to Tms personnel, 24 hours a day and secured from unauthorized entry.

Telecom rooms locations have to be properly planned. It must not be in close proximity to
any sources of heat, moisture, high voltages, corrosive atmospheric or environmental
conditions, radio frequency and electro-magnetic interference. Besides that, the rooms must
not be directly beneath or next to wet areas such as showers, washrooms, swimming pool
and garbage area.

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All telecom spaces and pathways must be pest controlled using only the best available
practices. It should be noted that rodents often gnaw cables resulting in damage and the
potential for service disruption, hence, special attention are needed for these cases. This
could involve the installation of covers to cable trays. As for the walls, floor and ceiling, it
should be painted and treated with anti-dust and anti-static coating to minimize dust and
static electricity. Walls and ceilings shall receive primer and finish coat of light colour paint.

Safety precautions taken in telecommunication spaces:

All telecom spaces should be fitted with smoke detectors, which is connected to the
building management system.
All telecom spaces should be fitted with emergency lighting.
All containment openings to telecom spaces must be sealed with a regulation fire
retardant material.
All doors to telecom rooms must be of solid wood core or steel construction, fire
retardant with a minimum rating of 2 hours.
All doors to telecom rooms must be outward opening with an automatic door closer
system fitted on the hinged edge.
All doors to telecom rooms must be labeled.
The room must be free from contaminants and pollutants.
All telecom rooms should have basic firefighting provision of handheld fire
extinguishers.

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Pathways (Containment systems)
Requirements applied to containment systems:
The containment system must be designed so that installed cables do not exceed the
minimum specified bend radius.
All metal containment parts must be free from sharp edges and earth bonded.
Telecom riser openings must be sealed with a suitable fire retardant material.
Cable trays must be easily accessible in common areas to facilitate any future
provision of additional cables.
Any cable trays that are in areas accessible to the public and less than 4.8m above
the floor must be covered.
Containment systems must not run through areas exposed to excessive heat,
moisture, corrosive atmospheric or environmental conditions, high voltages, radio
frequency interference (RFI) or electro-magnetic interference (EMI).
For all containment systems a minimum separation must be maintained from sources
of electromagnetic interference.

Other special requirements

Provision needs to be made for the connection of public phones, ATM machines and retail
kiosks. A design that is normally prescribed for commercial buildings are installed, with a 2-
core single mode fibre from the main telecom room, connected to a business consolidation
cabinet.

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Management System

A good telecommunication system is the most important key to a successful office building. It
provides a greater and faster exchange of data between individuals within the building and
connecting them to others anywhere through the whole world. . A good telecommunication
system should be able to reduce toll charges, enhancing the productivity and efficiency,
phone connections and locations can be move, remote and mobile employees, Flexible,
scalable, and customizable. To get a good telecommunication system the first thing to be
considered is the cost. The initial of a good telecommunication system might not be cheap
but in long term a higher quality telecommunication system does not require much
maintenance. The accessibility of telecommunication system to the people in building is also
an important consideration for suitable telecommunication system. The last consideration is
the type of systems that suit the building's work load.

Private automatic branch exchange (PABX) also known as Private branch exchange is
popularly use in high rise building nowadays. It was introduce by the 1960s, which makes
things more easier for a building. PABX allows making calls within the building or it connects
to an outside line without having to go through a receptionist. Most importantly it helps to
reduce costs by cutting down the phone calls within the same building. Nowadays big
buildings and high rises building definitely need a PABX to compete with the others building.

There are 2 main component for Telecommunication systems for high rise buildings which
are the Telecommunications Spaces and Pathways are normally deficient in existing
buildings and the Telecommunications Cabling Systems which is use to link the
telecommunications room together.

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Telecommunications Spaces keep telecommunications equipment and terminations of
telecommunications cables while telecommunications pathways transport the cables. A
typical telecom System according to standards, there must be at least a telecommunications
room (TR) at each floor. Each TR is around 1000 square metres and is dedicated to the
telecommunications function. All of the TR are use to distribute all telecommunications
signals to their significant area. The pathways carries telecommunications cables from the
TR to the vicinity of the area served. Horizontal pathways usually supports a zone-
distribution system which is usually between four columns and ranges in size from 30 to 80
square metres. The equipment room is the central point for telecommunications within the
building. The

only electrical equipment in the Equipment room is the telecommunications equipment. The
equipment room will be larger and have ample space to store LAN servers as well. The
Equipment rooms are usually located in the basement. Equipment room must contains
HVAC, from a separate stand-alone system which is able to operation continuous basis.

Horizontal cabling of the telecommunication cabling system consists of two or more cables
that are connect to each work area from a TR located on the equal floor as the work area.
This is also known as "star wiring" with the TR being analogous to the centre of the star and
each work area being analogous to the points of the star. Each cable is terminated at the
cross-connection field in the TR. A number of spare horizontal cables are installed for future
renovations purpose. Different types of cabling may be used for horizontal and backbone
cabling. The standards limit the length of horizontal cabling to 90 metres. The most popular
used horizontal cabling is the 4-pair unshielded-twisted pair (UTP) cable. It can transmit both
voice and data applications. Backbone cables connect each TR to the main cross-connect
which is store in the Equipment room. A "Star" topology used for backbone cabling as the
main cross-connect is act as the center of the star. The backbone cabling extends from the
main cross-connect to the demarcation point where the facilities of different
telecommunications common which is serving the building that are located in the Entrance
Room. Backbone cabling usually consists of 3 multi-pair UTP for telephone service and
optical fiber for data. Coaxial cable may be used in both the horizontal and backbone cabling
for special services such as CCTV.

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Advantages and Disadvantages

Originally, copper was used as the telephone line. It was shortly replaced by fiber optics due
to higher bandwidth over longer distances which give better coverage. Fiber optics is the
technique of light transmission through fibers of glass which results in the transmitting of
data. In other words, fiber optic cables carry information between two places using entirely
light-based technology. This means that data can be transferred significantly quicker.
Compared to other materials, fiber optics is the most commonly used material in
telecommunications. As good as it sound, fiber optics does have its disadvantages.

Advantages of Fiber Optics

Large bandwidth, light weight, and small diameter

Nowadays, programs require more and more bandwidth. Consequently, it is crucial to take
into consideration the limitations faced by the consumers. It is not uncommon to install new
cabling to previously existing duct systems. Installations are now easy and practical and
saves valuable conduit space since the optical cable is relatively small in diameter and light
weight.

Resistance to electromagnetic interference

As a result of fiber being so resistant to electromagnetic interference, fiber has a very low
rate of bit error (10 EXP-13). Fiber-optic transmissions are virtually noise free.\

Long-distance signal transmission

While single-line, voice-grade copper systems longer than a couple of kilometers (1.2 miles)
require in-line signal for satisfactory performance, it is not unusual for optical systems to go
over 100 kilometers (km), or about 62 miles, with no active or passive processing. The low
attenuation and superior signal integrity found in optical systems allow much longer intervals
of signal transmission than metallic-based systems.

Designed for future applications

As electronics prices drop, the optical cable pricing remains low. In many cases, fiber
solutions are cheaper than copper. As bandwidth demands increase rapidly with
technological advances, fiber will continue to play a vital role in the long-term success of
telecommunication.

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Security
Hacking into the fiber requires intervention that cannot go undetected by security. These
circumstances make fiber extremely attractive to those with major security concerns. Unlike
metallic-based systems, the dielectric nature of optical fiber makes it impossible to remotely
detect the signal being transmitted within the cable. The only way to do so is by accessing
the optical fiber.

Disadvantages of Fiber Optics

Susceptibility to physical damage

Since fiber small and light weight, it is likely to become damaged or cut during installation. It
is necessary to take into consideration restoration, backup and survivability when fiber optic
cabling is chosen as the transmission medium. In places that use fiber optics such as
railroads, if the railroad car happens to derail, it can pose a serious threat that can disrupt
service and events since the tremendous data transmission will be lost.

Installation costs, while dropping, are still high

Even though fiber installations are getting cheaper every year, it is still relatively costly. Fiber
is expanding beyond its original realm and major application in the carrier backbone and is
moving into the local loop, and through technologies such as FTTx (Fiber To The Home,
Premises, etc,) and PONs (Passive Optical networks), enabling subscriber and end user
broadband access as installation costs decreases.

Special test equipment is often required

The test equipment originally used for electron-based networking is useless in a fiber optic
network. Equipment such as an Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) is required, an
expensive, specialized optical test equipment are needed at most fiber endpoints and
connection nexuses to properly provide testing of optical fiber.

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Case Study : Santander Bank Tower

Figure 5 : Proposed Santander Bank Tower

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Figure 6 : Plan view of the proposed Santander Bank Tower

14
Introduction
The Santander tower is a proposed multi storey building of 52 storeys, at 860 ft. The building
was designed by kohn Pedersen fox associates upon winning a competition to design the
building. Kohn Pedersen fox is a well renowned award winning architectural firm and very
reputable for incorporate sustainability within their designs.

The proposed building was designed to provide the client, the Santander bank group, a
building for one of their many cooperate offices. Santander bank is a Spanish bank funded in
approximately a century ago in 1957, it is one of the Top retail banks in the world.
The main objective of the client, was to provide a hurricane proof building and a certified
LEED gold, aiming to stand out amongst the neighbouring buildings architecturally and
sustainably. Furthermore it will not only hope to create an ecological impact but to also
create economic opportunities through the design itself.

This building was chosen for this particular case study because the telecommunication
design features within the building itself is also as impressive as the architectural attributes
for it not only is designed to be sustainable by incorporating low voltage engineering but it is
designed to include the best cabling systems as well. The telecommunication design made
by Ferguson consulting.

High rise buildings such as the proposed 52 storey Santander bank tower, the demand for
telecom services increases whether it be through telephone services or internet connection.
These provisions were made through careful planning design of telecommunication within
the infrastructure.

15
The Telecommunication Infrastructure Design
In a high rise multi store building, such as the one mentioned above there are several major
factors that should be taken into consideration. These factors includes, uniformity, the
continuous dominant signal inside the building itself and quality. In order to achieve and
ensure good wireless coverage and traffic load management of the occupants usage,
several features and technologies were proposed to be incorporated within the design of the
building. The 860 ft. building telecommunications services are catered by the provision of:

Riser Cable
Multi conductor copper backbone riser cable was used as well as an OM4 type glass fibre
optic cable for better transmission. These cables and single mode fibre stretched from the
data centre to each IDF rooms respectively along the length of the high rise building.

Raised Access Floors and IDF Rooms/Closets

The horizontal cabling is made of Cat 6+ fibre. Category 6+ cabling standard is similar to that
of category 5/5e however it is of larger diameter and made up of larger copper conductor.
This allows it to transmit a stronger signal as well as a faster signal to the receiver compared
to the lower standard of cabling (Anon, 2014).
The tenant floors include raised access floor to cater for the horizontal cabling to the IDF
closet per floor and to the additional tenant IDF closets in their lease space. The tenant may
choose to have their own telecommunication services and/or lease intra-building fibre links
between office levels.

Data centre
The building contains a 1,100sf data centre located on the ground floor. It designed to
ANSI/TIA/EIA-942 telecommunication infrastructure standard for data centre in the United
States. The data centre is used to house equipment such as servers, to manage data and
other it related operation of the building. The data centre will be located on the ground level
of the building.

Internet Security system

The internet based security system is a system that will enable each tenant to manage their
own independent office space with further control by the building management of the
Santander building

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 Figure 7 : Section view of the proposed Santander Bank Tower

Summary
Santander Bank shrunk the size of the project. The height of an office tower has been
dropped from 950 feet to 844 feet (The Real Deal Miami, 2014). This is due to the fact that it
has been revealed by the federal aviation administration in the u.s that the height of the
tower would disrupt flights. However as a result of the delay to construct the approval for
built was expired but it has been reported to be recently renewed and the approval is to be
expired in October 2015.

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Recommendations for future improvement

As the Santander Office Tower is a 52 story high rise tenant office building, it is likely to have
a great deal of different office departments within the building. To assist with the
telecommunication of the various offices, a PABX can be installed. PABX which stands for
Private Automatic Branch eXchange is a technology used by call centers and other large
organizations which allows a single access number to provide several lines to outside callers
while providing a range of external lines to internal callers or staff (Janssen, Private
Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX)). PABX is beneficial as it is an automated telephone
switching system within the private enterprise. It operates all the switching necessary for
making internal calls between extensions within the organization. In addition, it transfers a
connection between extension and external phone lines. With PABX, the only time an
operator is needed is when supplying information and to occasionally provide manual
connections for callers who are unfamiliar with the system or the organization.

Figure 8 Figure 9

Figure 8 & 9 : Example of PBX system

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Special facilities have to be provided when the communication system has more than 64
extensions.

Equipment room
A room for exclusive use of the provider is needed for the telephone equipment. The room
should be accessed by the underground cables, fibre optic cables, patch panel and the
distribution to the floor cables. The main telecom room can be considered for PABX
installation in case of commercial single owner building.

Room size
For up to 100 extensions, the minimum floor space required is 2m X 3m
For up to 400 extensions, the floor space required is 4m X 4m
For large systems Etisalat must be consulted at the planning stage
The room should have a minimum height of 3m, be air-conditioned, clean, and dry and
free from dust

Room general requirements

The room should be far away from high voltage plant. Other services/utility ducts should
not run through this room and it should not be directly under a toilet or bathroom, kitchen
and electrical rooms
The room should provide ready access to the providers personnel or the providers
authorized personnel and equipment but must be secured from unauthorized entry
The room must be properly protected from the risk of flooding if provided in the
basement
In multi-PBX user building, each is PBX to have its own room
Raised flooring should be provided when required depending on the PBX type
For large PBX installations, air-conditioned battery room adjacent to the equipment room
will be required. The provider should supply details at the design stage. The battery room
should be provided with an exhaust fan. Conduit or tray is required between the
equipment room and the battery room
Direct sunlight should not fall in the PBX room. Curtains/screens are to be provided for
the windows if any
Power conduit and telecom cable conduit must be separate

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Electrical requirements
A minimum of two 13 amp 240 v A/C main outlets (via) UPS system should be provided.
The actual mains power requirements will depend on the size and type of the PBX
The room should be provided with an earth not more than 5 ohms
Anti-static flooring should be provided, including the battery room
The rooms must be provided with an emergency light, a smoke detector and a fire alarm

PABX can be installed in the main telecom room in the case of a single owner.
(Etisalat, 2013)

Figure 10 : An example of how PABX fuctions

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Learning from the Group Work Project / Conclusion

In this report assignment we have learnt that telecommunications is very important within a
building. Through the various applications communication can be achieved as a result. It is
essential that these applications are up to standards. These standards or requirements may
vary from different countries but however it follows the same purpose of providing safe
transmission of data to the receiver.

We also discovered that Telecommunication systems in a high rise building which are more
often to be commercial buildings differs from a low rise building by having a much more
complex design and it requires transmission to a longer range compared to other buildings.
Furthermore it should be taken into account that the quality of the materials and cabling will
enable the system to be more improved and effective. Good management will allow the
system less of maintenance throughout the life span of the building. The rooms are to be
kept in a required temperature and follow fire safety requirement.

During the course of producing the assignment, we found it challenging to find the
information gathered. In addition, the content includes several technical terms relevant to
telecommunication and electrical engineering. However we were able to produce a cohesive
report and information which were very knowledgeable.

21
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